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Bellini I, Scribano D, Ambrosi C, Chiovoloni C, Rondón S, Pronio A, Palamara AT, Pietrantoni A, Kashkanova A, Sandoghdar V, D'Amelio S, Cavallero S. Anisakis extracellular vesicles elicit immunomodulatory and potentially tumorigenic outcomes on human intestinal organoids. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:393. [PMID: 39285481 PMCID: PMC11406850 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anisakis spp. are zoonotic nematodes causing mild to severe acute and chronic gastrointestinal infections. Chronic anisakiasis can lead to erosive mucosal ulcers, granulomas and inflammation, potential tumorigenic triggers. How Anisakis exerts its pathogenic potential through extracellular vesicles (EVs) and whether third-stage infective larvae may favor a tumorigenic microenvironment remain unclear. METHODS Here, we investigated the parasite's tumorigenic and immunomodulatory capabilities using comparative transcriptomics, qRT-PCR and protein analysis with multiplex ELISA on human intestinal organoids exposed to Anisakis EVs. Moreover, EVs were characterized in terms of shape, size and concentration using classic TEM, SEM and NTA analyses and advanced interferometric NTA. RESULTS Anisakis EVs showed classic shape features and a median average diameter of around 100 nm, according to NTA and iNTA. Moreover, a refractive index of 5-20% of non-water content suggested their effective biological cargo. After treatment of human intestinal organoids with Anisakis EVs, an overall parasitic strategy based on mitigation of the immune and inflammatory response was observed. Anisakis EVs impacted gene expression of main cytokines, cell cycle regulation and protein products. Seven key genes related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis were differentially expressed in organoids exposed to EVs. In particular, the downregulation of EPHB2 and LEFTY1 and upregulation of NUPR1 genes known to be associated with colorectal cancer were observed, suggesting their involvement in tumorigenic microenvironment. A statistically significant reduction in specific mediators of inflammation and cell-cycle regulation from the polarized epithelium as IL-33R, CD40 and CEACAM1 from the apical chambers and IL-1B, GM-CSF, IL-15 and IL-23 from both chambers were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results here obtained unravel intestinal epithelium response to Anisakis EVs, impacting host's anthelminthic strategies and revealing for the first time to our knowledge the host-parasite interactions in the niche environment of an emerging accidental zoonosis. Use of an innovative EV characterization approach may also be useful for study of other helminth EVs, since the knowledge in this field is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Raffaele Open University, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiovoloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Rondón
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Kashkanova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefano D'Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Pasteur Institute, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Kumas K, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Abusharkh T, Buchmann K. Location and elimination of Anisakis simplex third stage larvae in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100937. [PMID: 38655447 PMCID: PMC11035366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We here describe the location of anisakid third stage larvae in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. caught in the North Sea in August 2023. We further demonstrate how industrial processing (mechanical gutting, removal of entrails, head, tail, hypaxial anterior musculature and vertebral column) reduces the overall infection and worm load in the musculature. The isolated anisakid larvae were identified as Anisakis simplex sensu stricto by a combination of morphometrics and molecular methods (PCR of rDNA and mtDNA, sequencing, BLAST analysis). As a baseline we examined a total of 75 specimens of freshly caught and ungutted herring and showed a positive correlation between host size (fish length and weight) and infection level. The overall prevalence of infection was 84 %, the mean intensity 11.3 (range 1-38 parasites per fish) and the abundance 9.52. The main part of the overall worm population was associated with stomach and pyloric caeca in the body cavity (77 %) and only 5 % was found in the musculature. Larvae occurred in the hypaxial part of the musculature (21), the epaxial part (7 worms) and the caudal part (5 worms). The prevalence of muscle infection was 28 % and the mean intensity 1.6 (range 1-5) parasites per fish and abundance 0.44 parasites per fish. In order to assess the effect of industrial processing on worm occurrence in the fish we examined a total of 67 specimens of herring, from exactly the same batch, but following processing. This included removal of organs in the body cavity, cutting the lower part of the hypaxial segment but leaving the right and left musculature connected by dorsal connective tissue. Five out of these fish carried one larva (prevalence 7.5%, mean intensity 1, abundance 0.07 larvae per fish), and these worms were located in the ventral part of the anterior musculature (2), in the central part of the anterior musculature (2) and one larva in the central part of the caudal musculature. The industrial processing reduced the overall occurrence (abundance) of worms in the fish from 9.52 to 0.07 (136 times reduction) and the occurrence in the musculature from 0.44 to 0.07 (6.28 times reduction). The overall prevalence was reduced from 84 % to 7.5 % (11.2 times reduction). Muscle infection prevalence fell from 28 % to 7.5 % (3.7 times reduction). We then followed another batch of herring following a marinating process (11% NaCl for 24 h and subsequent incubation in acetic acid and vinegar) by artificially digesting the flaps during week 1-8. Although a total of 31 larvae were recovered from 144 fish examined no live nematode larvae were isolated. The importance of fish handling, processing and marination for consumer safety is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Kumas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W. Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Taghrid Abusharkh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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3
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Lori E, Pace M, Lauro A, Pironi D, Moretti M, Ferroni A, Tripodi D, Costanzo ML, Forte F, Sorrenti S. As the Worm Turns-A Rare Cause of Intestinal Obstruction. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:2754-2764. [PMID: 38965158 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anisakiasis, a zoonotic disease caused by the nematode Anisakis, poses a significant concern for public health, particularly in regions with high consumption of raw or undercooked fish. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case report of a 41-year-old woman who developed severe abdominal symptoms, ultimately diagnosed with intestinal obstruction due to Anisakis infestation, requiring surgery. Despite the absence of prominent eosinophilia or specific radiological findings, the diagnosis was confirmed through histological examination, highlighting the importance of considering anisakiasis in patients with a history of raw seafood consumption. CONCLUSION The case underscores the diagnostic challenges associated with anisakiasis, emphasizing the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the public regarding the risks of consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including clinical assessment, imaging studies, and histological evaluation, to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lori
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pace
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Lauro
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Moretti
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferroni
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavio Forte
- Department of Urology, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
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Morales-Yuste M, López-Valverde J, Sánchez-Fernández N, Veiga J, Garrido M, Adroher FJ, Benítez R. Mullus barbatus L. and Mullus surmuletus L. from western Mediterranean waters (SE Spain) are infected by Hysterothylacium fabri, but not by zoonotic nematodes. Possible impact on fish hosts . JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13989. [PMID: 38957033 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In order to know whether there is a risk of anisakiasis (or anisakidosis) by consumption of fish of the genus Mullus from the western Mediterranean Sea, which are appreciated for their quality, an epidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic nematodes in M. barbatus and M. surmuletus. Although the presence of the third larval stage (L3) of anisakids (Anisakis and Contracaecum) has been previously described in these fish, the results showed the absence of anisakids and the presence, never in muscle, of L3 and L4 of raphidascaridids of the genus Hysterothylacium, molecularly identified as H. fabri. Phylogenetic analysis groups them into the Mediterranean Sea clade, far from individuals isolated in the Pacific Ocean. Prevalence was slightly higher, but not significant, in M. barbatus versus M. surmuletus (72.3% vs 60.0%), but mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) parameters were approximately twice as high in M. barbatus as in M. surmuletus (MI 5.8 vs 2.8, p = .001; MA 4.2 vs 1.7, p < .001). The presence of the parasite seems to have different effects on these two sympatric species. In M. barbatus it seems to affect their growth, as it appreciably reduces the value of allometry coefficient in infected fish (2.78 vs. 2.18). On the other hand, in M. surmuletus the infection significantly (p < .04) affects the Fulton's condition factor, an indicator of the health status of the fish. It can be concluded that the ingestion of these fish by the people poses negligible risk of anisakiasis, but the consumer should continue to be urged to follow the rules of prevention against this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Valverde
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Veiga
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Garrido
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Benítez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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5
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Pellegrino R, Tosca M, Timitilli E, Naso M, Marseglia GL, Galli L, Del Giudice MM, Chiappini E. From evidence to practice: A systematic review-based diagnostic algorithm for paediatric eosinophilia across socioeconomic context. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:1506-1515. [PMID: 38695861 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM Paediatric eosinophilia is a common clinical dilemma, often leading to resource- and time-consuming assessments. We aim to evaluate the main aetiologies of eosinophilia in children from different socioeconomic settings and propose a diagnostic algorithm. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted through PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Studies published from January 2012 to June 2023 reporting the incidence and aetiology of peripheral eosinophilia in children were included. Evidence from studies on children originating from low- or high-income countries was compared. RESULTS A total of 15 observational studies, encompassing 3409 children, were included. The causes of eosinophilia varied based on the children's origin and the eosinophilia severity. In children from high-income countries, allergic diseases were the leading cause, with a prevalence of 7.7%-78.2%, while parasitosis ranged from 1.0% to 9.1%. In children from low-income countries, parasitosis was predominant, ranging from 17.7% to 88.3%, although allergic diseases were found in 2.5%-4.8% of cases. Concerning severity, allergic diseases were the leading cause of mild-to-moderate eosinophilia; parasitosis was associated with moderate-to-severe eosinophilia, while immunological disorders were mostly found in severe cases. CONCLUSION We developed a step-up diagnostic algorithm that considers the child's origin and eosinophilia severity and could optimise resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Tosca
- Pediatric Allergy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Timitilli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Naso
- Pediatric Allergy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialised Surgery, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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6
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Attir B, Mammeri A, Kechroud N, Mazouz K, Chabira D, Chenchouni H. A survey of nematodes in the European hake ( Merluccius merluccius) intended for human consumption. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:347-357. [PMID: 38840878 PMCID: PMC11147965 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of fish for human consumption is paramount in safeguarding public health, particularly in relation to parasitic infections. The European hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) may harbor various parasitic nematodes, some of which have zoonotic potential. This cross-sectional survey analyzed a random sample of European hake collected from two fish shops in Batna city (NE Algeria). After 24 h in cold storage, the samples were transported to the laboratory for further examination. Fish autopsies revealed a staggering 70% parasitization rate. Microscopic examination of isolated nematodes, treated with glycerine, identified two genera within the Anisakidae family: Anisakis sp. (62%) and Pseudoterranova sp. (31.25%). Unidentified nematodes accounted for 6.75%. The detection of Anisakidae family nematodes in fish intended for human consumption underscores the urgency of rigorous veterinary control. This imperative measure aims to preserve public health, mitigate economic losses, and curtail the environmental consequences associated with the proliferation of such parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Attir
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Biskra, 07000 El Hadjeb, Biskra Algeria
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Bioresources (LGBVB), University of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | - Adel Mammeri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Bioresources (LGBVB), University of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of M’Sila, 28000 M’Sila, Algeria
| | - Nassima Kechroud
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Biskra, 07000 El Hadjeb, Biskra Algeria
| | - Khawla Mazouz
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Biskra, 07000 El Hadjeb, Biskra Algeria
| | - Djouhaina Chabira
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Biskra, 07000 El Hadjeb, Biskra Algeria
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Bioresources (LGBVB), University of Biskra, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | - Haroun Chenchouni
- Laboratory of Algerian Forests and Climate Change (LAFCC), Higher National School of Forests, 40000 Khenchela, Algeria
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Management of Sensitive Environments (RNAMS), University of Oum-El-Bouaghi, 04000 Oum-El-Bouaghi, Algeria
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7
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Robertson LJ, Woolsey ID, Jiménez-Meléndez A. Current and potential future impacts of food- and water-borne parasites in a changing world: A Norwegian perspective. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 5:100181. [PMID: 38883144 PMCID: PMC11178983 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In 2021, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment published a multi-criteria risk ranking of 20 potentially food-borne pathogens in Norway. The pathogens ranked included five parasite taxa (3 species, one genus, one family): Toxoplasma gondii, Echinococcus multilocularis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Anisakidae. Two of these, T. gondii and E. multilocularis, scored very highly (1st and 3rd place, respectively), Cryptosporidium was about midway (9th place), and G. duodenalis and Anisakidae ranked relatively low (15th and 20th place, respectively). Parasites were found, on average, more likely to present an increasing food-borne disease burden in the future than the other pathogens. Here, we review the current impact of these five potentially food-borne parasites in Norway, and factors of potential importance in increasing their future food-borne disease burden. Climate change may affect the contamination of water and fresh produce with transmission stages of the first four parasites, potentially leading to increased infection risk. Alterations in host distribution (potentially due to climate change, but also other factors) may affect the occurrence and distribution of Toxoplasma, Echinococcus, and Anisakidae, and these, coupled with changes in food consumption patterns, could also affect infection likelihood. Transmission of food-borne pathogens is complex, and the relative importance of different pathogens is affected by many factors and will not remain static. Further investigation in, for example, ten-years' time, could provide a different picture of the relative importance of different pathogens. Nevertheless, there is clearly the potential for parasites to exert a greater risk to public health in Norway than currently occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ian D Woolsey
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Wang X, Xu T, Ding S, Xu Y, Jin X, Guan F. Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick assay for rapid visual detection of A.simplex (s. s.) and A.pegreffii in sea foods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28943. [PMID: 38623257 PMCID: PMC11016599 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease mainly caused by the third stage of Anisakis simplex (s. s.) and Anisakis pegreffii. Traditional methods for detecting of Anisakis involve morphology identification such as visual inspection, enzyme digestion, and molecular methods based on PCR, but they have certain limitations. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) regions of Anisakis were targeted to develop a visual screening method for detecting A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii in fish meat based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Specific primers and probes were designed and optimized for temperature, reaction time, and detection threshold. LFD produced clear visual results that were easily identifiable after a consistent incubation of 10-20 min at 37 °C. The whole process of DNA amplification by RPA and readout by LFD did not exceed 30 min. In addition, the detection limit is up to 9.5 × 10-4 ng/μL, and the detection of the artificially contaminated samples showed that the developed assay can effectively and specifically detect A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii, which fully meet the market's requirements for fish food safety supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Siling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xingsheng Jin
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feng Guan
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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9
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Adroher FJ, Morales-Yuste M, Benítez R. Anisakiasis and Anisakidae. Pathogens 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38392886 PMCID: PMC10892542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitism as a lifestyle is much more common in nature than it seems [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Benítez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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10
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Díez G, Santos M, Boyra G, Chust G, Santurtún M, Maceira A, Mendibil I, Bilbao E, Abaroa C. Variation in the levels of anisakid infection in the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus) from the Bay of Biscay during the period 2000-2023 (ICES Subarea 8). Parasitol Res 2024; 123:95. [PMID: 38216829 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus is one of the most important commercial species in the Bay of Biscay (ICES Subarea 8), and our analysis focused on the analysis of the temporal mean abundance, prevalence, and intensity of Anisakis spp. larvae species in anchovies from ICES Subarea 8 in the years 2000, 2001, 2014-2016, and 2019-2023. Prevalence in adult individuals of anchovy was only 1% in 2000 but increased to 90% in 2014. Since 2015, the prevalence has decreased, and the number of individuals affected in 2023 accounted for 17.6%. The mean abundance showed a similar trend, with a peak of 3.79 nematodes/anchovy in 2014, falling to 0.21 in 2023. The species A. simplex sensu stricto and A. pegreffii were identified by PCR/SANGER sequencing and PCR/RLFP techniques in 2019 and 2020. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) was the most abundant species and, according to the results returned by these two techniques, it accounted for an average of 62.4% and 52.1% of total nematodes in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The results of studies monitoring infection levels in anchovies showed that the mean abundance and prevalence changed over the course of the study period and that the proportion of different species of Anisakis is also subject to variation from year to year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Díez
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Maria Santos
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Boyra
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Guillem Chust
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Santurtún
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arantza Maceira
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Mendibil
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Elisabette Bilbao
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carmen Abaroa
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi Ugartea Z/G, 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
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11
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Schleicherová D, Menconi V, Moroni B, Pastorino P, Esposito G, Canola S, Righetti M, Dondo A, Prearo M. An Epidemiological Update on Anisakis Nematode Larvae in Red Mullet ( Mullus barbatus) from the Ligurian Sea. Pathogens 2023; 12:1366. [PMID: 38003830 PMCID: PMC10674419 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) is a commercially relevant fish species, yet epidemiological data on anisakid nematode infestation in M. barbatus are scarce. To fill this gap, we report the occurrence of Anisakis larvae in red mullet in the Ligurian Sea (western Mediterranean). This survey was performed between 2018 and 2020 on fresh specimens of M. barbatus (n = 838) from two commercial fishing areas (Imperia, n = 190; Savona, n = 648) in the Ligurian Sea. Larvae morphologically identified as Anisakis spp. (n = 544) were characterized using PCR-RFLP as Anisakis pegreffii. The overall prevalence of A. pegreffii was 24.46%; the prevalence at each sampling site was 6.32% for Imperia and 29.78% for Savona. Furthermore, 3300 larvae of Hysterothylacium spp. were detected in the visceral organs of fish coinfected with A. pegreffii, showing that coinfection with two parasitic species is not rare. This study provides a timely update on the prevalence of ascaridoid nematodes in red mullet of the Ligurian Sea, an important commercial fishing area in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dáša Schleicherová
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Barbara Moroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Serena Canola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Marzia Righetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (V.M.); (P.P.); (G.E.); (S.C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (M.P.)
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12
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Moratal S, Zrzavá M, Hrabar J, Dea-Ayuela MA, López-Ramon J, Mladineo I. Fecundity, in vitro early larval development and karyotype of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110050. [PMID: 37837730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish infected with the third stage larvae (L3) of two sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii, the latter being the predominant species in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, in vitro culture of A. pegreffii has been developed to enable fast and large-scale production of fertile adults. However, the conditions for larval development from hatching to infective L3 were not fulfilled to complete the cycle. Herein, we used a Drosophila medium supplemented with chicken serum and adjusted different osmolarities to maintain the culture of L3 hatched from eggs for up to 17 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the medium with the highest osmolarities, which also allowed the highest larval exsheathment rate. Key morphological features of embryogenesis and postembryogenesis studied by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the excretory gland cell is differentiated already up to 48 h post-hatching. Extracellular vesicles and cell-free mitochondria are discharged between the two cuticle sheets of the second stage larvae (L2). Contemporarly cultivated, two populations of adult A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii reached an average production of 29,914.05 (± 27,629.36) and 24,370.96 (± 12,564.86) eggs/day/female, respectively. The chromosome spreads of A. pegreffii obtained from mature gonads suggests a diploid karyotype formula of 2n = 18. The development of a reliable protocol for the in vitro culture of a polyxenous nematode such as Anisakis spp. will serve to screen for much needed novel drug targets, but also to study the intricated and unknown ecological and physiological traits of these trophically transmitted marine nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Moratal
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czechia; Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31a, 37005, České Budějovice, Czechia; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universitites, C/ Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Ramon
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/ Tirant lo Blanc, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czechia
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13
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Packi K, Rudek A, Matysiak J, Klimczak S, Matuszewska E, Rzetecka N, Matysiak J. Food Allergies and Parasites in Children. Foods 2023; 12:2465. [PMID: 37444203 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamically growing incidence of food allergies forces the scientific community to develop new methods for their diagnosis, differentiation, and effective treatment. Parasitoses appear much less frequently in the scientific literature, as well as among the presumed causes of numerous conditions. The similarity of inflammatory mechanisms in allergies and parasitosis necessitates a revision of current diagnostic standards. A lack of specificity and the coincidence of symptoms at an early stage of disease can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we attempted to perform a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in symptoms for these two types of diseases. We described the molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways of food allergy and parasitosis. We presented the available research methods and directions of ongoing studies aimed at implementing precise medical techniques for differential diagnosis. We discussed the allergenic properties of certain parasite proteins, using the example of myofibrillar tropomyosins from the nematode Anisakis simplex. The literature in the fields of allergology and parasitology leads to the conclusion that it is reasonable to run parallel allergological and parasitological diagnostics in patients with non-specific symptoms. This approach will facilitate accurate and early diagnosis and implementation of effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Packi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
| | - Alicja Rudek
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University-Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Klimczak
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, 97-300 Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Eliza Matuszewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Rzetecka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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14
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Domingo-Hernández AM, Morales-Yuste M, Buzo-Domínguez S, Adroher FJ, Benítez R. Anisakis infection in anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) from Iberian waters, southwestern Europe: Post-mortem larval migration. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:26-34. [PMID: 36854200 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The Anisakis larvae presence in fish for human consumption is a health risk that needs to be monitored. The anchovy is a fish that is highly appreciated by consumers and that can harbour Anisakis. It is thus necessary to periodically evaluate the presence of anisakid larvae in them. So, anchovies from Iberian Peninsula coasts were analysed. Fish examination for macroscopic nematodes showed L3s of both Anisakis type I and Hysterothylacium aduncum. The Anisakis prevalence varies with the catching area and the fish size. The muscle prevalence was 7.45% (mean intensity 1.75; range 1-5). Molecular analysis showed 110 A. simplex s.s. (17 in muscle), 22 A. pegreffii (3) and 7 hybrid genotype individuals (1). Considering that most of the Iberian Peninsula coasts are a sympatry area between these two Anisakis species, it has been observed that A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii ratio increases from south to north in a clockwise direction. Also, 19 larvae were detected on the fish surface from the Bay of Biscay, indicating the ability of these larvae to migrate after the fish death. The A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii larvae proportion found on the anchovy surface is similar to the found in viscera and lower than in muscle, suggesting that most of the larvae migrating to the surface must have come from the visceral package. This confirms the importance of removing fish viscera immediately after capture, for those fish species where this is possible. As both species cause anisakiasis/anisakidosis, these data show a real risk to human health, especially in dishes highly prized in Mediterranean countries prepared with raw or semi-raw anchovies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Morales-Yuste
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Buzo-Domínguez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Benítez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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15
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Zoonotic helminths - why the challenge remains. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e21. [PMID: 36790130 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Helminth zoonoses remain a global problem to public health and the economy of many countries. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques and sequencing have resolved many taxonomic issues and are now essential to understanding the epidemiology of helminth zoonotic infections and the ecology of the causative agents. This is clearly demonstrated from research on Echinococcus (echinococcosis) and Trichinella (trichinosis). Unfortunately, a variety of anthropogenic factors are worsening the problems caused by helminth zoonoses. These include cultural factors, urbanization and climate change. Wildlife plays an increasingly important role in the maintenance of many helminth zoonoses making surveillance and control increasingly difficult. The emergence or re-emergence of helminth zoonoses such as Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Toxocara, Dracunculus and Thelazia exacerbate an already discouraging scenario compounding the control of a group of long neglected diseases.
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16
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Abad V, Alejandre M, Hernández-Fernández E, Raso J, Cebrián G, Álvarez-Lanzarote I. Evaluation of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Parameters in the Inactivation of Anisakis Larvae in Saline Solution and Hake Meat. Foods 2023; 12:264. [PMID: 36673356 PMCID: PMC9857451 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the nematode family Anisakidae are capable of causing parasitic infections in humans associated with the consumption of fishery products, leading to intestinal syndromes and allergic reactions. Anisakidae larvae are widely distributed geographically, with rates of parasitism close to 100% in certain fish species. Methods need to be established for their inactivation and elimination, especially in fishery products that are to be consumed raw, pickled, or salted, or which have been insufficiently treated to kill the parasite. Many strategies are currently available (such as freezing and heat treatment), but further ones, such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), have hardly been investigated until now. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of PEF in the inactivation of Anisakis spp. larvae in terms of electric field strength, specific energy, and pulse width, as well as on the evaluation of the quality of fish samples after PEF treatment. Results show that viability of Anisakis was highly dependent on field strength and specific energy. Pulse width exerted a considerable influence at the lowest field strengths tested (1 kV/cm). Central composite design helped to define a PEF treatment of 3 kV/cm and 50 kJ/kg as the one capable of inactivating almost 100% of Anisakis present in pieces of hake, while affecting the investigated quality parameters (moisture, water holding capacity, and cooking loss) to a lesser extent than freezing and thawing. These results show that PEF could serve as an alternative to traditional freezing processes for the inactivation of Anisakis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio Álvarez-Lanzarote
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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IgE-mediated Anisakis allergy in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:98-109. [PMID: 36617828 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i1.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anisakids are nematodes responsible for different clinical patterns in humans. The well-known human-infecting Anisakis species include members of the Anisakis simplex (AS) complex. Humans usually contract anisakiasis through ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood containing Anisakis larvae. Once Anisakis has been ingested, patients may develop disease driven directly by Anisakis larvae and/or by allergic reaction due to this nematode. The capability of inducing allergic reactions depends on the expression of specific antigens by nematodes and host factors. This study aims to resume actual knowledge about AS and Anisakiasis with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Particular attention is paid to Anisakis allergens and their cross-reactivity on available diagnostic methods, and defining a diagnostic pathway for Anisakis allergy. Because only a few data are available in the literature about pediatric population, we focus on this group of patients specifically.
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18
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Foodborne Parasites and Their Complex Life Cycles Challenging Food Safety in Different Food Chains. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010142. [PMID: 36613359 PMCID: PMC9818752 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic foodborne parasites often represent complex, multi host life cycles with parasite stages in the hosts, but also in the environment. This manuscript aims to provide an overview of important zoonotic foodborne parasites, with a focus on the different food chains in which parasite stages may occur. We have chosen some examples of meat-borne parasites occurring in livestock (Taenia spp., Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii), as well as Fasciola spp., an example of a zoonotic parasite of livestock, but transmitted to humans via contaminated vegetables or water, covering the 'farm to fork' food chain; and meat-borne parasites occurring in wildlife (Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma gondii), covering the 'forest to fork' food chain. Moreover, fish-borne parasites (Clonorchis spp., Opisthorchis spp. and Anisakidae) covering the 'pond/ocean/freshwater to fork' food chain are reviewed. The increased popularity of consumption of raw and ready-to-eat meat, fish and vegetables may pose a risk for consumers, since most post-harvest processing measures do not always guarantee the complete removal of parasite stages or their effective inactivation. We also highlight the impact of increasing contact between wildlife, livestock and humans on food safety. Risk based approaches, and diagnostics and control/prevention tackled from an integrated, multipathogen and multidisciplinary point of view should be considered as well.
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19
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Chen X, Zhao L, Wang J, Wang H, Qiu Y, Dong Z, Zhang C, Liu M, Wang X, Bai X. Rapid visual detection of anisakid nematodes using recombinase polymerase amplification and SYBR Green I. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1026129. [PMID: 36532447 PMCID: PMC9756439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakidosis is a food-borne parasitic disease (FBPD) caused by the third-stage larvae of the family Anisakidae. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple, rapid and equipment-free detection method for anisakids in fish samples or seafood since current methods are time-consuming and require complex instruments. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based method was established for the first time to detect anisakids by targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The detection results were visualized by including SYBR Green I (SG) in the method. The sensitivity of RPA-SG assay was 102 copies per reaction of recombinant plasmid (within 20 min at 37°C), similar to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The assay had high specificity for detecting anisakids against other related parasites and host fish. In addition, the assay was further used to detect fresh marine fish contaminated with anisakids and it showed high precision. These results indicate that the novel RPA-SG assay suitable for visual detection of anisakids in the field and food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Morales-Yuste M, Sánchez-Yebra W, Garrido M, Benítez R, Adroher FJ. Anisakis Infection in the Spotted Flounder Citharus linguatula (Pleuronectiformes: Citharidae) Caught in the Gulf of Cadiz (Area FAO 27-ICES IXa) Appears to Negatively Affect Fish Growth. Pathogens 2022; 11:1432. [PMID: 36558766 PMCID: PMC9783030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spotted flounder (Citharus linguatula L.) caught in the Gulf of Cadiz (area FAO 27 ICES IXa) were examined for Anisakis larvae and to assess the possible risk of anisakiasis in humans through consumption of this fish. Larvae of the genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium were identified in the analysis of 128 purchased fish specimens. All Anisakis larvae corresponded to type I. Molecular analysis showed the presence of A. pegreffii, A. simplex s.s., and recombinant genotype between the two. The prevalence of Anisakis was 9.4% with a mean intensity of 1.42, while for Hysterothylacium the values were 12.5% and 1.06. The length and weight of the fish, but not Fulton's condition factor, varied significantly between infected and uninfected fish. The prevalence of Anisakis increased with fish length, with no fish parasitized with Anisakis measuring less than 15.5 cm (2-2.5 years old), which is probably related to the reported dietary change of these fish at around 2 years of age. Fish not parasitized with any of these nematodes showed positive allometric growth, while those parasitized only with Anisakis showed negative allometric growth. When comparing both groups including only fish ≥ 15.5 cm (the smallest size of Anisakis-infected fish), the difference is shown to be statistically significant (p = 0.01), suggesting that Anisakis infection of spotted flounder negatively affects fish growth even when parasite intensity is low, which may have important economic repercussions. Finally, the low prevalence and, above all, intensity of Anisakis in these fish, as well as the habit of consuming this fish fried in oil in our geographical area, means that the risk of acquiring anisakiasis through consumption of this fish is low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Javier Adroher
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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21
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López-Verdejo A, Born-Torrijos A, Montero-Cortijo E, Raga JA, Valmaseda-Angulo M, Montero FE. Infection process, viability and establishment of Anisakis simplex s.l. L3 in farmed fish; A histopathological study in gilthead seabream. Vet Parasitol 2022; 311:109805. [PMID: 36150240 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Anisakis spp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are parasites known by their economic and health impacts, as their L3 larval stages infect a variety of fish species, many of them commercial species, sometimes causing zoonotic episodes due to consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The aim of this study is to determine the infection process and the potential impact of A. simplex s.l. L3 on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), one of the most important fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture, by periodic histological monitoring of the infection process. For this, fish were experimentally infected with A. simplex s.l. L3 and periodically analysed for L3 larvae, collecting samples at different time points (hours post ingestion, hpi): 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 and 192, up to 6 months post infection (mpi). All samples were observed under a stereomicroscope and later fixed for histological examination. A. simplex s.l. L3 were only found on the visceral surface and mesenteric tissue, but never free or encapsulated in muscle. Chronological events were found to occur faster than those reported in previous studies. They were first observed 6 hpi in the coelomic cavity, being present up to 48 hpi. While the earliest evidence of fibrocytes surrounding A. simplex s.l. L3 larvae were observed at 18 hpi, complete spiral encapsulation occurred by 72 hpi. Alive parasites were observed up to 6 mpi. Although the infection of gilthead seabream by Anisakis spp. larvae is feasible, it seems unlikely, especially in aquaculture given the hygienically controlled feeding systems. In the event of infection, the transmission would be unlikely due to the poor condition in which specimens of Anisakis spp. are found. Furthermore, since no larvae were detected in the fish's muscle, human infection seems improbable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Verdejo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Estefanía Montero-Cortijo
- Production and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Public Health, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Valmaseda-Angulo
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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22
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Harada F, Yamamoto K, Matsuda T, Yamamoto C, Tani Y, Ohnishi M, Takita M, Tanimoto T, Kami M, Shineha R. Allergic reaction to anisakis-contaminated fish after the first administration of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a case report. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac034. [PMID: 35966631 PMCID: PMC9366182 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiue Harada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Soma, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Soma, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Tani
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Ohnishi
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morihito Takita
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kami
- Research Division, Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusaburo Shineha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Soma, Fukushima, Japan
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Bao M, Cipriani P, Giulietti L, Alam MA, Palomba M, Mattiucci S, Levsen A. Ascaridoid nematodes infecting commercially important marine fish and squid species from Bangladesh waters in the Bay of Bengal. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00157. [PMID: 35518125 PMCID: PMC9065311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic ascaridoid nematodes occur in a wide range of marine organisms across the globe. Some species of the anisakid family (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) can cause gastrointestinal disease in humans (i. e. anisakidosis). Despite their importance as potentially hazardous parasites, the occurrence and infection characteristics of ascaridoids are still poorly known from many host species and geographical areas. This study investigated the diversity and infection levels of ascaridoid parasites in various commercial fish and squid host species off Bangladesh. Fish and squid specimens were visually inspected for nematodes using the UV-press method. Nematodes were assigned to genus level based on morphology and identified by sequence analyses of the entire ITS region and partial 28S rDNA and mtDNA cox2 genes. Third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis typica occurred at low prevalence (P = 10% and 8%, respectively) in the viscera of Selar crumenophthalmus and Trichiurus lepturus, while Hysterothylacium amoyense occurred in the viscera of Sardinella fimbriata (P = 1%) and the viscera and muscle of Harpadon nehereus (P = 32%) and T. lepturus (P = 76%). Lappetascaris sp. Type A L3 occurred in the mantle of the squid Uroteuthis duvaucelii (P = 11%). Anisakis and Lappetascaris species, and H. amoyense were firstly identified in the Bay of Bengal. The potentially zoonotic A. typica was only found in fish viscera. Hysterothylacium amoyense and Lappetascaris sp., both generally regarded as non-zoonotic, occurred at low prevalence in the muscle or mantle of fish or squid, respectively. Since consumption of raw or lightly processed seafood seems to be rare in Bangladesh, the risk of acquiring anisakidosis from consuming fishery products from off Bangladesh appears to be low. Due to its reddish appearance, the visual presence of H. amoyense larvae in fish flesh may represent a food quality issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bao
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paolo Cipriani
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Giulietti
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza-University of Rome”, Rome, Italy
| | - Arne Levsen
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
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Ziarati M, Zorriehzahra MJ, Hassantabar F, Mehrabi Z, Dhawan M, Sharun K, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W, Shamsi S. Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control. Vet Q 2022; 42:95-118. [PMID: 35635057 PMCID: PMC9397527 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world’s growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelothricaceae families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomondaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Hafniaceae families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. Opisthorchis spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. Anisakis spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ziarati
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Department of Scientific Information and Communication, Iranian Fisheries Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hassantabar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari, I.R. Iran
| | | | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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25
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Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060622. [PMID: 35745476 PMCID: PMC9228678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasite species belonging to the Anisakis simplex complex are the most important cause of human anisakiasis through the consumption of (mainly) undercooked, previously not frozen, or conveniently treated fish. In Spain, the consumption of hake has been recognized as an important source of this parasitosis. With the aim of shedding light on the risk factors that can influence the potential risk of human anisakiasis in Spain through the consumption of fresh hake sold by nationwide supermarket chains, a total of 536 small hake specimens belonging to the species Merluccius bilinearis caught off the Northeast American coasts and Merluccius merluccius caught in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters was analysed. Anisakids morphologically identified as Anisakis type I were found as the most prevalent and the most abundant species and were considered the main potential cause of human anisakiasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors concerning the hake, such as its origin and season of capture, its size, as well as the days passed between its capture and consumption, should be taken into account to avoid this human parasitosis. It is essential that consumers have access to fish label information which should include, as regulated by the European Commission, traceability data.
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26
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The Influence of Contracaecum larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) Parasitism on the Population of Prussian carp ( Carassius gibelio) in Lake Sakadaš, Croatia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050600. [PMID: 35631121 PMCID: PMC9146907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contracaecum larvae are geographically widely distributed, utilizing many animal species as hosts; and fish represent an important paratenic host in their life cycle. Their presence in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) was studied in Lake Sakadaš (Croatia) in 2017 and 2018. Two gill nets of different sizes submerged during a 12-h period were used to collect the fish. Contracaecum larvae were recorded in the stomach, slightly coiled or elongated on the intestine serosa or encapsulated in a gut wall of 20 individuals. The effect of Contracaecum sp. on the health of their host was determined by estimating the effect of the parasites’ presence, number, and biomass on fish length, weight, and the Fulton’s condition factor (CF). Infected fish showed negative (b < 3; p < 0.05) and uninfected fish positive allometric growth (b > 3; p < 0.05). Fish weight and CF in infected individuals were significantly low in comparison to the uninfected ones (Mann−Whitney U test: U = 1078.00, U = 423.50, respectively; p < 0.004). These results emphasize the importance of evaluating parasitic nematode presence in economically important fish species. Even more, if this endoparasite has a detectable negative impact on a resilient species such as the Prussian carp, it is important to monitor its occurrence in other fish species.
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27
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Anisakicidal Effects of R (+) Limonene: An Alternative to Freezing Treatment in the Industrial Anchovy Marinating Process. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081121. [PMID: 35454708 PMCID: PMC9028723 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of raw/undercooked fishes or cephalopods parasitized by members of the genus Anisakis. Freezing ensures the inactivation of viable Anisakis larvae; however, since it affects the organoleptic properties of food, essential oils and their compounds were proposed as an alternative. In this study, fresh anchovy fillets were experimentally parasitized with L3 Anisakis larvae to test the anisakicidal efficacy of R (+) limonene (LMN) in marinated fishery products. The anisakicidal effectiveness and organoleptic influence of several LMN concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 5%) were tested during the marinating process (MS) and storage in sunflower seed oil (SO) of marinated anchovy fillets. Double treatment (DT) with 1% LMN was also performed both during marination and subsequent storage in oil. MS treatment resulted only in a reduction in larvae viability after 48 h, while a complete inactivation was observed in SO after 8, 10, and 20 days of treatment with 5%, 1%, and 0.5% LMN, respectively. DT was the most effective with complete larval inactivation after 7 days. Only 5% LMN influenced the sensory characteristics of the fillets, resulting, however, in a pleasant lemon-like odor and taste. Considering the results obtained, LMN might be a suitable natural alternative to manage Anisakis risk in the fishery industry.
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28
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Ying C, Fang X, Wang H, Yang Y, Xu P, Liu K, Yin G. Anisakidae parasitism activated immune response and induced liver fibrosis in wild anadromous Coilia nasus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:958-969. [PMID: 35229303 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anisakidae nematode larvae is one of the most common parasites in wild anadromous Coilia nasus. This study aims to explore the mechanism of the C. nasus immune response to the parasitism of Anisakid nematode larvae. Results found that Anisakid nematode larvae parasitism caused liver injury as evidenced by histomorphology results as well as high levels of aminotransferase and aspertate aminotransferase. Furthermore, Anisakid nematode larvae parasitism induced an immune response in the host, which was characterized by the elevated populations of macrophages and neutrophils in the liver and head-kidney in the Anisakidae-infected group compared to the noninfected group. The expression of immunoglobulin IgM and IgD in the liver and head-kidney was also increased in the Anisakidae-infected group. The Anisakidae-infected group showed higher activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, which indicates severe oxidative stress, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 as well as MCP-1 in the liver compared with the noninfected group. As a result of inflammation, livers of hosts in the Anisakidae-infected group showed fibrosis, and elevated expression of associated proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, collagen type I and type III compared with the noninfected group. We demonstrated that Anisakid nematode larvae parasitism results in injury and fibrosis in the liver, and triggers immune cell infiltration and inflammation in the liver and head-kidney of C. nasus. Altogether, the results provide a foundation for building an interaction between parasite and host, and will contribute to C. nasus population and fishery resource protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congping Ying
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, WuXi, China
| | - Honglan Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, WuXi, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, WuXi, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, WuXi, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, WuXi, China
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29
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Shigeno A, Funakoshi H. Woman With Abdominal Pain. Ann Emerg Med 2022; 79:e5-e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Menconi V, Pastorino P, Canola S, Pavoletti E, Vitale N, Scanzio T, Righetti M, Mugetti D, Tomasoni M, Bona MC, Prearo M. Occurrence and spatial variation of Anisakis pegreffii in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Carangidae): A three-year monitoring survey in the western Ligurian Sea. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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De Benedetto G, Giannetto A, Riolo K, Iaria C, Brianti E, Gaglio G. Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sphyraena viridensis and Description of Granulomatous Lesions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123449. [PMID: 34944226 PMCID: PMC8697904 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish-borne zoonoses are caused by bacteria and parasites, while no viral fish-borne zoonoses have been reported, to date. Regarding zoonoses caused by parasites, Anisakiasis is one of the most important, with Anisakis simplex and Anisakis pegreffii agents in the central Mediterranean Sea. Humans can be infected by accidental ingestion of third-stage larvae in raw, undercooked or improperly processed fish or cephalopods. After ingestion, the larvae migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to gastrointestinal tissue, causing pain and, subsequently, inflammatory reaction leading to eosinophilic granuloma. This kind of reaction has not been described to date, in fish, and the aim of this study is to describe gastric wall lesions caused by A. pegreffii in Sphyraena viridensis and to compare them to those reported in humans, which appear macroscopically identical, albeit showing significant microscopic differences. Abstract The aim of the present study was to describe gastric granuloma caused by Anisakis pegreffii in Sphyraena viridensis caught in the central Mediterranean Sea. Sixty-eight S. viridensis specimens were collected from different fish markets on the east coast of Sicily. Coelomic organs were observed both macroscopically and with the aid of stereomicroscope. Parasite specimens and lesioned tissues were collected for identification, histological and molecular analyses. Twelve specimens (p = 17.6%) were positive for the presence of nematode larvae, morphologically identified as larvae of Anisakis sp., with values of mean abundance and mean intensity of 0.9 and 4.8, respectively. One large female specimen showed massive parasite infection associated with nodular lesions of the gastric wall. By histology, several nematode larvae encysted through the gastric wall were found. The parasite bodies were surrounded by a granulomatous reaction made up of macrophages, epithelioid cells, some lymphocytes and an external connective sheet. Molecular analysis of 18S rRNA and cox2 genes from Anisakis sp. collected larvae, identified them as A. pegreffii. The lesions here described, though macroscopically superimposable on human eosinophilic granuloma, microscopically showed significant differences in the inflammatory cells involved and in the type of immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni De Benedetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-3503-717
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Kristian Riolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (K.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.B.); (G.G.)
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Buzo-Domínguez S, Morales-Yuste M, Domingo-Hernández AM, Benítez R, Adroher FJ. Molecular Epidemiology of Anisakis spp. in Wedge Sole, Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881), from Fishmarkets in Granada (Southern Spain), Caught in Two Adjacent NE and CE Atlantic Areas. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101302. [PMID: 34684251 PMCID: PMC8539168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of third stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis spp. in wedge sole, Dicologlossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881), purchased in fishmarkets in the city of Granada (Andalusia, southern Spain) was assessed. The wedge sole were caught in two FAO zones: area 27.IXa NE Atlantic (SW Spain coast) and area 34.1.11 CE Atlantic (NW Morocco coast). Only Anisakis larvae, type I, were detected in the largest fish (>20 cm) from the CE Atlantic. These were molecularly identified as A. simplex s.s. The prevalence (P) of Anisakis in this area was 12.5% and the mean intensity (MI) was 1. The presence of Hysterothylacium spp. larvae was also detected in the fish from both areas, with the prevalence being approximately double in the CE Atlantic area (12.5 vs. 5.7). A comparison between the Anisakis-infected and non-infected fish from this area showed that the former were significantly longer than the latter (p < 0.01). These results show that Anisakis parasitization of wedge sole sold in the markets of the city of Granada is of low prevalence and intensity (P = 4.5, MI = 1), especially in those from area 27.IXa (P = 0), indicating that the risk of human infection is low, particularly as this fish is traditionally prepared by deep-frying in oil in Andalusia (southern Spain).
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Ogata N, Tagishi H. The Inhibitory Effect of Wood Creosote on the Movement of Anisakis Larvae: An Implication for the Treatment of Acute Anisakiasis. Pharmacology 2021; 106:637-643. [PMID: 34537769 DOI: 10.1159/000518961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anisakiasis is a common disease in countries such as Japan, where raw or undercooked marine fish are frequently consumed. The disease is caused by accidental ingestion of a live larva of Anisakis in raw or undercooked marine fish. In typical cases, it causes abrupt gastrointestinal symptoms, such as epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. According to a published report, the disease was alleviated by oral ingestion of an over-the-counter drug containing wood creosote. METHODS We performed an in vitro experiment to elucidate whether wood creosote can inhibit the motor activity of Anisakis larvae, using infrared locomotion tracking and agarose gel penetration techniques. RESULTS Our results clearly demonstrate that wood creosote inhibits the motor activity of Anisakis larvae. The concentration of wood creosote used in our experiment is similar to that found in stomach juice when a usual oral dose is taken of the medicine containing wood creosote. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our results suggest the potential usefulness of the medicine containing wood creosote in the treatment of acute Anisakis infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Ogata
- R&D Center, Taiko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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Parasite Fauna of the Dusky Grouper ( Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe 1834) from the Central Mediterranean Sea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092523. [PMID: 34573492 PMCID: PMC8469454 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate parasite fauna of E. marginatus from the central Mediterranean Sea between Messina and Syracuse. In the present survey; parasite fauna of dusky grouper was investigated for two main reasons: the economic value of this species and the current lack of studies regarding the capture area. Seventy dusky groupers were caught from May 2018 to February 2020. Forty-seven out of the 70 specimens (67.2%) were infected with one or more parasite species. The most abundant species was Prosorhynchus caudovatus (42.9%), followed by Podocotyle temensis (28.6%), Didymodiclinus sp. (18.6%), Philometra jordanoi (5.7%), Anisakis Type II larvae (5.7%). Higher prevalence of infection of P. jordanoi and Contracaecum sp. was found in warm months (March to September), while P. caudovatus and P. temensis were mostly found during cold months. Weight and total length of E. marginatus were positively correlated with the parasitic load of P. jordanoi and Didymodiclinus sp. The different prevalence of parasite infection found between warm and cold months is probably related to the diet of the dusky grouper; which is characterized by mollusks that are intermediate hosts for parasite species found. None of the parasites found in the present survey is responsible for zoonosis.
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Biology, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Selected Fish-borne Parasitic Zoonoses. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:297-309. [PMID: 34211350 PMCID: PMC8223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fish-borne parasites have been part of the global landscape of food-borne zoonotic diseases for many decades and are often endemic in certain regions of the world. The past 20 years or so have seen the expansion of the range of fish-borne parasitic zoonoses to new geographic regions leading to a substantial public health burden. In this article, we summarize current knowledge about the biology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and control of selected fish-borne helminthic diseases caused by parasitic roundworm (Anisakis), tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus), and fluke (Metagonimus). Humans acquire infection via consumption of raw or improperly cooked fish or fish products. The burden from these diseases is caused by morbidity rather than mortality. Infected patients may present with mild to severe gastrointestinal (eg, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and indigestion) or allergic manifestations. Patients are often admitted to the hospital or clinic with acute symptoms and no prior health problems and no travel history. Diagnosis is often established based on the detection of the diagnostic parasite stages (eg, eggs or tapeworm segments) in the patient's feces. Sometimes imaging is required to exclude other causes and avoid unnecessary surgery. Dibothriocephalus and Metagonimus are mainly treated with praziquantel. Extraction of adult Dibothriocephalus or Anisakis larvae from the bowel ensures complete elimination of the parasites and prevents a relapse of infection. The development and implementation of more efficient food safety and public health strategies to reduce the burden of zoonotic diseases attributable to fish-borne parasites is highly desirable.
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Rosa Leite LA, Dos Reis Pedreira Filho W, Kozlowiski de Azevedo R, Doro Abdallah V. Patterns of distribution and accumulation of trace metals in Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda), Phyllodistomum sp. (Digenea) and in its fish host Hoplias malabaricus, from two neotropical rivers in southeastern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116052. [PMID: 33213954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the potential for trace metal accumulation of two parasitic species, Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) and Phyllodistomum sp. (Digenea), found parasitizing Hoplias malabaricus, a characiform fish also known as trahira, collected from two neotropical rivers, Jacaré-Pepira and Jacaré-Guaçú, in southeastern Brazil. Fish were collected between July 2017 and July 2019, totaling 90 fish specimens analyzed, 45 from each river. From fish, we take samples of three different tissues: muscle, intestine and liver. Along with the parasite samples taken from fish hosts, tissue samples were analyzed by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) for obtaining the trace metal (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Cd e Pb) concentrations. All elements were found in statistically higher concentrations in the parasites, both nematodes and digeneans, than in the host tissues, but in comparison, was observed that Hysterothylacium sp. had higher concentrations than those obtained in Phyllodistomum sp. We also found that uninfected fish had statistically higher concentrations of metals than infected ones. And in those who are infected, the size of the parasitic infrapopulations correlated negatively with the concentrations of trace metals obtained in the hosts tissues, that is, the concentrations in fish showed a tendency to decrease as the parasitic infrapopulations increased, or vice versa. In addition, our results show that the influence of the parasitic infrapopulations on metal concentrations in the fish host is not affected in cases of mono-infection or co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Dos Reis Pedreira Filho
- Fundação Jorge Duprat de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (FUNDACENTRO), Centro Técnico Nacional (CTN), Ministério da Economia (ME), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Doro Abdallah
- Centro Universitário CESMAC, Programa de Pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Maceió, Brazil
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Rahmati AR, Kiani B, Afshari A, Moghaddas E, Williams M, Shamsi S. World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic anisakiasis: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3585-3594. [PMID: 33025215 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The infective stage of Anisakidae nematodes responsible for allergic reactions in humans is found in a variety of edible fish and cephalopods. The identification of geographical regions that are high risk for infected seafood may help prevent allergic reactions in humans. Despite an abundance of published literature which has identified anisakid larvae in an array of edible seafood as well as scattered reports of human allergic anisakiasis, the relationship between the two has not been fully explored. Therefore, a systematic spatio-temporal study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in fish from January 2000 to August 2020 firstly to explore the relationship between fish infection and cases of allergic anisakiasis and secondly to use fish infection data to map potential allergic anisakiasis 'hot spots'. A systematic literature search for original English text articles was conducted through search engines, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Out of 3228 articles which describe anisakid infection in fish, 264 were used for data extraction. Of 904 articles describing allergic anisakiasis, 37 were used for data extraction. A qualitative summary of the extracted data was performed using equal interval method (ArcMap software) in order to compare the global distribution of Anisakis-infected fish. Of the 152-identified fish hosts, five families were most commonly infected with Anisakis spp. These included Lophiidae (86.9%), Trichiuridae (77.05%), Zeidae (70.9%), Merlucciidae (67.8%) and Gadidae (56.8%). The hot spot areas for allergic anisakiasis were North and northeast of Atlantic Ocean, southwest of USA, west of Mexico, south of Chile, east of Argentina, Norway, UK and west of Iceland (confidence 99%). The highest rate of allergic anisakiasis was in Portugal and Norway with the prevalence rate of 18.45-22.50%. Allergologists should consider allergic anisakiasis as a public health issue particularly in high-risk countries where high prevalences in fish have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Raouf Rahmati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Afshari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Michelle Williams
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovations, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovations, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia.
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