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Shahin S, Medley EA, Naidu M, Trasande L, Ghassabian A. Exposure to organophosphate esters and maternal-child health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118955. [PMID: 38640988 PMCID: PMC11152993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of chemicals now widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers after the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, OPEs carry their own risk of developmental toxicity, which poses concern for recent birth cohorts as they have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this review, we summarize the literature evaluating the association between OPE exposure and maternal, perinatal, and child health outcomes. We included original articles investigating associations of OPE exposure with any health outcome on pregnant women, newborns, children, and adolescents. We found 48 articles on this topic. Of these, five addressed maternal health and pregnancy outcomes, 24 evaluated prenatal OPE exposure and child health, 18 evaluated childhood OPE exposure and child/adolescent health, and one article evaluated both prenatal and childhood OPE exposure. These studies suggest that OPE exposure is possibly associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including pregnancy loss, altered gestational duration and smaller birthweight, maternal and neonatal thyroid dysfunction, child metabolic dysregulation and abnormal growth, impaired neurodevelopment, and changes in immune response. Many of the reported outcomes associated with OPE exposure varied by child sex. Findings also varied substantially by OPE metabolite and exposure time. The OPEs most frequently measured, detected, and found to be associated with health outcomes were triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, metabolized to DPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP, metabolized to BDCIPP). The extensive range of health outcomes associated with OPEs raises concern about their growing use in consumer products; however, these findings should be interpreted considering the limitations of these epidemiological studies, such as possible exposure misclassification, lack of generalizability, insufficient adjustment for covariates, and failure to consider chemical exposures as a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Shahin
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor A Medley
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mrudula Naidu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Beausoleil C, Thébault A, Andersson P, Cabaton NJ, Ermler S, Fromenty B, Garoche C, Griffin JL, Hoffmann S, Kamstra JH, Kubickova B, Lenters V, Kos VM, Poupin N, Remy S, Sapounidou M, Zalko D, Legler J, Jacobs MN, Rousselle C. Weight of evidence evaluation of the metabolism disrupting effects of triphenyl phosphate using an expert knowledge elicitation approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024:116995. [PMID: 38862081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Identification of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in a regulatory context requires a high level of evidence. However, lines of evidence (e.g. human, in vivo, in vitro or in silico) are heterogeneous and incomplete for quantifying evidence of the adverse effects and mechanisms involved. To date, for the regulatory appraisal of metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs), no harmonised guidance to assess the weight of evidence has been developed at the EU or international level. To explore how to develop this, we applied a formal Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) approach within the European GOLIATH project. EKE captures expert judgment in a quantitative manner and provides an estimate of uncertainty of the final opinion. As a proof of principle, we selected one suspected MDC -triphenyl phosphate (TPP) - based on its related adverse endpoints (obesity/adipogenicity) relevant to metabolic disruption and a putative Molecular Initiating Event (MIE): activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). We conducted a systematic literature review and assessed the quality of the lines of evidence with two independent groups of experts within GOLIATH, with the objective of categorising the metabolic disruption properties of TPP, by applying an EKE approach. Having followed the entire process separately, both groups arrived at the same conclusion, designating TPP as a "suspected MDC" with an overall quantitative agreement exceeding 85%, indicating robust reproducibility. The EKE method provides to be an important way to bring together scientists with diverse expertise and is recommended for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beausoleil
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Anne Thébault
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Nicolas J Cabaton
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sibylle Ermler
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1317, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Clémentine Garoche
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Julian L Griffin
- The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill Health Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (RCE), Department of Toxicology, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Poupin
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Zalko
- INRAE. UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UT3, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam N Jacobs
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (RCE), Department of Toxicology, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Jiang M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Lu X, Tang H, Liu X. Triphenyl phosphate interferes with the synthesis of steroid hormones through the PPARγ/CD36 pathway in human trophoblast JEG-3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3400-3409. [PMID: 38450882 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a chemical commonly found in human placenta and breast milk, has been shown to disturb the endocrine system. Our previous study confirmed that TPhP could accumulate in the placenta and interference with placental lipid metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis, as well as induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through PPARγ in human placental trophoblast JEG-3 cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this disruption remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the role of the PPARγ/CD36 pathway in TPhP-induced steroid hormone disruption. We found that TPhP increased lipid accumulation, total cholesterol, low- and high-density protein cholesterol, progesterone, estradiol, glucocorticoid, and aldosterone levels, and genes related to steroid hormones synthesis, including 3βHSD1, 17βHSD1, CYP11A, CYP19, and CYP21. These effects were largely blocked by co-exposure with either a PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or knockdown of CD36 using siRNA (siCD36). Furthermore, an ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA attenuated the effect of TPhP on progesterone and glucocorticoid levels, and siCD36 reduced ER stress-related protein levels induced by TPhP, including BiP, PERK, and CHOP. These findings suggest that ER stress may also play a role in the disruption of steroid hormone synthesis by TPhP. As our study has shed light on the PPARγ/CD36 pathway's involvement in the disturbance of steroid hormone biosynthesis by TPhP in the JEG-3 cells, further investigations of the potential impacts on the placental function and following birth outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Dazhou Center Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Mengzhu Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxun Lu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Shi X, Wang W, Feng J, Ma X, Xu M, Wang C. Gender-specific abdominal fat distribution and insulin resistance associated with organophosphate esters and phthalate metabolites exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123959. [PMID: 38608855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity highlights the potential contribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, common epidemiological measures such as body mass index and waist circumference may misrepresent the intricate obesity risks these chemicals pose across genders. This study delves deeper into abdominal fat by differentiating between subcutaneous and visceral regions by analyzing data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). We particularly investigated the gender-specific associations between organophosphorus flame-retardant metabolites (mOPFRs), phthalates (mPAEs) and accumulated fat indexes from 2536 people. Aiding by Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), we found while co-exposure to mOPFRs and mPAEs was linked to general and abdominal obesity across the entire and gender-specific populations, a gender-specific fat distribution emerged. For women, urinary BDCPP and MBzP were linked to an increased subcutaneous fat index (SFI) [BDCPP OR: 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03-1.21), MBzP OR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.18)], but not to visceral fat index (VFI). These metabolites had a combined linkage with SFI, with BDCPP (weighting 22.0%) and DPHP (weighting 31.0%) being the most influential in Quantile g-computation model (qgcomp) model. In men, BCEP exposure exclusively associated with the elevated VFI [OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26)], a trend further highlighted in mixture models with BCEP as the predominant association. Intriguingly, only males displayed a marked correlation between these metabolites and insulin resistance in subpopulation. An attempted mediation analysis revealed that elevated C-reactive protein mediated 12.1% of the association between urinary BCEP and insulin resistance, suggesting a potential role of inflammation. In conclusion, the gender-specific fat distribution and insulin resistance that associated with mOPFRs represented the potential risk of these chemicals to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliu Shi
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafan Feng
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Bui TT, Aasa J, Abass K, Ågerstrand M, Beronius A, Castro M, Escrivá L, Galizia A, Gliga A, Karlsson O, Whaley P, Yost E, Rudén C. Applying a modified systematic review and integrated assessment framework (SYRINA) - a case study on triphenyl phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:380-399. [PMID: 38205707 PMCID: PMC10879963 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a case study in applying a systematic review framework (SYRINA) to the identification of chemicals as endocrine disruptors. The suitability and performance of the framework is tested with regard to the widely accepted World Health Organization definition of an endocrine disruptor (ED). The endocrine disrupting potential of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), a well-studied flame retardant reported to exhibit various endocrine related effects was assessed. We followed the 7 steps of the SYRINA framework, articulating the research objective via Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes (PECO) statements, performed literature search and screening, conducted study evaluation, performed data extraction and summarized and integrated the evidence. Overall, 66 studies, consisting of in vivo, in vitro and epidemiological data, were included. We concluded that triphenyl phosphate could be identified as an ED based on metabolic disruption and reproductive function. We found that the tools used in this case study and the optimizations performed on the framework were suitable to assess properties of EDs. A number of challenges and areas for methodological development in systematic appraisal of evidence relating to endocrine disrupting potential were identified; significant time and effort were needed for the analysis of in vitro mechanistic data in this case study, thus increasing the workload and time needed to perform the systematic review process. Further research and development of this framework with regards to grey literature (non-peer-reviewed literature) search, harmonization of study evaluation methods, more consistent evidence integration approaches and a pre-defined method to assess links between adverse effect and endocrine activity are recommended. It would also be advantageous to conduct more case studies for a chemical with less data than TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Bui
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | | | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Mafalda Castro
- Section for Environmental Chemistry and Physics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Audrey Galizia
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, USA
| | - Anda Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Paul Whaley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK
| | - Erin Yost
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, USA
| | - Christina Rudén
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Li H, Li F, Zhou C, Bu J, Yang H, Zhong L, Xing W, Li L. Exposure to OPFRs Is Associated with Obesity and Dysregulated Serum Lipid Profiles: Data from 2017-2018 NHANES. Metabolites 2024; 14:124. [PMID: 38393016 PMCID: PMC10890692 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Widespread exposure to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has been observed in the general population. Emerging studies have revealed OPFRs possess endocrine-disturbing properties. The present study aims to assess the association between urinary metabolites of OPFRs, BMI, and serum lipid profiles. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 were obtained, with 1334 adults enrolled in the current study. Urinary concentrations of bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were quantified to assess OPFR exposure. Covariate-adjusted linear and logistic regression models were conducted to explore the associations between log2-transformed concentrations of OPFR metabolites, BMI, obesity, and serum lipid profiles. Stratified analyses were performed to assess the heterogeneity of associations by age, gender, race, etc. Positive associations were found between OPFR exposure and the risk of obesity. The multivariate linear analysis indicated that a one-unit increase in log2-transformed urinary concentrations of BCEP and BDCPP was associated with 0.27 (95% CI: 0.02-0.52, p = 0.0338) and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.25-0.87, p = 0.0004) higher BMI value, respectively. One log2-unit increase in urinary BCEP and BDCPP concentrations was associated with 1.1-fold (95% CI: 1.02-1.18, p = 0.0096) and 1.19-fold (95% CI: 1.09-1.30, p = 0.0001) risk for developing obesity. Furthermore, the non-linear relationship between exposure to OPFRs and obesity was identified. Additionally, multivariable linear regression showed that urinary DPHP concentrations were inversely correlated with serum triglyceride (TG) levels (β = -7.41, 95% CI: -12.13 to -2.68, p = 0.0022). However, no other OPFR metabolites were found to be significantly statistically associated with serum lipid levels after adjusting for potential confounders. In conclusion, environmental exposure to OPFRs might contribute to obesity and dysregulated TG concentrations in adults. Future prospective research is warranted to confirm the causal relationship between metabolites of OPFRs and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Fenglin Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chaoyi Zhou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jifan Bu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liangchen Zhong
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Weilong Xing
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tachachartvanich P, Rusit X, Tong J, Mann C, La Merrill MA. Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure induces metabolic dysfunctions through the EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway: Mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115756. [PMID: 38056125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a widely used organophosphate-flame retardant, is ubiquitously found in household environments and may adversely affect human health. Evidence indicates that TPhP exposure causes metabolic dysfunctions in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism of such adverse effects has not been comprehensively investigated. Herein, we utilized two in vitro models including mouse and human preadipocytes to delineate adipogenic mechanisms of TPhP. The results revealed that both mouse and human preadipocytes exposed to TPhP concentration-dependently accumulated more fat through a significant upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrated that TPhP significantly promoted adipogenesis through the activation of EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway as evident by a drastic reduction in adipogenesis of preadipocytes cotreated with inhibitors of EGFR and its major effectors. Furthermore, we confirmed the mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions in vivo. We observed that male mice perinatally exposed to TPhP had a significant increase in adiposity, hepatic triglycerides, insulin resistance, plasma insulin levels, hypotension, and phosphorylated EGFR in gonadal fat. Interestingly, an administration of a potent and selective EGFR inhibitor significantly ameliorated the adverse metabolic effects caused by TPhP. Our findings uncovered a potential mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions and provided implications on toxic metabolic effects posed by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Xylina Rusit
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Jason Tong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Chanapa Mann
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Oh J, Buckley JP, Li X, Gachigi KK, Kannan K, Lyu W, Ames JL, Barrett ES, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Buss C, Croen LA, Dunlop AL, Ferrara A, Ghassabian A, Herbstman JB, Hernandez-Castro I, Hertz-Picciotto I, Kahn LG, Karagas MR, Kuiper JR, McEvoy CT, Meeker JD, Morello-Frosch R, Padula AM, Romano ME, Sathyanarayana S, Schantz S, Schmidt RJ, Simhan H, Starling AP, Tylavsky FA, Volk HE, Woodruff TJ, Zhu Y, Bennett DH. Associations of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardant Exposures during Pregnancy with Gestational Duration and Fetal Growth: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:17004. [PMID: 38262621 PMCID: PMC10805613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants with potential reproductive toxicity raises concern regarding the impacts of gestational exposure on birth outcomes. Previous studies of prenatal OPE exposure and birth outcomes had limited sample sizes, with inconclusive results. OBJECTIVES We conducted a collaborative analysis of associations between gestational OPE exposures and adverse birth outcomes and tested whether associations were modified by sex. METHODS We included 6,646 pregnant participants from 16 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. Nine OPE biomarkers were quantified in maternal urine samples collected primarily during the second and third trimester and modeled as log 2 -transformed continuous, categorized (high/low/nondetect), or dichotomous (detect/nondetect) variables depending on detection frequency. We used covariate-adjusted linear, logistic, and multinomial regression with generalized estimating equations, accounting for cohort-level clustering, to estimate associations of OPE biomarkers with gestational length and birth weight outcomes. Secondarily, we assessed effect modification by sex. RESULTS Three OPE biomarkers [diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), a composite of dibutyl phosphate and di-isobutyl phosphate (DBUP/DIBP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate] were detected in > 85 % of participants. In adjusted models, DBUP/DIBP [odds ratio (OR) per doubling = 1.07 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.12] and bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate (OR for high vs. nondetect = 1.25 ; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.46), but not other OPE biomarkers, were associated with higher odds of preterm birth. We observed effect modification by sex for associations of DPHP and high bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate with completed gestational weeks and odds of preterm birth, with adverse associations among females. In addition, newborns of mothers with detectable bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(2-methylphenyl) phosphate, and dipropyl phosphate had higher birth weight-for-gestational-age z -scores (β for detect vs. nondetect = 0.04 - 0.07 ); other chemicals showed null associations. DISCUSSION In the largest study to date, we find gestational exposures to several OPEs are associated with earlier timing of birth, especially among female neonates, or with greater fetal growth. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-Chapel Hill), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kennedy K. Gachigi
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wenjie Lyu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Ames
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Theresa M. Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, UC-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Anne L. Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ixel Hernandez-Castro
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, UC-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Linda G. Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy T. McEvoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy M. Padula
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, UC-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hyagriv Simhan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne P. Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frances A. Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather E. Volk
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis (UC-Davis), Davis, California, USA
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Bo Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Chang H, Zhang J, Lao XQ, Yu Z. Spatiotemporal Trends of Stroke Burden Attributable to Ambient PM 2.5 in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Global Analysis. Neurology 2023; 101:e764-e776. [PMID: 37380431 PMCID: PMC10437020 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies suggested that long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased risk of stroke. However, limited studies evaluated the stroke burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 globally, especially comprising across different regions, countries, and social-economic levels. We thus conducted this study to estimate the spatial and temporal trends of ambient PM2.5-related stroke burden by sex, age, and subtypes from 1990 to 2019 at global, regional, and national levels. METHODS Information on the ambient PM2.5-related stroke burden from 1990 to 2019 was obtained from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. The burdens of stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 (i.e., age-standardized mortality rate [ASMR] and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate [ASDR]) were estimated by sex, age, and subtypes from 1990 to 2019 at global, regional, and national levels. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to evaluate the changing trends of ASDR and ASMR attributable to ambient PM2.5 from 1990 to 2019. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between sociodemographic index (SDI) and EAPC of ASMR and ASDR at the national level. RESULTS In 2019, the global ambient PM2.5-related stroke mortality and disability-adjusted life years were 1.14 million and 28.74 million, respectively, with the corresponding ASDR and ASMR of 348.1 and 14.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. The ASDR and ASMR increased with age and were highest among male patients, in the middle SDI regions, and for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). From 1990 to 2019, the absolute death number of stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 and the corresponding ASMR and ASDR were both in an increasing trend. The corresponding EAPCs in ASMR and ASDR were 0.09 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.24) and 0.31 (95% CI 0.18-0.44), respectively. The significant increases of ASMR and ASDR were observed in the low, low-middle, and middle SDI regions, and for ICH. However, a decreasing trend was observed in high and middle-high SDI regions, and for subarachnoid hemorrhage. DISCUSSION The global burden of stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 showed an increasing trend over the past 30 years, especially in male patients, low-income countries, and for ICH. Continued efforts on reducing the level of ambient PM2.5 are necessary to reduce the burden of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacong Bo
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Hui Chang
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Junxi Zhang
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Xiang Qian Lao
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong
| | - Zengli Yu
- From the School of Public Health (Y.B., Z.Y.), Zhengzhou University; Department of Cardiology (Y.Z.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (X.Z., H.C.); NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention & Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention (J.Z.), Zhengzhou, China; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (X.Q.L.), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong.
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10
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Wang H, Zhang L, Wu J, Wang P, Li Q, Sui X, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Sex-specific effects of organophosphate ester exposure on child growth trajectories in the first two years. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2023; 2:152-160. [PMCID: PMC10702896 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/10/2023]
Abstract
The connections between urinary organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites and child growth have been identified in prior research, but there is currently a dearth of epidemiological evidence regarding the sex-specific impact of OPEs on child growth trajectories. This study enrolled 804 maternal–child pairs, and five OPE congeners were quantified in maternal serum during pregnancy. In this study, the impact of prenatal OPE exposure on child growth trajectories was assessed using linear mixed-effect models and a group-based trajectory model (GBTM), with consideration given to sex-specific effects. Fetuses were frequently exposed to OPEs in utero, and tris(2-butoxyethel) phosphate (TBEP) exhibited the highest concentration levels in maternal serum. Among male children, an increase of 2.72 ng/g lipid in TBEP concentration was associated with a 0.11-unit increase in head circumference-for-age z-score (HCAZ), and the effect was mainly concentrated at 1 and 2 months of age. Among female children, an increase of 2.72 ng/g lipid in tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP) concentration was associated with a 0.15-unit increase in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) and a 0.14-unit increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), and the effects were mainly concentrated at 9 months of age. For HCAZ trajectories, higher prenatal TBEP exposure was associated with higher odds for the fast growth group in male children. For the LAZ and WAZ trajectories, higher prenatal TDCPP exposure was associated with higher odds for the fast growth group in female children. The trajectory analysis approach provided insight into the complex associations between OPE exposure and child growth. •Organophosphate ester (OPEs) were detected in serum samples of pregnant women, and tributyl phosphate (TBP) was the most frequently detected OPEs. •Prenatal exposure to TBP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP) were positively associated with infant growth trajectories. •Female infants were more sensitive to OPE exposure than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Wu
- The Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Songjiang District, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinyao Sui
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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An J, Jiang J, Tang W, Zhong Y, Ren G, Shang Y, Yu Z. Lipid metabolic disturbance induced by triphenyl phosphate and hydroxy metabolite in HepG2 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115160. [PMID: 37356402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) has been widely used as flame retardants and been detected with increasing frequency in environment. TPHP can transform into mono-hydroxylated phosphate (OH-TPHP) and diester diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) through biotransformation. So far, information on the cytotoxicity and molecular regulatory mechanisms of TPHP metabolites are still limit. This study investigated the adverse effects of TPHP, OH-TPHP, and DPHP in HepG2 cells in terms of cell proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential. The transcriptomic changes were measured using RNA sequencing, and bioinformatics characteristics including biological functions, signal pathways and protein-protein interaction were analyzed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Results displayed that the order of cytotoxicity was OH-TPHP> TPHP> DPHP. The prioritized biological functions changes induced by TPHP and OH-TPHP were correlated with lipid metabolism. Significant lipid accumulation was observed as confirmed by increased total cholesterol and triglycerides contents, and enhanced oil red O staining. Enrichment of PPARα/γ and down-stream genes suggested the participation of PPARs signal pathway in lipid metabolism disorder. In addition, TPHP and OH-TPHP induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which was further confirmed by the ERS inhibitor experiment. In general, TPHP and OH-TPHP had obvious cytotoxic effects in HepG2 cells. PPARs signal pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress may be involved in the lipid metabolism disorder induced by TPHP and OH-TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Waner Tang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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12
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Zhang G, Meng L, Guo J, Guan X, Liu M, Han X, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Exposure to novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and associations with type 2 diabetes in East China: A case-control study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162107. [PMID: 36764545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alternative flame retardants, novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment and biota and may induce endocrine disruption effects. Associations between traditional endocrine-disrupting chemicals and type 2 diabetes have been extensively reported in epidemiological studies. However, the effects of NBFRs and OPFRs in humans have not been reported to date. This paper reports a case-control study of 344 participants aged 25-80 years from Shandong Province, East China, where potential associations between serum NBFR and OPFR concentrations and type 2 diabetes are assessed for the first time. After adjusting for covariates (i.e., age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, triglycerides, and total cholesterol), serum concentrations of pentabromotoluene, 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether, tri-n-propyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were significantly positively associated with type 2 diabetes. In the control group, decabromodiphenyl ethane and triphenyl phosphate were significantly positively associated with fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the quantile g-computation model, significant positive mixture effect was found between the flame retardants mixtures and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and decabromodiphenyl ethane contributed the largest positive weights to the mixture effect. Overall, these findings suggest that exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs may promote type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, MI 49931, USA
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing CO., LTD., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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13
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Li Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Xu Y, Fu Q, Wang T, Liao C, Jiang G. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women: Sources, Occurrence, and Potential Risks to Pregnancy Outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7109-7128. [PMID: 37079500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are found in various environmental matrixes and human samples. Exposure to OPFRs during gestation may interfere with pregnancy, for example, inducing maternal oxidative stress and maternal hypertension during pregnancy, interfering maternal and fetal thyroid hormone secretion and fetal neurodevelopment, and causing fetal metabolic abnormalities. However, the consequences of OPFR exposure on pregnant women, impact on mother-to-child transmission of OPFRs, and harmful effects on fetal and pregnancy outcomes have not been evaluated. This review describes the exposure to OPFRs in pregnant women worldwide, based on metabolites of OPFRs (mOPs) in urine for prenatal exposure and OPFRs in breast milk for postnatal exposure. Predictors of maternal exposure to OPFRs and variability of mOPs in urine have been discussed. Mother-to-child transmission pathways of OPFRs have been scrutinized, considering the levels of OPFRs and their metabolites in amniotic fluid, placenta, deciduae, chorionic villi, and cord blood. The results showed that bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the two predominant mOPs in urine, with detection frequencies of >90%. The estimated daily intake (EDIM) indicates low risk when infants are exposed to OPFRs from breast milk. Furthermore, higher exposure levels of OPFRs in pregnant women may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and influence the developmental behavior of infants. This review summarizes the knowledge gaps of OPFRs in pregnant women and highlights the crucial steps for assessing health risks in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Ding E, Deng F, Fang J, Li T, Hou M, Liu J, Miao K, Yan W, Fang K, Shi W, Fu Y, Liu Y, Dong H, Dong L, Ding C, Liu X, Pollitt KJG, Ji JS, Shi Y, Cai Y, Tang S, Shi X. Association between Organophosphate Ester Exposure and Insulin Resistance with Glycometabolic Disorders among Older Chinese Adults 60-69 Years of Age: Evidence from the China BAPE Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:47009. [PMID: 37042841 PMCID: PMC10094192 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and OPE exposure may be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, greater knowledge regarding the biomolecular intermediators underlying the impact of OPEs on T2D in humans are needed to understand biological etiology. OBJECTIVES We explored the associations between OPE exposure and glycometabolic markers among older Chinese adults 60-69 years of age to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using a multi-omics approach. METHODS This was a longitudinal panel study comprising 76 healthy participants 60-69 years of age who lived in Jinan city of northern China. The study was conducted once every month for 5 months, from September 2018 to January 2019. We measured a total of 17 OPEs in the blood, 11 OPE metabolites in urine, and 4 glycometabolic markers (fasting plasma glucose, glycated serum protein, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance). The blood transcriptome and serum/urine metabolome were also evaluated. The associations between individual OPEs and glycometabolic markers were explored. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was established to determine the biomolecules mediating the associations. RESULTS Exposure to five OPEs and OPE metabolites (trimethylolpropane phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tri-iso-butyl phosphate, dibutyl phosphate, and diphenyl phosphate) was associated with increased levels of glycometabolic markers. The mixture effect analysis further indicated the adverse effect of OPE mixtures. Multi-omics analyses revealed that the endogenous changes in the transcriptional and metabolic levels were associated with OPE exposure. The putative AOPs model suggested that triggers of molecular initiation events (e.g., insulin receptor and glucose transporter type 4) with subsequent key events, including disruptions in signal transduction pathways (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and insulin secretion signaling) and biological functions (glucose uptake and insulin secretion), may constitute the diabetogenic effects of OPEs. DISCUSSION OPEs are associated with the elevated risk of T2D among older Chinese adults 60-69 years of age. Implementing OPE exposure reduction strategies may help reduce the T2D burden among these individuals, if the relationship is causal. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11896.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmin Ding
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Miao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan Yan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Fu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Ding
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Protein Science Technology Center and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John S. Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lin Z, Zhang W, Li X, Du B, Li T, He H, Lu X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Ni J, Li L, Shi M. Triphenyl phosphate-induced macrophages dysfunction by activation TLR4-mediated ERK/NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36929861 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is one of the most widely used organic phosphorus flame retardants and is ubiquitous in the environment. Studies have been reported that TPHP may lead to obesity, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, but its impact on the immune system is almost blank. The present study was aimed to investigate the potential immunotoxicity of TPHP on macrophages and its underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated for the first time that TPHP (12.5, 25, and 50 μM)-induced F4/80+ CD11c+ phenotype of RAW 264.7 macrophages, accompanied by increased mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators, antigen-presenting genes (Cd80, Cd86, and H2-Aa), and significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophage. Meanwhile, TPHP increased the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and its co-receptor CD14, leading to significant activation of the downstream ERK/NF-κB pathway. However, co-exposure of cells to TAK-242, a TLR4 inhibitor, suppressed TPHP-induced F4/80+ CD11c+ phenotype, and down-regulated inflammatory mediators and antigen-presentation related genes, via blocked the TLR4/ERK/NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our results suggested that TPHP could induce macrophage dysfunction through activating TLR4-mediated ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and it may be the potential reason for health-threatening consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Lin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xing Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bohai Du
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianlan Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoqi He
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianzhu Lu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiwa Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jindong Ni
- Precision Key Laboratory of Public Health, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health and Wellness, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Yuan Z, Luan M, Yuan W, Liang H, Chen H, Chen D, Yang Y, Miao M. Gestational exposure to organophosphate esters and adiposity measures of children up to 6 years: Effect modification by breastfeeding. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114089. [PMID: 36481744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals used in various commercial products. Accumulating evidence has shown that they may act as metabolic disruptors. However, no study has investigated the long-term effects of gestational OPEs exposure on childhood adiposity. Breast milk represents the optimal nutritional form of feeding for infants and may protect against the adverse effects of gestational OPEs exposure on offspring development. Using data from the Shanghai-Minhang birth cohort study, we investigated the associations of gestational OPEs exposure with adiposity measures in children up to 6 years of age, and whether breastfeeding could modify these associations. A total of 733 mother-child pairs with available data on OPE concentrations and child anthropometry were included. Eight OPE metabolites were assessed in maternal urine samples collected at 12-16 weeks of pregnancy. Information on children's weight, height, arm circumference, and waist circumference was collected at birth and 0.5, 1, 4, and 6 years of age. Weight-for-age and body mass index-for-age z scores were calculated. The duration of children's breastfeeding was categorized as ≤4 months or >4 months. The generalized estimate equation and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression models were used to examine the associations of OPEs exposure with children's adiposity measures. Selected OPEs exposure was associated with higher children's adiposity measures. Particularly, we found stronger associations of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), and di-o-cresyl phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate (DCP) with higher adiposity measures in children breastfed for ≤4 months, while little evidence of associations was found among those breastfed for >4 months. Our study suggested that gestational OPEs exposure could alter children's adiposity measures, but the potential effects were attenuated if children were breastfed for >4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Minhang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- Key Lab. of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Luan
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liang
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexia Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, China.
| | - Maohua Miao
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Shafique S, Wolpert SH, Philbrook NA, Winn LM. Gestational exposure to triphenyl phosphate induces epigenetic modifications in C57Bl/6 fetal liver. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:338-347. [PMID: 36369707 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a chemical flame retardant and plasticizer which is added to consumer and industrial products. The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis postulate that in utero exposures can have later-in-life effects on the developing fetus and can alter fetal gene expression. This study aimed to determine whether epigenetic modifications occurred following in utero TPHP exposure in mice and whether these changes were dose and/or sex-dependent. METHODS Pregnant C57Bl/6 mice were treated with 0, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of TPHP on gestational days (GD) 8, 10, 12, and 14 via intraperitoneal injection and fetal livers were collected on GD 19. Changes in the levels of acetylation of H3 and H4, as well as methylation of H3K9 and global DNA methylation were assessed in the fetal livers by western blot. RESULTS Results showed that there was a significant decrease in fetal DNA methylation following in utero exposure to 50 mg/kg TPHP compared to the control (0 mg/kg) independent of the sex of the fetus. While there were no significant alterations compared to controls in any histone modifications at any dose or sex following in utero TPHP exposure, we did note a decrease (t test, p = .025) in the levels of acetylated H3 in males versus females following a maternal dose of 25 mg/kg. The monomethylated H3K9 levels were also increased in females versus males following exposure to TPHP at 5 mg/kg (p = .018) and 25 mg/kg (p = .027) when analyzed via unpaired t tests, although not significantly different from controls. DISCUSSION The results suggest that gestational TPHP exposure can induce epigenetic modifications in murine fetal tissue. Specifically, global DNA methylation levels were downregulated in response to TPHP. Additionally, males appear to be more sensitive to TPHP-induced histone modifications than females. These data support the need for further studies investigating the impacts of gestational TPHP exposure on the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Shafique
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney H Wolpert
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola A Philbrook
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise M Winn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Gestation and lactation triphenyl phosphate exposure disturbs offspring gut microbiota in a sex-dependent pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113579. [PMID: 36563926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that has been widely used in many commercial products. Following its widely usage, its health risk has been concerned. In this study, mice were exposed to TPhP (1 mg/kg) during pregnancy and lactation (E0-PND21), the effect of TPhP on gut microbiota and its role in TPhP mediated lipid metabolism disturbance of offspring was investigated. Our results showed that TPhP disturbed the gut microbiota in dam or offspring at different extent, with male offspring experiencing major effects. Both the composition, abundance or network of gut microbiome was affected in male offspring. In male offspring, expression of genes along gut-liver axis including FXR, CYP7A1, SREBP-1c and ChREBP was significantly up-regulated, and expression of SHP, FGF15 and ASBT was significantly down-regulated. Consistent with this, lipid accumulation in the liver, and increased level of triglyceride, total cholestrol and total bile acid in the serum was observed. The changed abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Bacteroidaceae shows strong correlation with disturbed lipid metabolism in male offspring. Our research showed that indirect TPhP exposure during early life stage could affect the gut microbiota and gene expression along gut-liver axis in offspring at sex-dependent pathways, with males experiencing more effects.
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Yue J, Sun X, Duan X, Sun C, Chen H, Sun H, Zhang L. Triphenyl phosphate proved more potent than its metabolite diphenyl phosphate in inducing hepatic insulin resistance through endoplasmic reticulum stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107749. [PMID: 36680801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used flame retardant and plasticizer and has been detected extensively in environmental media, wildlife and human bodies. Several epidemiological and animal studies have revealed that TPHP exposure is positively associated with glucose homeostasis disruption and diabetes. However, the effects of TPHP on hepatic glucose homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present work aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and glucose metabolism disruption of TPHP and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) within hepatocytes. The cell viability assay undertaken on human normal liver (L02) cells showed that TPHP exhibited more potent hepatotoxicity than DPHP. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that TPHP and DPHP presented different modes of toxic action. Insulin resistance is one of the predominant toxicities for TPHP, but not for DPHP. The insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were impaired by TPHP, while DPHP exhibited no significant impairment on these factors. TPHP exposure induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the ER stress antagonist 4-PBA restored the impairment of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis induced by TPHP. TPHP could also induce liver ER stress and insulin resistance in mice. Taken together, the results suggested that TPHP induces more potent insulin resistance through ER stress than its metabolite DPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Caiting Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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20
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Liu Y, Xu M, Le Y, Wang W, Li Y, Li X, Wang C. Sex-dependent effect of triphenyl phosphate on hepatic energy metabolism at the intersection of diet pattern in pubertal mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113850. [PMID: 36068767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is mostly residual in fat-rich foodstuff and ingestion is the main route for adolescents' exposure. As a typical metabolic disruptor, however, sex-specific effect of TPhP-high fat diet (HFD) co-exposure in adolescent remains unknown. This study revealed that HFD exacerbated systematic inflammation and insulin insensitivity in female mice at pubertal stage after exposure to 25 mg/kg TPhP or above. Notably, the pattern of sexual selective metabolic disruption caused by TPhP was irrespective of diet after examined mice both in HFD and normal diet feeding. Female mice favored the energy storage in forms of D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and triglyceride. That was further supported by mRNA levels of key enzymes in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Contrastingly, the elevation of the corresponding genes ensuing by the depleted metabolites were observed in males. In mechanistic investigation, we observed a declination of serum estrogen, a master of energy homeostasis, in both sexes, irrespective of diet. However, only male mice displayed estrogen-hypothalamus negative feedback, supporting by the upregulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Rather than the well-recognized estrogen receptor α, hepatic G protein-coupled estrogen receptor manifested sexual dichotomy, which desensitized to estrogenic response only in females. Collectively, this study posited that females were more susceptible to store energy under TPhP-HFD than males during pubertal partially through estrogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Le Y, Xu M, Wang W, Chen H, Zhang Q, Wang C. Remodeling on adipocytic physiology of organophosphorus esters in mature adipocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119287. [PMID: 35421551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emerging endocrine disruption chemicals organophosphate esters (OPEs) pose high risk of metabolic disruption. However, limited information is available on physiological disturbance of OPEs on adipose, a major endocrine and metabolic organ. In this study, physiological change was investigated after exposing 3T3-L1fully differentiated adipocytes to six OPEs at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We found two chlorinated-OPEs (tris-(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP)) and two alkyl-OPEs (tributyl phosphate (TBP) and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)) induced inflammation-like adipokines (chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin-6), respectively. Increment of insulin-resistance-related hormones (resistin and leptin) were observed under TDCPP, TCPP, and TBP exposure. Functional and mechanistic investigation revealed that all of the compounds inhibited lipolysis at basal level through dephosphorylated HSLser563, the rate limiting enzyme of lipolysis. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), TDCPP, TBP and TBEP enhanced glucose uptake at both basal and insulin-stimulated status. We evidenced that impact was independent of the classical pIRSser639/pAKTser473 nor the insulin-independent AMPK pathway. The elevated mRNA of slc2a4 and its transcriptional factor LXRα may, at least partially, explain for the increase of glucose uptake. Given the focus within the endocrine disruption on glands, it would be prudent not to ignore endocrinal impact on adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Dos Santos RS, Medina-Gali RM, Babiloni-Chust I, Marroqui L, Nadal A. In Vitro Assays to Identify Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals with Diabetogenic Activity in a Human Pancreatic β-Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095040. [PMID: 35563431 PMCID: PMC9102687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop identification tests for Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals (MDCs) with diabetogenic activity. Here we used the human EndoC-βH1 β-cell line, the rat β-cell line INS-1E and dispersed mouse islet cells to assess the effects of endocrine disruptors on cell viability and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We tested six chemicals at concentrations within human exposure (from 0.1 pM to 1 µM). Bisphenol-A (BPA) and tributyltin (TBT) were used as controls while four other chemicals, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), triphenylphosphate (TPP), triclosan (TCS) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), were used as “unknowns”. Regarding cell viability, BPA and TBT increased cell death as previously observed. Their mode of action involved the activation of estrogen receptors and PPARγ, respectively. ROS production was a consistent key event in BPA-and TBT-treated cells. None of the other MDCs tested modified viability or ROS production. Concerning GSIS, TBT increased insulin secretion while BPA produced no effects. PFOA decreased GSIS, suggesting that this chemical could be a “new” diabetogenic agent. Our results indicate that the EndoC-βH1 cell line is a suitable human β-cell model for testing diabetogenic MDCs. Optimization of the test methods proposed here could be incorporated into a set of protocols for the identification of MDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Babiloni-Chust
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marroqui
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wang AN, Carlos J, Fraser GM, McGuire JJ. Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rat (ZDSD): type 2 diabetes translational research model. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:265-282. [PMID: 35178802 PMCID: PMC9314054 DOI: 10.1113/ep089947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is in the early adoption phase of use by researchers in the fields of diabetes, including prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. It is essential that physiology researchers choose preclinical models that model human type 2 diabetes appropriately and are aware of the limitations on experimental design. What advances does it highlight? Our review of the scientific literature finds that although sex, age and diets contribute to variability, the ZDSD phenotype and disease progression model the characteristics of humans who have prediabetes and diabetes, including co‐morbidities.
Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease and a significant concern for global population health. For persons with T2D, clinical treatments target not only the characteristics of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, but also co‐morbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular and renal disease, neuropathies and skeletal bone conditions. The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is a rodent model developed for experimental studies of T2D. We reviewed the scientific literature to highlight the characteristics of T2D development and the associated phenotypes, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications and bone and skeletal pathologies in ZDSD rats. We found that ZDSD phenotype characteristics are independent of leptin receptor signalling. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetes, then progresses to overt diabetes that is accelerated by introduction of a timed high‐fat diet. In male ZDSD rats, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) increases at a constant rate from 7 to >30 weeks of age. Diabetic ZDSD rats are moderately hypertensive compared with other rat strains. Diabetes in ZDSD rats leads to endothelial dysfunction in specific vasculatures, impaired wound healing, decreased systolic and diastolic cardiac function, neuropathy and nephropathy. Changes to bone composition and the skeleton increase the risk of bone fractures. Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley rats have not yet achieved widespread use by researchers. We highlight sex‐related differences in the ZDSD phenotype and gaps in knowledge for future studies. Overall, scientific data support the premise that the phenotype and disease progression in ZDSD rats models the characteristics in humans. We conclude that ZDSD rats are an advantageous model to advance understanding and discovery of treatments for T2D through preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Wang
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joselia Carlos
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham M Fraser
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- Departments of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Ji Y, Yao Y, Duan Y, Zhao H, Hong Y, Cai Z, Sun H. Association between urinary organophosphate flame retardant diesters and steroid hormones: A metabolomic study on type 2 diabetes mellitus cases and controls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143836. [PMID: 33257077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis was conducted by collecting urine samples from 128 participants in diagnose of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 105 volunteers in healthy condition, in order to identify biomarkers of experimental populations. The urinary concentrations of organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) diesters were determined and linear regression model was used to find associations between OPFR diesters and the identified biomarkers. The urinary concentrations of OPFR diesters ranged from 0.17-779 μg/g creatinine. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was detected with the highest frequency of 97% at a median level of 1.21 μg/g, and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) dominated the highest median level at 4.24 μg/g with a detection frequency of 94.4%. As compared with the control, the urinary median concentrations of bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and DPHP were 2.76, 2.48, and 1.46 times higher in people with T2DM, respectively. Urinary metabolomic data revealed that steroid synthesis was the most significantly altered metabolic pathway between the case and control population. Two biomarkers of cortisol and cortisone that play an important role in steroid hormone regulation were quantified. The linear regression model indicated that per-quartile range increase in the concentrations of each OPFR diester was associated 18%-41% increase in the concentrations of cortisol and cortisone, which may impact energy metabolism linked with T2DM. To our knowledge, this study for the first time reported the altered levels of steroid hormones associated with urinary OPFR diesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yishuang Duan
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Metabolomics and In Silico Docking-Directed Discovery of Small-Molecule Enzyme Targets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3072-3081. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Luo K, Aimuzi R, Wang Y, Nian M, Zhang J. Urinary organophosphate esters metabolites, glucose homeostasis and prediabetes in adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115607. [PMID: 33254666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging experimental evidence indicates that organophosphate esters (OPEs) can trigger glucose metabolic disorders. However, human evidence, especially in adolescents, is unavailable. OBJECTIVES We utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 to evaluate whether urinary OPEs metabolites were associated with prediabetes and glucose homeostasis. METHODS A total of 349 adolescents (12-19-year old) who provided at least 8 h fasting blood samples, had urinary OPEs metabolites detected were included. Prediabetes was defined according to the levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post oral plasma glucose (2 h-OGTT) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) and the Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) were used to assess insulin resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Multiple binary logistic and linear regressions were used to evaluate the associations with prediabetes and indices of glucose homeostasis. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to assess the associations in a multi-pollutant context. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, certain urinary OPEs metabolites were associated with prediabetes and indices of glucose homeostasis in all adolescents. Stratified analyses by sex revealed that such associations were largely sex-dependent. In females, the multiple pollutant models showed that bis(1,3-32 dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was positively associated with prediabetes [odds ratio (OR) = 2.51, 95%CI:1.29, 4.89, for one scaled unit increase in exposure] and 2 h-OGTT (β = 0.07, 95%CI:0.01,0.12); bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) was negatively associated with fasting insulin (β = -0.10, 95%CI: 0.19,-0.01) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.10, 95%CI: 0.19,-0.003); and detectable bis(1-choloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) (>LOD vs < LOD) was inversely associated with 2 h-OGTT (β = -0.11, 95%CI: 0.21,-0.02). In males, consistent inverse associations were found for detectable di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP) with prediabetes, FPG, 2 h-OGTT, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Urinary OPEs metabolites were associated with prediabetes and indices of glucose homeostasis in adolescents. But such associations varied by sex. Future studies with multiple measurements of OPEs exposure are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Nian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Vail GM, Roepke TA. Organophosphate Flame Retardants Excite Arcuate Melanocortin Circuitry and Increase Neuronal Sensitivity to Ghrelin in Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5910086. [PMID: 32961558 PMCID: PMC7575050 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a class of chemicals that have become near ubiquitous in the modern environment. While OPFRs provide valuable protection against flammability of household items, they are increasingly implicated as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). We previously reported that exposure to a mixture of OPFRs causes sex-dependent disruptions of energy homeostasis through alterations in ingestive behavior and activity in adult mice. Because feeding behavior and energy expenditure are largely coordinated by the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that OPFR disruption of energy homeostasis may occur through EDC action on melanocortin circuitry within the arcuate nucleus. To this end, we exposed male and female transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in either neuropeptide Y (NPY) or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to a common mixture of OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate; each 1 mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 4 weeks. We then electrophysiologically examined neuronal properties using whole-cell patch clamp technique. OPFR exposure depolarized the resting membrane of NPY neurons and dampened a hyperpolarizing K+ current known as the M-current within the same neurons from female mice. These neurons were further demonstrated to have increased sensitivity to ghrelin excitation, which more potently reduced the M-current in OPFR-exposed females. POMC neurons from female mice exhibited elevated baseline excitability and are indicated in receiving greater excitatory synaptic input when exposed to OPFRs. Together, these data support a sex-selective effect of OPFRs to increase neuronal output from the melanocortin circuitry governing feeding behavior and energy expenditure, and give reason for further examination of OPFR impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, and New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Luo K, Zhang R, Aimuzi R, Wang Y, Nian M, Zhang J. Exposure to Organophosphate esters and metabolic syndrome in adults. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105941. [PMID: 32679393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various products. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that OPEs can affect metabolic health but the human evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVES We analyzed data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014, to examine the associations between urinary OPE metabolites and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in adults. METHODS We included a total of 1157 adults aged ≥20 years who had information on urinary OPE metabolites, components of MetS and essential covariates in the current analyses. MetS was composed of hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density cholesterol, and central obesity. Binary logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to assess the associations of individual OPE metabolites and OPEs mixture with MetS and its components. All analyses were conducted in men and women separately. Potential effect modification by age, serum total testosterone (TT) level and menopause status were also examined via stratified analyses as well as by testing the significance of the interaction term with exposure. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) were positively associated with MetS in a dose-dependent manner (P-trend = 0.02 and 0.02 for BCEP and BDCPP, respectively) in all men. Meanwhile, increasing quartiles of DPHP was positively associated with hyperglycemia (P-trend = 0.03), but DBUP was inversely associated with central obesity (P-trend = 0.02). WQS analyses in all men found that OPEs mixture (OPEs index) was positively associated with MetS [odds ratio (OR) for OPEs index: 1.65; 95%CI :1.21, 2.24], hyperglycemia (OR:1.47; 95%CI:1.09,2.00), and central obesity (OR:1.36; 95%CI:1.01,1.83). Although there was no significant interaction between exposure and effect modifiers, stratified analyses in men suggested that significant associations were mainly limited to those aged < 60 years or those with TT < 437 ng/dL (the median level in men). By contrast, the associations with MetS and its components were sparse and inconsistent in women except for the positive association between OPEs index and central obesity. CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study, exposure to OPEs was positively associated with elevated odds of MetS and individual components in men, especially among those aged <60 years or those with relatively low TT level. But the associations were less apparent in women except for the consistent positive association of OPEs mixture with central obesity. Nevertheless, these results need to be interpreted with caution and should be confirmed in future studies, ideally with multiple urine samples collected prospectively to improve the exposure measurement of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruxianguli Aimuzi
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Nian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Triphenyl phosphate is a selective PPARγ modulator that does not induce brite adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3087-3103. [PMID: 32683515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an environmental PPARγ ligand, and growing evidence suggests that it is a metabolic disruptor. We have shown previously that the structurally similar ligand, tributyltin, does not induce brite adipocyte gene expression. Here, using in vivo and in vitro models, we tested the hypothesis that TPhP is a selective PPARγ ligand, which fails to induce brite adipogenesis. C57BL/6 J male mice were fed either a low or very high-fat diet for 13 weeks. From weeks 7-13, mice were injected intraperitoneally, daily, with vehicle, rosiglitazone (Rosi), or TPhP (10 mg/kg). Compared to Rosi, TPhP did not induce expression of browning-related genes (e.g. Elovl3, Cidea, Acaa2, CoxIV) in mature adipocytes isolated from inguinal adipose. To determine if this resulted from an effect directly on the adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells and primary human preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes in the presence of Rosi or TPhP. Rosi, but not TPhP, induced expression of brite adipocyte genes, mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration. Further, Rosi and TPhP-induced distinct proteomes and phosphoproteomes; Rosi enriched more regulatory pathways related to fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial proteins. We assessed the role of phosphorylation of PPARγ in these differences in 3T3-L1 cells. Only Rosi protected PPARγ from phosphorylation at Ser273. TPhP gained the ability to stimulate brite adipocyte gene expression in the presence of the CDK5 inhibitor and in 3T3-L1 cells expressing alanine at position 273. We conclude that TPhP is a selective PPARγ modulator that fails to protect PPARγ from phosphorylation at ser273.
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Kuiper JR, Stapleton HM, Wills-Karp M, Wang X, Burd I, Buckley JP. Predictors and reproducibility of urinary organophosphate ester metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and associations with birth outcomes in an urban population. Environ Health 2020; 19:55. [PMID: 32448197 PMCID: PMC7247187 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of goods. Despite ubiquitous human exposures and laboratory evidence that prenatal OPE exposures may disrupt offspring metabolism, perinatal studies of OPE health effects are limited. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine predictors and reproducibility of urinary OPE biomarker concentrations during pregnancy, and 2) Estimate the relation of prenatal OPE exposures with birth outcomes and cord blood adipokine and insulin concentrations. METHODS We analyzed five OPE metabolites in urine samples collected at up to three visits during pregnancy from 90 women enrolled in the ORigins of Child Health And Resilience in Development (ORCHARD) pregnancy cohort in Baltimore, MD from 2017 to 2019. To quantify the variability of metabolite concentrations during pregnancy, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each metabolite using mixed effects regression models. Using self-reported questionnaire data collected during gestation, we assessed possible sociodemographic and environmental/behavioral predictors of each OPE metabolite using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated exposure measures. We ascertained birth outcomes of 76 offspring from medical records, including weight-for-gestational age, length, ponderal index, and gestational age. In a subset of 37 infants, we measured cord blood concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin. To account for repeated exposure measures, we used linear structural equation models to assess the relations of standard deviation (SD) increases in prenatal OPE metabolite factor scores with continuous birth outcomes and cord blood biomarker concentrations. RESULTS ICCs ranged from 0.09 for isopropylphenyl-phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) to 0.59 for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP). We observed little consistency in environmental or behavioral predictors of OPE exposures, although concentrations were generally lower for samples collected in the afternoon compared to morning and winter compared to other seasons. In adjusted analyses, a SD increase in BDCIPP concentration was associated with a 0.06 g/cm3 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.12) greater ponderal index. A SD increase in BDCIPP was associated with a 0.37 (95% CI: - 0.62, - 0.13) SD lower insulin concentration and 0.24 (95% CI: - 0.39, - 0.08) SD lower leptin concentration. Other OPEs were not associated with infant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest some OPEs may be metabolic disruptors warranting investigation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | | | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W7513A, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Wang C, Le Y, Lu D, Zhao M, Dou X, Zhang Q. Triphenyl phosphate causes a sexually dimorphic metabolism dysfunction associated with disordered adiponectin receptors in pubertal mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121732. [PMID: 31796355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential for triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) caused metabolic dysfunction has been documented. However, the relative mechanism of sexual dimorphic disruption on metabolism induced by TPhP remains unclear. Herein, we observed the insulin-sensitizing hormone (adiponectin) was inhibited in female serum while stimulated in males after oral administration of TPhP. Correspondingly, we found a high index of HOMA-IR in females. The primary receptors of adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) and the downstream: phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT) and PPAR⍺ signaling was attenuated in female liver. The disordered adiponectin/AdipoR signaling reduced hepatic glucose glycolysis and induced gluconeogenesis and finally led to the glucose intolerance in females. Also, the aberrant fatty acid β-oxidation and hepatic triacylglyceride (TG) deposition were found in female liver. Comparably, TPhP upregulated the AdipoR 1/2 and induced the downstream (pAMPK and PPAR⍺ signaling) in males. Thus, the serum glucose and hepatic TG level remained normal. However, modulation on AdipoR1/R2 and the genes related to glucose and lipid disposal in skeletal muscle has no gender-specific effect. Our research firstly revealed TPhP-induced hepatic nutrient metabolism was partially mediated by the adiponectin/AdipoR pathway in sexual-dependent manner during pubertal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yifei Le
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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Lee MK, Blumberg B. Transgenerational effects of obesogens. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125 Suppl 3:44-57. [PMID: 30801972 PMCID: PMC6708505 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and associated disorders are now a global pandemic. The prevailing clinical model for obesity is overconsumption of calorie-dense food and diminished physical activity (the calories in-calories out model). However, this explanation does not account for numerous recent research findings demonstrating that a variety of environmental factors can be superimposed on diet and exercise to influence the development of obesity. The environmental obesogen model proposes that exposure to chemical obesogens during in utero and/or early life can strongly influence later predisposition to obesity. Obesogens are chemicals that inappropriately stimulate adipogenesis and fat storage, in vivo either directly or indirectly. Numerous obesogens have been identified in recent years and some of these elicit transgenerational effects on obesity as well as a variety of health end-points after exposure of pregnant F0 females. Prenatal exposure to environmental obesogens can produce lasting effects on the exposed animals and their offspring to at least the F4 generation. Recent results show that some of these transgenerational effects of obesogen exposure can be carried across the generations via alterations in chromatin structure and accessibility. That some chemicals can have permanent effects on the offspring of exposed animals suggests increased caution in the debate about whether and to what extent exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesogens should be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kira Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 BioSci
3, University of California, Irvine, CA 926970-2300
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 BioSci
3, University of California, Irvine, CA 926970-2300
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California, Irvine
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, University of California,
Irvine
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Boyle M, Buckley JP, Quirós-Alcalá L. Associations between urinary organophosphate ester metabolites and measures of adiposity among U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:754-763. [PMID: 31003058 PMCID: PMC6685532 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals found in many consumer products, including furniture, electronics, processed foods, and building materials. Emerging in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that OPEs are metabolism disrupting compounds; however, epidemiologic studies investigating their associations with adiposity markers are sparse. OBJECTIVE We examined cross-sectional associations between OPE biomarkers and adiposity measures among U.S. children and adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES: 2013-2014). METHODS Concentrations of five OPE metabolites were quantified in urine: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP). We conducted covariate-adjusted logistic and linear regressions to examine associations between log2-transformed and dichotomized OPE metabolite concentrations and obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), separately among 784 children (6-19 years) and 1672 adults (≥20 years). We also assessed heterogeneity of associations by sex. RESULTS DBUP concentrations were inversely associated with the prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight in children (adjusted Prevalence Odds Ratio, aPOR: 0.82, 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.95) and adults (aPOR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.96). DBUP was also significantly associated with lower BMI z-scores (β:-0.08, 95% CI:-0.17, 0.01) and WC (β:-0.71, 95% CI: -1.49, 0.07) in children. BCEP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being overweight vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.32) among children; similar, albeit not statistically significant, relationships were observed with other child adiposity outcomes. Among adults, detectable BCPP concentrations were associated with increased prevalence odds of being obese vs. normal weight (aPOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.38) and having a high vs. normal WC (aPOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.07) as well as higher BMI (β: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.30, 2.33). Other OPE metabolites were not consistently associated with adiposity measures among adults. Although associations of BCPP exposure with adiposity outcomes were generally inverse among boys, but not girls, we did not observe consistent evidence of sexually-dimorphic associations for other OPE metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to select OPEs may be differentially associated with body size among children and adults. Given the cross-sectional design of the present study, future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J P Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Quirós-Alcalá
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Edwards L, Watt J, Webster TF, Schlezinger JJ. Assessment of total, ligand-induced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ ligand activity in serum. Environ Health 2019; 18:45. [PMID: 31072366 PMCID: PMC6506953 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to a complex mixture of environmental chemicals that impact bone and metabolic health, and traditional exposure assessments struggle to capture these exposure scenarios. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is an essential regulator of metabolic and bone homeostasis, and its inappropriate activation by environmental chemicals can set the stage for adverse health effects. Here, we present the development of the Serum PPARγ Activity Assay (SPAA), a simple and cost-effective method to measure total ligand activity in small volumes of serum. METHODS First, we determined essential components of the bioassay. Cos-7 cells were transfected with combinations of expression vectors for human PPARγ and RXRα, the obligate DNA-binding partner of PPARγ, along with PPRE (DR1)-driven luciferase and control eGFP reporter constructs. Transfected cells were treated with rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ ligand and/or LG100268, a synthetic RXR ligand, to characterize the dose response and determine the simplest and most efficacious format. Following optimization of the bioassay, we assessed the cumulative activation of PPARγ by ligands in serum from mice treated with a PPARγ ligand and commercial human serum samples. RESULTS Cos-7 cells endogenously express sufficient RXR to support efficacious activation of transfected PPARγ. Co-transfection of an RXR expression vector with the PPARγ expression vector did not increase PPRE transcriptional activity induced by rosiglitazone. Treatment with an RXR ligand marginally increased PPRE transcriptional activity in the presence of transfected PPARγ, and co-treatment with an RXR ligand reduced rosiglitazone-induced PPRE transcriptional activity. Therefore, the final bioassay protocol consists of transfecting Cos-7 cells with a PPARγ expression vector along with the reporter vectors, applying rosiglitazone standards and/or 10 μL of serum, and measuring luminescence and fluorescence after a 24 h incubation. Sera from mice dosed with rosiglitazone induced PPRE transcriptional activity in the SPAA in a dose-dependent and PPARγ-dependent manner. Additionally, human serum from commercial sources induced a range of PPRE transcriptional activities in a PPARγ-dependent manner, demonstrating the ability of the bioassay to detect potentially low levels of ligands. CONCLUSIONS The SPAA can reliably measure total PPRE transcriptional activity in small volumes of serum. This system provides a sensitive, straightforward assay that can be reproduced in any cell culture laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lariah Edwards
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - James Watt
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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35
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Qi Z, Chen M, Song Y, Wang X, Li B, Chen ZF, Tsang SY, Cai Z. Acute exposure to triphenyl phosphate inhibits the proliferation and cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and zebrafish embryos. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21235-21248. [PMID: 31032947 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention has recently paid to the interaction of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and body tissues, particularly within the reproductive and development systems, due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. However, the acute effects of TPHP on early embryonic development remain unclear. Here, we used mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and zebrafish embryos to investigate whether TPHP is an embryo toxicant. First, we found that continuous exposure of TPHP decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptotic populations of mESCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Results of mass spectrometry showed that the intracellular concentration of TPHP reached 39.45 ± 7.72 µg/g w/w after 3 hr of acute exposure with TPHP (38.35 μM) but gradually decreased from 3 hr to 48 hr. Additionally, DNA damage was detected in mESCs after a short-term treatment with TPHP, which in turn, activated DNA damage responses, leading to cell cycle arrest by changing the expression levels of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Y15-phosphorylated Cdk I. Furthermore, our results revealed that short-term treatment with TPHP disturbed cardiac differentiation by decreasing the expression levels of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog and transiently reduced the glycolysis capacity in mESCs. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to TPHP resulted in broad, concentration-dependent developmental defects and coupled with heart malformation and reduced heart rate. In conclusion, the two models demonstrate that acute exposure to TPHP affects early embryonic development and disturbs the cardiomyogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Hao Z, Zhang Z, Lu D, Ding B, Shu L, Zhang Q, Wang C. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants Impair Intracellular Lipid Metabolic Function in Human Hepatocellular Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1250-1258. [PMID: 30966736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), a replacement for brominated flame retardants, have gradually been accepted as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Recently, evidence has shown that these EDCs could cause chronic health problems, such as obesity, and referred to as metabolic disruptors. However, the disturbance to lipid metabolism caused by OPFRs remains poorly understood, especially at biological molecular levels. Herein, we used the human hepatocellular cells (HepG2) to study the lipid metabolism disruption caused by nine OPFRs (halogenated-, aryl-, and alkyl-containing). All the tested OPFRs, excluding the long carbon chain alkyl-OPFRs, could cause intracellular triglyceride (TG) and/or total cholesterol (TC) accumulation. In detail, aryl-OPFRs (TPhP and TCP) induced both TC and TG deposition. Halogenated-OPFRs (TCEP, TBPP, TDCPP, and TCPP) induced intracellular TG accumulation, and only TDCPP also induced TC accumulation. Furthermore, TPhP induced lipid accumulation through regulation genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, lipid, and fatty acid synthesis. All the halogenated-OPFRs cause TG accumulation only, enacted through β-oxidation rather than lipid synthesis. TPhP and TDCPP induced TC accumulation through both PPARγ and srebp2 signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction including decreased oxygen consumption rate and ATP content may also contribute to lipid metabolic disruption by the tested OPFRs. Our data indicated that halogenated- and aryl-OPFRs may not be safe candidates, and further information should be made available as potential for, as well as the mechanism of, metabolic disruption. And long carbon chain alkyl-OPFRs may be safer than the other two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Hao
- College of Life Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- College of Life Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wang
- College of Life Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 310053 , Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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37
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Wang D, Yan S, Yan J, Teng M, Meng Z, Li R, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Effects of triphenyl phosphate exposure during fetal development on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult mice: Impaired lipid metabolism and intestinal dysbiosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:630-638. [PMID: 30605818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have implied that triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) may act as an obesogen. However, its specific contributions to the progression of obesity and related metabolic diseases are still unclear in vivo in mice. In this study, we evaluated the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to three doses of TPHP (10, 100, and 1000 μg/kg BW) on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult male mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD), by examining body weight, liver weight, histopathology, blood biochemistry, gene expression, and gut microbiota compositions and metabolic functions. Results showed that TPHP exposure led to increased body weight, liver weight, fat mass, hepatic steatosis, impaired glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance, and mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, especially lipogenesis and lipid accumulation, were significantly altered by TPHP treatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further supported the changes in fatty acid composition. Intestinal flora measurements by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 1H NMR based fecal metabolomics indicated that TPHP treatment modulated gut microbiome composition and influenced host-gut co-metabolism, especially for bile acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These results suggest that fetal exposure to TPHP can promote the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China.
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38
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Wang D, Zhu W, Chen L, Yan J, Teng M, Zhou Z. Neonatal triphenyl phosphate and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate exposure induce sex- and dose-dependent metabolic disruptions in adult mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:10-17. [PMID: 29466770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs) has led to considerable human exposure, with major concerns regarding their health risks. Herein, we investigate the effects of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), one of the most widely used OPFRs, and one of its main metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPP) on the endocrine systems and metabolic profiles after neonatal exposure from postnatal days 1-10 at two dosages (2 and 200 μg per day). Both TPP and DPP had no negative effect on uterine weight, glucose tolerance, and estradiol. 1H-NMR-based metabolomics revealed a sex-specific metabolic disturbance of TPP. Specifically, low dose of TPP altered the metabolic profiles of male mice while exerting no significant effects on female ones. Furthermore, a dose-dependent effect of TPP in male mice was observed, where a low toxicity dose up-regulated lipid-related metabolites, while a high toxicity dose down-regulated the pyruvate metabolism and TCA cycles. These results highlight the importance of carefully assessing the health impact of TPP on infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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39
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Pomatto V, Cottone E, Cocci P, Mozzicafreddo M, Mosconi G, Nelson ER, Palermo FA, Bovolin P. Plasticizers used in food-contact materials affect adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:322-332. [PMID: 29410257 PMCID: PMC5993210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that exposure to some plasticizers, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), play a role in endocrine/metabolic dispruption and can affect lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Here, we investigated the adipogenic activity and nuclear receptor interactions of four plasticizers approved for the manufacturing of food-contact materials (FCMs) and currently considered safer alternatives. Differentiating 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were exposed to scalar concentrations (0.01-25 μM) of DiNP (Di-iso-nonyl-phthalate), DiDP (Di-iso-decyl-phthalate), DEGDB (Diethylene glycol dibenzoate), or TMCP (Tri-m-cresyl phosphate). Rosiglitazone, a well-known pro-adipogenic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, and the plasticizer BPA were included as reference compounds. All concentrations of plasticizers were able to enhance lipid accumulation, with TMCP being the most effective one. Accordingly, when comparing in silico the ligand binding efficiencies to the nuclear receptors PPARγ and retinoid-X-receptor-alpha (RXRα), TMPC displayed the highest affinity to both receptors. Differently from BPA, the four plasticizers were most effective in enhancing lipid accumulation when added in the mid-late phase of differentiation, thus suggesting the involvement of different intracellular signalling pathways. In line with this, TMCP, DiDP, DiNP and DEGDB were able to activate PPARγ in transient transfection assays, while previous studies demonstrated that BPA acts mainly through other nuclear receptors. qRT-PCR studies showed that all plasticizers were able to increase the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (Cebpβ) in the early steps of adipogenesis, and the adipogenesis master gene Pparγ2 in the middle phase, with very similar efficacy to that of Rosiglitazone. In addition, TMCP was able to modulate the expression of both Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4/Adipocyte Protein 2 (Fabp4/Ap2) and Lipoprotein Lipase (Lpl) transcripts in the late phase of adipogenesis. DEGDB increased the expression of Lpl only, while the phthalate DiDP did not change the expression of either late-phase marker genes Fabp4 and Lpl. Taken together, our results suggest that exposure to low, environmentally relevant doses of the plasticizers DiNP, DiDP, DEGDB and TMCP increase lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, an effect likely mediated through activation of PPARγ and interference at different levels with the transcriptional cascade driving adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pomatto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Erika Cottone
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicines, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicines, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicines, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Erik Russel Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Patrizia Bovolin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
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40
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Philbrook NA, Restivo VE, Belanger CL, Winn LM. Gestational triphenyl phosphate exposure in C57Bl/6 mice perturbs expression of insulin-like growth factor signaling genes in maternal and fetal liver. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:483-494. [PMID: 29316351 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant and plasticizer that has been added to numerous consumer products in recent years. TPhP is not overtly toxic, however recent studies have suggested that it may have metabolic disrupting effects following developmental exposure. The present study aimed to investigate the developmental and potential metabolic effects of TPhP in a murine model. C57Bl/6 dams were exposed on gestational days (GD) 8, 10, 12, and 14 to 0, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg TPhP via intraperitoneal injection. Dams were euthanized on GD19, maternal organs excised and weighed, fetal measurements taken, and maternal and fetal livers retained for analysis. A significant increase in placenta size of TPhP exposed mice was found. Maternal and fetal liver gene expression of insulin-like growth factor (Igf) 1 and 2, as well as downstream genes involved in Igf signaling were measured. Additionally, Igf1 protein levels were measured in both maternal and fetal liver. A significant decrease in transcript levels of Igf1 and Irs2 was detected in maternal livers, whereas a significant increase in transcript levels of all genes measured was detected in fetal liver. A significant decrease in Igf1 protein levels was detected in maternal liver, however the increase in Igf1 protein levels in fetal livers was not found to be statistically significant. These results support previous findings that TPhP does not cause overt structural developmental toxicity. These data also support the hypothesis that TPhP could disrupt maternal and fetal metabolism, justifying the need for follow-up studies to investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Philbrook
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Victoria E Restivo
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Christine L Belanger
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Louise M Winn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
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41
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Cano-Sancho G, Smith A, La Merrill MA. Triphenyl phosphate enhances adipogenic differentiation, glucose uptake and lipolysis via endocrine and noradrenergic mechanisms. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:280-288. [PMID: 28163246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) as a flame retardant or plasticizer has increased during the last decade, resulting in widespread human exposure without commensurate toxicity assessment. The main objectives of this study were to assess the in vitro effect of TPhP and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, as well as glucose uptake and lipolysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. TPhP increased pre-adipocyte proliferation and subsequent adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, coinciding with increased transcription in the CEBP and PPARG pathway. Treatment of mature adipocytes with TPhP increased the basal- and insulin stimulated- uptake of the glucose analog 2-[N (-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG). This effect was ablated by inhibition of PI3K, a member of the insulin signaling pathway. DPhP had no significant effect on cell proliferation and, compared to TPhP, a weaker effect on adipogenic differentiation and on 2-NBDG uptake. Both TPhP and DPhT significantly enhanced the isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, most likely by increasing the expression of lipolytic genes during and after differentiation. This study suggests that TPhP increases adipogenic differentiation, glucose uptake, and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells through endocrine and noradrenergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Cano-Sancho
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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