In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action

Disruptive multiple cell death pathways of bisphenol-A

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) significantly contribute to health issues by interfering with hormonal functions. Bisphenol A (BPA), a prominent EDC, is extensively utilized as a monomer and plasticizer in producing polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, making it one of the highest-demanded chemicals in commercial use. This is the major component used in plastic products, including bottles, containers, storage items, and food serving ware. Exposure of BPA happens through oral, respiratory, transdermal routes and eye contact. As an EDC, BPA disrupts hormonal binding, leading to various health problems, such as cancers, reproductive abnormalities, metabolic syndrome, immune dysfunction, neurological effects, cardiovascular problems, respiratory issues, and obesity. BPA mimics the hormone estrogen but exhibits a weak affinity for estrogen receptors. This weak binding affinity triggers multiple cell death pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, across different cell types. Numerous clinical, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments have demonstrated that BPA exposure results in unfavorable health effects. This review highlights the mechanisms of cell death pathways initiated through BPA exposure and the associated negative health consequences. The extensive use of BPA and its frequent detection in environmental and biological models underscore the urgent need for further investigation into its effects and the development of safe alternatives. Addressing the health risks posed by BPA involves a comprehensive approach that includes reducing exposure and finding novel substitutes to lessen its detrimental impact on humans.

Effect of Bisphenol A on the neuro-immune-endocrine mechanisms controlling the reproductive axis response during an inflammatory event

Endotoxin-induced toxicity could increase with previous exposure to sensitizing agents like endocrine disruptors (EDs). We studied the effects on the reproductive axis on adult male rat pups exposed to BPA since gestation day (GD) 1 to final lactation and its response to LPS before sacrifice. The decrease in GnRH release caused by LPS and BPA was more pronounced in the BPA + LPS group compared to the LPS-only group. While LPS increased nitrate production, the addition of BPA lowered it compared to both the control and LPS groups. A reduction in plasma LH levels was observed in the control, BPA + LPS, and LPS groups. Plasma testosterone decreased in the LPS, BPA, and BPA + LPS groups compared to the control, and in the BPA + LPS group compared to the LPS group. In conclusion, BPA disrupts the reproductive function and sensitizes it to LPS-induced toxicity.

Mechanistic insights into the P-coumaric acid protection against bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in in vivo and in silico models

Bisphenol A (BPA), commonly found in plastic containers and epoxy resins used for food products, presents substantial health risks, particularly in relation to hepatic toxicity. This study investigates BPA-induced liver damage and explores the mechanistic dose-dependent protective effects of P-coumaric acid (PCA). 50 male rats were divided into control, BPA-treated, BPA + PCA50, BPA + PCA100, and PCA100 groups. BPA exposure for 14 days induced oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde levels and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Higher doses of PCA effectively mitigated these effects by restoring redox balance and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, BPA disrupted inflammation and apoptosis pathways, inhibiting anti-inflammatory markers and interfering with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway. PCA exhibited dose-dependent protection against these disruptions. Computational analyses revealed that BPA inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 through stable hydrogen bonding with threonine at position 322. PCA's dual protective effect was confirmed by attenuating inflammatory pathways, including TNF-α inhibition and suppression of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Histopathological assessments confirmed that PCA alleviated significant hepatic damage induced by BPA. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses further supported PCA's protective role against BPA-induced apoptosis and cellular hepatotoxicity. These findings underscore PCA's protective potential against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity and highlight novel mechanistic interactions that warrant further investigation in applied nutritional biochemistry.

Anti-obesogenic effect of standardized Brassica juncea extract on bisphenol A-induced 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C57BL/6J obese mice

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a representative obesogen that induces adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by mimicking the action of hormones. Brassica juncea is a plant belonging to the mustard family, and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. However, its efficacy against obesogen-induced obesity requires further investigation. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesogenic effects of Brassica juncea extract (BJE) on BPA-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C57BL/6J mice. The treatment with BPA and BJE did not have cytotoxic effects in vitro. In addition, BJE inhibited BPA-induced lipid accumulation and suppressed BPA-induced changes in adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis, and lipolysis protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Oral administration of BJE reduced body weight, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte size in BPA-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. BJE also regulated the expression of proteins involved in adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis, and lipolysis. These data demonstrate that BJE is a natural functional substance with anti-obesogenic effects.

BPA and low-Se exacerbate apoptosis and mitophagy in chicken pancreatic cells by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

INTRODUCTION

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread environmental pollutant which has serious toxic effects on organisms. One of the crucial trace elements is selenium (Se), whose shortage can harm biological tissues and enhance the toxicity of contaminants, in which apoptosis and autophagy are core events.

OBJECTIVES

An in vivo model was established to investigate the effects of BPA and low-Se on chicken pancreatic tissue, and identify the possible potential molecular mechanism.

METHODS

A total of 80 1-day-old broiler chickens (Xinghua Chicken Farm, Harbin, China) were stochastically divided into 4 groups (n = 20/group): Control group, BPA group, low-Se group, and low-Se + BPA group. Pancreatic tissue was collected at day 42 to detect changes in markers.

RESULTS

First, the data showed that BPA and low-Se exposure gave rose to structural abnormalities in pancreatic tissue, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and homeostasis imbalance, apoptosis and mitophagy. In addition, the co-exposure of BPA and low-Se caused the most serious damage to pancreatic tissue. In terms of mechanism, it was found that apoptosis and mitophagy induced by BPA and low-Se were related to the activation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the study found that BPA and low-Se exacerbated mitochondria damage, apoptosis and mitophagy by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Impact of bisphenol A and analogues eluted from resin-based dental materials on cellular and molecular processes: An insight on underlying toxicity mechanisms

Dental resin systems, used for artificial replacement of teeth and their surrounding structures, have gained popularity due to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) recommendation to reduce dental amalgam use in high-risk populations and medical circumstances. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, is an essential monomer within dental resin in the form of various analogues and derivatives. Leaching of monomers from resins results in toxicity, affecting hormone metabolism and causing long-term health risks. Understanding cellular-level toxicity profiles of bisphenol derivatives is crucial for conducting toxicity studies in in vivo models. This review provides insights into the unique expression patterns of BPA and its analogues among different cell types and their underlying toxicity mechanisms. Lack of a consistent cell line for toxic effects necessitates exploring various cell lines. Among the individual monomers, BisGMA was found to be the most toxic; however, BisDMA and BADGE generates BPA endogenously and found to elicit severe adverse reactions. In correlating in vitro data with in vivo findings, further research is necessary to classify the elutes as human carcinogens or xenoestrogens. Though the basic mechanisms underlying toxicity were believed to be the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and a corresponding decline in glutathione levels, several underlying mechanisms were identified to stimulate cellular responses at low concentrations. The review calls for further research to assess the synergistic interactions of co-monomers and other components in dental resins. The review emphasizes the clinical relevance of these findings, highlighting the necessity for safer dental materials and underscoring the potential health risks associated with current dental resin systems.

Endocrine disruptor chemicals exposure and female fertility declining: from pathophysiology to epigenetic risks

Over the last decades, human infertility has become a major concern in public health, with severe societal and health consequences. Growing evidence shows that endocrine disruptors chemicals (EDCs) have been considered as risk factors of infertility. Their presence in our everyday life has become ubiquitous because of their universal use in food and beverage containers, personal care products, cosmetics, phytosanitary products. Exposure to these products has an impact on human reproductive health. Recent studies suggest that women are more exposed to EDCs than men due to higher chemical products use. The aim of this review is to understand the possible link between reproductive disorders and EDCs such as phthalates, bisphenol, dioxins, and pesticides. In women, the loss of endocrine balance leads to altered oocyte maturation, competency, anovulation and uterine disorders, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or embryonic defect and decreases the in vitro fertilization outcomes. In this review, we consider EDCs effects on the women's reproductive system, embryogenesis, with a focus on associated reproductive pathologies.

The impact of Bisphenol-A on human reproductive health

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a recognized endocrine-disrupting chemical used to produce several consumer goods and products. There has been widespread exposure to BPA because of increased industrial production and use of BPA-containing products. As a result of these exposures, BPA is found in several human body fluids and can cause endocrine disruption by interfering with hormone signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. Therefore, human reproductive health and development have been adversely affected by BPA. This review aimed to consolidate existing knowledge on the impact of BPA on human reproductive health, examining its effects on both males and females. To achieve this, we systematically searched four databases for studies that associated BPA with reproductive health (male and female), after which we retrieved the important information from the selected articles. There was an association of reproductive health diseases with high BPA exposure. In males, BPA was associated with increased sperm alterations, altered reproductive hormone levels, and testicular atrophy. In females, there was an association of BPA exposure with hormonal imbalances, reduced ovarian reserve, and increased likelihood of conditions such as fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis and infertility. BPA's pervasive presence and its harmful effects on reproductive health underscore the need for global regulation and public awareness. Although substantial evidence from animal and in vitro studies supports the detrimental effects of BPA, there is a need for more human-focused research, particularly in developing countries, to confirm these findings. This review advocates for increased regulatory measures to limit BPA exposure.

Unravelling bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity: Insights into oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy dysregulation

Bisphenol A (BPA), a prevalent plastic monomer and endocrine disruptor, negatively impacts metabolic functions. This study examines the chronic effects of eco-relevant BPA concentrations on hepatotoxicity, focusing on redox balance, inflammatory response, cellular energy sensors, and metabolic homeostasis in male Swiss albino mice. Chronic BPA exposure resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, altered hepatic antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, and NOX4 expression, leading to reduced cell viability. Additionally, BPA exposure significantly upregulated hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6), NOS2, and arginase II, correlating with increased TLR4 expression, NF-κB phosphorylation, and a dose-dependent decrease in IκBα levels. BPA-induced NF-κB nuclear localization and inflammasome activation (NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β) established an inflammatory milieu. Perturbations in hepatic AMPKα phosphorylation, SIRT1, and PGC-1α, along with elevated p38 MAPK phosphorylation and ERα expression, indicated BPA-induced energy dysregulation. Furthermore, increased PLA2G4A, COX1, COX2, and PTGES2 expression in BPA-treated liver correlated with hyperlipidemia, hepatic FASN expression, steatosis, and visceral adiposity, likely due to disrupted energy sensors, oxidative stress, and inflammasome activation. Elevated liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) and apoptotic markers indicated liver damage. Notably, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) priming reversed BPA-induced hepatocellular ROS accumulation, NF-κB-inflammasome activation, and intracellular lipid accumulation, while upregulating cellular energy sensors and attenuating ERα expression, suggesting NAC's protective effects against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacological inhibition of the NF-κB/NLRP3 cascade in BAY11-7082 pretreated, or NLRP3 immunodepleted hepatocytes reversed BPA's negative impact on SIRT1/p-AMPKα/PGC-1α and intracellular lipid accumulation, providing mechanistic insights into BPA-induced metabolic disruption.

Impact of Bisphenol A and its alternatives on oocyte health: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical released from plastic materials, including food packaging and dental sealants, persisting in the environment and ubiquitously contaminating ecosystems and human populations. BPA can elicit an array of damaging health effects and, alarmingly, 'BPA-free' alternatives mirror these harmful effects. Bisphenol exposure can negatively impact female fertility, damaging both the ovary and oocytes therein. Such damage can diminish reproductive capacity, pregnancy success, and offspring health. Despite global government regulations in place to indicate 'safe' BPA exposure levels, these policies have not considered the effects of bisphenols on oocyte health.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This scoping review was conducted to evaluate evidence on the effects of BPA and BPA alternatives on standardized parameters of oocyte health. In doing so, this review addresses a critical gap in the literature providing a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of the effects of bisphenols on oocyte health.

SEARCH METHODS

This scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Four databases, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched twice (23 February 2022 and 1 August 2023) to capture studies assessing mammalian oocyte health post-bisphenol exposure. Search terms regarding oocytes, ovarian follicles, and bisphenols were utilized to identify relevant studies. Manuscripts written in English and reporting the effect of any bisphenol on mammalian oocyte health from all years were included. Parameters for toxicological studies were evaluated, including the number of bisphenol concentrations/doses tested, dosing regimen, biological replicates and/or animal numbers, and statistical information (for human studies). Standardized parameters of oocyte health including follicle counts, oocyte yield, oocyte meiotic capacity, morphology of oocyte and cumulus cells, and oocyte meiotic spindle integrity were extracted across the studies.

OUTCOMES

After screening 3147 studies, 107 studies of either humans or mammalian animal models or humans were included. Of the in vitro exposure studies, 96.3% (26/27) and 94.1% (16/17) found at least one adverse effect on oocyte health using BPA or BPA alternatives (including BHPF, BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS), respectively. These included increased meiotic cell cycle arrest, altered morphology, and abnormal meiotic spindle/chromosomal alignment. In vivo, 85.7% (30/35) of studies on BPA and 92.3% (12/13) on BPA alternatives documented adverse effects on follicle development, morphology, or spindle/chromosome alignment. Importantly, these effects were recorded using levels below those deemed 'safe' for human exposure. Over half (11/21) of all human observational studies showed associations between higher urinary BPA levels and reduced antral follicle counts or oocyte yield in IVF patients. Recommendations are presented based on the identified shortcomings of the current evidence, incorporating elements of FDA requirements for future research in the field.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

These data highlight the detrimental impacts of low-level BPA and BPA alternative exposure, contributing to poor oocyte quality and reduced fertility. These outcomes are valuable in promoting the revision of current policies and guidelines pertaining to BPA exposure internationally. This study serves as a valuable resource to scientists, providing key recommendations on study design, reporting elements, and endpoint measures to strengthen future studies. Ultimately, this review highlights oocyte health as a fundamentally important endpoint in reproductive toxicological studies, indicating an important direction for future research into endocrine disrupting chemicals to improve fertility outcomes.

Expressions of Immune Prophenoloxidase (proPO) System-Related Genes Under Oxidative Stress in the Gonads and Stomach of the Mud Crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus) Exposed to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) significantly damage biological systems related to reproductive, neurological, and metabolic functions. Approximately 1000 chemicals are known to possess endocrine-acting properties, including bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This study primarily focuses on the potential effects of EDCs on the transcriptional levels of innate immune prophenoloxidase (proPO) system-related genes under oxidative stress in the gonads and stomach of the mud crab Macrophthalmus japonicus, an indicator species for assessing coastal benthic environments, when exposed to 1 µg L-1, 10 µg L-1, and 30 µg L-1 BPA or DEHP. After EDC exposure, the expression of lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), a pattern recognition protein that activates the proPO system, was upregulated in the stomach of M. japonicus, whereas LGBP gene expression was downregulated in the gonads. In the gonads, which is a reproductive organ, EDC exposure mainly induced the transcriptional upregulation of trypsin-like serine protease (Tryp) at relatively low concentrations. In the stomach, which is a digestive organ, LGBP expression was upregulated at relatively low concentrations of EDCs over 7 days, whereas all proPO system-related genes (LGBP, Tryp, serine protease inhibitor (Serpin), and peroxinectin (PE)) responded to all concentrations of EDCs. These results suggest that the antioxidant and immune defense responses of the proPO system to EDC toxicity may vary, causing different degrees of damage depending on the tissue type in the mud crab.

Exploring the impact of estrogenic endocrine disruptors on cervical cancer progression: A transcriptome analysis and prognostic model development

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally. The detrimental health effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EED), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, are recognized, but their role in cervical cancer progression remains unclear. To investigate this, a transcriptome analysis using bioinformatics was conducted. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) identified estrogen-responsive genes (ERGs) associated with EED. Cervical cancer expression and clinical data were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The limma package identified differentially expressed ERGs (DERGs), which were further analyzed for molecular mechanisms through enrichment analysis. LASSO regression developed a prognostic risk score model, and COX analysis identified prognostic biomarkers. ssGSEA assessed immune tumor infiltration, and Autodock performed molecular docking. A total of 217 DERGs were linked to endocrine resistance, estrogen signaling, and the cell cycle. The prognostic risk score and nomogram based on DERGs were highly predictive of cervical cancer prognosis and could serve as independent risk factors. The risk score influenced the tumor immune microenvironment by affecting immune cell presence. SCARA3 and FASN emerged as independent prognostic factors, with molecular docking confirming strong binding between EED and FASN. DERGs can aid in creating a reliable prognostic model and predicting overall survival in cervical cancer patients, offering new insights into the impact of EED on cancer progression and highlighting environmental factors related to cancer risks and development.

Polyphenols Regulate the Activity of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Having Both Positive and Negative Effects

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemical substances that can interfere with any hormone action. They are categorized according to origin and use, such as industrial chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), plastics like bisphenol A (BPA), plasticizers like phthalates, pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), fungicides like vinclozolin, and pharmaceuticals like diethylstilbestrol (DES). Natural EDCs, such as phytoestrogens, are present in the diet of both humans and animals. Polyphenols are a large group of natural compounds derived from plants and are found in beverages and food. They are grouped based on their chemical structure into flavonoids and nonflavonoids and are reported to have many beneficial effects on health, including, but not limited to, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, polyphenols have both pro- and antioxidant characteristics, and due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, they presumably have a protective effect against damage induced by EDCs. However, polyphenols may act as EDCs. In this review, we report that polyphenols regulate the activity of EDCs, having both positive and negative effects. Hence, a better understanding of the associations between EDCs and polyphenols will allow the establishment of improved approaches to protect human health from EDCs.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals and obesity prevention: scoping review

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can result in alterations of natural hormones in the body. The aim of this review article is to highlight the knowledge about EDCs and obesity.

METHODS

A scoping review of the electronic literature was performed using PubMed platform for studies on EDCs and obesity published between the years 2013-2023. A total of 10 systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies met our inclusion criteria on more prominent EDCs focusing mainly on bisphenols, including parabens, triclosan, and phthalates, and their association with obesity.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

RESULTS

EDCs, mostly bisphenols and phthalates, are related to health effects, while there is less information on the impact of parabens and triclosan. A series of negative physiological effects involving obesogenic, diabetogenic, carcinogenic, and inflammatory mechanisms as well as epigenetic and microbiota modulations was related to a prolonged EDCs exposure. A more profound research of particular pollutants is required to illuminate the accelerating effects of particular EDCs, mixtures or their metabolites on the mechanism of the development of obesity.

CONCLUSION

Considering the characteristics of EDCs and the heterogeneity of studies, it is necessary to design specific studies of effect tracking and, in particular, education about daily preventive exposure to EDCs for the preservation of long-term public health.

Adverse outcomes of the newly emerging bisphenol A substitutes

BPA and its analogues are facing increasingly stringent regulations restricting their use due to the increasing knowledge of their harmful effects. It is therefore expected that novel BPA analogues and alternatives will replace them in plastic products, cans and thermal paper to circumvent restrictions imposed by legislation. This raises concerns about the safety of "BPA-free" products, as they contain BPA substitutes whose safety has not been sufficiently assessed prior to their market introduction. The regulatory agencies have recognised BPAP, BPBP, BPC2, BPE, BPFL, BPG, BPP, BPPH, BPS-MAE, BPS-MPE, BP-TMC, BPZ and the alternatives BTUM, D-90, UU and PF201 as compound with insufficient data regarding their safety. We demonstrate that the mentioned compounds are present in consumer products, food and the environment, thus exhibiting toxicological risk not only to humans, but also to other species where their toxic effects have already been described. Results of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies examining the endocrine disruption and other effects of BPA analogues show that they disrupt the endocrine system by targeting various nuclear receptors, impairing reproductive function and causing toxic effects such as hepatotoxicity, altered behaviour and impaired reproductive function. In vitro and in vivo data on BPA alternatives are literally non-existent, although these compounds are already present in commonly used thermal papers. However, in silico studies predicted that they might cause adverse effects as well. The aim of this article is to comprehensively collate the information on selected BPA substitutes to illustrate their potential toxicity and identify safety gaps.

In vitro impact of Bisphenol A on the immune functions of primary cultured hemocytes of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

This study investigated the toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) using in vitro assays with primary cultured hemocytes. The abalone hemocytes were exposed to BPA concentrations up to 100 μM to assess cytotoxicity. Subsequently, hemocytes were exposed to sublethal BPA concentrations (LC20 = 2.3 μM and LC50 = 5.8 μM) for 48 h, and we evaluated the cellular immune responses of hemocytes via flow cytometry. Results showed no significant differences between LC20 and control groups, but LC50 exposure significantly reduced phagocytosis and oxidative capacities while increasing nitric oxide production. These findings suggest that BPA exposure negatively affects the immune system of the Pacific abalone, which makes them more susceptible to infections and other stressors in their natural environment. The study also implies that in vitro assays utilizing primary cultured abalone hemocytes may serve as effective proxies for quantifying the cytotoxic effects of chemical pollutants.

Cytotoxicity by endocrine disruptors through effects on ER Ca2+ transporters, aberrations in Ca2+ signalling pathways and ER stress

Concerns regarding man-made organic chemicals pervading our ecosystem and having adverse and detrimental effects upon organisms, including man, have now been studied for several decades. Since the 1970s, some environmental pollutants were identified as having endocrine disrupting affects. These endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) were initially shown to have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic properties and some were also shown to bind to a variety of hormone receptors. However, since the 1990s it has also been identified that many of these EDC additionally, have the ability of causing abnormal alterations in Ca2+ signalling pathways (also commonly involved in hormone signalling), leading to exaggerated elevations in cytosolic [Ca2+] levels, that is known to cause activation of a number of cell death pathways. The major emphasis of this review is to present a personal perspective of the evidence for some types of EDC, specifically alkylphenols and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), causing direct effects on Ca2+ transporters (mainly the SERCA Ca2+ ATPases), culminating in acute cytotoxicity and cell death. Evidence is also presented to indicate that this Ca2+ATPase inhibition, which leads to abnormally elevated cytosolic [Ca2+], as well as a decreased luminal ER [Ca2+], which triggers the ER stress response, are both involved in acute cytotoxicity.

Bacterial bioremediation as a sustainable strategy for the mitigation of Bisphenol-A

In the era dominated by plastic, the widespread use of plastic in our daily lives has led to a growing accumulation of its degraded byproducts, such as microplastics and plastic additives like Bisphenol A (BPA). BPA is recognized as one of the earliest man-made substances that exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties. It is frequently employed in the manufacturing of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, dental fillings, food storage containers, infant bottles, and water containers. BPA is linked to a range of health issues including obesity, diabetes, chronic respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive abnormalities. This study examines the bacterial bioremediation of the BPA, which is found in many sources and is known for its hazardous effects on the environment. The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of BPA in important bacterial strains were hypothesized based on the observed altered intermediate metabolites during the degradation of BPA. This review discusses the enzymes and genes involved in the bacterial degradation of BPA. The utilization of naturally occurring microorganisms is the most efficient and cost-effective method due to their selectivity of strains, ensuring sustainability.

Toxicological Impact of Bisphenol A on Females' Reproductive System: Review Based on Experimental and Epidemiological Studies

The study encompassing research papers documented in the last two decades pertaining to the possible influence of bisphenol A (BPA) on the fertility of females are appraised with emphasis on the influence of BPA in reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries) and pregnancy outcomes including discussion on the reproductive process (implantation, estrous cycle, hormone secretion); outcomes reveal a connection amongst BPA and female infertility. Ovary, uterus, and its shape as well as function can alter a person's ability to become pregnant by influencing the hypothalamus-pituitary axis in the ovarian model. Additionally, implantation and the estrous cycle may be affected by BPA. However, more research is warranted to comprehend the underlying action mechanisms and to promptly identify any imminent reproductive harm.

In vitro and in vivo exposure of endothelial cells to dibutyl phthalate promotes monocyte adhesion

The effect of endothelial cells' exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on monocyte adhesion is largely unknown. We evaluated monocyte adhesion to DBP-exposed endothelial cells by combining three approaches: short-term exposure (24 h) of EA.hy926 cells to 10-6, 10-5, and 10-4 M DBP, long-term exposure (12 weeks) of EA.hy926 cells to 10-9, 10-8, and 10-7 M DBP, and exposure of rats (28 and 90 days) to 100, 500, and 5000 mg DBP/kg food. Monocyte adhesion to human EA.hy926 and rat aortic endothelial cells, expression of selected cellular adhesion molecules and chemokines, and the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were analyzed. We observed increased monocyte adhesion to DBP-exposed EA.hy926 cells in vitro and to rat aortic endothelium ex vivo. ERK1/2 inhibitor prevented monocyte adhesion to DBP-exposed EA.hy926 cells in short-term exposure experiments. Increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in rat aortic endothelium and transient decrease in ERK1/2 activation following long-term exposure of EA.hy926 cells to DBP were also observed. In summary, exposure of endothelial cells to DBP promotes monocyte adhesion, thus suggesting a possible role for this phthalate in the development of atherosclerosis. ERK1/2 signaling could be the mediator of monocyte adhesion to DBP-exposed endothelial cells, but only after short-term high-level exposure.

Accumulation of Bisphenol A® by Pleurotus spp.-Flow Injection Analysis

A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus Pleurotus) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate environment, which makes them an excellent natural sorption material. Hence, fruiting bodies of mushrooms have been recognized for years as excellent indicators of the environment, reflecting its current state. Nevertheless, mushrooms can accumulate both health-promoting substances, such as bioelements, and toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, including bisphenol A® (BPA). This organic chemical compound in the phenol group, although it has been withdrawn in the EU since 2010, is widely present in the environment around us. In the present experiment, we aimed to determine the effect of adding BPA to liquid media for in vitro cultures of Pleurotus spp. The biomass increases were determined. Moreover, the degrees of adsorption and desorption of BPA from the obtained freeze-dried biomass in two different environments (neutral and acidic) were determined as a function of time. This is the first study to determine the bioavailability of adsorbed BPA in obtained biomass by extracting the mycelium into artificial digestive juices in a model digestive system. BPA was added to the liquid Oddoux medium in the following amounts: 0.01, 0.5, and 0.5 g/250 mL of medium. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed BPA were determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. The addition of BPA to the substrate reduced the biomass growth in each of the discussed cases. BPA adsorption by the mycelium occurred at over 90% and depended on the morphology of the mushroom (structure, surface development, and pore size). BPA desorption depended on the pH of the environment and the desorption time. Mushrooms are an excellent natural remedial material, but BPA is extracted into artificial digestive juices; therefore, consuming mushrooms from industrialized areas may have health consequences for our bodies.

Giftedness and atypical sexual differentiation: enhanced perceptual functioning through estrogen deficiency instead of androgen excess

Syndromic autism spectrum conditions (ASC), such as Klinefelter syndrome, also manifest hypogonadism. Compared to the popular Extreme Male Brain theory, the Enhanced Perceptual Functioning model explains the connection between ASC, savant traits, and giftedness more seamlessly, and their co-emergence with atypical sexual differentiation. Overexcitability of primary sensory inputs generates a relative enhancement of local to global processing of stimuli, hindering the abstraction of communication signals, in contrast to the extraordinary local information processing skills in some individuals. Weaker inhibitory function through gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and the atypicality of synapse formation lead to this difference, and the formation of unique neural circuits that process external information. Additionally, deficiency in monitoring inner sensory information leads to alexithymia (inability to distinguish one's own emotions), which can be caused by hypoactivity of estrogen and oxytocin in the interoceptive neural circuits, comprising the anterior insular and cingulate gyri. These areas are also part of the Salience Network, which switches between the Central Executive Network for external tasks and the Default Mode Network for self-referential mind wandering. Exploring the possibility that estrogen deficiency since early development interrupts GABA shift, causing sensory processing atypicality, it helps to evaluate the co-occurrence of ASC with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and schizophrenia based on phenotypic and physiological bases. It also provides clues for understanding the common underpinnings of these neurodevelopmental disorders and gifted populations.

Toxicity of low dose bisphenols in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and human cardiac organoids - Impact on contractile function and hypertrophy

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs are common environmental chemicals with various adverse health impacts, including cardiac toxicity. In this study, we examined the long term effect of low dose BPA and three common BPA analogs, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) based models. HiPSC-CMs and human cardiac organoids were exposed to these chemicals for 4-5 or 20 days. 1 nM BPA, BPS, and BPAF, but not BPF, resulted in suppressed myocyte contractility, retarded contraction kinetics, and aberrant Ca2+ transients in hiPSC-CMs. In cardiac organoids, BPAF and BPA, but not the other bisphenols, resulted in suppressed contraction and Ca2+ transients, and aberrant contraction kinetics. The order of toxicities was BPAF > BPA>∼BPS > BPF and the toxicities of BPAF and BPA were more pronounced under longer exposure. The impact of BPAF on myocyte contraction and Ca2+ handling was mediated by reduction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load and inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channel involving alternation of Ca2+ handling proteins. Impaired myocyte Ca2+ handling plays a key role in cardiac pathophysiology and is a characteristic of cardiac hypertrophy; therefore we examined the potential pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity of these bisphenols. Four to five day exposure to BPAF did not cause hypertrophy in normal hiPSC-CMs, but significantly exacerbated the hypertrophic phenotype in myocytes with existing hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1, characterized by increased cell size and elevated expression of the hypertrophic marker proBNP. This pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity was also occurred in cardiac organoids, with BPAF having the strongest toxicity, followed by BPA. Our findings demonstrate that long term exposures to BPA and some of its analogs cause contractile dysfunction and abnormal Ca2+ handling, and have potential pro-hypertrophic cardiotoxicity in human heart cells/tissues, and suggest that some bisphenol chemicals may be a risk factor for cardiac hypertrophy in human hearts.

Bisphenol A regulates bladder cells responses via control of G2/M-phase cell cycle, apoptotic signaling, MAPK pathway, and transcription factor-associated MMP modulation

Bisphenol A (BPA), an exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemical, is widely used to produce polycarbonate plastics. The widely used BPA has been detected in human urine samples, raising public anxiety about the detrimental effects of BPA on the bladder. In this study, we explored regulatory mechanisms for the adverse effects of BPA in human bladder BdFC and T24 cells. BPA induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest caused by the ATM-CHK1/CHK2-CDC25c-CDC2 signaling, which ultimately inhibited the growth of human bladder cells. We also found that BPA decreased the binding activity of AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors in human bladder cells, which inhibited migration and invasion through matrix metallopeptidase-2 and -9 inactivation. Phosphorylation of MAPKs was implicated with BPA-mediated detrimental effects in human bladder cells. Collectively, our results provide a novel explanation for the underlying molecular mechanisms that BPA induces cytotoxicity in human bladder cells.

Bisphenol F affects neurodevelopmental gene expression, mushroom body development, and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Bisphenol F (BPF) is a potential neurotoxicant used as a replacement for bisphenol A (BPA) in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. We investigated the neurodevelopmental impacts of BPF exposure using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. Our transcriptomic analysis indicated that developmental exposure to BPF caused the downregulation of neurodevelopmentally relevant genes, including those associated with synapse formation and neuronal projection. To investigate the functional outcome of BPF exposure, we evaluated neurodevelopmental impacts across two genetic strains of Drosophila- w1118 (control) and the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) model-by examining both behavioral and neuronal phenotypes. We found that BPF exposure in w1118 Drosophila caused hypoactive larval locomotor activity, decreased time spent grooming by adults, reduced courtship activity, and increased the severity but not frequency of β-lobe midline crossing defects by axons in the mushroom body. In contrast, although BPF reduced peristaltic contractions in FXS larvae, it had no impact on other larval locomotor phenotypes, grooming activity, or courtship activity. Strikingly, BPF exposure reduced both the severity and frequency of β-lobe midline crossing defects in the mushroom body of FXS flies, a phenotype previously observed in FXS flies exposed to BPA. This data indicates that BPF can affect neurodevelopment and its impacts vary depending on genetic background. Further, BPF may elicit a gene-environment interaction with Drosophila fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (dFmr1)-the ortholog of human FMR1, which causes fragile X syndrome and is the most common monogenetic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.

Co-exposure to 55 endocrine-disrupting chemicals linking diminished sperm quality: Mixture effect, and the role of seminal plasma docosapentaenoic acid

Isolated effects of single endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on male reproductive health have been studied extensively, but their mixture effect remains unelucidated. Previous research has suggested that consuming diet enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) might be beneficial for reproductive health, whether omega-3 PUFA could moderate the effect of EDCs mixture on semen quality remains to be explored. In this study of 155 male recruited from a reproductive health center in China, we used targeted-exposomics to simultaneously measure 55 EDCs in the urine for exposure burden. Regression analyses were restricted to highly detected EDCs (≥55%, n = 34), and those with consistently elevated risk were further screened and brought into mixture effect models (Bisphenol A, ethyl paraben, methyl paraben [MeP], benzophenone-1 [BP1], benzophenone-3, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate [MCPP]). Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g-computation (QGC) models demonstrated that co-exposure to top-ranked EDCs was related to reduced sperm total (β = -0.18, 95%CI: -0.29 - -0.07, P = 0.002) and progressive motility (β = -0.27, 95%CI: -0.43 - -0.10, P = 0.002), but not to lower semen volume. BP1, MeP and MCPP were identified as the main effect driver for deteriorated sperm motion parameters using mixture model analyses. Seminal plasma fatty acid profiling showed that high omega-3 PUFA status, notably elevated docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3) status, moderated the association between MCPP and sperm motion parameters (total motility: β = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.01 - -0.51, Pinteraction = 0.047; progressive motility: β = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.23 - 1.05, Pinteraction = 0.003). Co-exposure to a range of EDCs is mainly associated with deteriorated sperm quality, but to a lesser extent on sperm quantity, high seminal plasma DPA status might be protective against the effect. Our work emphasizes the importance of exposomic approach to assess chemical exposures and highlighted a new possible intervention target for mitigating the potential adverse effect of EDCs on semen quality.

Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A, parabens and benzophenone-type ultra violet light filters in relation to sperm DNA fragmentation in young men: A chemical mixtures approach

People are daily exposed to multiple endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) that may interfere with different molecular and cellular processes, promoting a potential estrogenic, androgenic, or anti-androgenic state. However, most epidemiological studies attempting to establish relationships between EDCs exposure and health effects are still considering individual compounds. A few studies have shown associations between exposure to individual non-persistent EDCs and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in different male populations. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between combined exposure to non-persistent EDCs and SDF index in young men. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 healthy university students from Southeaster Spain. The participants provided spot urine and semen samples on the same day. The concentrations of urinary bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenones [2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1); 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4OHBP)], and parabens (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben) were measured by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. SDF was analysed using a Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test. Statistical analyses were carried out using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression models to evaluate associations between combined exposure to these compounds and SDF index while adjusting by relevant covariates. The increase in urinary concentration of 4OHBP was found to be the most important contributor to the negative association between urinary EDCs concentrations and SDF index, being of -5.5 % [95 % CI: -10.7, -0.3] for those in percentile 50, and - 5.4 % [95 % CI: -10.8, -0.1] for those in percentile 75. No significant associations were observed between other EDCs and SDF index. Our findings show that urinary 4OHBP levels may be associated with a decrease in the SDF index. Nonetheless, the effects we observed were likely to be small and of uncertain clinical significance. Further research is needed to replicate our findings in other male populations.

Reproductive toxicity of bisphenol A, at environmentally relevant concentrations, on ovarian redox balance, maturational response, and intra-oocyte signalling events in Labeo bata

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plastic monomer that potentially interferes with ovarian neuroendocrine, endocrine, and autocrine/paracrine factors, causing reproductive dysfunction. However, the influence of BPA on redox balance, estrogen receptor (ER) expression vis-à-vis meiotic cell cycle progression, and intra-oocyte signalling events has not been extensively investigated. The present study examines the impact of BPA on reproductive toxicity in female Labeo bata (Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae), a freshwater teleost preferred as a food fish in the Indian subcontinent. Our results show that while ovarian weight (gonadosomatic index, GSI) and dynamics of follicular growth undergo pronounced changes during the annual reproductive cycle, chronic BPA exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations promotes follicular atresia concomitant with reduced GSI during the spawning phase, the highest response being observed due to low-dose (0.1 μg/L, 0.438 nM) BPA exposure in vivo. Furthermore, BPA perturbation of ovarian StAR expression and ERα/ERβ homeostasis corroborates with elevated oxidative stress in BPA-treated ovary, FG follicles, and follicular cells. A sharp increase in ROS accumulation and nitric oxide (NO) levels in BPA-treated full-grown (FG) follicles coupled with loss of redox balance, elevated follicular cell death, and activation of apoptotic markers (caspase -8, -9, -3, Bax) indicate poor oocyte health and reproductive toxicity. Importantly, maturational steroid (MIS, 17,20β-P)-induced cyclin B-p34cdc2 activation and elevated GVBD (germinal vesicle breakdown) response require protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition and participation of Mos/MAPK- and cdc25-mediated signalling events. While the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (FK) abrogates, priming with a PKA inhibitor (H89) promotes the meiotic G2-M1 transition, confirming the role of PKA in meiotic cell cycle progression in this species. Furthermore, the negative influence of BPA priming on 17,20β-P-induced oocyte maturation involves elevated PKAc phosphorylation (activation) and significant alteration in Mos/MAPK signalling, indicating derailed meiotic maturational competence and disrupted oocyte quality.

Tricyclic Diester and 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid for the Synthesis of Biobased Hydrolysis Copolyesters with High Glass Transition Temperatures

The reluctance of a polyester with high glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties to hydrolyze is a well-known fact, for instance, the high hydrolysis resistance of aromatic polyesters based on terephthalic acid and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The synthesis of polyesters that have a high Tg (>100 °C) and a fast hydrolytic degradation quality at the same time is a valuable topic. Herein, a renewable rigid diester, N,N'-trans-1,4-cyclohexane-bis(pyrrolidone-4-methyl carboxylate) (CBPC), was obtained via Michael addition. CBPC was copolymerized with FDCA and ethylene glycol to prepare a series of copolyesters PECxEFy with a high Mn over 30 kDa. PECxEFy showed a Tg range of 75.2-109.2 °C which outdistanced the most biobased polyesters. The thermal stability of all PECxEFy remained unchanged with the introduction of CBPC. Moreover, PECxEFy presented superior mechanical performances which were matching or exceeding those of commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polylactic acid (PLA). PECxEFy was stable in air but was able to undergo noticeable hydrolytic degradation, proving their enhanced degradability. And the regulation between CBPC and FDCA composition can be leveraged to adjust the degradation and environmental durability of PECxEFy, up to practical applications. Computational studies systematically revealed the relationship between CBPC with a tricyclic structure and the improved Tg and hydrolyzation properties. The outstanding thermal and mechanical performances and hydrolysis of these copolyesters appear to be promising candidates for renewable alternatives to industrial petrochemical polyesters.

N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Ameliorates BPAF-Induced Porcine Sertoli Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest via Inhibiting the ROS Level

Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a newly identified contaminant in the environment that has been linked to impairment of the male reproductive system. However, only a few studies have systematically studied the mechanisms underlying BPAF-induced toxicity in testicular Sertoli cells. Hence, this study primarily aims to explore the toxic mechanism of BPAF on the porcine Sertoli cell line (ST cells). The effects of various concentrations of BPAF on ST cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The results demonstrated that exposure to a high concentration of BPAF (above 50 μM) significantly inhibited ST cell viability due to marked cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis further confirmed that BPAF facilitated apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Moreover, BPAF exposure upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic markers BAD and BAX while downregulating anti-apoptotic and cell proliferation markers BCL-2, PCNA, CDK2, and CDK4. BPAF exposure also resulted in elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), alongside reduced activities of the antioxidants glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) effectively blocked BPAF-triggered apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, this study suggests that BPAF induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ST cells by activating ROS-mediated pathways. These findings enhance our understanding of BPAF's role in male reproductive toxicity and provide a foundation for future toxicological assessments.

Short-Term Exposure to Bisphenol A Does Not Impact Gonadal Cell Steroidogenesis In Vitro

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous, synthetic chemical proven to induce reproductive disorders in both men and women. The available studies investigated the effects of BPA on male and female steroidogenesis following long-term exposure to the compound at relatively high environmental concentrations. However, the impact of short-term exposure to BPA on reproduction is poorly studied. We evaluated if 8 and 24 h exposure to 1 nM and 1 µM BPA perturbs luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin (LH/hCG)-mediated signalling in two steroidogenic cell models, i.e., the mouse tumour Leydig cell line mLTC1, and human primary granulosa lutein cells (hGLC). Cell signalling studies were performed using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay and Western blotting, while gene expression analysis was carried out using real-time PCR. Immunostainings and an immunoassay were used for intracellular protein expression and steroidogenesis analyses, respectively. The presence of BPA leads to no significant changes in gonadotropin-induced cAMP accumulation, alongside phosphorylation of downstream molecules, such as ERK1/2, CREB and p38 MAPK, in both the cell models. BPA did not impact STARD1, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 gene expression in hGLC, nor Stard1 and Cyp17a1 expression in mLTC1 treated with LH/hCG. Additionally, the StAR protein expression was unchanged upon exposure to BPA. Progesterone and oestradiol levels in the culture medium, measured by hGLC, as well as the testosterone and progesterone levels in the culture medium, measured by mLTC1, did not change in the presence of BPA combined with LH/hCG. These data suggest that short-term exposure to environmental concentrations of BPA does not compromise the LH/hCG-induced steroidogenic potential of either human granulosa or mouse Leydig cells.

Developmental neurotoxic effects of bisphenol A and its derivatives in Drosophila melanogaster

As a result of the ban on bisphenol A (BPA), a hormone disruptor with developmental neurotoxicity, several BPA derivatives (BPs) have been widely used in industrial production. However, there are no effective methods for assessing the neurodevelopmental toxic effects of BPs. To address this, a Drosophila exposure model was established, and W¹¹¹⁸ was reared in food containing these BPs. Results showed that each BPs displayed different semi-lethal doses ranging from 1.76 to 19.43 mM. Exposure to BPs delayed larval development and affected axonal growth, resulting in the abnormal crossing of the midline of axons in the β lobules of mushroom bodies, but the damage caused by BPE and BPF was relatively minor. BPC, BPAF, and BPAP have the most significant effects on locomotor behavior, whereas BPC exhibited the most affected social interactions. Furthermore, exposure to high-dose BPA, BPC, BPS, BPAF, and BPAP also significantly increased the expression of Drosophila estrogen-related receptors. These demonstrated that different kinds of BPs had different levels of neurodevelopmental toxicity, and the severity was BPZ > BPC and BPAF > BPB > BPS > BPAP ≈ BPAl ≈ BPF > BPE. Therefore, BPZ, BPC, BPS, BPAF, and BPAP should be evaluated as potential alternatives to BPA.

In utero bisphenol A exposure disturbs germ cell cyst breakdown through the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway and BDNF expression

PURPOSE

To determine the influence of the environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) on germ cell cyst breakdown and explore the possible mechanisms regulating this activity.

METHODS

BPA (2 μg/kg/d or 20 μg/kg/d) or tocopherol-stripped corn oil (vehicle control) was administered to pregnant mice by gavage at gestational day 11, and the offspring (prenatally treated mice) were sacrificed and ovariectomized at postnatal day (PND) 4 and PND22. Ovarian morphology was documented in the first filial (F1) generation female offspring, and the follicles were analyzed and classified morphologically on PND 4. To discover differentially expressed genes and associated target pathways, we used RNA-seq, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. The mRNA expression of key steroid hormone synthesis-related genes was evaluated by Q-PCR in forskolin-induced KGN cells. Western blotting (WB) and qRTPCR were used to determine the protein and gene expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

RESULTS

BPA, a typical endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), decreased the expression of the key steroid hormone synthesis-related genes P450scc and aromatase, while the expression of Star increased significantly and caused no significant difference in the expression of Cyp17a1 or HSD3β in forskolin-induced KGN cells. Moreover, we confirmed that in utero exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA (2 μg/kg/d and 20 μg/kg/d) could significantly disrupt germ cell cyst breakdown, leading to the generation of fewer primordial follicles than in the control group. The factors mediating the inhibitory effects included the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and a significant downregulation of BDNF.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that in utero exposure to BPA at low doses, which are lower than recommended as 'safe' dosages, may influence the formation of primordial follicles by inhibiting the expression of steroid hormone synthesis-related genes and partly by regulating the BDNF-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway.

The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.

Toxicity overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals interacting in vitro with the oestrogen receptor

The oestrogen receptor (ER) from the nuclear receptor family is involved in different physiological processes, which can be affected by multiple xenobiotics. Some of these compounds, such as bisphenols, pesticides, and phthalates, are widespread as consequence of human activities and are commonly present also in human organism. Xenobiotics able to interact with ER and trigger a hormone-like response, are known as endocrine disruptors. In this review, we aim to summarize the available knowledge on products derived from human industrial activity and other xenobiotics reported to interact with ER. ER-disrupting chemicals behave differently towards oestrogen-dependent cell lines than endogenous oestradiol. In low concentrations, they stimulate proliferation, whereas at higher concentrations, are toxic to cells. In addition, most of the knowledge on the topic is based on individual compound testing, and only a few studies assess xenobiotic combinations, which better resemble real circumstances. Confirmation from in vivo models is lacking also.

Immunomodulatory effect of dopamine in human keratinocytes and macrophages under chronical bisphenol-A exposure conditions

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that links the nervous and the immune system. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with a wide distribution in the environment that is used in the manufacturing of plastic products. Evidence shows that BPA can interfere with the central dopaminergic transmission; however, there are no previous reports of this effect outside the central nervous system. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro mechanisms of action involved in the response to dopamine in both human keratinocyte and macrophage cell lines chronically exposed to BPA. Dopamine modulates cytokine secretion and NF-κB expression in BPA-treated HaCaT keratinocytes, without modifying these parameters in BPA-treated THP-1 macrophages. In addition, dopamine increases MMP activity in both BPA-treated cell lines, although it decreases keratinocytes migration. We suggest the immunomodulatory effect of dopamine might be different in keratinocytes and macrophages under chronical BPA exposure conditions. These findings revealed for the first time the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of dopamine in the presence of BPA at peripheral level.

Acute exposure to low-dose bisphenol A delays cardiac repolarization in female canine heart - Implication for proarrhythmic toxicity in large animals

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common environmental chemical with a range of potential adverse health effects. The impact of environmentally-relevant low dose of BPA on the electrical properties of the hearts of large animals (e.g., dog, human) is poorly defined. Perturbation of cardiac electrical properties is a key arrhythmogenic mechanism. In particular, delay of ventricular repolarization and prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram is a marker for the risk of malignant arrhythmias. We examined the acute effect of 10-9 M BPA on the electrical properties of female canine ventricular myocytes and tissues. BPA rapidly delayed action potential repolarization and prolonged action potential duration (APD). The dose response curve of BPA on APD was nonmonotonic. BPA rapidly inhibited the IKr K+ current and ICaL Ca2+ current. Computational modeling indicated that the effect of BPA on APD can be accounted for by its suppression of IKr. At the tissue level, BPA acutely prolonged the QT interval in 4 left ventricular wedges. ERβ signaling contributed to the acute effects of BPA on ventricular repolarization. Our results demonstrate that BPA has QT prolongation liability in female canine hearts. These findings have implication for the potential proarrhythmic cardiac toxicity of BPA in large animals.

Morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study on the ameliorative effect of gallic acid against bisphenol A-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

This study aimed to determine the effect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA + G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA + G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell degeneration mean area, and the mean leukocyte infiltration area. Also, collagen fiber intensity and polysaccharide content were analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural studies were carried out. The results revealed morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations in the kidney. Most of these changes showed a satisfactory improvement of kidney damage when BPA-administered rats were treated with GA at both doses. In conclusion, GA exhibited a strong protective effect against BPA-induced nephrotoxicity.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Effects in Pet Dogs and Cats: An Overview

Over the past few decades, several pollutants classified as environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have become a matter of significant public health concern. Companion animals play a major role in human society, and pet ownership is substantially increasing worldwide. These intimate human-pet relationships imply sharing much of the same environment, thus including exposure to similar levels of EDCs in daily routine. Here, we review the current knowledge on the sources and routes of exposure to EDCs in domestic indoor and outdoor environments and discuss whether endocrine disruption is a health concern in pets. We summarize the phenomenon of endocrine disruption, providing examples of EDCs with a known impact on dog and cat health. Then, we propose an overview of the literature on the adverse effects of EDCs in domestic pets, with a special focus on the health of reproductive and thyroid systems. Finally, we explore the potential role of companion animals as unintentional sentinels of environmental exposure to EDCs and the implications for public health risk assessment in a "shared risk" scenario. Overall, this review supports the need for an integrated approach considering humans, animals, and the environment as a whole for a comprehensive assessment of the impact of EDCs on human and animal health.

Long-term potentiation and depression regulatory microRNAs were highlighted in Bisphenol A induced learning and memory impairment by microRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis

The mechanisms of Bisphenol A (BPA) induced learning and memory impairment have still not been fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNA molecules involved in the process of toxicant-induced neurotoxicity. To investigate the role of miRNAs in BPA-induced learning and memory impairment, we analyzed the impacts of BPA on miRNA expression profile by high-throughput sequencing in mice hippocampus. Results showed that mice treated with BPA displayed impairments of spatial learning and memory and changes in the expression of miRNAs in the hippocampus. Seventeen miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed after BPA exposure, of these, 13 and 4 miRNAs were up- and downregulated, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway suggests that BPA exposure significantly triggered transcriptional changes of miRNAs associated with learning and memory; the top five affected pathways involved in impairment of learning and memory are: 1) Long-term depression (LTD); 2) Thyroid hormone synthesis; 3) GnRH signaling pathway; 4) Long-term potentiation (LTP); 5) Serotonergic synapse. Eight BPA-responsive differentially expressed miRNAs regulating LTP and LTD were further screened to validate the miRNA sequencing data using Real-Time PCR. The deregulation expression levels of proteins of five target genes (CaMKII, MEK1/2, IP3R, AMPAR1 and PLCβ4) were investigated via western blot, for further verifying the results of gene target analysis. Our results showed that LTP and LTD related miRNAs and their targets could contribute to BPA-induced impairment of learning and memory. This study provides valuable information for novel miRNA biomarkers to detect changes in impairment of learning and memory induced by BPA exposure.

Exposure to Bisphenol A increases malignancy risk of thyroid nodules in overweight/obese patients

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread thyroid disruptor, but evidence about an association with thyroid cancer is weak. Excess body weight is a risk factor for thyroid cancer and affects activity of endocrine disruptors. Aim of the study was to investigate the association between BPA exposure and thyroid cancer, verifying the effect modification related to body weight. We performed a multicentre, cross-sectional study including consecutive patients referring for nodular goiter. The quantitative determination of BPA in serum samples was performed through high performance liquid chromatography system, coupled in tandem with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. Ninety-six patients were included: 55 benign nodules, 41 thyroid cancers, 28 normal weight, and 68 overweight/obese. BPA was detected in 79 subjects. In the overall study population and in the group with BMI<25 kg/m² BPA exposure was not significantly correlated to thyroid cancer (p = 0.08 and 0.759, respectively). In the group with BMI≥25 kg/m², BPA-exposed subjects showed significantly higher risk of malignancy (OR: 5.3, p = 0.028). At multivariate analysis, such association was independent of smoking, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure, and phthalates exposure (p = 0.021 and 0.016, respectively), but was lost after adjustment for the presence of metabolic syndrome (p = 0.089). In overweight/obese subjects, BPA exposure was significantly associated with higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Our study suggests that BPA exposure is a risk factor for thyroid cancer in overweight/obese subjects.

Endocrine disruptors and endometriosis

Endometriosis is a hormone-dependent inflammatory gynecological disease of reproductive-age women. It is clinically and pathologically characterized by the presence of functional endometrium as heterogeneous lesions outside the uterine cavity. The two major symptoms are chronic pelvic pain and infertility, which profoundly affect women's reproductive health and quality of life. This significant individual and public health concerns underscore the importance of understanding the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, signaling, or metabolism of hormones responsible for homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental processes. Endometriosis has been potentially linked to exposure to EDCs. In this review, based on the robust literature search, we have selected four endocrine disruptors (i) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s (ii) dioxins (TCDD) (iii) bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs and (iv) phthalates to elucidate their critical role in the etiopathogenesis of endometriosis. The epidemiological and experimental data discussed in this review indicate that these four EDCs activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways associated with proinflammation, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins, cell survival, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and growth of endometriosis. The available information strongly indicates that environmental exposure to EDCs such as PCBs, dioxins, BPA, and phthalates individually or collectively contribute to the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of how these EDCs establish endometriosis and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the effects of these EDCs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are timely needed. Moreover, understanding the interactive roles of these EDCs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis will help regulate the exposure to these EDCs in reproductive age women.

A Case-Control Study on the Effects of Plasticizers Exposure on Male Fertility

Male infertility is a serious concern for public health, and the possible role of exposure to plasticizers such as phthalates and bisphenol A in contributing to the condition is widely debated. We have herein enrolled 155 infertility cases attending an infertility center and 211 controls (fathers of a spontaneously conceived newborn) to investigate this issue. The urinary levels of seven phthalates and BPA were analyzed through HPLC/MS/MS. All data were statistically elaborated considering information about clinical situation, life habits, occupational activity, and, for cases, semen parameters (volume, sperm concentration, total count of spermatozoa, and sperm motility). Results showed significantly higher urinary concentrations for all the phthalates in cases compared to controls, except for monoethylphthalate and BPA. In total, 90.07% of cases had sperm motility lower than the WHO reference value (2010), while 53.69%, 46.31%, and 16.56% had sperm total number, concentration, and volume, respectively, out of the reference range. Regarding the possible source of exposure, the use of scents seems to be a significant source of DEP (diethylphthalate). When considering occupational settings, industrial workers, dental technicians, artisans, and farmers using chemicals showed higher risk (OR = 2.766, 95% CI 1.236-6.185), particularly in relation to DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) and DEHP (di-ethyl-hexyl phthalate) exposure. No clear quantitative correlation between specific plasticizers and sperm parameters could be demonstrated but these findings call for future studies about the risks associated with exposure to their mixture.

Widening the Lens on Prothioconazole and Its Metabolite Prothioconazole-Desthio: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Reproductive Disorders through in Vivo, in Vitro, and in Silico Studies

Reproductive disorders are a serious public health problem worldwide. Epidemiological data suggest that exposure to environmental pollutants is associated with the onset of reproductive disorders. However, the effects in reproductive health and exact mechanism of action of representative agricultural compounds prothioconazole (PTC) and its metabolite prothioconazole-desthio (dPTC) on mammals remain unclear. Here, we studied the physiological effects of the exposure to environmentally relevant doses of PTC and dPTC in mice reproductive systems. Combining in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies, we observed that PTC and dPTC disrupt reproductive health by inducing metabolic perturbation, induction of apoptosis, and inflammation in gonadal tissue, which are achieved via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Convincingly, the addition of alternate-day injections of CH223191 (an AhR inhibitor) to the 30-day exposure regimen ameliorated ovarian tissue damage, as evidenced by decreased TUNEL-positive cells and partially restored the inflammation and apoptotic factor levels. This study comprehensively reports the toxic effects of low-dose PTC and dPTC in the reproductive system in vivo and identifies AhR as a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of reproductive disorders caused by similar endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Effects of bisphenol A on uterine leiomyoma: In vitro and in vivo evaluation with mechanistic insights related to XBP1

The incidence rate of human uterine leiomyomas is over 70% in the women of childbearing age, which has caused serious health and financial burden. Our previous study confirmed that Bisphenol A (BPA)，representative environmental estrogen, promoted the proliferation of human uterine leiomyomas and up-regulated the expression of cell proliferation-related genes. In this study, by combining ChIP-seq and RNA-seq, it was shown that after BPA intervention, H3K27ac modification levels and gene expression levels were altered in uterine leiomyomas cells. Moreover experimental verification found that BPA can regulate ITGA2 through the transcription factor XBP1, activate the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, eventually promote the proliferation of uterine leiomyomas. The present study provides new insights into the pathogenesis associated with exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors with similar effects by defining XBP1 as an important regulator, and which may act as an intervention and treatment target for uterine leiomyomas.

Reactions of bisphenol F and bisphenol S with ozone and hydroxyl radical: Kinetics and mechanisms

Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are the most employed substitutes of bisphenol A (BPA), after being restricted by legislation in different countries because of its endocrine disrupting behaviour. In the present work, a deep study was performed about the reactivity of BPF and BPS with ozone and hydroxyl radical. Firstly, the second order rate constants of ozone with the di-protonated, mono-protonated and deprotonated species of both bisphenols were determined to be 2.38 × 10⁴, 1.31 × 10⁹ and 1.43 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1 for BPF and 5.01, 2.82 × 10⁷ and 1.09 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1 for BPS. Then, the second order rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radical with BPF and BPS were established through UV/H₂O₂ and UV experiments at pH 7, resulting in the values of 8.60 × 10⁹ and 6.60 × 10⁹ M^-1 s^-1, respectively. Finally, a study regarding the transformation products (TPs) from the reaction of both bisphenols with molecular ozone and hydroxyl radical was also performed. Hydroxylation in the ortho position of the phenol rings was observed as main degradation pathway. Additionally, most of the TPs were accumulated over the reactions at relatively high oxidant doses.

Association of urinary bisphenol A concentrations with in vitro fertilisation outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

INTRODUCTION

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common environmental endocrine disruptor. BPA has been reported to be associated with female infertility, which may not only affect natural pregnancy and natural fertility but also affect the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). BPA exposure may help to partly explain the unsatisfactory IVF outcomes, but the relationship between the concentrations of BPA in urine and IVF outcomes remains controversial. Therefore, we will perform a meta-analysis to identify and review the relationship between urinary BPA concentrations and IVF outcomes.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A comprehensive literature search will be performed in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials for relevant articles using MeSH terms and related entry terms (up to 20 April 2022). The language will be restricted to English. Articles will be screened for inclusion in or exclusion from the study independently by two reviewers after removing the duplicates. The titles and abstracts followed by full-text screening will also be conducted independently by two reviewers. In addition, the references of the included literature will also be traced to supplement our search results and to obtain all relevant literature. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale will be used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies using a star rating system ranging from 0 to 9 stars. Heterogeneity in estimates from different articles will be quantified, and publication bias will be investigated using funnel plots. Finally, a sensitivity analysis will also be conducted to estimate whether our results could have been markedly affected by a single included study.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval is not required for this protocol, as participants are not included. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.

Endocrine disruptor chemicals, adipokines and reproductive functions

The prevalence of adult obesity has risen markedly in recent decades. The endocrine system precisely regulates energy balance, fat abundance and fat deposition. Interestingly, white adipose tissue is an endocrine gland producing adipokines, which regulate whole-body physiology, including energy balance and reproduction. Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) include natural substances or chemicals that affect the endocrine system by multiple mechanisms and increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. Numerous studies have associated exposure to EDCs with obesity, classifying them as obesogens by their ability to activate different mechanisms, including the differentiation of adipocytes, increasing the storage of triglycerides, or elevating the number of adipocytes. Moreover, in recent years, not only industrial deception and obesity have intensified but also the problem of human infertility. Reproductive functions depend on hormone interactions, the balance of which may be disrupted by various EDCs or obesity. This review gives a brief summary of common EDCs linked with obesity, the mechanisms of their action, and the effect on adipokine levels, reproduction and connected disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, decrease in sperm motility, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction in females and decrease of sperm motility in males.

A comprehensive review on BPA degradation by heterogeneous Fenton-like processes

Synthetic organic pollutants emanating continuously in the ecosystem have become a global concern because of their toxicity and persistent nature. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one such pollutant which threatens public health and safety. It is a monomer used in manufacturing plastics, polycarbonate resins, epoxy resins and is a well-recognised endocrine disruptor mimicking estrogen. BPA leaches into food and beverages stored in containers causing contamination issues. Its widespread exposure and potential toxicity is an environmental health concern. In this review, a systematic investigation has been carried out on the heterogeneous catalysts used for Fenton-like processes for BPA degradation. The Fenton-like reaction is one such reaction that is used for wastewater remediation purposes. The reaction advances through the generation of powerful oxidizing radicals like •OH and SO₄^•- in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The application of various Fenton catalysts, with their distinguished morphological characteristics, oxidizing properties, toxicity analysis, and the present state of the art of BPA degradation by these catalysts, have been documented in the current work. This review also highlights a few challenges and prospects for analysing degradation products of landfill leachate.