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Pongpiachan S, Tipmanee D, Khumsup C, Hirunyatrakul P, Hashmi MZ, Poshyachinda S. Size-segregated analysis of PAHs in Urban air: Source apportionment and health risk assessment in an Urban canal-adjacent environment. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0320405. [PMID: 40273063 PMCID: PMC12021163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This study examines the distribution, origins, and health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across six particle size fractions obtained from an urban rooftop location in Bangkok, Thailand. We collected PM samples using a six-stage cascade impactor at a canal boat port, trapping PAHs in particle sizes ranging from ultrafine (PM0.65-1.1) to coarse (PM7.0 and beyond) over an 11-week period. We utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify twelve PAH congeners. Results indicated that PAHs primarily concentrate in fine particles (PM2.1-3.3), with traffic emissions from gasoline and gasoline cars being the principal sources, augmented by emissions from diesel canal boats and industrial activities. The health risk assessment showed that the lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) values for all particle sizes were less than 1×10-6. This means that PAH exposure in this area has a very low cancer risk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) found traffic and industrial emissions as the primary sources of PAHs, with canal boats accounting for 5% of the total. These findings highlight the necessity of specific emission control regulations and advocate for the implementation of cleaner fuel alternatives and electric propulsion in canal transit to enhance urban air quality in Bangkok.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiangmai, Thailand
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social Development and Strategic Management, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Tipmanee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket, Thailand
| | | | | | - Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Health and Management, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiangmai, Thailand
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2
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Wang SN, Shi YC, Lin S, He HF. Particulate matter 2.5 accelerates aging: Exploring cellular senescence and age-related diseases. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116920. [PMID: 39208581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) accelerates aging, causing declines in tissue and organ function, and leading to diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal disorders. PM2.5 is a major environmental pollutant and an exogenous pathogen in air pollution that is now recognized as an accelerator of human aging and a predisposing factor for several age-related diseases. In this paper, we seek to elucidate the mechanisms by which PM2.5 induces cellular senescence, such as genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Our goal is to increase awareness among researchers within the field of the toxicity of environmental pollutants and to advocate for personal and public health initiatives to curb their production and enhance population protection. Through these endeavors, we aim to promote longevity and health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China; Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China; Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia.
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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3
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Pongpiachan S, Wang Q, Apiratikul R, Tipmanee D, Li L, Xing L, Mao X, Li G, Han Y, Cao J, Surapipith V, Aekakkararungroj A, Poshyachinda S. Combined use of principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network to assess the impact of meteorological parameters on fluctuation of selected PM2.5-bound elements. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287187. [PMID: 38507443 PMCID: PMC10954151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on the data of the State of Global Air (2020), air quality deterioration in Thailand has caused ~32,000 premature deaths, while the World Health Organization evaluated that air pollutants can decrease the life expectancy in the country by two years. PM2.5 was collected at three air quality observatory sites in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok, and Phuket, Thailand, from July 2020 to June 2021. The concentrations of 25 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Sr, Ba, and Pb) were quantitatively characterised using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Potential adverse health impacts of some element exposures from inhaling PM2.5 were estimated by employing the hazard quotient and excess lifetime cancer risk. Higher cancer risks were detected in PM2.5 samples collected at the sampling site in Bangkok, indicating that vehicle exhaust adversely impacts human health. Principal component analysis suggests that traffic emissions, crustal inputs coupled with maritime aerosols, and construction dust were the three main potential sources of PM2.5. Artificial neural networks underlined agricultural waste burning and relative humidity as two major factors controlling the air quality of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | | | - Danai Tipmanee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket, Thailand
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Li Xing
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingli Mao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Vanisa Surapipith
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiangmai, Thailand
| | | | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), Chiangmai, Thailand
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4
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Han X, Li W, Zhao Y, Zhuang Y, Jia Q, Guan H, Liu J, Wu C. Organophosphate Esters in Building Materials from China: Levels, Sources, Emissions, and Preliminary Assessment of Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2434-2445. [PMID: 38265760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Source characteristics and health risks of indoor organophosphate esters (OPEs) are limited by the lack of knowledge on emission processes. This study attempted to integrate the contents and emissions of OPEs from indoor building materials to assess human health effects. Thirteen OPEs were investigated in 80 pieces of six categories of building materials. OPEs are ubiquitous in the building materials and ∑13OPE contents varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 72.8 ng/g (seam agent) to 109,900 ng/g (wallpaper). Emission characteristics of OPEs from the building materials were examined based on a microchamber method. Depending on the sample category, the observed initial area-specific emission rates of ∑13OPEs varied from 154 ng/m2/h (carpet) to 2760 ng/m2/h (wooden floorboard). Moreover, the emission rate model was developed to predict the release levels of individual OPEs, quantify source contributions, and assess associated exposure risks. Source apportionments of indoor OPEs exhibited heterogeneities in multiple environmental media. The joint OPE contribution of wallpaper and wooden floorboard to indoor dust was up to 94.8%, while latex paint and wooden floorboard were the main OPE contributors to indoor air (54.2%) and surface (76.1%), respectively. Risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risks of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (3.35 × 10-7) were close to the acceptable level (1 × 10-6) and deserved special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Jia
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Hongyan Guan
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Li B, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Chai E. Research progress of different components of PM 2.5 and ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15965. [PMID: 37749193 PMCID: PMC10519985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is a nonhomogeneous mixture of complex components produced from multiple sources, and different components of this mixture have different chemical and biological toxicities, which results in the fact that the toxicity and hazards of PM2.5 may vary even for the same mass of PM2.5. Previous studies on PM2.5 and ischemic stroke have reached different or even opposing conclusions, and considering the heterogeneity of PM2.5 has led researchers to focus on the health effects of specific PM2.5 components. However, due to the complexity of PM2.5 constituents, assessing the association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and ischemic stroke presents significant challenges. Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes studies related to PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke, aiming to understand the composition of PM2.5 and identify its harmful components, elucidate their relationship with ischemic stroke, and thus provide some insights and considerations for studying the biological mechanisms by which they affect ischemic stroke and for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke associated with different components of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- First Clinical Medicine College, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Erqing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Chen MH, Jia SM, Yang PF, Zhu FJ, Ma WL. Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soil Across China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:129-139. [PMID: 37578493 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risks from exposure to contaminants are generally estimated by evaluating concentrations of the contaminants in environmental matrixes. However, accurate health risk assessment is difficult because of uncertainties regarding exposures. This study aims to utilize data on the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in surface soil across China coupled with Monte Carlo simulations to compensate for uncertainties in exposure to evaluate the health risks associated with contamination of soil with this class of flame retardants. Results revealed that concentrations of ∑OPFRs were 0.793-406 ng/g dry weight (dw) with an average of 23.2 ng/g dw. In terms of spatial distribution, higher OPFRs concentrations were found in economically developed regions. Although the values of health risk of OPFRs in soil across China were below the threshold, the high concentrations of OPFRs in soil in some regions should attract more attentions in future. Sensitivity analysis revealed that concentrations of OPFRs in soil, skin adherence factor, and exposure duration were the most sensitive parameters in health risk assessment. In summary, the study indicated that the national scale soil measurement could provide unique information on OPFRs exposure and health risk assessment, which was useful for the management of soil in China and for better understanding of the environmental fate of OPFRs in the global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shi-Ming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Aquilina NJ, Harrison RM. Evaluation of the cancer risk from PAHs by inhalation: Are current methods fit for purpose? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:107991. [PMID: 37321069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is ample evidence from occupational studies that exposure to a mixture of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is causally associated with an increased incidence of lung cancers. In both occupational atmospheres and ambient air, PAHs are present as a mixture of many compounds, but the composition of the mixture in ambient air differs from that in the occupational atmosphere, and varies in time and space in ambient air. Estimates of cancer risk for PAH mixtures are based upon unit risks which derive from extrapolation of occupational exposure data or animal model data, and in the case of the WHO use one compound, benzo[a]pyrene as a marker for the entire mixture, irrespective of composition. The U.S. EPA has used an animal exposure study to derive a unit risk for inhalation exposure to benzo[a]pyrene alone, and there have been a number of rankings of relative carcinogenic potency for other PAHs which many studies have used to calculate a cancer risk from the PAHs mixture, frequently incorrectly by adding the estimated relative risks of individual compounds, and applying the total "B[a]P equivalent" to the WHO unit risk, which already applies to the entire mixture. Such studies are often based upon data solely for the historic US EPA group of 16 compounds which do not include many of the apparently more potent carcinogens. There are no data for human cancer risk of individual PAHs, and conflicting evidence of additivity of PAH carcinogenicity in mixtures. This paper finds large divergences between risk estimates deriving from the WHO and U.S. EPA methods, as well as considerable sensitivity to the mixture composition, and assumed PAH relative potencies. Of the two methods, the WHO approach appears more likely to provide reliable risk estimates, but recently proposed mixture-based approaches using in vitro toxicity data may offer some advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Prapamontol T, Norbäck D, Thongjan N, Suwannarin N, Somsunun K, Ponsawansong P, Radarit K, Kawichai S, Naksen W. Respiratory infections among junior high school students in upper northern Thailand: The role of building dampness and mould, biomass burning and outdoor relative air humidity (RH). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116065. [PMID: 37149023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies exist on environmental risk factors for respiratory infections in Thai school children. AIM To study associations between home and outdoor environment and respiratory infections among school children in Northern Thailand in dry and wet season. METHODS A repeated questionnaire survey among the children (N = 1159). Data on ambient temperature and relative air humidity (RH) and PM10 and ozone was collected from nearby monitoring stations. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS 14.1% had current respiratory infections (last 7 days), 32.1% had any respiratory infection last 3 months, and 26.1% had any respiratory infection last 12 months with antibiotic treatment. Students with diagnosed allergy (7.7%) and diagnosed asthma (4.7%) had more often respiratory infections (ORs 1.40-5.40; p < 0.05). Current respiratory infections were more common in dry (18.1%) than in wet season (10.4%) (p < 0.001) and was associated with indoor mould (OR 2.16; p = 0.024) and outdoor RH (OR 1.34 per 10% RH; p = 0.004.) in the total material. In wet season, mould (OR 2.32; p = 0.016), window pane condensation (OR 1.79; p = 0.050), water leakage (OR 1.82; p = 0.018), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (OR 2.34; p = 0.003) and outdoor RH (OR 2.70 per 10% RH; p = 0.01) were risk factors for current respiratory infections. In dry season, mould (OR 2.64; p = 0.004) and outdoor RH (OR 1.34 per 10% RH; p = 0.046) were associated with current respiratory infections. Irrespectively of season, biomass burning inside or outside the home was a risk factor for respiratory infections (ORs 1.32-2.34; p < 0.05). Living in a wooden house decreased the risk of respiratory infections (OR 0.56: p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Dry season, high outdoor RH, household dampness, indoor mould and ETS can increase childhood respiratory infections. Living in a traditional wooden house can reduce respiratory infections, possibly due to better natural ventilation. Smoke from biomass burning can increase childhood respiratory infections in northern Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Non-Communicable Diseases Center of Excellence, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kawinwut Somsunun
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Kesseya Radarit
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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9
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Liu W, Du W, Wang J, Zhuo S, Chen Y, Lin N, Kong G, Pan B. PAHs bound to submicron particles in rural Chinese homes burning solid fuels. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114274. [PMID: 36356530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoor solid fuel combustion poses a high health risk, and PAHs bound to particles with smaller sizes (e.g., PM1.0, aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 µm) should be of particular concern since they can penetrate deep into pulmonary alveoli. However, PAHs bound to PM1.0 was less studied compared with PAHs in total suspended particles or PM2.5. In this study, multiple provincial field measurements were conducted to investigate 28 PAHs bound to PM1.0 in rural Chinese homes. Daily averaged PM1.0-PAH28 concentrations ranged from 27 ng/m3 to 3795 ng/m3 (median: 233 ng/m3) and from 10 ng/m3 to 2978 ng/m3 (median: 87 ng/m3) in indoor and outdoor air, respectively. Higher concentrations were found in northern China in winter due to increased solid fuels consumption for space heating. The ambient pollution was lower during the non-heating season in Eastern China, where clean energy was preferred. Highly toxic congeners were more abundant in indoor air compared with outdoor air. The results of source apportionment revealed that solid fuel combustion was the primary contributor to rural household PM1.0-PAHs, but other sources such as vehicles cannot be overlooked. The transition to cleaner energy can reduce the indoor PM1.0-PAH28 and BaPeq-28 concentrations by 87% and 98%, respectively, and more efficient reduction was observed for highly toxic congeners. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) based on PM1.0-PAH28 ranged from 4.6 × 10-5 to 3.4 × 10-2, far exceeding the acceptable level of 10-6. Over 60% of the ILCR could be attributed to inhalation exposure during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, PR China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Guorui Kong
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
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10
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Phung VLH, Uttajug A, Ueda K, Yulianti N, Latif MT, Naito D. A scoping review on the health effects of smoke haze from vegetation and peatland fires in Southeast Asia: Issues with study approaches and interpretation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274433. [PMID: 36107927 PMCID: PMC9477317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoke haze due to vegetation and peatland fires in Southeast Asia is a serious public health concern. Several approaches have been applied in previous studies; however, the concepts and interpretations of these approaches are poorly understood. In this scoping review, we addressed issues related to the application of epidemiology (EPI), health burden estimation (HBE), and health risk assessment (HRA) approaches, and discussed the interpretation of findings, and current research gaps. Most studies reported an air quality index exceeding the 'unhealthy' level, especially during smoke haze periods. Although smoke haze is a regional issue in Southeast Asia, studies on its related health effects have only been reported from several countries in the region. Each approach revealed increased health effects in a distinct manner: EPI studies reported excess mortality and morbidity during smoke haze compared to non-smoke haze periods; HBE studies estimated approximately 100,000 deaths attributable to smoke haze in the entire Southeast Asia considering all-cause mortality and all age groups, which ranged from 1,064-260,000 for specified mortality cause, age group, study area, and study period; HRA studies quantified potential lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks due to exposure to smoke-related chemicals. Currently, there is a lack of interconnection between these three approaches. The EPI approach requires extensive effort to investigate lifetime health effects, whereas the HRA approach needs to clarify the assumptions in exposure assessments to estimate lifetime health risks. The HBE approach allows the presentation of health impact in different scenarios, however, the risk functions used are derived from EPI studies from other regions. Two recent studies applied a combination of the EPI and HBE approaches to address uncertainty issues due to the selection of risk functions. In conclusion, all approaches revealed potential health risks due to smoke haze. Nonetheless, future studies should consider comparable exposure assessments to allow the integration of the three approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ling Hui Phung
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Attica Uttajug
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nina Yulianti
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia
- Graduate Program of Environmental Science, Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daisuke Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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11
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Thomas AS, Escobedo FJ, Sloggy MR, Sánchez JJ. A burning issue: Reviewing the socio-demographic and environmental justice aspects of the wildfire literature. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271019. [PMID: 35900980 PMCID: PMC9333234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger and more severe wildfires are becoming more frequent and impacting different communities and human settlements. Much of the scientific literature and media on wildfires has focused on area of ecosystems burned and numbers of structures destroyed. Equally unprecedented, but often less reported, are the increasing socioeconomic impacts different people and communities face from wildfires. Such information seems to indicate an emerging need to account for wildfire effects on peri-urban or wildland urban interface (WUI) areas, newer socio-demographic groups, and disadvantaged communities. To address this, we reviewed the socio-demographic dimensions of the wildfire literature using an environmental justice (EJ) lens. Specifically using a literature review of wildfires, human communities, social vulnerability, and homeowner mitigation, we conducted bibliometric and statistical analyses of 299 publications. The majority of publications were from the United States, followed by Canada and Australia, and most dealt with homeowner mitigation of risk, defensible space, and fuel treatments in WUI areas. Most publications studied the direct effects of wildfire related damage. Secondary impacts such as smoke, rural and urban communities, and the role of poverty and language were less studied. Based on a proposed wildfire-relevant EJ definition, the first EJ publication was in 2004, but the term was first used as a keyword in 2018. Studies in WUI communities statistically decreased the likelihood that a publication was EJ relevant. There was a significant relationship between EJ designation and inclusion of race/ethnicity and poverty variables in the study. Complexity across the various definitions of EJ suggest that it should not be used as a quantitative or binary metric; but as a lens to better understand socio-ecological impacts to diverse communities. We present a wildfire-relevant definition to potentially guide policy formulation and account for social and environmental justice issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S. Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco J. Escobedo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew R. Sloggy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - José J. Sánchez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, California, United States of America
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12
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Pongpiachan S. Discrimination of the geographical origins of rice based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1619-1632. [PMID: 34287730 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, several techniques have been applied to identify the geographical origins of rice products. In this study, the chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was carefully conducted by analysing PAHs in rice samples collected from private sector planting areas located in Bali and Yogyakarta, Indonesia (i.e. ID; n = 20), west sides of Malaysia (i.e. MY; n = 20), Mandalay, Legend, Myingyan, Myanmar (i.e. MM; n = 20), northern parts of Lao PDR (i.e. LA; n = 20), central parts of Cambodia (i.e. KH; n = 20), northern parts of Vietnam (i.e. VN; n = 20), and Thailand (i.e. TH; n = 22). Percentage contributions show the exceedingly high abundance of 5-6 ring PAH congeners in rice samples collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lao PDR rice samples were overwhelmed by 4-ring PAH congeners with the percentage contribution of 46% followed by 5-6 ring PAHs (33%) and 3-ring PAHs (21%). In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis can successfully categorize some rice samples based on its geographical origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 148 Moo 3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, 10240, Bangkok, Thailand.
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13
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Jenwitheesuk K, Peansukwech U, Jenwitheesuk K. Predictive MERRA-2 aerosol diagnostic model for oral, oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer caused by air pollution in Thai population. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:970-976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Prapamontol T, Norbäck D, Thongjan N, Suwannarin N, Somsunun K, Ponsawansong P, Radarit K, Kawichai S, Naksen W. Asthma and rhinitis in wet and dry season among students in upper Northern Thailand: the role of building dampness and household air pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35253533 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2047902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated associations between domestic exposure and respiratory health in students inNorthern Thailand in wet and dry season (1159 participants), calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by multilevel logistic regression. Totally 6.0% had wheeze, 23.0% dyspnoea, 4.0% current asthma, 54.6% rhinitis and 31.5% rhinoconjunctivitis. Girls had less wheeze (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.43-1.00) and current asthma (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.19-0.54). Water leakage was associated with wheeze (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.09-5.06), dyspnea (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.24-3.23) and rhinoconjunctivitis (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.11-2.38). Mould was associated with rhinitis (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.06-3.38). Window pane condensation was associated with wheeze (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.13-5.98) and rhinoconjunctivitis (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.08-2.67). Biomass burning was associated with wheeze, dyspnoea, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis. In conclusion, household dampness and pollution from domestic biomass burning can increase asthma symptoms and rhinitis symptoms in students in northern Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kawinwut Somsunun
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Kesseya Radarit
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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15
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Shi D, Lv M, Tong H, Liu J, Cai H, Luo D, Ma C, Xu X, Wang B. Effect of magnetite on the catalytic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ash from MSW incineration: A comparative study of one-step and two-step hydrothermal processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114238. [PMID: 34891010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, exist in fly ash (FA) produced from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an efficient approach to remove PAHs from MSWI FA. Here, magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant for one-step and two-step catalytic hydrothermal methods. When the magnetite dosage increased to 15 wt%, the maximum degradation rates of PAHs were 84.36% and 92.51%, respectively; however, the toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) degradation rates of the PAHs both increased upon increasing the magnetite dose. At 20 wt% Fe3O4, the maximum TEQ degradation rates of the PAHs were 93.29% and 97.76%, respectively. The reaction between OH and PAHs is non-selective, which means that LMW, MMW, and HMW PAHs were all degraded. The decrease in TEQ was mainly due to the degradation of HMW PAHs, i.e., those with five rings. Under the same Fe3O4 dose, oxidant dose, and reaction time, the detoxification of PAHs by the two-step method was significantly better than that of the one-step method, possibly because the two-step method more effectively produced OH. The first step degraded more than 90% of PAHs, and the residual PAHs in the HT products of the first step limited the utilization of the oxidant during the second step. The minerals in the HT products implied that the two-step hydrothermal method not only produced more OH, which reacted with PAHs, but also generated metal-magnetite substitution, which affected its surface reactivity during heavy metal adsorption and catalysis. These results revealed that both magnetite and the two-step hydrothermal treatment degraded PAHs. 20 wt% magnetite was the optimal amount during the two-step hydrothermal catalytic oxidation of MSWI FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Haihang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Huayi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Cailing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215001, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
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Investigation of Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rural Northeast China: Pollution Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Health Assessment. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the low winter temperatures in rural areas of Northeast China, biomass fuels are widely used for heating and cooking, resulting in increased concentrations of PAHs in rural indoor areas during the heating period and threatening human health. Therefore, exploring the pollution characteristics, source localization, and risk assessment of indoor PAHs in rural Northeast China is of great significance for improving rural indoor air quality. In this study, PAHs were collected from a residential building in rural Northeast China for one consecutive year (January 2020–December 2020), and their concentrations were determined to explore the distribution patterns and sources of PAHs to further assess the carcinogenic risk of PAHs to humans. The results of the study showed that the average concentration of indoor PAHs in rural areas during the heating period (93.02 ng/m3) was about 1.81 times higher than that of the non-heating period (51.26 ng/m3). The main sources of PAHs were mixed combustion of biomass and coal, motor vehicle emissions, and domestic waste combustion. The level of indoor PAHs pollution has posed a carcinogenic risk to the health of the rural population in the Northeast.
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Prapamontol T, Norbäck D, Thongjan N, Suwannarin N, Somsunun K, Ponsawansong P, Khuanpan T, Kawichai S, Naksen W. Associations between indoor environment in residential buildings in wet and dry seasons and health of students in upper northern Thailand. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2252-2265. [PMID: 34121228 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We performed a repeated questionnaire study on home environment and health (six medical symptoms) in 1159 junior high school students (age 12.8 ± 0.7 years) in upper northern Thailand in wet and dry seasons. Data on outdoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and air pollution were collected from nearest monitoring station. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by multi-level logistic regression. Most common symptoms were rhinitis (62.5%), headache (49.8%), throat (42.8%), and ocular symptoms (42.5%). Ocular symptoms were more common at lower RH and rhinitis more common in dry season. Water leakage (28.2%), indoor mold (7.1%), mold odor (4.1%), and windowpane condensation (13.6%) were associated with all six symptoms (ORs: 1.3-3.5). Other risk factors included cat keeping, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), other odor than mold odor, gas cooking, and cooking with biomass fire. Biomass burning inside and outside the home for other reasons than cooking was associated with all six symptoms (ORs: 1.5-2.6). Associations between home environment exposure and rhinitis were stronger in wet season. In conclusion, dampness-related exposure, windowpane condensation, cat keeping, ETS, gas cooking, and biomass burning can impair adolescent health in upper northern Thailand. In subtropical areas, environmental health effects should be investigated in wet and dry seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kawinwut Somsunun
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Tosabhorn Khuanpan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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18
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Prapamontol T, Norbäck D, Thongjan N, Suwannarin N, Somsunun K, Ponsawansong P, Khuanpan T, Kawichai S, Naksen W. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in students in Northern Thailand: associations with respiratory symptoms, diagnosed allergy and the home environment. J Asthma 2021; 59:1787-1795. [PMID: 34435554 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1968424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few studies on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) among children in subtropical areas. We studied associations between FeNO and respiratory symptoms, reported diagnosed allergies and indoor and outdoor environmental factors in first grade junior high school students (N = 270) in upper northern Thailand. METHODS Data on demographics, health and home environment were collected by a questionnaire distributed in dry season (February-March 2018). FeNO was measured when the research team visited the school. Daily outdoor pollution data (PM10 and ozone) were collected from the nearest monitoring station 3 days (lag 3) and 7 days (lag 7) before the FeNO measurements. Two-level (student, school) linear mixed models were used to analyze associations, adjusting for gender and family education level. RESULTS In total, 29.6% had elevated FeNO level (>20 ppb) and 7.8% reported any allergy diagnosed by a doctor. Male gender (p = 0.02), diagnosed allergy (p = 0.001), especially to cat (p = 0.001) and house dust mite (HDM) allergies (p = 0.001) were associated with FeNO. Eye symptoms (p = 0.01), rhinitis symptoms (p = 0.03) and dyspnea (p = 0.05) in the last 3 days were associated with FeNO. Household indoor mold (p = 0.03), gas cooking (p = 0.03) and PM10 (lag 3 and lag 7) were negatively (protective) associated with FeNO. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosed allergy, especially to cat and HDM, can be associated with increased FeNO. Indoor mold and gas cooking can be associated with lower FeNO. Ocular, nasal and dyspnea symptoms reported by students in dry season in northern Thailand can be associated with FeNO, a biomarker of Th2 driven airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Neeranuch Suwannarin
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kawinwut Somsunun
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Tosabhorn Khuanpan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sawaeng Kawichai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Zhang L, Yang Z, Liu J, Zeng H, Fang B, Xu H, Wang Q. Indoor/outdoor relationships, signatures, sources, and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-enriched PM 2.5 in an emerging port of northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3067-3081. [PMID: 33501592 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans spend most of their time in indoor environments, thus a thorough understanding of indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) origins for accurate assessment of health risks is required. In the present study, 84 pairs of PM2.5 samples from indoor (laboratory) and outdoor (campus) locations were collected from April to December 2018 in Caofeidian, China. The annual median concentration of PM2.5 outdoors was 90.80 µg/m3, 9.08 times higher than the annual standard of WHO guideline (10 µg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 annual median concentration (41.80 µg/m3) was also higher than the annual standard of ASHRAE guideline (15 µg/m3). The annual median concentrations of ∑18PAHs indoors (44.23 ng/m3) and outdoors (189.6 ng/m3) were highest in winter and descended in the order of autumn > spring > summer. Contrary to summer and autumn, indoor/outdoor concentration ratios were less than 1 in spring and winter, indicating that the contribution of outdoor particle infiltration was more significant than that of indoor sources. The positive matrix factorization model suggested that indoor PAHs came from three sources: vehicle emissions (43%), biomass burning (37%), industry emissions, and coal combustion (20%). Outdoor PAHs came from four sources: petroleum volatilization (39%), vehicle emissions (30%), coal combustion (18%), and biomass burning (13%). The incremental lifetime cancer risk values of indoor and outdoor PAHs in winter exceeded the acceptable level (10-6), and the carcinogenic risk of adults was higher than that of children and teenagers. These results indicated that simultaneous monitoring of indoor and outdoor PAHs is recommended for accurate assessment of health risk, and the analysis in the current work should be helpful to formulate policies to reduce PAHs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Houjun Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Shi D, Tong H, Lv M, Zhang H, Wang H, Luo L, Ma J, Ma C, Luo D, Zhao X, Han Z. Effect of Ca–Si–Al Element Proportion on the Formation of Aluminosilicate Minerals and Detoxification of PAHs in Fly Ash from MSW Incineration during the Hydrothermal Process. ENERGY & FUELS 2021; 35:9474-9488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Haihang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hanbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Ling Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Cailing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xuhuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
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Ambient Levels, Emission Sources and Health Effect of PM2.5-Bound Carbonaceous Particles and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With increasing interest in understanding the contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to particulate air pollution in urban areas, an exploratory study was carried out to determine levels of carbonaceous aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high-volume sampler for 24 h in several areas in Kuala Lumpur during the north-easterly monsoon from January to March 2019. Samples were analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Secondary organic carbon (SOC) in PM2.5 was estimated. Particle-bound PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Average concentrations of WSOC, OC, and EC were 2.73 ± 2.17 (range of 0.63–9.12) µg/m3, 6.88 ± 4.94 (3.12–24.1) µg/m3, and 3.68 ± 1.58 (1.33–6.82) µg/m3, respectively, with estimated average SOC of 2.33 µg/m3, contributing 34% to total OC. The dominance of char-EC over soot-EC suggests that PM2.5 is influenced by biomass and coal combustion sources. The average of total PAHs was 1.74 ± 2.68 ng/m3. Source identification methods revealed natural gas and biomass burning, and urban traffic combustion as dominant sources of PAHs in Kuala Lumpur. A deterministic health risk assessment of PAHs was conducted for several age groups, including infant, toddler, children, adolescent, and adult. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of PAH species were well below the acceptable levels recommended by the USEPA. Backward trajectory analysis revealed north-east air mass brought pollutants to the studied areas, suggesting the north-easterly monsoon as a major contributor to increased air pollution in Kuala Lumpur. Further work is needed using long-term monitoring data to understand the origin of PAHs contributing to SOA formation and to apply source-risk apportionment to better elucidate the potential risk factors posed by the various sources in urban areas in Kuala Lumpur.
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Bolan N, Balasubramanian R. Biomass burning-derived airborne particulate matter in Southeast Asia: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124760. [PMID: 33341572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smoke haze episodes, resulting from uncontrolled biomass burning (BB) including forest and peat fires, continue to occur in Southeast Asia (SEA), affecting air quality, atmospheric visibility, climate, ecosystems, hydrologic cycle and human health. The pollutant of major concern in smoke haze is airborne particulate matter (PM). A number of fundamental laboratory, field and modeling studies have been conducted in SEA from 2010 to 2020 to investigate potential environmental and health impacts of BB-induced PM. The goal of this review is to bring together the most recent developments in our understanding of various aspects of BB-derived PM based on 127 research articles published from 2010 to 2020, which have not been conveyed in previous reviews. Specifically, this paper discusses the physical, chemical, toxicological and radiative properties of BB-derived PM. It also provides insights into the environmental and health impacts of BB-derived PM, summarizes the approaches taken to do the source apportionment of PM during BB events and discusses the mitigation of exposure to BB-derived PM. Suggestions for future research priorities are outlined. Policies needed to prevent future BB events in the SEA region are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Kongpran J, Kliengchuay W, Niampradit S, Sahanavin N, Siriratruengsuk W, Tantrakarnapa K. The Health Risks of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Upper North Thailand. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000352. [PMID: 33855249 PMCID: PMC8025847 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Every year, Northern Thailand faces haze pollution during the haze episode. The particulate matter (PM), including fine fraction (PM2.5), a coarse fraction (PM2.5-10), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was measured in six provinces in upper north Thailand during the haze and non-haze episodes in 2018. Eighty-three percent of the PM2.5 measurements (21.8-194.0 µg/m3) during the haze episode exceeded the national ambient air quality standard in Thailand. All 16 PAHs were detected in the study area in both periods. The average concentration of total PAHs (particle-bound and gas-phase) during the haze episode was 134.7 ± 80.4 ng/m3, which was about 26 times higher than those in the non-haze (5.1 ± 9.7 µg/m3). Naphthalene and acenaphthene were the dominant PAHs in the gas phase; whereas, indeno[123-cd] pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and Benzo[ghi]Perylene were dominant in the particle-bound phase. The estimated inhalation excess cancer risk from PAHs exposure was 9.3 × 10-4 and 2.5 × 10-5 in the haze episode and non-haze, respectively. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs were derived from mixed sources of vehicle emission and solid combustion in the haze episode and vehicle emission in the non-haze period. High pollution levels of PM and large cancer risk attributable to the exposure of PAHs in the haze episode suggest urgent countermeasures to reduce the source emission, especially from the solid combustion in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jira Kongpran
- School of Public HealthWalailak UniversityNakhon Sri ThammaratThailand
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24
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Pongpiachan S, Wiriwutikorn T, Sbrilli A, Gobbi M, Hashmi MZ, Centeno C. Influence of Fuel Type on Emission Profiles of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Industrial Boilers. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1603167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkapi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teeraporn Wiriwutikorn
- Hazardous Substance Division, Waste and Hazardous Substance Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department (PCD), Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andrea Sbrilli
- International consultants for UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Officer, Stockholm Convention Unit, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massimo Gobbi
- International consultants for UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Officer, Stockholm Convention Unit, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carmela Centeno
- International consultants for UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) Officer, Stockholm Convention Unit, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Sansom GT, Kirsch KR, Casillas GA, Camargo K, Wade TL, Knap AH, Baker ES, Horney JA. Spatial Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contaminants after Hurricane Harvey in a Houston Neighborhood. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210308. [PMID: 33815906 PMCID: PMC8009646 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the Texas Gulf Coast as a Category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, producing unprecedented precipitation that devastated coastal areas. Catastrophic flooding in the City of Houston inundated industrial and residential properties resulting in the displacement and transfer of soil, sediment, and debris and heightening existing environmental justice (EJ) concerns. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the presence, distribution, and potential human health implications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a residential neighborhood of Houston, Texas following a major hurricane. METHODS Concentrations of PAHs in 40 soil samples collected from a residential neighborhood in Houston, Texas were measured. Spatial interpolation was applied to determine the distribution of PAHs. Potential human health risks were evaluated by calculating toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) and incremental excess lifetime cancer risk (IELCR). RESULTS Total priority PAH concentrations varied across samples (range: 9.7 × 101 ng/g-1.6 × 104 ng/g; mean: 3.0 × 103 ng/g ± 3.6 × 103 standard deviation). Spatial analysis indicated a variable distribution of PAH constituents and concentrations. The IELCR analysis indicated that nine of the 40 samples were above minimum standards. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the need for fine scale soil testing in residential areas as well as the importance of site-specific risk assessment. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett T. Sansom
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katie R. Kirsch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gaston A. Casillas
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Krisa Camargo
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Terry L. Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony H. Knap
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Othman M, Latif MT, Jamhari AA, Abd Hamid HH, Uning R, Khan MF, Mohd Nadzir MS, Sahani M, Abdul Wahab MI, Chan KM. Spatial distribution of fine and coarse particulate matter during a southwest monsoon in Peninsular Malaysia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127767. [PMID: 32763576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 collected in four regions (North, Central, South and East Coast) of Peninsular Malaysia during the southwest monsoon. Concurrent measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 were performed using a high volume sampler (HVS) for 24 h (August to September 2018) collecting a total of 104 samples. All samples were then analysed for water soluble inorganic ions (WSII) using ion chromatography, trace metals using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results showed that the highest average PM2.5 concentration during the sampling campaign was in the North region (33.2 ± 5.3 μg m-3) while for PM10 the highest was in the Central region (38.6 ± 7.70 μg m-3). WSII recorded contributions of 22% for PM2.5 and 20% for PM10 mass, with SO42- the most abundant species with average concentrations of 1.83 ± 0.42 μg m-3 (PM2.5) and 2.19 ± 0.27 μg m-3 (PM10). Using a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, soil fertilizer (23%) was identified as the major source of PM2.5 while industrial activity (25%) was identified as the major source of PM10. Overall, the studied metals had hazard quotients (HQ) value of <1 indicating a very low risk of non-carcinogenic elements while the highest excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was recorded for Cr VI in the South region with values of 8.4E-06 (PM2.5) and 6.6E-05 (PM10). The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) calculated from the PAH concentrations was within the acceptable range for all regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad Jamhari
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram Abdul Wahab
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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27
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Ji J, Luo Z, Chen Y, Xu X, Li X, Liu S, Tong S. Characteristics and trends of childhood cancer in Pudong, China, 2002-2015. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1430. [PMID: 32958056 PMCID: PMC7507240 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the growing threat of cancer to children’s health, it is necessary to analyze characteristics and trends of childhood cancer to formulate better cancer prevention strategies. Methods Data on the 430 children with cancer during 2002–2015 were collected from the Pudong Cancer Registry, diagnosed with the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology and categorized according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The incidence rate, trends over time, and survival of patients grouped by sex, age, and region were explored using the Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and Joinpoint Regression models. Results The crude childhood cancer incidence and world age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) were 115.1/1,000,000 and 116.3/1,000,000 person-years. The two most frequent cancers were leukemia (136/430, 31.63%, ASR, 37.8/1,000,000 person-years) and central nervous system (CNS) tumors (86/430, 20.00%, ASR, 22.9/1,000,000 person-years). Our findings indicate that the survival rate for children between 10 and 15 years of age was higher than that for 5–10; and the survival rate for children who had leukemia was higher than that of children with CNS tumors. However, the overall incidence of childhood cancer, and leukemia, CNS tumors remained relatively stable in Pudong between 2002 and 2015. Conclusions The incidence and survival rate for childhood cancer patients varied by age and cancer type. The overall trends of childhood cancer incidence remained relatively stable in Pudong from 2002 to 2015 even though socioeconomic development has been unprecedentedly fast in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Ji
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Chen
- Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaopan Li
- Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shilu Tong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.,School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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Qi Z, Zhang Y, Chen ZF, Yang C, Song Y, Liao X, Li W, Tsang SY, Liu G, Cai Z. Chemical identity and cardiovascular toxicity of hydrophobic organic components in PM 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110827. [PMID: 32535366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 may result in pathogenesis of several major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which can be attributed to the combined adverse effects induced by the complicated components of PM2.5. Organic materials, which are major components of PM2.5, contain thousands of chemicals, and most of them are environmental hazards. However, the contamination profile and contribution to overall toxicity of PM2.5-bound organic components (OCs) have not been thoroughly evaluated yet. Herein, we aim to provide an overview of the literature on PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, with an emphasis on the chemical identity and reported impairments on the cardiovascular system, including the potential exposure routes and mechanisms. We first provide an update on the worldwide mass concentration and composition data of PM2.5, and then, review the contamination profile of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs, including constitution, concentration, distribution, formation, source, and identification. In particular, the link between exposure to PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs and CVDs and its possible underlying mechanisms are discussed to evaluate the possible risks of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic OCs on the cardiovascular system and to provide suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Morakinyo OM, Mukhola MS, Mokgobu MI. Concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban-industrial area in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2163-2178. [PMID: 31848784 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the health effects of exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) led the South African Government to establish the national standard for PM2.5 in the year 2012. However, there is currently no exposure limit for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PM2.5-bound PAHs. The understanding of the concentration levels and potential health risks of exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs is important in ensuring a suitable risk assessment and risk management plans. This study, therefore, determined the concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic health risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs. A hundred and forty-four PM2.5 samples were collected over 4 months during the winter and summer seasons of 2016 in an industrial area. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their carcinogenic and mutagenic risks were determined using the Human Health Risk Assessment model. The mean winter (38.20 ± 8.4 μg/m3) and summer (22.3 ± 4.1 μg/m3) concentrations of PM2.5 levels were lower than the stipulated 40 μg/m3 daily limit. The daily inhalation and ingestion exposure to PAHs for all age groups were higher than the daily exposure through the dermal contact. Children and adults are more likely to inhale and ingest PAHs in PM2.5 than infants. The excess cancer risk and excess mutagenic risk values were below the priority risk level (10-4). There is a potential risk of 1-8 per million persons developing cancer from exposure to benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene over a lifetime of 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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30
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ChooChuay C, Pongpiachan S, Tipmanee D, Deelaman W, Iadtem N, Suttinun O, Wang Q, Xing L, Li G, Han Y, Hashmi MZ, Palakun J, Poshyachinda S, Aukkaravittayapun S, Surapipith V, Cao J. Effects of Agricultural Waste Burning on PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Carbonaceous Compositions, and Water-Soluble Ionic Species in the Ambient Air of Chiang-Mai, Thailand. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1750436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chomsri ChooChuay
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University Hat-Yai Campus, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkapi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Tipmanee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University Phuket, Phuket, Thailand
| | - Woranuch Deelaman
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University Hat-Yai Campus, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Natthapong Iadtem
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University Hat-Yai Campus, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University Hat-Yai Campus, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Li Xing
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | - Yongming Han
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
| | | | - Jittree Palakun
- Faculty of Education, Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage (VRU), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Saran Poshyachinda
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization, Chiang-Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Vanisa Surapipith
- National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization, Chiang-Mai, Thailand
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG and Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi’an, China
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31
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Jenwitheesuk K, Peansukwech U, Jenwitheesuk K. Construction of polluted aerosol in accumulation that affects the incidence of lung cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03337. [PMID: 32072045 PMCID: PMC7016011 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This model demonstrated the correlation between lung cancer incidences and the parts of ambient air pollution according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s high resolution technology satellites. Methods Chemical type of aerosols was investigated by the Aerosol Diagnostics Model such as black carbon, mineral dust, organic carbon, sea-salt and SO4. The model investigated associations between the six year accumulation of each aerosol and lung cancer incidence by Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal model. Which also represented integrated geophysical parameters. Results In analyses of accumulated chemical aerosol component from 2010 – 2016, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of patients in 2017 were estimated. We observed a significant increasing risk for organic carbon exposure (IRR 1.021, 95%CI 1.020–1.022), SO4, (IRR 1.026, 95% CI 1.025–1.028) and dust, (IRR 1.061, 95% CI 1.058–1.064). There was also suggestion of an increased risk with, every 1 ug/m3 increase in organic carbon compound is associated with 21% increased risk of lung cancer, whereas a 26% excess risk of cancer per 1 ug/m3 increase in mean SO4 and 61% increased risk of lung cancer for dust levels. The other variables were the negative IRR which did not increase the risk of the exposed group. Conclusion With our results, this process can determine that organic carbon, SO4 and dust was significantly associated with the elevated risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriangsak Jenwitheesuk
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Udomlack Peansukwech
- Research Manager & Consultant of Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Jenwitheesuk
- Plastic & Reconstructive Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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32
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Zhang L, Xu H, Fang B, Wang H, Yang Z, Yang W, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang M. Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Enriched PM 2.5 in Tangshan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:458-467. [PMID: 31622510 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tangshan city in Hebei Province is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China, with substantial industrial emissions. The development of effective air pollution emission reduction policies requires knowledge of the sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-enriched fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ). We investigated the seasonal variation and source apportionment of 16 priority PAH-enriched PM2.5 samples in Tangshan during 2014 and 2015, and we assessed the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs. The PM2.5 samples were collected from April 2014 to February 2015. We analyzed the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAH-enriched PM2.5 , and used principal component analysis and molecular diagnostic ratios to identify potential sources. We explored the relationship between distribution and meteorological conditions, and used an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model to quantitatively evaluate exposure from the inhalation risk of PAHs. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 196 µg/m3 , with a range 34.0 to 586 µg/m3 . The median ∑16 PAH values in PM2.5 were 190 ng/m3 , with a range of 60.2 to 862 ng/m3 over the sampling period. The order of ∑16 PAHs concentration was winter > autumn > summer > spring. The results show that the primary sources of PAH-enriched PM2.5 are coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning. The annual mean of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 8.37 ng/m3 , more than 8-fold greater than the BaP annual standard (1 ng/m3 ) set by the Chinese State Environmental Protection Agency. The ILCR values for 3 groups (children, teenagers, and adults) over the 4 seasons were between 10-6 and 10-4 , indicating a potential health risk from PAHs in Tangshan. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:458-467. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Houjun Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yulan Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xuesheng Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Fang B, Zhang L, Zeng H, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang M. PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources and Health Risk during Non-Heating and Heating Periods (Tangshan, China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020483. [PMID: 31940862 PMCID: PMC7014208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may lead to adverse health risks. To understand the potential sources and carcinogenic risks of PAHs in Tangshan, 40 PM2.5 samples were collected for analysis of eighteen PM2.5-bound PAHs during non-heating period and heating period. The results display a significant variation. The median concentration of ∑18PAHs during the heating period (282 ng/m3) was higher than during the non-heating period (185 ng/m3). Especially, the median concentration of Benzopyrene (BaP) during the heating period (61.6 ng/m3) was 16.9-fold that during the non-heating period (3.64 ng/m3). It exceeded BaP annual average limit of China (1 ng/m3). Diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) both indicated that vehicle emissions and coal and biomass combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs pollution in Tangshan. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of three age groups (children, teenagers, and adults) ranged from 2.56 × 10−6 to 5.26 × 10−5 during the entire sampling periods. The 95% risk values of adults exceeded 10−4 during the heating periods, indicating a potential health risk from PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
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Hu Z, Li J, Li B, Zhang Z. Annual changes in concentrations and health risks of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in ambient air based on the Global Monitoring Plan in São Paulo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113310. [PMID: 31600699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air contains a number of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), to which inhalation exposure has drawn worldwide concern. However, information regarding annual changes in the concentrations and health risks of POPs in the ambient air of São Paulo, Brazil, are limited. This study provides comprehensive information on annual changes in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and 10 groups of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the ambient air of São Paulo between 2010 and 2015 based on the Global Monitoring Plan. The mass concentrations of the studied POPs (PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and OCPs) showed declining trends from 2010 to 2015 (from 2.65 × 10-2 to 1.33 × 10-2 pg m-3, from 9.89 × 10-2 to 3.12 × 10-2 pg m-3, and from 0.313 to 0.100 ng m-3, respectively), which might be due to the decrease of non-intentional emissions. The carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (Non-CR) of the studied POPs were 1.48 × 10-11 to 6.08 × 10-7 and 3.44 × 10-8 to 3.34 × 10-3, respectively, which are lower than the generally accepted threshold values (10-6/10-5 and 1 for CR and Non-CR, respectively), suggesting that the health risks posed by the studied POPs were acceptable. PCDD/Fs had the highest CR (6.08 × 10-8-4.81 × 10-7), whereas the 95th percentile CR of DL-PCBs and nine of the OCPs were lower than 10-7, suggesting that among the studied POPs, PCDD/Fs in the ambient air warrant special attention. The 95th percentile CRs of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (2.30 × 10-8), dieldrin (1.30 × 10-8), hexachlorocyclohexanes (1.05 × 10-8), heptachlor (8.97 × 10-9), hexachlorobenzene (6.47 × 10-9), chlordane (5.89 × 10-9), heptachlor epoxide (1.42 × 10-9), aldrin (1.33 × 10-9), and mirex (2.71 × 10-10) in ambient air were relatively low, suggesting that their threats to human health were negligible. In general, PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and OCPs in the ambient air of São Paulo did not pose serious threats to human health during 2010-2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of SoochowUniversity, Suzhou, China; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of SoochowUniversity, Suzhou, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College of SoochowUniversity, Suzhou, China.
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Javed W, Iakovides M, Garaga R, Stephanou EG, Kota SH, Ying Q, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B. Source apportionment of organic pollutants in fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Doha, Qatar. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1277-1292. [PMID: 31535951 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1640803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the sources of organic pollutants associated with fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) atmospheric particulate matter in Doha, Qatar based on an eight-month sampling campaign conducted from May to December 2015. Multiple organic compound tracers including 36 PAH members, 25 n-alkane homologs, 17 hopanes, and 12 steranes were used for organic aerosols source apportionment. Source apportionment based on specific molecular markers, molecular diagnostic ratios/indices, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling showed that similar sources are responsible for both fine- and coarse-particle organic pollutants. PMF analysis showed that biogenic aerosols, fugitive dust emissions, gasoline engine emissions, diesel engine emissions, and heavy oil combustion were the five main pollution sources of organic aerosols, which agreed well with the results from the diagnostic ratios analysis. The conditional bivariate probability functions (CPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicated that both regional (i.e., mixed biogenic/secondary particles and oil refinery/shipping emissions) and local sources contributed to airborne organic aerosol concentrations observed at the site, depending on the wind speed and direction. It appears that the relatively high levels of organic pollutants were contributed by local anthropogenic sources, such as fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, and fugitive dust emissions. The high levels of local contributions indicated that there might be great opportunities for Qatar to considerably reduce emissions so that population exposures to carbonaceous aerosols and the public health risks associated with air pollution can be minimized. Implications: Multiple organic tracers and various source apportionment techniques have been used for convincing source apportionment. It was found that both long-range and local sources have a significant impact on atmospheric carbonaceous particles in the area, depending on the wind conditions. Relatively high levels of organic pollutants attributed to local anthropogenic sources indicate that there are great opportunities for Qatar to establish and implement more efficient pollution control measures and policies. Regional sources such as petroleum refineries and shipping-vessels emissions in the Gulf region should also be regulated and managed through regional cooperation to improve the air quality in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Javed
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) , 2121, Aglantzia-Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Rajyalakshmi Garaga
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Guwahati , India
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- The Cyprus Institute, Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) , 2121, Aglantzia-Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Sri Harsha Kota
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi , India
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Bing Guo
- Mechanical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
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Li J, He J, Li Y, Liu Y, Li W, Wu N, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Assessing the threats of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers) to drinking water safety based on USEPA oral reference dose (RfD) and oral cancer slope factor (SFO). WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:84-93. [PMID: 30772757 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one group of emerging pollutants, the threat of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers, OPEs) to drinking water safety is not well recognized. Now, the oral reference dose (RfD) and oral cancer slope factor (SFO) of OPEs have been updated by USPEA, therefore the threat of OPEs to drinking water safety could be assessed. In this study, occurrence, health risk and key impact factor of OPEs in drinking water of China were analyzed covering 79 cities, whose population and gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for 28.8% and 44.1% of them in China, respectively. Total concentration of 14 common OPEs in drinking water was 13.42-265.48 ng/L. The exposure level of OPEs via ingestion of drinking water was much lower than that of food ingestion but was comparable with dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption. A health assessment for OPEs via ingestion of drinking water suggested that the potential cancer risk occurred (>1.00E-6) but no obvious non-carcinogenic effects occurred (<1). Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP) contributed to about 72.4% of carcinogenic risk, which should be treated as "prior monitoring OPEs" in further studies. The occurrence and distribution of OPEs in drinking water of China have a good corresponding relationship with the Aihui-Tengchong Line, and drinking water treatment technology (DWTT) was found to be a key factor. Total OPEs, halogeno-OPEs and alkyl-OPEs in drinking water from advanced DWTT cities were much lower than those of conventional DWTT cities. Compared with conventional DWTT, advanced DWTT could reduce about 65.6% and 36.5% of carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of OPEs, respectively. Considering the annual growth of OPEs consumption in China and world, further studies regarding the environmental threat of OPEs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuna Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yunqing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Wang G, Liu Y, Tao W, Zhao X, Li X. Reflection of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in health risk assessment: A case study in sediments from the metropolitan river, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:80-88. [PMID: 30665190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a developed city in North China, Tsingtao is believed to be suffering from the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years. In this work, 8 PBDE congeners were detected in sediments from Moshui River, Tsingtao. BDE-209 and sum of 7 low brominated PBDE congeners (∑7PBDEs, excluding BDE-209) ranged from 10.2 × 10-3 to 237 × 10-3 mg kg-1 and from 1.62 × 10-3 to 23.1 × 10-3 mg kg-1 d.w., respectively. PBDE concentrations decreased in the order of midstream > downstream > upstream, attributing to the discrepancies in anthropogenic activities among these areas. Principal component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) revealed that 24.4% of PBDEs were derived from surface runoff of contaminated soils, 58.2% from direct discharge of local sources and 17.4% from atmospheric deposition. The probabilistic health risk assessment of PBDEs was performed by using Monte Carlo simulation. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks based on total PBDEs were low for children and teens, whilst severe for adults. However, based on bioaccessible PBDEs (in vitro gastrointestinal model), there was no obvious health risk for the three age groups. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first attempt to assess the health risk by using bioaccessible PBDEs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinda Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.
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Javed W, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P, Guo B. Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 particulates in Doha, Qatar. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:162-177. [PMID: 30199331 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1520754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 90 organic compounds (36 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], 25 n-alkane homologues, 17 hopanes, and 12 steranes) were concurrently quantified in atmospheric particulate matter of PM2.5 and PM10. The 24-hr PM samples were collected using Harvard Impactors at a suburban site in Doha, Qatar, from May to December 2015. The mass concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of PM2.5 and PM10 were 40 ± 15 and 145 ± 70 µg m-3, respectively, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. Coarse particles comprised 70% of PM10. Total carbonaceous contents accounted for 14% of PM2.5 and 10% of PM10 particulate mass. The major fraction (90%) of EC was associated with the PM2.5. In contrast, 70% of OC content was found in the PM2.5-10 fraction. The secondary OC accounted for 60-68% of the total OC in both PM fractions, indicating photochemical conversions of organics are much active in the area due to higher air temperatures and solar radiations. Among the studied compounds, n-alkanes were the most abundant group, followed by PAHs, hopanes, and steranes. n-Alkanes from C25 to C35 prevailed with a predominance of odd carbon numbered congeners (C27-C31). High-molecular-weight PAHs (5-6 rings) also prevailed, within their class, with benzo[b + j]fluoranthene (Bb + jF) being the dominant member. PAHs were mainly (80%) associated with the PM2.5 fraction. Local vehicular and fugitive emissions were predominant during low-speed southeasterly winds from urban areas, while remote petrogenic/biogenic emissions were particularly significant under prevailing northwesterly wind conditions. Implications: An unprecedented study in Qatar established concentration profiles of EC, OC, and 90 organic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10. Multiple tracer organic compounds for each source can be used for convincing source apportionment. Particle concentrations exceeded WHO air quality guidelines for 82-96% of the time, revealing a severe problem of atmospheric PM in Doha. Dominance of EC and PAHs in fine particles signifies contributions from combustion sources. Dependence of pollutants concentrations on wind speed and direction suggests their significant temporal and spatial variability, indicating opportunities for improving the air quality by identifying sources of airborne contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Javed
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Minas Iakovides
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- b Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry , University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece
- c The Cyprus Institute , Aglantzia , Republic of Cyprus
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- d Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bing Guo
- a Mechanical Engineering Program , Texas A&M University at Qatar , Doha , Qatar
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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Liu S, Chiang YT, Tseng CC, Ng E, Yeh GL, Fang WT. The Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Protective Behavioral Intentions against PM2.5 in Parents of Young Children from Urban and Rural Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102215. [PMID: 30309043 PMCID: PMC6210761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Smog and air pollution have fast become significant environmental problems and are attributed to rapid global industrialization and urbanization. Emissions of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) increase smog and air pollution, with strong impacts on human health. Children are particularly vulnerable. While increasing studies are being conducted on the behaviors leading to PM2.5 toxicity from the perspective of environmental toxicants, there is a lack of research on factors influencing anti-PM2.5 behavioral intentions. Thus, this study aims to narrow this gap by adapting the theory of planned behavior framework to investigate the effects of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on protective behavioral intentions against PM2.5. In total, 1277 online questionnaires were collected from parents of young children living in urban and rural areas of Beijing, and the data was analyzed using correlation, regression, and path analyses. Results revealed that there were significant differences between parents from urban and rural areas in terms of attitude (t = 4.727 > 1.96, p < 0.001), subjective norms (t = 5.529 > 1.96, p < 0.001), perceived behavioral control (t = 6.155 > 1.96, p < 0.001), and anti-PM2.5 behavioral intentions (t = 6.838 > 1.96, p < 0.001). Path analysis revealed that parents from urban and rural areas had different behavioral intention paths. For urban parents, the findings indicated that subjective norms (β = 0.73, t = 21.84 > 3.29) and perceived behavioral control (γ = 0.22, t = 6.12 > 3.29) had direct impacts on anti-PM2.5 behavioral intentions. In contrast, the attitudes (γ = 0.39, t = 3.74 > 3.29) and subjective norms (β = 0.60, t = 8.55 > 3.29) of rural parents were found to directly influence anti-PM2.5 behavioral intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Liu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Te Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
| | - Chie-Chien Tseng
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Eric Ng
- School of Management and Enterprise, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia.
| | - Gwo-Liang Yeh
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ta Fang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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Ielpo P, Taurino MR, Buccolieri R, Placentino CM, Gallone F, Ancona V, Di Sabatino S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a bakery indoor air: trends, dynamics, and dispersion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28760-28771. [PMID: 29484623 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution assessment in work environments remains challenging due to a combination of logistic reasons and availability of costly instrumentation for data acquisition and post-processing. Existing literature focuses on energy production environments, hospitals, and less so on food production spaces. Studies on indoor air quality in bakeries are scarce or even absent. Motivated by this, the present study investigates indoor air quality in a bakery located in Bari province in South Italy, using a combination of approaches including analytical chemistry analyses and computational fluid dynamics to reconstruct the air ventilation in response to air temperature gradients within the working environment. PM2.5 indoor samplings were collected every 6 h from 7 to 19 April 2013 in the proximity of two bakery ovens powered by gas and wood, respectively. For each sampling day, 4 PM2.5 samples were collected: from 3:00 to 9:00 h (first), from 9:00 to 13:30 h (second), from 14:00 to 21:00 h (third), and from 21:00 to 3:00 h (fourth). In total, 40 samples were collected. On each sample, several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined such as benzo[a]anthracene (228), benzo[b]fluoranthene (252), benzo[k]fluoranthene (252), benzo[a]pyrene (252), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (276), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (276), and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (278), the main compounds of 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) PAHs in particulate phase. The PAH mean concentrations showed higher values during the first (from 3:00 to 9:00 h) and fourth (from 21:00 to 3:00 h) sampling intervals than the other two with benzo[a]pyrene mean values exceeding the Italian law limit of 1 ng/m3. Taking into account benzo[a]pyrene mean concentration for the first interval and the first plus the second one, which are the hours with the largest working activity, we have estimated that the baker and co-workers are exposed to a cancer risk of 4.3 × 10-7 and 5.8 × 10-7, respectively (these values are lower than US-EPA recommended guideline of 10-6). Our study was complemented by numerical analyses using state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics to reconstruct at high resolution air movement from the various working places, i.e., the bakery and the selling area which were connected via a door. The numerical simulations were possible given that surface temperature using infrared thermography as well as air temperature was continuously recorded throughout the sampling acquisition. The use of this approach allowed us to estimate the transport and diffusion of benzo[a]pyrene from one area to the other thus complementing the point sampling information. Computational fluid dynamic simulation results confirm the presence of benzo[a]pyrene in the laboratory as obtained from the measurements and suggests its presence in the sales' area of the bakery with concentrations similar those found in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierina Ielpo
- Water Research Institute of National Research Council, 5 viale F. de Blasio, 70132, Bari, Italy.
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, Km 1,2 S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Riccardo Buccolieri
- Di.S.Te.B.A. University of Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Gallone
- Agro. Biolab Laboratory, Km 13,800 S. P. 240, 70018, Rutigliano, Italy
| | - Valeria Ancona
- Water Research Institute of National Research Council, 5 viale F. de Blasio, 70132, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvana Di Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, viale Berti/Pichat 6/2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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42
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Sinitkul R, Wongrathanandha C, Sirirattanapruk S, Plitponkarnpim A, Maude RJ, Marczylo EL. Children's Environmental Health in Thailand: Past, Present, and Future. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:306-329. [PMID: 30835380 PMCID: PMC6748291 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence of a link between environmental pollution and preventable diseases in developing countries, including Thailand. Economic development has generated several types of pollution that can affect population health. While these environmental health effects can be observed throughout life, pregnant women and children represent particularly vulnerable and sensitive groups. Methods: The published epidemiological literature investigating environmental chemical exposure in Thai children was reviewed, highlighting those that investigated associations between exposure and subsequent health outcomes. Results: The majority of the Thai epidemiological studies on environmental health in children were cross-sectional in design, with some demonstrating associations between exposure and outcome. The three main types of chemical exposure in Thai children were pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollution, which resulted from agricultural activities in countryside areas, industrial zones (both registered and unregistered establishments), mining, and traffic in inner cities. Major health outcomes included detrimental effects on cognitive function and cancer risk. Pesticide exposure was focused on, but not limited to, agricultural areas. The success of the Thai environmental policy to introduce lead–free petrol can be demonstrated by the decline of mean blood lead levels in children, particularly in urban areas. However, unregistered lead-related factories and smelters act as hidden sources. In addition, there is increasing concern, but little acknowledgement, about the effects of chronic arsenic exposure related to mining. Lastly, air pollution remains a problem in both dense city populations due to traffic and in rural areas due to contamination of indoor air and house dust with heavy metals, endotoxins and other allergens. Conclusions: The increasing number of published articles demonstrates an improved awareness of children’s environmental health in Thailand. Chemical hazards, including the improper use of pesticides, environmental contamination with heavy metals (lead and arsenic), and air pollution in inner cities and indoor air, continue to be growing issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchaneewan Sinitkul
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, TH
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, TH.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, US
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
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43
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Li J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Implementation of USEPA RfD and SFO for improved risk assessment of organophosphate esters (organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:21-26. [PMID: 29459132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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44
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Estimating Acute Cardiorespiratory Effects of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds. Epidemiology 2018; 28:197-206. [PMID: 27984424 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received less attention in epidemiologic studies than other commonly measured ambient pollutants. In this study, we estimated acute cardiorespiratory effects of ambient VOCs in an urban population. METHODS Daily concentrations of 89 VOCs were measured at a centrally-located ambient monitoring site in Atlanta and daily counts of emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases and asthma in the five-county Atlanta area were obtained for the 1998-2008 period. To understand the health effects of the large number of species, we grouped these VOCs a priori by chemical structure and estimated the associations between VOC groups and daily counts of emergency department visits in a time-series framework using Poisson regression. We applied three analytic approaches to estimate the VOC group effects: an indicator pollutant approach, a joint effect analysis, and a random effect meta-analysis, each with different assumptions. We performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate copollutant confounding. RESULTS Hydrocarbon groups, particularly alkenes and alkynes, were associated with emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases, while the ketone group was associated with emergency department visits for asthma. CONCLUSIONS The associations observed between emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases and alkenes and alkynes may reflect the role of traffic exhaust, while the association between asthma visits and ketones may reflect the role of secondary organic compounds. The different patterns of associations we observed for cardiovascular diseases and asthma suggest different modes of action of these pollutants or the mixtures they represent.
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45
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Pongpiachan S, Hattayanone M, Tipmanee D, Suttinun O, Khumsup C, Kittikoon I, Hirunyatrakul P. Chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 2013 Rayong oil spill-affected coastal areas of Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:992-1002. [PMID: 29122365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among Southeast Asian countries, Thailand has gradually accustomed to extremely prompt urbanization, motorization, and industrialization. Chonburi and Rayong provinces are two provinces involved in "eastern seaboard" industrial zones, which is an emerging economic region that plays a key role in Thailand's economy. The 2013 Rayong oil spill did not only cause damages to the coastal and maritime environment, but also undermine trust in the overall safety system and negatively affect the investor confidence. In this study, 69 coastal soils collected around Koh Samed Island were chemically extracted and analyzed for 15 PAHs by using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra system comprising a high-speed performance system with ASSP function. In this study, numerous diagnostic binary ratios were applied to identify potential sources of PAHs. Advanced statistical techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis coupled with principal component analysis were also conducted for further investigations of source identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Moo 3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand.
| | - M Hattayanone
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
| | - D Tipmanee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket, 83120, Thailand
| | - O Suttinun
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkla, 90112, Thailand
| | - C Khumsup
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
| | - I Kittikoon
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
| | - P Hirunyatrakul
- Bara Scientific Co., Ltd., 968 Rama 4 Silom Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
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46
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Ramakreshnan L, Aghamohammadi N, Fong CS, Bulgiba A, Zaki RA, Wong LP, Sulaiman NM. Haze and health impacts in ASEAN countries: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2096-2111. [PMID: 29209970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal haze episodes and the associated inimical health impacts have become a regular crisis among the ASEAN countries. Even though many emerging experimental and epidemiological studies have documented the plausible health effects of the predominating toxic pollutants of haze, the consistency among the reported findings by these studies is poorly understood. By addressing such gap, this review aimed to critically highlight the evidence of physical and psychological health impacts of haze from the available literature in ASEAN countries. Systematic literature survey from six electronic databases across the environmental and medical disciplines was performed, and 20 peer-reviewed studies out of 384 retrieved articles were selected. The evidence pertaining to the health impacts of haze based on field survey, laboratory tests, modelling and time-series analysis were extracted for expert judgement. In specific, no generalization can be made on the reported physical symptoms as no specific symptoms recorded in all the reviewed studies except for throat discomfort. Consistent evidence was found for the increase in respiratory morbidity, especially for asthma, whilst the children and the elderly are deemed to be the vulnerable groups of the haze-induced respiratory ailments. A consensual conclusion on the association between the cardiovascular morbidity and haze is unfeasible as the available studies are scanty and geographically limited albeit of some reported increased cases. A number of modelling and simulation studies demonstrated elevating respiratory mortality rates due to seasonal haze exposures over the years. Besides, evidence on cancer risk is inconsistent where industrial and vehicular emissions are also expected to play more notable roles than mere haze exposure. There are insufficient regional studies to examine the association between the mental health and haze. Limited toxicological studies in ASEAN countries often impede a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of haze-induced toxic pollutants on human physiology. Therefore, the lack of consistent evidence among the reported haze-induced health effects as highlighted in this review calls for more intensive longitudinal and toxicological studies with greater statistical power to disseminate more reliable and congruent findings to empower the institutional health planning among the ASEAN countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logaraj Ramakreshnan
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chng Saun Fong
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awang Bulgiba
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Ping Wong
- Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik Meriam Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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47
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Wang J, Cao J, Dong Z, Guinot B, Gao M, Huang R, Han Y, Huang Y, Ho SSH, Shen Z. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nineteen communities in Xi'an, China: The effects of suburban scattered emissions in winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1330-1343. [PMID: 28923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated at urban residential, commercial area, university, suburban region, and industry in Xi'an, during summer and winter time at 2013. Much higher levels of total PAHs were obtained in winter. Spatial distributions by kriging interpolations principle showed that relative high PAHs were detected in western Xi'an in both summer and winter, with decreasing trends in winter from the old city wall to the 2nd-3rd ring road except for the suburban region and industry. Coefficients of diversity and statistics by SPSS method demonstrated that PAHs in suburban have significant differences (t < 0.05) with those in urban residential in both seasons. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that biomass burning (31.1%) and vehicle emissions (35.9%) were main sources for PAHs in winter and summer in urban, which different with the suburban. The coal combustion was the main source for PAHs in suburban region, which accounted for 46.6% in winter and sharp decreased to 19.2% in summer. Scattered emissions from uncontrolled coal combustion represent an important source of PAHs in suburban in winter and there were about 135 persons in Xi'an will suffer from lung cancer for lifetime exposure at winter levels. Further studies are needed to specify the effluence of the scattered emission in suburban to the city and to develop a strategy for controlling those emissions and lighten possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Blown Sand Physics and Desert Environments, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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48
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Urbančok D, Payne AJR, Webster RD. Regional transport, source apportionment and health impact of PM 10 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Singapore's atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:984-993. [PMID: 28781182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A study of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority listed PAHs associated with particulate matter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) was conducted in Singapore during the period 29th May 2015 to 28th May 2016. The sampling period coincided with an extensive, regional smoke haze episode (5th September to 25th October) that occurred as a result of forest and peat fires in neighboring Indonesia. Throughout this study, 54 atmospheric PM10 samples were collected in 24 h periods using a high volume sampler (HVS) and quarts fiber filters (QFF) as the collection medium. Hysplit software for computing 3-D backward air mass trajectories, diagnostic ratio analysis and ring number distribution calculations were used to examine the sources of PAHs in the atmosphere in Singapore. Under normal conditions the total PAH concentrations were in a range from 0.68 ng m-3 to 3.07 ng m-3, while for the high haze period the results showed approximately double the concentrations with a maximum value of 5.97 ng m-3. Diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted and indicated the contribution of the traffic as a dominant pyrogenic source of PAHs during normal periods, while results from the haze dataset showed relatively strong influence of smoke from peat and forest fires in Indonesia. Environmental and health risk from PAHs were assessed for both regular and hazy days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Urbančok
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Anthony J R Payne
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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49
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Chen C, Xia Z, Wu M, Zhang Q, Wang T, Wang L, Yang H. Concentrations, Source Identification, and Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Springtime PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Nanjing, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:391-400. [PMID: 28735361 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study concentrated on the pollution level, sources, and lung cancer risk of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spring in Nanjing, China. The PM2.5 samples were collected in spring of the year 2016 in Nanjing. Sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs were extracted and analyzed after sampling. The mean concentrations of PAHs and BaPeq were 3.98 ± 1.01 and 0.29 ± 0.08 ng/m3, respectively, which is a low level among results from regions worldwide. The diurnal variations of PAHs and BaPeq concentrations showed a relatively high level in the early morning, at the morning rush time of work and traffic transportation, and in the evening traffic peak hours. According to the results of diagnostic ratios, PAHs originated mainly from traffic exhaust, especially diesel vehicle emissions. In a single day, the highest inhalation exposure level was focused between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m., whereas the time between 12 a.m. to 2 p.m. in a day had the lowest exposure dose. Due to the inhalation exposure, the median values of incremental lung cancer risk in spring were estimated to be 7.08 × 10-9, 5.29 × 10-9, 3.53 × 10-8, 5.21 × 10-9, 7.21 × 10-9, 5.24 × 10-9, 3.01 × 10-8, and 5.40 × 10-9 for boys, male adolescents, male adults, male seniors, girls, female adolescents, female adults, and female seniors, respectively, indicating low potential lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhonghuan Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Minmin Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, China
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The Association Between Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:830-834. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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