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Lian J, Kiely KM, Callaghan BL, Anstey KJ. Childhood adversity is associated with anxiety and depression in older adults: A cumulative risk and latent class analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:181-190. [PMID: 38484890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-lasting influence of childhood adversity on mental health is well documented; however empirical research examining how this association extends into older adults is limited. This study operationalises adversity using cumulative risk and latent class analysis (LCA) models to assess how adversity exposure and typologies may predict anxiety and depression in older adults. METHODS Data came from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project (N = 2551, age 60-66). Participants retrospectively reported their childhood experiences of domestic adversity on a 17-item scale. Mental health was measured using four validated questionnaires of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Linear and generalised additive models (GAM) indicated a dose-response relationship, where a greater number of cumulative adversities were associated with poorer scores on all four mental health measures. LCA identified a four-class solution; with high adversity and high parental dysfunction being associated with poorer mental health outcomes while moderate parental dysfunction and low adversity groups scored at healthy levels. Women reported higher overall anxiety than men, but no notable interactions between ACEs and gender were observed. Patterns revealed by LCA were similar to patterns shown by the cumulative risk model. LIMITATIONS There is a large time gap from childhood to assessment, making our study susceptible to recall bias. Also, our findings were based on cross-sectional data, limiting causal inferences. CONCLUSION Childhood adversity had independent and additive contributions to depression and anxiety in older adulthood, and both cumulative risk and person-centred approaches captured this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lian
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kim M Kiely
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Bridget L Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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2
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Terry EL, Meng L, Huo Z, Bartley EJ. Examining Reactivity and Recovery Patterns of Pain-Evoked Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase Trajectories: Relations Between Psychological Markers of Risk and Resilience. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104464. [PMID: 38246254 PMCID: PMC11128348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is one of the leading causes of disability globally and represents an enormous burden to aging adults. While numerous factors contribute to cLBP, dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system functioning have been implicated in its pathogenesis. It is well documented that negative psychological states can modulate biological stress responsivity in chronic pain; however, little is known regarding the influence of positive psychological factors in this relationship. The aim of this study was to examine the association between psychological risk and resilience factors with patterns of physiological stress reactivity and recovery in 60 older adults with cLBP. Participants completed measures of hope, optimism, pain catastrophizing, and perceived stress, and underwent psychophysical pain testing assessing responses to painful pressure, heat, and cold stimuli. Salivary samples were obtained prior to pain induction and at 7 time points spanning 90 minutes after pain testing terminated. To examine reactivity and recovery profiles in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system function, samples were assayed for cortisol and alpha-amylase, respectively. Results revealed higher levels of hope and optimism were associated with increased cortisol reactivity (p's < .003) and more rapid recovery (p's = .001). Further, pain catastrophizing and perceived stress were associated with cortisol reactivity, with lower levels of these factors predicting larger increases in cortisol from baseline to peak levels (p's < .04). No significant differences in reactivity or recovery patterns emerged for alpha-amylase. Overall, findings highlight the role of psychological risk and resilience factors in modulating physiological stress reactivity. PERSPECTIVE: This article investigated whether psychosocial risk and resilience factors were associated with stress reactivity and recovery in response to laboratory-based pain testing in older adults with chronic low back pain. Results indicate that high resilience factors may be protective by modulating adrenocortical reactivity and recovery profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Terry
- University of Florida, Biobehavioral Nursing Science
- University of Florida, Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE)
| | | | - Zhiguang Huo
- University of Florida, Department of Biostatistics
| | - Emily J. Bartley
- University of Florida, Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE)
- University of Florida, Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science
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Seizer L, Stasielowicz L, Löchner J. Timing matters: A meta-analysis on the dynamic effect of stress on salivary immunoglobulin. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:734-740. [PMID: 38701886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychological stress on physiological systems has been a focus of extensive research, particularly in understanding its diverse effects on immune system activity and disease risk. This meta-analysis explores the dynamic effect of acute stress on salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) levels, a key biomarker for secretory immunity within the oral environment. Analyzing data from 34 samples comprising 87 effect sizes and a total of 1,025 subjects, a multi-level approach is employed to account for the temporal variability in measuring the stress response. The results reveal a significant increase in S-IgA levels peaking around 10 min after stress exposure, followed by a return to baseline levels approximately 30 min later. In addition, the meta-analysis identified several research gaps of the extant literature, such as limitations in the considered time lag after stress. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the temporal nuances of the S-IgA response to stress, which can help to infer potential biological pathways and guide sampling designs in future studies. Further, we highlight the use of a multi-level meta-analysis approach to investigate the temporal dependencies of the interplay between stress and immune functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Seizer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany.
| | | | - Johanna Löchner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
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Lopez M, Siedl A, Phillips KA. Cortisol levels across the lifespan in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23597. [PMID: 38239052 PMCID: PMC10959686 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Human aging is associated with senescence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to progressive dysregulation characterized by increased cortisol exposure. This key hormone is implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) display a wide spectrum of naturally occurring age-related pathologies that compare similarly to humans and are increasingly used as translational models of aging and age-related disease. Whether the marmoset HPA axis also shows senescence with increasing age is unknown. We analyzed hair cortisol concentration (HCC) across the lifespan of 50 captive common marmosets, ranging in age from approximately 2 months-14.5 years, via a cross-sectional design. Samples were processed and analyzed for cortisol using enzyme immunoassay. HCC ranged from 1416 to 15,343 pg/mg and was negatively correlated with age. We found significant main effects of age group (infant, adolescent, adult, aged, very aged) and sex on HCC, and no interaction effects. Infants had significantly higher levels of HCC compared with all other age groups. Females had higher HCC than males. There was no interaction between age and sex. These results suggest marmosets do not show dysregulation of the HPA axis with increasing age, as measured via HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, 607 Kings Court, San Antonio Texas, USA
| | - Amaya Siedl
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, 607 Kings Court, San Antonio Texas, USA
| | - Kimberley A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, 607 Kings Court, San Antonio Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas USA
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Somelar-Duracz K, Jürgenson M, Viil J, Zharkovsky A, Jaako K. 'Unpredictable chronic mild stress does not exacerbate memory impairment or altered neuronal and glial plasticity in the hippocampus of middle-aged vitamin D deficient mice'. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1696-1722. [PMID: 38269959 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health concern, especially in the elderly population. Much remains unknown about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD), stress-induced cognitive dysfunctions and depressive-like behaviour. In this study, 4-month-old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed with control or vitamin D free diet for 6 months, followed by unpredictable chronic stress (UCMS) for 8 weeks. VDD induced cognitive impairment and reduced grooming behaviour, but did not induce depressive-like behaviour. While UCMS in vitamin D sufficient mice induced expected depressive-like phenotype and impairments in the contextual fear memory, chronic stress did not manifest as an additional risk factor for memory impairments and depressive-like behaviour in VDD mice. In fact, UCMS restored self-care behaviour in VDD mice. At the histopathological level, VDD mice exhibited cell loss in the granule cell layer, reduced survival of newly generated cells, accompanied with an increased number of apoptotic cells and alterations in glial morphology in the hippocampus; however, these effects were not exacerbated by UCMS. Interestingly, UCMS reversed VDD induced loss of microglial cells. Moreover, tyrosine hydroxylase levels decreased in the striatum of VDD mice, but not in stressed VDD mice. These findings indicate that long-term VDD in adulthood impairs cognition but does not augment behavioural response to UCMS in middle-aged mice. While VDD caused cell loss and altered glial response in the DG of the hippocampus, these effects were not exacerbated by UCMS and could contribute to mechanisms regulating altered stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Somelar-Duracz
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Jürgenson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janeli Viil
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Jaako
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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D'Amico D, Alter U, Laurin D, Ferland G, Fiocco AJ. Examining a Healthy Lifestyle as a Moderator of the Relationship between Psychological Distress and Cognitive Decline among Older Adults in the NuAge Study. Gerontology 2024; 70:418-428. [PMID: 38354710 DOI: 10.1159/000535978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to examine whether a healthy lifestyle composite score of social engagement, physical activity, and Mediterranean diet adherence moderates the association between psychological distress and global cognitive decline among cognitively healthy older adults (67+ years of age at baseline). METHODS A total of 1,272 cognitively intact older adults (Mage = 74.1 ± 4.1 years, 51.9% female) in the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires to measure psychological distress and lifestyle behaviors, and the Modified Mini-Mental Examination (3MS) to assess cognitive performance at baseline and annually over 3 years. RESULTS Controlling for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, greater psychological distress was associated with steeper cognitive decline over time among males (B = -0.07, 95% CI: [-0.12, -0.02]), but not females (B = 0.008, 95% CI: [0.03, 0.04]). Although a healthy lifestyle composite score did not statistically significantly moderate the distress-cognition relationship (B = -0.005, 95% CI: [-0.02, 0.01]), there was an association between higher psychological distress and greater cognitive decline at low levels of social engagement (B = -0.05, 95% CI: [-0.09, -0.006]), but not at high levels of social engagement (B = 0.02, 95% CI: [-0.03, 0.07]). CONCLUSION This study suggests that the potentially harmful impact of stress on cognitive function may be malleable through specific healthy lifestyle behaviors and emphasizes the importance of taking a sex-based approach to cognitive aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D'Amico
- Institute for Stress and Wellbeing Research, Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
| | - Udi Alter
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, VITAM-Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-Capitale Nationale and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- Centre d'excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Quebec, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval and Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF) de l'Université Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra J Fiocco
- Institute for Stress and Wellbeing Research, Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Santistevan AC, Moadab G, Fiske O, Nord CM, Isaacowitz DM, Bliss-Moreau E. Cardiac psychophysiological tuning to socioaffective content is disrupted in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14410. [PMID: 37850617 PMCID: PMC10842326 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging ushers in numerous disruptions to autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Although the effects of aging on ANS function at rest are well characterized, there is surprising variation in reports of age-related differences in ANS reactivity to psychosocial stressors, with some reports of decreases and other reports of increases in reactivity with age. The sources of variation in age-related differences are largely unknown. Nonhuman primate models of socioaffective aging may help to uncover sources of this variation as nonhuman primates share key features of human ANS structure and function and researchers have precise control over the environments in which they age. In this report, we assess how response patterns to dynamic socioaffective stimuli in the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ANS differ in aged compared to middle-aged monkeys. We find that respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a cardiac indicator of activity in the parasympathetic branch of the ANS, exhibits age-related disruptions in responding while monkeys view videos of conspecifics. This suggests that there are evolutionarily conserved mechanisms responsible for the patterns of affective aging observed in humans and that aged rhesus monkeys are a robust translational model for human affective aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Santistevan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gilda Moadab
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Olivia Fiske
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christina M Nord
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Derek M Isaacowitz
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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8
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Martinez GJ, Appleton M, Kipp ZA, Loria AS, Min B, Hinds TD. Glucocorticoids, their uses, sexual dimorphisms, and diseases: new concepts, mechanisms, and discoveries. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:473-532. [PMID: 37732829 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Glucocorticoids are quintessential compounds that balance the proper functioning of numerous systems in the mammalian body. They are also generated synthetically and are the preeminent therapy for inflammatory diseases. They act by binding to the nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which has two main isoforms (GRα and GRβ). Our classical understanding of glucocorticoid signaling is from the GRα isoform, which binds the hormone, whereas GRβ has no known ligands. With glucocorticoids being involved in many physiological and cellular processes, even small disruptions in their release via the HPA axis, or changes in GR isoform expression, can have dire ramifications on health. Long-term chronic glucocorticoid therapy can lead to a glucocorticoid-resistant state, and we deliberate how this impacts disease treatment. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment can lead to noticeable side effects such as weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, and others that we discuss in detail. There are sexually dimorphic responses to glucocorticoids, and women tend to have a more hyperresponsive HPA axis than men. This review summarizes our understanding of glucocorticoids and critically analyzes the GR isoforms and their beneficial and deleterious mechanisms and the sexual differences that cause a dichotomy in responses. We also discuss the future of glucocorticoid therapy and propose a new concept of dual GR isoform agonist and postulate why activating both isoforms may prevent glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Malik Appleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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9
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Wang R, Kogler L, Derntl B. Sex differences in cortisol levels in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 72:101118. [PMID: 38176541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Higher prevalence of depression in females might be associated with sex-specific cortisol levels. Evidence exists that cortisol levels differ between healthy females and males, however a sex-specific association in depression has not been systematically assessed. Thus, the current study quantifies the existing literature on different cortisol parameters, i.e., basal cortisol, hair cortisol, cortisol awakening response (CAR), and cortisol stress reactivity comparing depressed females and males as well as sex-specific comparisons with healthy controls. Following an extensive literature research, fifty original articles were included. Depressed females had significantly higher hair cortisol, higher CAR, and lower cortisol stress reactivity compared to depressed males. In comparison with sex-matched controls, female patients had significantly higher evening basal cortisol, higher CAR and lower cortisol stress reactivity, and male patients had significantly higher general, morning and evening basal cortisol. Overall, sex as a fundamental driver of cortisol levels in depression needs to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Women's Mental Health & Brain Function, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lydia Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Women's Mental Health & Brain Function, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Women's Mental Health & Brain Function, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Hantsoo L, Jagodnik KM, Novick AM, Baweja R, di Scalea TL, Ozerdem A, McGlade EC, Simeonova DI, Dekel S, Kornfield SL, Nazareth M, Weiss SJ. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression across the female reproductive lifecycle: current knowledge and future directions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1295261. [PMID: 38149098 PMCID: PMC10750128 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1295261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to consolidate knowledge on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depression pathophysiology at different reproductive stages across the female lifespan. Despite growing evidence about the impact of gonadal hormones on mood disorders, no previous review has examined the interaction between such hormonal changes and the HPA axis within the context of depressive disorders in women. We will focus on HPA axis function in depressive disorders at different reproductive stages including the menstrual cycle (e.g., premenstrual dysphoric disorder [PMDD]), perinatally (e.g., postpartum depression), and in perimenopausal depression. Each of these reproductive stages is characterized by vast physiological changes and presents major neuroendocrine reorganization. The HPA axis is one of the main targets of such functional alterations, and with its key role in stress response, it is an etiological factor in vulnerable windows for depression across the female lifespan. We begin with an overview of the HPA axis and a brief summary of techniques for measuring HPA axis parameters. We then describe the hormonal milieu of each of these key reproductive stages, and integrate information about HPA axis function in depression across these reproductive stages, describing similarities and differences. The role of a history of stress and trauma exposure as a contributor to female depression in the context of HPA axis involvement across the reproductive stages is also presented. This review advances the pursuit of understanding common biological mechanisms across depressive disorders among women. Our overarching goal is to identify unmet needs in characterizing stress-related markers of depression in women in the context of hormonal changes across the lifespan, and to support future research in women's mental health as it pertains to pathophysiology, early diagnosis, and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Hantsoo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Jagodnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Novick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ritika Baweja
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Teresa Lanza di Scalea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Women’s Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Aysegul Ozerdem
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Erin C. McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake, UT, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Diana I. Simeonova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Brain Health Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Goizueta Business School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sharon Dekel
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara L. Kornfield
- Center for Women’s Behavioral Wellness, Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michelle Nazareth
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandra J. Weiss
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Rrapaj A, Landau AM, Winterdahl M. Exploration of possible sex bias in acute social stress research: a semi-systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:205-217. [PMID: 36876342 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress can have a significant impact on the daily lives of individuals and can increase vulnerability to a number of medical conditions. This study aims to estimate the ratio of male to female participants in acute social stress research in healthy individuals. We examined original research articles published over the last 20 years. Each article was screened to determine the total number of female and male participants. We extracted data from 124 articles involving a total of 9539 participants. A total of 4221 (44.2%) participants were female, 5056 (53.0%) were male and 262 (2.7%) were unreported. Articles incorporating only females were significantly underrepresented compared to articles incorporating only males. Forty articles (63.5%) which presented data from both females and males, failed to analyse and interpret the results by sex, a significant methodological limitation. In conclusion, in the literature published over the last 20 years, female participants are significantly underrepresented. In the studies where females are represented, severe methodological limitations are apparent. Researchers should be conscious of sexual dimorphism, menstrual phase and use of hormonal contraception, which may impact the interpretation of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemida Rrapaj
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Winterdahl
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Walston J, Varadhan R, Xue QL, Buta B, Sieber F, Oni J, Imus P, Crews DC, Artz A, Schrack J, Kalyani RR, Abadir P, Carlson M, Hladek M, DeMarco MM, Jones R, Johnson A, Shafi T, Newman AB, Bandeen-Roche K. A Study of Physical Resilience and Aging (SPRING): Conceptual framework, rationale, and study design. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:2393-2405. [PMID: 37386913 PMCID: PMC10608799 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological basis of physical resilience to clinical stressors is crucial for the well-being of older adults. This article presents a novel framework to discover the biological underpinnings of physical resilience in older adults as part of the "Characterizing Resiliencies to Physical Stressors in Older Adults: A Dynamical Physiological Systems Approach" study, also known as The Study of Physical Resilience and Aging (SPRING). Physical resilience, defined as the capacity of a person to withstand clinical stressors and quickly recover or improve upon a baseline functional level, is examined in adults aged 55 years and older by studying the dynamics of stress response systems. The hypothesis is that well-regulated stress response systems promote physical resilience. The study employs dynamic stimulation tests to assess energy metabolism, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the innate immune system. Baseline characteristics influencing resilience outcomes are identified through deep phenotyping of physical and cognitive function, as well as of biological, environmental, and psychosocial characteristics. SPRING aims to study participants undergoing knee replacement surgery (n = 100), bone and marrow transplantation (n = 100), or anticipating dialysis initiation (n = 60). Phenotypic and functional measures are collected pre-stressor and at multiple times after stressor for up to 12 months to examine resilience trajectories. By improving our understanding of physical resilience in older adults, SPRING has the potential to enhance resilient outcomes to major clinical stressors. The article provides an overview of the study's background, rationale, design, pilot phase, implementation, and implications for improving the health and well-being of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
| | - Ravi Varadhan
- Department of Oncology, Division of Quantitative Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Brian Buta
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Frederick Sieber
- Dept of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
| | - Julius Oni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Phil Imus
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematologic Malignancy, Johns Hopkins Hospital / Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Deidra C. Crews
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew Artz
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope
| | - Jennifer Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Rita R. Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | | | - Rick Jones
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematologic Malignancy, Johns Hopkins Hospital / Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Tariq Shafi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Kakaei H, Maleki F, Biderafsh A, Valizadeh R, Mansournia MA, Pakzad I, Pakzad R. High prevalence of mental disorders: a population-based cross-sectional study in the city of Ilam, Iran. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1166692. [PMID: 37383610 PMCID: PMC10293629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1166692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the age- and sex-standardized prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in the city of Ilam. Method In this population-based cross-sectional study, 1,350 people were invited using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were measured using the DASS-21 standard questionnaire. For data analysis, multiple ordinal logistic regression was used in Stata version 12 software. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results The data of 1,431 people were analyzed. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of severe depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was 19.90% (17.64 to 22.16), 25.95% (23.48 to 28.43), and 15.75% (13.69 to 17.81), respectively. There was a positive association among depression symptoms with female sex (OR: 1.52; p < 0.003), Kurdish ethnicity (OR: 2.15; p < 0.004), low educational level (OR: 1.37; p < 0.031), job losing history (OR: 1.64; p < 0.001), mental disorders history (OR: 2.17; p < 0.001), hopelessness for the future (OR: 5.38; p < 0.001), and history of other diseases (OR: 1.67; p < 0.001). There was a positive association among anxiety symptoms with female sex (OR: 1.72; p < 0.001), job losing history (OR: 1.53; p < 0.003), mental disorders history (OR: 2.11; p < 0.001), hopelessness to future (OR: 3.33; p < 0.001) and history of other diseases (OR: 1.97; p < 0.001). Hopelessness for the future and a history of other diseases were the most effective variables for anxiety symptoms and stress symptoms. Conclusion A significant proportion of Ilam's urban population suffers from mental disorders. Increasing people's awareness, establishing counseling centers, and improving infrastructure should be considered by mental health policymakers who work in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojatollah Kakaei
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farajolah Maleki
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Azam Biderafsh
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Valizadeh
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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14
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Sochocka M, Karska J, Pszczołowska M, Ochnik M, Fułek M, Fułek K, Kurpas D, Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Rosner-Tenerowicz A, Leszek J. Cognitive Decline in Early and Premature Menopause. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6566. [PMID: 37047549 PMCID: PMC10095144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and premature menopause, or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), affects 1% of women under the age of 40 years. This paper reviews the main aspects of early and premature menopause and their impact on cognitive decline. Based on the literature, cognitive complaints are more common near menopause: a phase marked by a decrease in hormone levels, especially estrogen. A premature reduction in estrogen puts women at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, parkinsonism, depression, osteoporosis, hypertension, weight gain, midlife diabetes, as well as cognitive disorders and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that female sex hormones have long-lasting neuroprotective and anti-aging properties. Estrogens seem to prevent cognitive disorders arising from a cholinergic deficit in women and female animals in middle age premature menopause that affects the central nervous system (CNS) directly and indirectly, both transiently and in the long term, leads to cognitive impairment or even dementia, mainly due to the decrease in estrogen levels and comorbidity with cardiovascular risk factors, autoimmune diseases, and aging. Menopausal hormone therapy from menopause to the age of 60 years may provide a "window of opportunity" to reduce the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in later life. Women with earlier menopause should be taken care of by various specialists such as gynecologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists in order to maintain their mental health at the highest possible level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sochocka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Karska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Ochnik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Fułek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Fułek
- Department and Clinic of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Donata Kurpas
- Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Rosner-Tenerowicz
- 2nd Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Stamou MI, Colling C, Dichtel LE. Adrenal aging and its effects on the stress response and immunosenescence. Maturitas 2023; 168:13-19. [PMID: 36370489 PMCID: PMC10426230 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is linked to various endocrine gland changes, including changes in the adrenal glands. Aging is linked to alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including an increase in cortisol levels, a disruption of the negative cortisol feedback, and attenuation of cortisol's diurnal pattern. In addition, secretion of aldosterone and adrenal androgens [dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS)] from the adrenal cortex decreases with aging. In this review, we describe normal adrenal function, the adrenal response to stress and immunomodulation in aging individuals as well as the effects of adrenal aging on body composition, metabolic profile, bone health and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Stamou
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Caitlin Colling
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Dichtel
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Islas-Preciado D, Splinter TFL, Ibrahim M, Black N, Wong S, Lieblich SE, Liu-Ambrose T, Barha CK, Galea LAM. Sex and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism matter for exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis and cognition in middle-aged mice. Horm Behav 2023; 148:105297. [PMID: 36623432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Females show greater benefits of exercise on cognition in both humans and rodents, which may be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the Val66Met polymorphism, within the human BDNF gene, causes impaired activity-dependent secretion of neuronal BDNF and impairments to some forms of memory. We evaluated whether sex and BDNF genotype (Val66Met polymorphism (Met/Met) versus wild-type (Val/Val)) influenced the ability of voluntary running to enhance cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Middle-aged C57BL/6J (13 months) mice were randomly assigned to either a control or an aerobic training (AT) group (running disk access). Mice were trained on the visual discrimination and reversal paradigm in a touchscreen-based technology to evaluate cognitive flexibility. BDNF Met/Met mice had fewer correct responses compared to BDNF Val/Val mice on both cognitive tasks. Female BDNF Val/Val mice showed greater cognitive flexibility compared to male mice regardless of AT. Despite running less than BDNF Val/Val mice, AT improved performance in both cognitive tasks in BDNF Met/Met mice. AT increased neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus of BDNF Val/Val mice of both sexes and increased the proportion of mature type 3 doublecortin-expressing cells in the dorsal hippocampus of female mice only. Our results indicate AT improved cognitive performance in BDNF Met/Met mice and increased hippocampal neurogenesis in BDNF Val/Val mice in middle age. Furthermore, middle-aged female mice may benefit more from AT than males in terms of neuroplasticity, an effect that was influenced by the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannia Islas-Preciado
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada; Lab de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | - Muna Ibrahim
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha Black
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cindy K Barha
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Dajavad Mowifaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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17
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Revisiting the stress recovery hypothesis: Differential associations of cortisol stress reactivity and recovery after acute psychosocial stress with markers of long-term stress and health. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100598. [PMID: 36820051 PMCID: PMC9937905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to excessive and long-term stress may result in dysregulation of the stress system, including the acute stress response. In particular, failure to downregulate stress-related reactivity may lead to prolonged stress responses and the accumulation of allostatic load. However, the contribution of altered acute cortisol recovery to chronic stress and associated health impairments has often been neglected. Addressing this lack of research, we explored whether recovery from - more so than reactivity to - acute stress captures the basal stress load of an individual. Using Piecewise Growth Curve Models with Landmark Registration, we analyzed cortisol reactivity and recovery slopes of 130 healthy participants exposed to a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor. Reactivity and recovery were predicted by measures indicative of long-term stress and its downstream effects, including self-report questionnaires, diurnal cortisol indices [cortisol awakening response (CAR); diurnal cortisol slope], markers of pro-inflammatory activity (interleukin-6; high-sensitive C-reactive protein), and hippocampal volume (HCV). Among these measures, only an increased CAR was specifically and consistently associated with relatively impaired recovery. Since the CAR represents the physiological enhancement needed to meet the anticipated demands of the forthcoming day, this finding may highlight the contribution of cognitive processes in determining both CAR and acute stress recovery. Furthermore, greater cortisol reactivity covaried with smaller HCV, showing that increased acute reactivity translates to health-relevant downstream effects. The lack of further associations between long-term and acute stress measures may arise from biases in self-reported chronic stress and the rigorously health-screened study sample. Overall, our findings suggest that while cortisol stress recovery might not supersede reactivity as an indicator of the long-term stress load or associated health effects, recovery and reactivity have differential utility in describing individuals' allostatic states.
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18
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Maxim P, Brown TI. Toward an Understanding of Cognitive Mapping Ability Through Manipulations and Measurement of Schemas and Stress. Top Cogn Sci 2023; 15:75-101. [PMID: 34612588 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Daily function depends on an ability to mentally map our environment. Environmental factors such as visibility and layout, and internal factors such as psychological stress, can challenge spatial memory and efficient navigation. Importantly, people vary dramatically in their ability to navigate flexibly and overcome such challenges. In this paper, we present an overview of "schema theory" and our view of its relevance to navigational memory research. We review several studies from our group and others, that integrate manipulations of environmental complexity and affective state in order to gain a richer understanding of the mechanisms that underlie individual differences in navigational memory. Our most recent data explicitly link such individual differences to ideas rooted in schema theory, and we discuss the potential for this work to advance our understanding of cognitive decline with aging. The data from this body of work highlight the powerful impacts of individual cognitive traits and affective states on the way people take advantage of environmental features and adopt navigational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Maxim
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology
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19
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Harris BN, Roberts BR, DiMarco GM, Maldonado KA, Okwunwanne Z, Savonenko AV, Soto PL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and anxiety-like behavior during aging: A test of the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis in amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114126. [PMID: 36122793 PMCID: PMC10250074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, dementing, whole-body disorder that presents with decline in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions, as well as endocrine dysregulation. The etiology of AD is not fully understood but stress- and anxiety-related hormones may play a role in its development and trajectory. The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis posits that levels of glucocorticoids increase with age, leading to dysregulated negative feedback, further elevated glucocorticoids, and resulting neuropathology. We examined the impact of age (from 2 to 10 months) and stressor exposure (predator odor) on hormone levels (corticosterone and ghrelin), anxiety-like behavior (open field and light dark tests), and memory-related behavior (novel object recognition; NOR), and whether these various measures correlated with neuropathology (hippocampus and cortex amyloid beta, Aβ) in male and female APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Additionally, we performed exploratory analyses to probe if the open field and light dark test as commonly used tasks to assess anxiety levels were correlated. Consistent with the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, baseline corticosterone increased with age. Predator odor exposure elevated corticosterone at each age, but in contrast to the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, the magnitude of stressor-induced elevations in corticosterone levels did not increase with age. Overall, transgenic mice had higher post-stressor, but not baseline, corticosterone than non-transgenic mice, and across both genotypes, females consistently had higher (baseline and post-stressor) corticosterone than males. Behavior in the open field test primarily showed decreased locomotion with age, and this was pronounced in transgenic females. Anxiety-like behaviors in the light dark test were exacerbated following predator odor, and female transgenic mice were the most impacted. Compared to transgenic males, transgenic females had higher Aβ concentrations and showed more anxiety-like behavior. Performance on the NOR did not differ significantly between genotypes. Lastly, we did not find robust, statistically significant correlations among corticosterone, ghrelin, recognition memory, anxiety-like behaviors, or Aβ, suggesting outcomes are not strongly related on the individual level. Our data suggest that despite Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex, male and female APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice do not differ robustly from their non-transgenic littermates in physiological, endocrine, and behavioral measures at the range of ages studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
| | - Breanna R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Giuliana M DiMarco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Zenobia Okwunwanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alena V Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul L Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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20
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Man ISC, Shao R, Hou WK, Xin Li S, Liu FY, Lee M, Wing YK, Yau SY, Lee TMC. Multi-systemic evaluation of biological and emotional responses to the Trier Social Stress Test: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 68:101050. [PMID: 36410619 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans experience multiple biological and emotional changes under acute stress. Adopting a multi-systemic approach, we summarized 61 studies on healthy people's endocrinological, physiological, immunological and emotional responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. We found salivary cortisol and negative mood states were the most sensitive markers to acute stress and recovery. Biomarkers such as heart rate and salivary alpha-amylase also showed sensitivity to acute stress, but the numbers of studies were small. Other endocrinological (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone), inflammatory (C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6) and physiological (e.g., skin conductance level) measures received modest support as acute stress markers. Salivary cortisol showed some associations with mood measures (e.g., state anxiety) during acute stress and recovery, and heart rate showed preliminary positive relationship with calmness ratings during response to TSST, but the overall evidence was mixed. While further research is needed, these findings provide updated and comprehensive knowledge on the integrated psychobiological response profiles to TSST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idy S C Man
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W K Hou
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shirley Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Sleep Research Clinic and Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fiona Yan Liu
- Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggy Lee
- Department of Sociology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Kwok Wing
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Mental Health Research Center, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Ikenna UC, Nwobodo LN, Ezeukwu AO, Ilo IJ, Ede SS, Okemuo AJ, Okoh CF. Relationship between the development of musculoskeletal disorders, physical activity level, and academic stress among undergraduates students of University of Nigeria. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:399. [PMID: 36824071 PMCID: PMC9942129 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_416_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Academic stress is a common experience among university students. It can affect the body composition of the students through behavioral changes, which further affect their physical activity level (PAL). Musculoskeletal disorders could arise from the interaction of these factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between PAL, academic stress, selected anthropometric indices, and the development of MSDs among a selected Nigerian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 256 (129 females and 127 males) undergraduates of the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus aged 15-30 years using Student's Stress Inventory to evaluate academic stress, the short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to determine the PAL, and a Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to assess MSDs. RESULTS The results showed a high PAL with the male students having more PAL (61.4%) than female students. Secondly, the prevalence of MSDs among the population was high (66.02%) and the students faced moderate academic stress with the prevalence being more among the female students (75.2%). A significant difference was observed between academic stress and the development of MSDs (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION This study's findings support the hypothesis that increased academic stress and low level of physical activity are linked to increased risks of MSDs among students. Thus, it is warranted that the University curriculum is re-adjusted and incorporate public enlightenment programs on possible causes and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, stress management, and coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loveth Nwuka Nwobodo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | - Ijeoma Judith Ilo
- Department of Nursing Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Sunday Ede
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Physiotherapy, Gregory University Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Adaora Justina Okemuo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chisom Favour Okoh
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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22
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Grakh K, Panwar D, Jadhav VJ, Khurana R, Yadav D, Bangar YC, Singh L, Chahal N, Kumar K. Identification and assessment of stress and associated stressors among veterinary students in India using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1059610. [PMID: 36478724 PMCID: PMC9720151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1059610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Veterinary education, is a rigorous professional training program, which exposes students to significant academic and non-academic pressures. The identification of stressors and stress levels among veterinary students mighty help the designing and implementation of coping strategies to protect the students' mental health. Methods A 44-item based cross-sectional questionnaire survey was prepared and disseminated among veterinary students in India to identify the stressors responsible, measure the amount of stress, and relate stress to characteristics like gender, degree year, and family income. A total of n = 611 veterinary students across 14 states including 27 colleges/universities participated in the study. The collected data was evaluated for sampling adequacy, construct validity, and reliability using a set of statistical tests. Results The analysis revealed high sampling adequacy with a KMO value of 0.957 and a highly significant anti-image correlation (p < 0.001). The principal component analysis generated six factors or subscales which effectively explained 51.98% of the variance in the data, depicting high construct validity. The Cronbach's alpha value of 0.957 revealed high internal consistency for the questionnaire. Analysis revealed more than 94% of pupils under stress, with levels ranging from moderate to severe. Academic-related stressor (95.58%) was the leading cause of overall stress in the present study followed by inter- and intrapersonal and career related-stressors (93.12%) and exams and evaluation-related stressor (90.99%). In comparison to male students, female students reported significantly higher levels of overall stress, academic stress, and intrapersonal and interpersonal stress (p < 0.001) using Chi-square. The students from lower-income families experienced significantly higher overall stress as well as stress due to family responsibilities (p < 0.001). The first-year undergraduate students reported significantly higher (p < 0.001) stress due to family responsibilities-related stressors whereas second-year students due to social activities-related stressors. The hierarchal regression model predicted that gender, family income, academic-related stressors, inter- and intrapersonal and career-related stressors, and social activities-related stressors can be employed to evaluate overall stress among students, as they ensured the maximum variance in the data (p < 0.001). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Indian study to identify stressors, quantify associated stress and predict major attributes to be targeted in future studies for veterinary students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Grakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Diksha Panwar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Jayawant Jadhav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Dheeraj Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Yogesh Chandrakant Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Niharika Chahal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Harris BN, Cooke JT, Littlefield AK, Tucker CA, Campbell CM, King KS. Relations among CRFR1 and FKBP5 genotype, cortisol, and cognitive function in aging humans: A Project FRONTIER study. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113884. [PMID: 35718217 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we use the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis framework to address the role of baseline cortisol on changes in cognitive function over a 3-year span in non-demented rural Americans. We also determine if genotype at 4 different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relates to change in cognitive function. We predicted 1) over time, increases in baseline cortisol will be associated with decline in cognitive function, 2) individuals homozygous for 3 CRFR1 SNP rare alleles (AA rs110402, TT rs7209436, and TT rs242924 vs. others) will show less cognitive decline and this will be particularly pronounced in those with lower baseline cortisol, and 3) FKBP5 T carriers (TT or CT vs. CC homozygotes) will have decreased cognitive performance and this will be particularly pronounced in individuals with higher baseline cortisol. Collectively, our data do not robustly support the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. In several cases, higher baseline cortisol related to better cognitive performance over time, but within individuals, increased cortisol over time related to decreased performance on some cognitive domains over time. Contrary to our predictions, individuals with the rare CRFR1 haplotype (AA, TT, TT) performed worse than individuals with the common haplotype across multiple domains of cognitive function. FKBP5 genotype status had minimal impacts on cognitive outcomes. Genotype effects were largely not dependent on cortisol. The Project FRONTIER dataset is supported by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Garrison Institute on Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey T Cooke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew K Littlefield
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Cody A Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Callie M Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Kaleb S King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
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In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:577-602. [PMID: 36185503 PMCID: PMC9510728 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.
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Pallier PN, Ferrara M, Romagnolo F, Ferretti MT, Soreq H, Cerase A. Chromosomal and environmental contributions to sex differences in the vulnerability to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for therapeutic interventions. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102353. [PMID: 36100191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders affect men and women differently. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, depression, meningiomas and late-onset schizophrenia affect women more frequently than men. By contrast, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum condition, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and early-onset schizophrenia are more prevalent in men. Women have been historically under-recruited or excluded from clinical trials, and most basic research uses male rodent cells or animals as disease models, rarely studying both sexes and factoring sex as a potential source of variation, resulting in a poor understanding of the underlying biological reasons for sex and gender differences in the development of such diseases. Putative pathophysiological contributors include hormones and epigenetics regulators but additional biological and non-biological influences may be at play. We review here the evidence for the underpinning role of the sex chromosome complement, X chromosome inactivation, and environmental and epigenetic regulators in sex differences in the vulnerability to brain disease. We conclude that there is a pressing need for a better understanding of the genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms sustaining sex differences in such diseases, which is critical for developing a precision medicine approach based on sex-tailored prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Pallier
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Women's Brain Project (WBP), Switzerland
| | - Francesca Romagnolo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Andrea Cerase
- EMBL-Rome, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy; Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Nerdal V, Gjestad E, Saltvedt I, Munthe-Kaas R, Ihle-Hansen H, Ryum T, Lydersen S, Grambaite R. The relationship of acute delirium with cognitive and psychiatric symptoms after stroke: a longitudinal study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:234. [PMID: 35761180 PMCID: PMC9235162 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Delirium, a common complication after stroke, is often overlooked, and long-term consequences are poorly understood. This study aims to explore whether delirium in the acute phase of stroke predicts cognitive and psychiatric symptoms three, 18 and 36 months later. Method As part of the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke Study (Nor-COAST), 139 hospitalized stroke patients (49% women, mean (SD) age: 71.4 (13.4) years; mean (SD) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 3.0 (4.0)) were screened for delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Global cognition was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q). Data was analyzed using mixed-model linear regression, adjusting for age, gender, education, NIHSS score at baseline and premorbid dementia. Results Thirteen patients met the criteria for delirium. Patients with delirium had lower MoCA scores compared to non-delirious patients, with the largest between-group difference found at 18 months (Mean (SE): 20.8 (1.4) versus (25.1 (0.4)). Delirium was associated with higher NPI-Q scores at 3 months (Mean (SE): 2.4 (0.6) versus 0.8 (0.1)), and higher HADS anxiety scores at 18 and 36 months, with the largest difference found at 36 months (Mean (SE): 6.2 (1.3) versus 2.2 (0.3)). Conclusions Suffering a delirium in the acute phase of stroke predicted more cognitive and psychiatric symptoms at follow-up, compared to non-delirious patients. Preventing and treating delirium may be important for decreasing the burden of post-stroke disability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02756-5.
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Seipäjärvi S, Tuomola A, Juurakko J, Rottensteiner M, Rissanen APE, Kurkela J, Kujala U, Laukkanen J, Wikgren J. Measuring psychosocial stress with heart rate variability-based methods in different health and age groups. Physiol Meas 2022; 43. [PMID: 35483348 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac6b7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system function and thereby bodily stress and recovery reactions may be assessed by wearable devices measuring heart rate (HR) and its variability (HRV). So far, the validity of HRV-based stress assessments has been mainly studied in healthy populations. In this study, we determined how psychosocial stress affects physiological and psychological stress responses in both young (18-30 yrs) and middle-aged (45-64 yrs) healthy individuals as well as in patients with arterial hypertension and/or either prior evidence of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. We also studied how an HRV-based stress index (Relax-Stress Intensity, RSI) relates to perceived stress (PS) and cortisol (CRT) responses during psychosocial stress. APPROACH A total of 197 participants were divided into three groups: 1) healthy young (HY, N=63), 2) healthy middle-aged (HM, N=61) and 3) patients with cardiometabolic risk factors (Pts, N=73, 32-65 yrs). The participants underwent a group version of Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-G). HR, HRV (quantified as root mean square of successive differences of R-R intervals, RMSSD), RSI, PS, and salivary CRT were measured regularly during TSST-G and a subsequent recovery period. MAIN RESULTS All groups showed significant stress reactions during TSST-G as indicated by significant responses of HR, RMSSD, RSI, PS, and salivary CRT. Between-group differences were also observed in all measures. Correlation and regression analyses implied RSI being the strongest predictor of CRT response, while HR was more closely associated with PS. SIGNIFICANCE The HRV-based stress index mirrors responses of CRT, which is an independent marker for physiological stress, around TSST-G. Thus, the HRV-based stress index may be used to quantify physiological responses to psychosocial stress across various health and age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santtu Seipäjärvi
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi, Jyvaskyla, 40100, FINLAND
| | - Anniina Tuomola
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi, Jyvaskyla, Keski-Suomi, 40100, FINLAND
| | - Joona Juurakko
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi, Jyvaskyla, Keski-Suomi, 40100, FINLAND
| | - Mirva Rottensteiner
- Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie 19, Jyvaskyla, Central Finland, 40620, FINLAND
| | - Antti-Pekka E Rissanen
- Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie, Jyvaskyla, Central Finland, 40620, FINLAND
| | - Jari Kurkela
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi, Jyvaskyla, Keski-Suomi, 40100, FINLAND
| | - Urho Kujala
- University of Jyväskylä Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyvaskyla, Keski-Suomi, 40700, FINLAND
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie, Jyvaskyla, Central Finland, 40620, FINLAND
| | - Jan Wikgren
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi, Jyvaskyla, Keski-Suomi, 40100, FINLAND
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Gu H, Ma X, Zhao J, Liu C. A meta-analysis of salivary cortisol responses in the Trier Social Stress Test to evaluate the effects of speech topics, sex, and sample size. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 10:100125. [PMID: 35755200 PMCID: PMC9216334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is one of the most widely used laboratory-based psychological stress paradigms. Previous studies have shown that males have a more robust cortisol response than females in the TSST. However, the effects of sample size, speech topic, and interaction between sex and speech topic on cortisol responses in TSST remain elusive. Our goal was to evaluate these influencing factors in the TSST using salivary cortisol reactivity as an objective measure. Methods We collected TSST research articles in Web of Science, PubMed, PsycNet, and CNKI. We only included TSST studies that had measures of salivary cortisol both before and after task completion. A total of 65 articles involving 76 sub-studies met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 5171 participants (2040 females and 3131 males). The effects of sample sizes were assessed to determine if results of studies with various sample sizes were stable. We performed multivariate meta-regression to determine the effects of speech topic, sex, and the interaction between sex and speech topic after controlling their confounding effects. Subgroup analysis of sex was conducted to detect inter-group differences. We further evaluated the baseline and peak salivary cortisol concentrations for males and females independently to detect the sources of sex differences. Results The average effect size (i.e., Cohen's d) of salivary cortisol reactivity was 0.93, 95% CI = 0.82 to 1.04, p < .001. The small studies produced larger variations in the reported effect sizes than the large-sample studies (r = -0.24, p = .041). A sample size of 40 was necessary to provide sufficient statistical power to detect significant changes of salivary cortisol in TSST. Speech topics, sex, and sex-speech topic interaction could predict salivary cortisol responses (F(df1 = 3, df2 = 72) = 11.98, p < .001) and explained 42.68% of the total experimental variation. Sex was the only significant contributing factor (p < .00025) in the regression model. Salivary cortisol responses in males were significantly higher than in females (QB = 42.89, df = 1, p < .001). Further, significant differences between males and females were detected at baseline (t = -2.03, df = 74, p = .046) and peak (t = -4.96, df = 74, p < .001). Conclusions The TSST effectively induces stress response as measured by salivary cortisol change. Forty samples is the minimum sample size for detecting the robust salivary cortisol responses. We confirmed that males have more robust salivary cortisol reactivity than females in TSST. Speech topics that we tested did not significantly contribute to differences in salivary cortisol responses. No significant interaction between sex and speech topic on salivary cortisol responses was detected. Forty samples is the minimum for detecting robust salivary cortisol responses. The speech topics tested did not significantly alter salivary cortisol responses. Males have higher salivary cortisol responses than females in the TSST. Males had higher salivary cortisol levels than females in the TSST at both baseline and peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Gu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xue'er Ma
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Corresponding author. School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Singh I, Edwards I, Rose'meyer R. The Role of Cortisol in the Development of Post-Stroke Dementia: A Narrative Review. HEART AND MIND 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hm.hm_32_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Beserra A, Oliveira B, Portugal E, Dutra P, Laks J, Deslandes A, Moraes H. Cortisol Reactivity to a physical stressor in Patients with Depression and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:61-68. [PMID: 35719259 PMCID: PMC9170255 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Some prevalent mental disorders in the elderly, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and major depression disorder (MDD), are associated with chronic stress and consequently with possible dysregulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and cortisol levels in basal conditions or in the reactivity of an acute stressor. However, evidence of cortisol behavior after a physical stressor in patients with AD and MDD is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beserra
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Educação Física e Esportes, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Portugal
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Dutra
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Jerson Laks
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.,Universidade do Grande Rio, Programa de Biomedicina Translacional, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Deslandes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Neurociência do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
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Caputo M, Mele C, Ferrero A, Leone I, Daffara T, Marzullo P, Prodam F, Aimaretti G. Dynamic Tests in Pituitary Endocrinology: Pitfalls in Interpretation during Aging. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:1-14. [PMID: 33454712 DOI: 10.1159/000514434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases represent hot topics of current research. Progressive damage in morphology and function of cells and tissue characterizes the normal process of aging that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The ability of each individual to adapt to these stressors defines the type of aging and the onset of age-related diseases (i.e., metabolic syndrome, inflammatory disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases). The endocrine system plays a critical role in this process because of its complex relationships with brain, immune system, and skeletal muscle; thus, alterations in hormonal networks occur during aging to maintain homeostasis, with consequent under- or overactivity of specific hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral hormone axes. On the other hand, the increase in life expectancy has led to increasing incidence of age-related diseases, including endocrine disorders, which may prompt assessment of endocrine function in aging individuals. In this context, there is growing awareness that natural changes of endocrine physiology and physiopathology occurring with increasing age may necessitate age-driven diagnostic cutoffs requiring validation in the elderly. This review aims to analyze the available literature on the hormone response to the most important dynamic tests currently used in the clinical practice for the screening of anterior pituitary-related diseases to underline pitfalls in interpretation during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caputo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy,
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy,
| | - Chiara Mele
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Alice Ferrero
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Leone
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Daffara
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Novara/Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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Does older adults' cognition particularly suffer from stress? A systematic review of acute stress effects on cognition in older age. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:583-602. [PMID: 34896431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This literature review provides the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative systematic synthesis of acute laboratory stress effects on older adults' cognition by specifying the direction and magnitude of those effects both overall and for different cognitive processes separately. A systematic literature search was performed, and effect sizes estimated whenever possible. We found meta-analytical evidence that stress has negative effects on older adults' verbal fluency (gadj = -0.53, 95 % CI [-2.70, 1.63]), null-to-negative effects on episodic memory (gadj = -0.26, 95 % CI [-0.44, -0.08]), null effects on executive functions (gadj = 0.07, 95 % CI [-0.31, 0.46]), and enhancing effects on working memory (gadj = 0.16, 95 % CI [-0.01, 0.33]). Relating these findings to those in young adults, notable differences emerged for some cognitive functions, such as opposing effects on working memory between age groups. Our review further reveals that stress effects on older adults' memory retention, associative memory, prospective memory, interference control or cognitive flexibility are heavily understudied. We provide a conceptual and methodological framework for future studies in older adults.
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Lozupone M, Mollica A, Berardino G, Sardone R, Panza F. Could epigenetics play a role in suicidal behavior in older age? Epigenomics 2021; 14:73-79. [PMID: 34784757 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tweetable abstract There is growing evidence of a role of environmental exposures in the pathogenesis and epigenetics of suicidal behavior in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience & Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70100, Italy
| | - Anita Mollica
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Berardino
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Salus In Apulia Study: Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, 70013, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Salus In Apulia Study: Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, 70013, Italy
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Ikeda A, Steptoe A, Shipley M, Abell J, Kumari M, Tanigawa T, Iso H, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimaki M, Brunner EJ. Diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol and progression of aortic stiffness: Longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105372. [PMID: 34517196 PMCID: PMC8543075 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive direct relation between stress and the development of cardiovascular disease has increasingly been recognized. However, the link between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) dysregulation and subclinical cardiovascular disease has not been studied longitudinally. We investigated the relation of diurnal salivary cortisol, as a biological marker of stress levels, with progression of aortic stiffness over five years. METHODS A total of 3281 people (mean age 65.5) in the Whitehall II prospective study provided six saliva samples on a single weekday. We assessed the diurnal salivary cortisol using the daytime slope and bedtime level. Aortic stiffness was measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) at baseline (2007-2009) and five years later (2012-2013). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association of diurnal salivary cortisol with baseline PWV and five-year longitudinal changes. RESULTS Diurnal salivary cortisol were not associated with PWV at baseline. Among women but not men, a 1-SD shallower salivary cortisol slope at baseline was associated with a five-year increase in PWV (β = 0.199; 95% CI = 0.040, 0.358 m/s) and higher bedtime cortisol level (β = 0.208, 95% CI = 0.062, 0.354 m/s). CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of the HPA axis measured using salivary cortisol (shallower slope, higher bedtime level) predicted the rate of progression of aortic stiffness among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ikeda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Shipley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Abell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Takeshi Tanigawa
- Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmel M McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing & Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Udeh-Momoh C, Watermeyer T. Female specific risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and cognitive impairment: Call for a precision medicine approach. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101459. [PMID: 34508876 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes a long asymptomatic stage, which precedes the formal diagnosis of dementia. AD biomarker models provide a framework for precision medicine approaches during this stage. However, such approaches have ignored the possible influence of sex on cognition and brain health, despite female sex noted as a major risk factor. Since AD-related changes may emerge in midlife, intervention efforts are being redirected around this period. Midlife coincides with several endocrinological changes, such as the menopausal transition experienced by women. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence for sex-differences in AD neuropathological burden and outline key endocrinological mechanisms for both sexes, focussing on hormonal events throughout the lifespan that may influence female susceptibility to AD neuropathology and dementia onset. We further consider common non-modifiable (genetic) and modifiable (lifestyle and health) risk factors, highlighting possible sex-dependent differential effects for the AD disease course. Finally, we evaluate the studies selected for this review demonstrating sex-differences in cognitive, pathological and health factors, summarising the state of sex differences in AD risk factors. We further provide recommendations for targeted research on female-specific risk factors, to inform personalised strategies for AD-prevention and the promotion of female brain health.
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Involvement of Ghrelin Dynamics in Stress-Induced Eating Disorder: Effects of Sex and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111695. [PMID: 34769125 PMCID: PMC8583769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a factor that affects appetite in our daily lives, enhances or suppresses appetite and changes palatability. However, so far, the mechanisms underlying the link between stress and eating have not been fully elucidated. Among the peripherally produced appetite-related peptides, ghrelin is the only orexigenic peptide, and abnormalities in the dynamics and reactivity of this peptide are involved in appetite abnormalities in various diseases and psychological states. This review presents an overview of the research results of studies evaluating the effects of various stresses on appetite. The first half of this review describes the relationship between appetite and stress, and the second half describes the relationship between the appetite-promoting peptide ghrelin and stress. The effects of sex differences and aging under stress on appetite are also described.
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Barton DJ, Kumar RG, Schuster AA, Juengst SB, Oh BM, Wagner AK. Acute Cortisol Profile Associations With Cognitive Impairment After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:1088-1099. [PMID: 34689657 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211048771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairments commonly occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and affect daily functioning. Cortisol levels, which are elevated during acute hospitalization for most individuals after severe TBI, can influence cognition, but this association has not been studied previously in TBI. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cortisol trajectories over days 0-5 post-injury are associated with cognition 6-month post-injury. METHODS We examined 94 participants with severe TBI, collected acute serum and/or CSF samples over days 0-5 post-injury, and compared cortisol levels to those in 17 healthy controls. N = 88 participants had serum, and n = 84 had CSF samples available for cortisol measurement and had neuropsychological testing 6 months post-injury. Group based trajectory analysis (TRAJ) was used to generate temporal serum and CSF cortisol profiles which were examined for associations with neuropsychological performance. We used linear regression to examine relationships between cortisol TRAJ groups and both overall and domain-specific cognition. RESULTS TRAJ analysis identified a high group and a decliner group for serum and a high group and low group for CSF cortisol. Multivariable analysis showed serum cortisol TRAJ group was associated with overall cognitive composites scores (P = .024) and with executive function (P = .039) and verbal fluency (P = .029) domain scores. CSF cortisol TRAJ group was associated with overall cognitive composite scores (P = .021) and domain scores for executive function (P = .041), verbal fluency (P = .031), and attention (P = .034). CONCLUSIONS High acute cortisol trajectories are associated with poorer cognition 6 months post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Barton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 480740University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raj G Kumar
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 171669University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandria A Schuster
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 171669University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shannon B Juengst
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, KR
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 171669University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bazaz MR, Balasubramanian R, Monroy-Jaramillo N, Dandekar MP. Linking the Triad of Telomere Length, Inflammation, and Gut Dysbiosis in the Manifestation of Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3516-3526. [PMID: 34547897 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is an indispensable marker for cellular and biological aging, and it also represents an individual's physical and mental health status. Telomere shortening has been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions, which in turn accelerates aging and risk for psychiatric disorders, including depression. Considering the influence of inflammation and telomere shortening on the gut-brain axis, herein we describe a plausible interplay between telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis in the neurobiology of depression. Telomere shortening and hyperinflammation are well reported in depression. A negative impact of augmented inflammation has been noted on the intestinal permeability and microbial consortia and their byproducts in depressive patients. Moreover, gut dysbiosis provokes host-immune responses. As the gut microbiome is gaining importance in the manifestation and management of depression, herein we discuss whether telomere attrition is connected with the perturbation of commensal microflora. We also describe a pathological connection of cortisol with hyperinflammation, telomere shortening, and gut dysbiosis occurring in depression. This review summarizes how the triad of telomere attrition, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis is interconnected and modulates the risk for depression by regulating the systemic cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rabi Bazaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
| | - Ramya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
| | - Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo
- Department of Genetics, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez (NINN), Mexico City, Mexico, 14269
| | - Manoj P. Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500037
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) has become increasingly acknowledged as a significant problem for critically ill patients affecting both the actual course of illness as well as outcomes. In this review, we focus on the current evidence and the gaps in knowledge. Recent Findings This review highlights several areas in which the evidence is weak and further research is needed in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. A better understanding of subtypes and their different response to therapy is needed and further studies in aetiology are warranted. Larger studies are needed to explore risk factors for developing delirium and for examining long-term consequences. Finally, a stronger focus on experienced delirium and considering the perspectives of both patients and their families is encouraged. Summary With the growing number of studies and a better framework for research leading to stronger evidence, the outcomes for patients suffering from delirium will most definitely improve in the years to come.
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Dong R, Haque A, Wu HE, Placide J, Yu L, Zhang X. Sex differences in the association between suicide attempts and glucose disturbances in first-episode and drug naive patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:559-564. [PMID: 34147968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose metabolism is related to depression, but the relationship between blood glucose and suicide attempts in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear. This large-scale sample explores the relationship between suicide attempts and fasting blood glucose, in addition to sex differences in first-episode and drug naive (FEDN) MDD patients. METHODS 1718 FEDN MDD patients diagnosed for the first time were recruited, and their demographic data, clinical data, and blood glucose indicators were collected. 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess their depression, anxiety and psychotic symptoms, respectively. RESULTS The depression, anxiety, psychotic symptoms and blood sugar levels of the suicide attempt group were higher than those of the non-suicide attempt group. Correlation analysis showed that blood glucose was significantly associated with suicide attempts in male and female patients. While binary logistic regression showed that blood glucose levels were significantly associated with suicide attempts in male patients, it showed that suicide attempts were not significantly associated with blood glucose levels in female patients. LIMITATIONS The main limitations are cross-sectional design and inability to control selection bias. CONCLUSIONS In male MDD patients, fasting blood glucose level is a potential biomarker of suicide attempt, which deserves attention to avoid suicide risk. However, in female patients, fasting blood glucose has no significant correlation to suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Humanities, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anam Haque
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hanjing Emily Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Placide
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liling Yu
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Humanities, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Influence of gender on cytokine induced depression and treatment: Gender aspects of IFN-α-induced depression. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:766-772. [PMID: 34171555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine treatment with Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) represents a clinical model of immune associated depression, but it remains unclear if it is of the same entity as major depressive disorder (MDD). The study focuses on possible gender differences in IFN-α induced depression and effects of a pre-emptive antidepressant treatment. METHODS Data from 181 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection (cHC) without history of mental illnesses undergoing treatment with IFN-α 2a and ribavirin were re-analyzed for gender effects. Patients with a pre-emptive antidepressant therapy with Escitalopram (n = 90, verum group) to prevent IFN-induced depression were compared to patients who received placebo (n = 91). Depressive symptoms before and during HCV-treatment were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. RESULTS We found significant differences regarding the incidence and severity of depressive symptoms between men and women for patients without antidepressant pre-treatment (placebo group). Significantly more women without pre-emptive antidepressant therapy suffered from clinically relevant depression (MADRS values ≥ 13, p = 0.041) and self-rated depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 17, p = 0.024). Antidepressant pre-treatment showed comparable effects regarding the reduction of incidence and severity of depression in both women and men. CONCLUSIONS Compared to MDD, IFN-alpha-induced depression in patients with cHC is also characterized by gender differences with an increased risk for women but no gender difference regarding the effects of an antidepressant pre-treatment is found. Our data strengthens the hypothesis that Interferon-induced depression serves as a clinical model for immune related depressive disorders.
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Kinkead R, Gagnon M, Joseph V, Sériès F, Ambrozio-Marques D. Stress and Loss of Ovarian Function: Novel Insights into the Origins of Sex-Based Differences in the Manifestations of Respiratory Control Disorders During Sleep. Clin Chest Med 2021; 42:391-405. [PMID: 34353446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system of women and men develops and functions in distinct neuroendocrine milieus. Despite differences in anatomy and neural control, homeostasis of arterial blood gases is ensured in healthy individuals regardless of sex. This convergence in function differs from the sex-based differences observed in many respiratory diseases. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) results mainly from episodes of upper airway closure. This complex and multifactorial respiratory disorder shows significant sexual dimorphism in its clinical manifestations and comorbidities. Guided by recent progress from basic research, this review discusses the hypothesis that stress is necessary to reveal the sexual dimorphism of SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Marianne Gagnon
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Sériès
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Danuzia Ambrozio-Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
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How does physical activity benefit people living with dementia? A systematic review to identify the potential mechanisms of action. QUALITY IN AGEING AND OLDER ADULTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/qaoa-09-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
One limitation of research that assesses the effectiveness of physical activity interventions for people with dementia is that most do not describe the intervention in sufficient detail to ascertain a theoretical basis or mechanism of action that determines the effective components. This paper aims to identify studies which evaluate the mechanisms of action of physical activity interventions for people with dementia, to further inform effective intervention development.
Design/methodology/approach
Papers were screened for evidence of evaluation of specific forms of physical activity, using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Analysis was conducted to ascertain if mechanisms of action were corroborated by data within and between studies.
Findings
The authors identified 26 studies with a measured mechanism of action; these related to the effects of physical activity on either neurological structure or endocrinal markers, including hormones. Physical activity had potential to reduce hippocampal atrophy, increase neural recruitment, activate the noradrenergic system and improve anti-inflammatory responses. While individual studies were hampered by small sample sizes, the body of evidence indicated that physical activity may have potential to delay cognitive decline.
Practical implications
Mechanisms of action in relation to dementia and physical activity are likely to be multifaceted, and physical activity may be protective against progression in the early stages of cognitive decline. Physical activity may be of greatest benefit if incorporated into on-going lifestyle, rather than engaged in for short periods, and combined with social interaction.
Originality/value
This paper is unique in its focus on the mechanisms of action of physical activity interventions for people with dementia.
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Szép A, Skoluda N, Schloß S, Becker K, Pauli-Pott U, Nater UM. The impact of preschool child and maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on mothers' perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1311-1324. [PMID: 34228219 PMCID: PMC8423631 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Providing care for a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with parenting stress. Moreover, adults with elevated ADHD symptoms report increased perceived stress. Despite this, it has rarely been examined whether and how child and maternal ADHD symptoms may affect maternal perceived stress and the stress-sensitive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This study therefore investigated the possible impact of child and maternal ADHD symptoms on mothers' perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol concentration (HCC), while simultaneously considering the effects of child oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) and maternal depressive symptomatology. In total, 124 mothers (35.96 ± 5.21 years) of preschool children were included. Maternal perceived stress, ADHD and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report measures. Child ADHD symptoms were assessed using an interview and questionnaires completed by mothers and teachers. Additionally, mothers provided information about their children’s ODD/CD symptoms. Hair samples were taken from mothers to assess HCC. Child and maternal ADHD, child ODD/CD, and maternal depressive symptoms accounted for 50% of the variance in perceived chronic stress (F(4, 119) = 30.24; p < 0.01), with only maternal ADHD (β = 0.52, p < 0.01) and depressive symptoms (β = 0.49, p < 0.01) being uniquely significant. Maternal ADHD symptoms did not moderate the relationship between child ADHD symptoms and maternal perceived chronic stress (b = − 0.01; SE b = 0.17; t(5, 118) = − 0.05; p = 0.96). Mother’s age became the only significant predictor of maternal HCC (β = 0.29; p < 0.01). Based on these findings, practitioners are advised to be aware of and take into account possible maternal ADHD and depressive symptomatology and perceived chronic stress when treating children diagnosed with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szép
- Clinical Psychology of Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
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Ancelin ML, Norton J, Ritchie K, Chaudieu I, Ryan J. Steroid 21-hydroxylase gene variants and late-life depression. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:203. [PMID: 34034803 PMCID: PMC8147346 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A feature of late-life depression is alterations of the stress hormone system. The CYP21A2 gene encodes for the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme which is required for the biosynthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, two main components of the stress response in humans. Variants in the CYP21A2 gene could influence risk of late-life depression, but this has not been examined. This study investigated possible associations between five variants in the CYP21A2 gene and late-life depression in 1007 older community-dwelling men and women. Results In multivariate logistic regression model, significant associations were found between three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs389883, rs437179, and rs630379) and depression in women specifically (OR ranging from 1.51 to 1.68, p-values 0.025 to 0.0045), and the two latter remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Variants of the CYP21A2 gene appear as susceptibility factors for late-life depression in a sex-specific manner, independently of somatic and neuropsychiatric comorbidity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05616-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Ritchie
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Joanne Ryan
- Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Le NP, Varadhan R, Fried LP, Cappola AR. Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone Response to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Frailty in Older Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:901-905. [PMID: 32502234 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is poorly characterized in old-old adults and may provide insight into the physiologic response to stress. METHOD We performed a standard 250 µg ACTH stimulation test in a home-based substudy of 51 women aged 85-96 years enrolled in the Women's Health and Aging Study II who were not taking corticosteroids. We examined the cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) responses at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, overall and by frailty status. RESULTS The peak cortisol response to ACTH could not be determined, with the highest levels at the 120-minute time point. Pre- and post-ACTH stimulated cortisol levels did not differ by frailty status over this time frame, with no difference in the characteristics of the dose-response curves. Pre- and post-ACTH stimulated DHEA levels also did not differ by frailty status, though the dose-response curves suggested divergence after stimulation, with a more rapid DHEA response with increasing frailty. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a robust cortisol response to ACTH challenge testing, but inadequate negative feedback in old-old women, resulting in prolonged exposure to cortisol. Future studies should examine dynamic cortisol and DHEA responses in this age group, using a less potent ACTH stimulus and longer collection period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina P Le
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Ravi Varadhan
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda P Fried
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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47
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Cunningham TJ, Mattingly SM, Tlatenchi A, Wirth MM, Alger SE, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Higher post-encoding cortisol benefits the selective consolidation of emotional aspects of memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107411. [PMID: 33609737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional experiences create durable memory traces in the brain, especially when these memories are consolidated in the presence of stress hormones such as cortisol. Although some research suggests cortisol elevation can increase long-term memory for emotional relative to neutral content, the impact of stress and cortisol on the consolidation of emotional and neutral aspects of memories when they are part of the same experience remains unknown. Here, after encoding complex scenes consisting of negative or neutral objects placed on neutral backgrounds, participants were exposed to a psychosocial stressor (or matched control condition) in order to examine the impact of stress and cortisol on early consolidation processes. The next day, once cortisol levels had returned to baseline, specific and gist recognition memory were tested separately for objects and backgrounds. Results indicate that while there was a numerical increase in memory for negative objects in the stress group, higher endogenous cortisol concentrations were specifically associated with decreased memory for the neutral backgrounds originally paired with negative objects. Moreover, across all participants, cortisol levels were positively correlated with the magnitude of the emotional memory trade-off effect. Specifically, while memory for negative objects was preserved, elevated cortisol during early consolidation was associated with decreased memory for neutral backgrounds that were initially paired with negative objects. These memory effects were observed in both the stricter specific measure of memory and the less conservative measure of gist memory. Together, these findings suggest that rather than influencing all aspects of an experience similarly, elevated cortisol during early consolidation selectively preserves what is most emotionally salient and adaptive to remember while allowing the loss of memory for less important neutral information over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States.
| | - Stephen M Mattingly
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States(1)
| | - Antonio Tlatenchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States(1)
| | - Michelle M Wirth
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States(1)
| | - Sara E Alger
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Kensinger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States(1).
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Crosswell AD, Whitehurst L, Mendes WB. Effects of acute stress on cognition in older versus younger adults. Psychol Aging 2021; 36:241-251. [PMID: 33539149 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Does acute stress differentially alter cognitive functioning in older versus younger adults? While older adults may be better at handling stress psychologically, their physiological systems are less elastic, potentially impairing the cognitive functioning of older adults after a stressor. We examined cognition following an acute stressor among older (n = 65; ages 60-79) and younger (n = 61; ages 25-40) adults. Participants were randomized to complete the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in one of three conditions: (a) negative feedback, (b) positive feedback, or (c) no feedback. Participants reported mood states and appraisals of the speech task and we measured cortisol via saliva throughout the study. After the TSST, participants completed standard cognitive tasks to evaluate cognitive flexibility, problem solving, and short-term memory. Results showed that after the TSST, older adults took longer to solve problems compared with younger adults, though they were able to solve the same number of problems. Older adults showed less cognitive flexibility compared with younger adults in all conditions, a finding that was partially exaggerated in the positive feedback condition. There were no age-group differences in short-term memory; however, for older adults greater perceived resources and positive affect were associated with better memory performance. In sum, older and younger adults were both affected by acute stress, and older adults were not more (or less) vulnerable to the effects of stress on cognition, though they did show stronger associations between self-reported affective states and memory performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Albantakis L, Brandi ML, Brückl T, Gebert D, Auer M, Kopczak A, Stalla G, Neumann I, Schilbach L. Oxytocin and cortisol concentrations in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder in response to physical exercise. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 5:100027. [PMID: 35754449 PMCID: PMC9216704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, whose core symptoms consist of deficits in social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behavior. Brain oxytocin (OXT) has been associated with various prosocial behaviors, and might, therefore, be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders associated with socio-emotional dysfunctions such as ASD. However, significant associations between central and peripheral OXT levels may only be present in response to physiological or stressful stimuli but were not shown under baseline conditions. In this study, we, therefore, investigated salivary and plasma OXT in response to physical exercise in adults with ASD (n = 33, mean age: 36.8 ± 10.7 years) without intellectual impairment (IQ > 70) and neurotypical controls (n = 31, mean age: 31.0 ± 11.7 years). To stimulate the OXT system, we used rapid cycling and measured cortisol (CORT) concentrations to monitor the physiological stress response. When controlling for age, neither salivary OXT (p = .469), plasma OXT (p = .297) nor CORT (p = .667) concentrations significantly differed between groups at baseline. In addition, neither OXT nor CORT concentrations significantly differed between groups after physical exercise. Social anxiety traits were negatively correlated with plasma, but not saliva OXT concentrations in neurotypicals at baseline, while empathetic traits were positively correlated with saliva, but not plasma concentrations in autistic patients at baseline. No significant correlations between salivary and plasma OXT concentrations were found at any time point. Future studies including adult participants should investigate the effect of age on CORT and OXT concentrations in response to stress. Basal levels of cortisol and oxytocin did not differ in adults with ASD from controls. After physical exercise plasma oxytocin increased in ASD with low cortisol-response. Cortisol and oxytocin levels post-task did not significantly differ between groups. Social phobic traits predicted lower plasma oxytocin concentrations in controls. Empathetic traits predicted higher salivary oxytocin levels in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Albantakis
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry – Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| | - M.-L. Brandi
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry – Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - T. Brückl
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry – Translational Research in Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - D. Gebert
- Neurological Specialty Hospital for Movement Disorders/Parkinson’s Disease, Straße Nach Fichtenwalde 16, 14547, Beelitz, Germany
| | - M.K. Auer
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Kopczak
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - G.K. Stalla
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Medicover Neuroendokrinologie, Orleansplatz 3, 81667, Munich, Germany
| | - I.D. Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L. Schilbach
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry – Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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50
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Ancelin ML, Norton J, Ritchie K, Chaudieu I, Ryan J. 11β-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene variants and new-onset depression in later life. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E147-E153. [PMID: 33245660 PMCID: PMC7955840 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative exposure to high glucocorticoid levels is detrimental for the brain and may have particular implications in later life. A feature of late-life depression is increased cortisol secretion. Variants in the CYP11B1 gene, which codes for the enzyme responsible for cortisol synthesis, could influence risk of late-life depression, but this hypothesis has not been examined. We investigated the associations between variants in the CYP11B1 gene and late-life depression, taking into account history of depression and potential sex-specific effects. METHODS We assessed depression in 1007 community-dwellers aged 65 years or older (60% women) at baseline and over a 14-year follow-up. A clinical level of depression was defined as a score of ≥ 16 on the Centre for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale or a diagnosis of current major depression based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). We examined incident and recurrent depression in participants without or with a history of major depression, respectively. We genotyped 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning CYP11B1. We used multivariable analyses to adjust for age, body mass index, cardiovascular ischemic pathologies, hypertension, cognitive impairment and anxiety. RESULTS In women, rs6471580 and rs7016924 were associated with a 50% lower rate of incident (new-onset) late-life depression, and rs11783855 was associated with a 2.4-fold higher rate of late-life depression. These associations remained after correction for multiple testing, but we found no associations for recurrent depression in women or men. LIMITATIONS This study focused on the major gene involved in corticosteroid biosynthesis, but other genes may also be implicated in this pathway. CONCLUSION Variants of the CYP11B1 gene appear to be susceptibility factors for late-life depression in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Ancelin
- From Inserm, Université Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France (Ancelin, Norton, Ritchie, Chaudieu, Ryan); the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Ritchie); and the Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ryan)
| | - Joanna Norton
- From Inserm, Université Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France (Ancelin, Norton, Ritchie, Chaudieu, Ryan); the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Ritchie); and the Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ryan)
| | - Karen Ritchie
- From Inserm, Université Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France (Ancelin, Norton, Ritchie, Chaudieu, Ryan); the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Ritchie); and the Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ryan)
| | - Isabelle Chaudieu
- From Inserm, Université Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France (Ancelin, Norton, Ritchie, Chaudieu, Ryan); the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Ritchie); and the Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ryan)
| | - Joanne Ryan
- From Inserm, Université Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France (Ancelin, Norton, Ritchie, Chaudieu, Ryan); the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Ritchie); and the Biological Neuropsychiatry and Dementia Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Ryan)
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