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Janča M, Knotková Z, Kauzál O, Albrecht T, Tomášek O. Methods: Increasing feasibility of total blood cell count analysis in field studies: Effects of plastic tubes and storage duration. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2025; 304:111834. [PMID: 40086659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2025.111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
Total red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cell counts are highly informative haematological parameters, holding substantial potential for advancing ecological and evolutionary research and conservation efforts. Yet, their use in studies on wild bird populations is rare as blood samples need to be stored in fragile glass flasks and analysed on the day of collection, which poses significant challenges in field conditions. Here, we aimed to make total blood cell counts more accessible for field studies by assessing their reliability in blood samples collected in more durable plastic tubes and stored for varying periods of time. We used the zebra finch (Taeniopygia castanotis) as a model and aliquoted the collected blood samples into plastic tubes and glass flasks with Natt-Herrick's staining solution. When analysed on the day of collection, total RBC and WBC counts from the plastic tubes and glass flasks showed no difference and were highly repeatable. A subsequent repeated analysis of samples stored at 4-8 °C in plastic tubes for 18 months showed moderate repeatabilities of resultant blood cell counts that did not decrease over time. Together with the absence of linear trends in the results, consistent repeatabilities indicate that the total blood cell count information is effectively preserved in the long term. Overall, our study shows that blood samples can be collected in plastic tubes with Natt-Herrick's solution for analysis of total RBC and WBC counts. Moreover, long-term sample storage can be a viable option when immediate cell count analysis is impracticable, such as in field studies requiring sampling in remote locations. However, the moderate repeatability of cell counts in stored samples must be considered, particularly in within-population studies where relatively low biological variation is expected, which may require high analytical precision. These findings may facilitate more extensive application of total blood cell counts in wild bird research and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Janča
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zora Knotková
- The Avian, Reptile, and Small Mammal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kauzál
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Tomášek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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González F, Perez-Luzardo O, Revuelta L, Suárez-Regalado L, Moraleda-Fernández V, Carrero-Ruíz A, Del Río L. Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs. BMC Vet Res 2025; 21:342. [PMID: 40375246 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haematological and clinical biochemistry analyses are essential tools for evaluating the health status of avian species, including the endangered Bonelli's eagle. Despite their importance, existing reference intervals (RIs) for such parameters in raptor species are frequently constrained by limited sample sizes, thus complicating clinical interpretations. This research followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines to establish haematological and clinical biochemistry reference intervals for the Bonelli's eagle, utilizing an indirect approach. Conservation initiatives of the Bonelli's eagle have provided a unique opportunity to gather a high number of samples under various conditions, facilitating a comprehensive comparison between wild and captive populations. Over the course of six years, from 2016 to 2021, our research analyzed 516 blood samples collected within the framework of a European Life Project. After rigorous data cleaning and stringent selection criteria application, a representative sample of 184 birds was determined. Various physiological parameters and blood lead levels were quantified in healthy individuals. Additionally, we used Principal Component Analysis to discern distinctions between populations and to investigate potential interrelationships among the diverse parameters. RESULTS We established Reference Intervals for three distinct reference groups of birds: wild nestlings ( n = 72 ), captive nestlings ( n = 45 ), and adults ( n = 49 ). Our findings indicate that age significantly affects many blood parameters. Meanwhile, gender impacts only a few parameters in adult birds. Notably, wild nestlings exhibited higher levels of AST, K, TP, and Pb in their blood compared to those bred in captivity. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides the first reliable RI for physiological, haematological, and clinical biochemistry parameters in both nestling and adult Bonelli's eagles. The data will augment the knowledge of the physiology of this endangered raptor, contributing significantly to the understanding and monitoring of both free-living birds and captivity programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio Perez-Luzardo
- Unidad de Toxicología, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Revuelta
- Sección Departamental de Fisiología Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Suárez-Regalado
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda-Fernández
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Carrero-Ruíz
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), Monte del Pilar, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Del Río
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- Grupo de Estudio de Medicina y Conservación de los Animales Salvajes (GEMAS), Madrid, Spain.
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Lisette ZD, Gabriela AM, Isabel A, Iván H, Fernanda V, Konrad G, Melissa R, Daniel R, Ignacio G, Paulina B, Jorge A. Multidisciplinary approach to determine the influence of human pressure on nearshore Antarctic fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2025; 214:117750. [PMID: 40056772 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/10/2025]
Abstract
Concentrations of five metals together with hematological and morphological parameters were measured in three coastal fish species collected in two sites of the Antarctic Peninsula. Furthermore, we assessed isotopic niche widths among fish populations to better understand their trophic ecology. Nothotenia coriiceps from Fildes Bay displayed high concentrations of Fe and Cu, while those from South Bay had higher concentrations of Cd. All fish from South Bay had higher Zn levels than specimens from Fildes Bay. Effects such as biomagnification of Fe, increased fish metal levels and niche width expansion of Nothotenia coriiceps and Harpagifer antarcticus could be attributed to suboptimal environmental conditions in Fildes Bay. Our findings suggest that early warning signals in coastal Antarctic fish may be linked to increased metal bioavailability as a result of climate change and increased human pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenteno-Devaud Lisette
- Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario Fuego - Patagonia y Antártica, Avenida El Bosque 0296, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile.
| | - Aguirre-Martínez Gabriela
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avenida Arturo Prat Chacón 2120, Iquique 1100000, Chile.
| | - Aguirre Isabel
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hinojosa Iván
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Vargas Fernanda
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Las Cruces, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Górski Konrad
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rebolledo Melissa
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ramírez Daniel
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Garrido Ignacio
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Takuvik, Quebec Ocean, Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile; Laboratorio Costero Calfuco (LCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Brüning Paulina
- Takuvik, Quebec Ocean, Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Chile
| | - Acevedo Jorge
- Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario Fuego - Patagonia y Antártica, Avenida El Bosque 0296, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
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Liu X, Qazi IH, Wang H, Han Z, Li X, Zhang X, Du R, Yao N, Xu C. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Subadult Captive Siberian Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica). Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:1299. [PMID: 40362115 PMCID: PMC12071179 DOI: 10.3390/ani15091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
The conservation of Siberian tigers, the apex predators in the Asia-Pacific region, hinges on a thorough understanding of their physiological statuses and adaptive mechanisms. In order to fill a critical gap in our knowledge of this endangered species, we conducted comprehensive analyses of Siberian tiger whole blood and serum using modern hematology and biochemical analyzers. The blood samples were collected from subadult (2-3 years old) Siberian tigers (n = 15 for hematological analysis and n = 7 for biochemical analysis). In the present study, distinct hematological patterns including an elevated mean platelet volume (MPV) and a higher red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) were observed, which were possibly triggered by pre-anesthesia resistance movements. Notably, the neutrophil percentage in Siberian tigers was found to be significantly higher than that in domestic cats and Bengal tigers, suggesting species-specific immune adaptations. In addition, serum biochemical analysis provided refined parameter ranges for subadult tigers. Unlike previous studies encompassing a broader age range, our data specifically characterize biochemical profiles in subadult tigers, offering vital baselines for health monitoring and conservation strategies. These results not only enhance our understanding of the biology of Siberian tigers but also provide scientific support for targeted conservation efforts, fostering population recovery and ecological balance in their natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.L.); (X.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Faculty of Biosciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Haijun Wang
- Jilin Province Northeast Tiger Garden and Jilin Wild Animal Rescue Breeding Center Committee, Changchun 130122, China;
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.L.); (X.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Rui Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.L.); (X.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Naiquan Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.L.); (X.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.L.); (X.L.); (R.D.)
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Basso E, Chulla DR, Tubelli E, Wicks S, Flatt E, Beirne C, Whitworth A. Determination of hematologic reference intervals for free-living King vultures (Sarcoramphus papa). Vet Clin Pathol 2025; 54:64-69. [PMID: 39894936 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As obligate scavengers, New World vultures (Cathartiformes: Cathartidae) play a key role in carcass removal and disease control. Associated with this ecosystem service, vultures are exposed to the consumption of harmful substances such as poisons, heavy metals, antibiotics, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Monitoring the health status of vulture populations is a priority and an important conservation strategy, and hematologic analysis is a practical and effective method that can be useful for this purpose. OBJECTIVES Report hematologic reference intervals in free-living King vultures (Sarcoramphus papa), one of the least studied New World vulture species. METHODS Red blood cell concentration, packed cell volume, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC concentration, differential count and absolute WBC concentration, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and total protein concentration were determined. We used a non-parametric method to calculate the reference intervals. In addition, we compared our results with the hematologic measurands reported for the Black vulture (Coragyps atratus), the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). RESULTS With the exception of Hb, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil concentrations, the mean hematologic measurands observed in the King vulture were similar to those recorded for the other New World vulture species, and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was lower in the King vulture compared to the Black vulture. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have reported for the first time the hematologic reference intervals in a free-living population of King vultures in Costa Rica. Future research should consider comparison among free-living New World vulture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Basso
- OSA Conservation, Washington, DC, USA
- Bird Ecology Lab, Instituto De Ciencias Marinas Y Limnológicas, Facultad De Ciencias, Universidad Austral De Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Humedales Río Cruces, Universidad Austral De Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego Rolim Chulla
- OSA Conservation, Washington, DC, USA
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Amazónica De Madre De Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Beirne
- OSA Conservation, Washington, DC, USA
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University Of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Andrew Whitworth
- OSA Conservation, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
- Institute Of Biodiversity, Animal Health And Comparative Medicine, College Of Medical, Veterinary And Life Sciences, University Of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Wen J, Zhao B, Cao Y, Qu Y, Chang L, Mao J, Li Y, Ni R, Zhai R, Jiang J, Zhu W, Liu X. Physiology-Related Variations in the Blood Hormone and Metabolome of Endangered Hog Deer ( Axis porcinus). Metabolites 2025; 15:126. [PMID: 39997752 PMCID: PMC11857704 DOI: 10.3390/metabo15020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is an endangered species facing significant threats from habitat loss and fragmentation, with only captive populations remaining in China. Expanding breeding programs and restoring wild populations are critical strategies for the species' conservation. Achieving this requires the development of an effective health database and the identification of molecular biomarkers for their physiological traits. Methods: In this study, we present the largest blood metabolomics dataset to date for captive hog deer, comprising 73 healthy individuals. We conducted targeted metabolomics to quantify blood hormone levels and untargeted metabolomics to characterize blood metabolic profiles, aiming to evaluate the associations of sex, age, and weight with metabolic profiles. Results: Our results reveal distinct growth patterns between females and males, with males reaching their body weight plateau at a larger size. We observed significant sex differences (p < 0.05) in blood hormones and metabolic profiles. Females exhibited higher levels of progesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, stress hormones (e.g., cortisol), and proline, while males had higher levels of testosterone, uric acid, phenylalanine, and guanidinosuccinic acid. Notably, body weight emerged as a more important factor than gender in explaining variations in the metabolome, particularly in males. Several blood biomarkers were identified as correlating with age and body weight. Specifically, blood progesterone levels in females were linked to both age and body weight, while in males, uric acid, prolylhydroxyproline, and 3-methylhistidine were associated with these factors. The potential significance of these results for the artificial breeding and conservation of hog deer were discussed. Conclusions: Our study provides a metabolic reference for identifying abnormal individuals and offers potential biomarkers for determining the gender, age, and body weight of hog deer. These findings may have significant implications for the artificial breeding and conservation efforts of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wen
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bo Zhao
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuqin Cao
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Qu
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Liming Chang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (L.C.); (R.N.); (R.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jie Mao
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yufei Li
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ruoyao Ni
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (L.C.); (R.N.); (R.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Runliang Zhai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (L.C.); (R.N.); (R.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (L.C.); (R.N.); (R.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; (L.C.); (R.N.); (R.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Xuanzhen Liu
- Chengdu Zoo & Chengdu Research Institute of Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Q.); (J.M.); (Y.L.)
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Diaz-Suarez A, Kisand V, Kahar S, Gross R, Vasemägi A, Noreikiene K. Parasite spillover rather than niche expansion explains infection of host brain by diplostomid eye flukes. Proc Biol Sci 2025; 292:20242648. [PMID: 39904393 PMCID: PMC11793966 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Parasites often occupy specific sites within their host, which has important implications for host performance and parasite transmission. Nonetheless, parasitic infections can occur beyond their typical location within a host, significantly altering host-parasite interactions. Yet, the causes behind the atypical tissue tropism are poorly understood. Here, we focus on a ubiquitous group of diplostomid parasites that form diverse communities in fish eyes. We used targeted DNA metabarcoding (cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1, COX1, 250 bp) to evaluate potential mechanisms underlying eye parasite atypical tissue tropism to the brain of two widespread fish species (Eurasian perch and common roach). We found that the most common eye-infecting species (Tylodelphys clavata, Diplostomum baeri) are present in the brains of perch but not in roach. The bipartite network comprising 5 species and 24 mitochondrial haplotypes revealed no brain-specific haplotypes, indicating an apparent lack of genetic divergence between brain- and eye-infecting parasites. Instead, the prevalence, intensity and diversity of eye infections were positively correlated with brain infections. Thus, our results suggest that the most parsimonious mechanism underlying brain infection is density-dependent spillover rather than parasite divergence-driven niche expansion. We anticipate that 'off-target' infections are likely to be severely underestimated in nature with important ecological, evolutionary and medical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Diaz-Suarez
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, Tartu51006, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu50090, Estonia
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu51006, Estonia
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, Tartu51006, Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, Tartu51006, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, Tartu51006, Estonia
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, Drottningholm17893, Sweden
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, Tartu51006, Estonia
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Claudia Lorena RS, Mauricio CG, Fernando Alberto MT, Tania ZS, Vanessa LM. Genotoxic damage in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) exhibits regional and annual fluctuations. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 204:106877. [PMID: 39616815 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2025]
Abstract
Tourism, urban development, and sargasso beaching caused environmental alterations in the Mexican Caribbean coasts. Little ecotoxicological information exists on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) population inhabiting this region. Micronucleus (MN) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) tests are non-destructive DNA damage biomarkers. We aimed to determine local (Punta Arenas, Akumal, Punta Herrero, and Xcalak) and annual (2015-2019) variability in MN/ENA frequency to understand genotoxic damage extent. Almost all the individuals sampled (n = 166) presented DNA damage (98.8%); the lack of correlations between MN/ENA and biological variables confirmed the usefulness of these tests as biomarkers. The southern foraging site had the highest number of MN/ENA; an increase over time was found in the most urbanized and the most protected sites, coinciding with previously reported regional variability of persistent organic compounds, heavy metals, and annual massive influx of sargasso. Considering the sentinel status of green turtles, the advantages of the blood tests, and the continuous accelerated urban development in the Caribbean, long-term monitoring of this species is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodríguez-Salazar Claudia Lorena
- Laboratorio Ecología de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Chapultepec #1570, Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Av. Venustiano Carranza #2405, Lomas los Filtros, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Comas-García Mauricio
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Lomas de San Luis, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Chapultepec #1570, Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Muñoz Tenería Fernando Alberto
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera San Luis - Matehuala Km. 14.5 Ejido Palma de la Cruz, C.P. 78399, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Zenteno-Savín Tania
- Laboratorio de Estrés Oxidativo, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noreste, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Labrada-Martagón Vanessa
- Laboratorio Ecología de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Chapultepec #1570, Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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9
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Ferreira-E-Silva J, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Rodrigues M, Santos E, Castro-Scholten S, Lizana V, Martí-Marco A, Almeida T, Lopes AM, Abrantes J, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Rouco C, García-Bocanegra I, Alves PC, Santos N. Evaluation of dried blood spots for serological surveys of myxoma and rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses in their wild reservoir. Prev Vet Med 2025; 234:106369. [PMID: 39522400 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Myxoma (MYXV) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHDV) viruses are pathogens of economic relevance for cuniculture and conservation concern for wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), recently classified as 'Endangered' in its native range. Large-scale serological surveys, facilitated by sample collection using dried blood spots (DBS), allow monitoring seroprevalence in the wild reservoir but require evaluating the technique for the host and pathogen of interest. This study aimed to evaluate Protein Saver 903 DBS for MYXV and RHDV (genotype GI.2) serological surveys in European rabbits. Paired serum and DBS collected from 172 rabbits harvested or found dead in the Iberian Peninsula were tested for IgG antibodies specific against MYXV and RHDV GI.2 using indirect ELISA. We found an almost perfect agreement between serum and DBS for MYXV (Cohen's κ=0.914, CI95 0.847 - 0.981) and a strong agreement for RHDV GI.2 (Cohen's κ=0.808, CI95=0.722 - 0.893). The diagnostic sensitivity of DBS was 95.4 % (CI95 90.3 - 97.9 %) for MYXV and 82.1 % (CI95 73.2 - 88.5 %) for RHDV GI.2. The diagnostic specificity and positive predictive value were 100 % for both pathogens. This study supports DBS as a suitable sampling strategy for serological surveys of antibodies specific to MYXV and RHDV GI.2 in European rabbits, which generally agrees with results from other hosts and pathogens where this technique was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferreira-E-Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- GISAZ-ENZOEM. Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Competitive Research Unit on Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Marisa Rodrigues
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola 7750-329, Portugal
| | - Emídio Santos
- ICNF - Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, I.P., Av. da República, 16, Lisboa 1050-191, Portugal
| | - Sabrina Castro-Scholten
- GISAZ-ENZOEM. Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Competitive Research Unit on Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain
| | - Vitor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, Spain; Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra PC08193, Spain
| | - Alba Martí-Marco
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, Spain
| | - Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica (UMIB), University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Juan Bárcena
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km 8.1, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km 8.1, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Carlos Rouco
- Área de Ecología, Departamento Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Área de Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- GISAZ-ENZOEM. Animal Health and Zoonoses Research Group, Competitive Research Unit on Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases, University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14014, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal; Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola 7750-329, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santos
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal; Estação Biológica de Mértola (EBM), CIBIO, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola 7750-329, Portugal.
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10
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Kim HJ, Kim KT. Packed Cell Volume and Plasma Chemistry Reference Intervals for Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) in a Rehabilitation Setting in South Korea before Release. J Wildl Dis 2025; 61:159-165. [PMID: 39573873 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-24-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Rehabilitation and release of wild birds hinge upon a comprehensive understanding of both biologic and nonbiologic factors, including the medical and physical fitness of the animal. The objectives of this study were to determine reference intervals of packed cell volume and plasma chemistry values for healthy Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) and to compare blood values between age and sex classes. There were significant differences between males and females in total protein and globulin mean values, with males having higher values than females. Adult and juvenile Eagle Owls differed significantly in the mean values of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and uric acid, with juveniles having higher values than adults. The calculated reference intervals for Eagle Owls can be used in Eurasian Eagle Owls admitted to rescue centers to assist veterinarians and wildlife managers to clinically evaluate and monitor the health of Eagle Owls and make decisions about when to release them after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jong Kim
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, South Korea
| | - Kyoo-Tae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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11
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Labrada-Martagón V, Cúmez-Caté BL, Yáñez-Estrada L, Rodríguez-Salazar CL, Delgado L, Maldonado G, Zenteno-Savín T, Solé M. Inter- and intraspecific blood-related biomarkers and chemical exposure in confined and free-living sea turtles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 264:120385. [PMID: 39571708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024]
Abstract
The relevance of recovery centers and head-starting programs for rescue, rehabilitation, rearing, and conservation of sea turtles is recognized worldwide. In addition, these centers contribute to generating biochemical and physiological data needed to identify health markers and provide baseline values. Because of the marine ecosystems' deterioration, biomarker identification is a global priority for sea turtle conservation; nevertheless, information on specific endpoints, such as neurotoxicity and mutagenesis, is still limited in sea turtles. This study aimed to contrast a set of non-invasive blood biomarkers with ecotoxicological and clinical applications in confined green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) compared with free-living ones from the Mexican Caribbean. Additionally, interspecific (green, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtles) differences were also evaluated. Plasmatic organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) were also determined. The concentration ranges of uric acid, total proteins, lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), and thyroxine of both confined and free-living green turtles fell outside the reference intervals for the species. Additionally, confined green turtles had the highest number of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) and elevated levels of hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, and activity of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and carboxylesterase (CE). Contrasts among confined species identified hawksbill turtles with the lowest glutathione reductase activity, green turtles with the lowest ENA frequency and CE activity, and loggerhead turtles with the highest plasmatic concentrations of PCBs and OCs. The information here provided can be used as information in health monitoring programs and for conservation and management policies at regional, national, and international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Labrada-Martagón
- Laboratorio Ecología de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Col. Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Bárbara Lisset Cúmez-Caté
- Laboratorio de Estrés Oxidativo, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Leticia Yáñez-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Género, Salud y Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina, UASLP, Av. Venustiano Carranza #2405, Col. Loma Alta, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Lorena Rodríguez-Salazar
- Laboratorio Ecología de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Col. Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza #2405, Lomas Los Filtros, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Lucía Delgado
- Laboratorio Ecología de La Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Chapultepec #1570, Col. Privadas del Pedregal, C.P. 78295, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Gisela Maldonado
- Kanantik Servicios y Soluciones Ambientales, C.P. 77500, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
| | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Laboratorio de Estrés Oxidativo, Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg. Marítim de La Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Nieto-Claudín A, Palmer JL, Brenn-White M, Esperón F, Deem SL. Haematology and plasma biochemistry reference intervals of Española, San Cristobal and Eastern Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoise species. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae055. [PMID: 39148865 PMCID: PMC11325449 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Normal reference intervals (RI) of hematologic and biochemical parameters are important for assessing and monitoring the health status of captive and free-living chelonians; however, such information is not available for most wildlife species. Giant Galapagos tortoises are one of the most iconic animals on earth and health information can make an important contribution to their conservation and management. This study provides formal RI of haematology and plasma biochemistry parameters and describes cell morphology along with morphometrics of free-living Eastern Santa Cruz (Chelonoidis donfaustoi), Española (Chelonoidis hoodensis) and San Cristóbal tortoises (Chelonoidis chathamensis). We explored differences in blood parameters between sexes, across the tortoise species in this study and with previously published RI of the Western Santa Cruz tortoise (Chelonoidis porteri). Biochemistry parameters of both Santa Cruz species were overall more similar to each other than to Española and San Cristobal tortoises. This research constitutes the first RI for these three Galapagos tortoise species and may be of value for advising captive-breeding and conservation plans. We recommend further research to establish RI in additional tortoise species so we may better understand and interpret haematology and biochemistry parameters as a valuable conservation tool for species of this critically endangered taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Nieto-Claudín
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Charles Darwin Avenue, Santa Cruz 200350, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, One Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jamie L Palmer
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, One Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maris Brenn-White
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, One Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fernando Esperón
- INIA-CISA, Algete-El Casar Road, Valdeolmos 28130, Spain
- Veterinary Department, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Charles Darwin Avenue, Santa Cruz 200350, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, One Government Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Duran F, Medina MS, Ibargüengoytía NR, Boretto JM. Effects of blood extraction and ecophysiological experiments on stress in adult males of Liolaemus attenboroughi. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060595. [PMID: 39284710 PMCID: PMC11552613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress during laboratory experiments can affect the outcomes of ecophysiological studies. The serum corticosterone concentration (CORT), the leukocyte profile, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), and the presence of blood endoparasites were analyzed as a proxy of stress and immunological state in adult males of the lizard Liolaemus attenboroughi, endemic to Patagonia, Argentina. The results of the ecophysiological variables (preferred temperature, running speed, locomotor endurance, and body condition index, BCI) were analyzed in relation to stress indicators obtained from blood samples taken at three different times: at capture, and on the third and seventh days in the laboratory. Males at capture showed a high percentage of lymphocytes and heterophils and a low of basophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Haemogregorina-type endoparasites have been recorded in the genus Liolaemus for the first time. The proportion of infected males remained stable during captivity; however, these males showed higher CORT levels, increased percentages of basophils, and decreased percentages of lymphocytes. There was a significant increment in CORT and H/L, and a decrease in BCI during laboratory experiments, compared with baseline values at capture. The performance was not related to the CORT or the repeated blood sampling. The BCI decreased, possibly due to energy reserve mobilization caused by acute stress. This study shows that blood extraction and ecophysiological experiments over 7 days have a minor effect on the stress indicators used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Duran
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Ecophysiology and Life History of Reptiles: Research Laboratory, Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Marlin S. Medina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIEMEP-CONICET), Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica, Gral. Roca 780, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Nora R. Ibargüengoytía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Ecophysiology and Life History of Reptiles: Research Laboratory, Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina M. Boretto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Ecophysiology and Life History of Reptiles: Research Laboratory, Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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14
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Melefa TD, Hinmikaiye FF, Andong FA, Echude DE, Ali D, Alarifi S, Abara PN, Nwani CD. Biomorphometric and hematobiochemical alterations in the juvenile african catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to propranolol. BMC ZOOL 2024; 9:11. [PMID: 38902830 PMCID: PMC11188512 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-024-00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Propranolol (PRO) is a beta-blocker drug used for the treatment of anxiety, chest pain, migraine and tremors. The present study investigated whether sublethal concentrations of PRO have effects on the body condition, biochemistry, and hematology of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of the drug, which was established through an acute toxicity study, was 9.48 mg/L. Based on these values, the fish were exposed for 21 days to the control and sublethal concentrations of 1.90, 0.95, and 0.63 mg/L, which are equivalent to the 1/5th, 1/10th, and 1/20th of the LC50 of PRO, respectively. After 21 days of exposure, the fish were removed from the toxicant and kept in toxicant-free water for 7 days to recover. The standard length and body weight of each fish were measured after each exposure period. The condition factor (CF) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were not significantly affected by the drug. The red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) count and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased from day 7 to 21 at the tested concentrations, while the white blood cell (WBC) count significantly increased. There were alterations in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in the exposed groups compared to those in the control group. When neutrophil counts increased, the lymphocyte counts decreased, but the monocyte, basophil cell and eosinophil cell counts were not affected. Among the liver enzymes, only aspartate aminotransferase was significantly stimulated in the groups that were exposed to the drug. The protein and glucose levels of fish exposed to the drug decreased. Most of the studied parameters returned to their original values after the 7-day recovery period. The information provided in the current study will be helpful in the monitoring of PRO contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope D Melefa
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Felix A Andong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel E Echude
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, PO Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, PO Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Christopher D Nwani
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
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15
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Didkowska A, Klich D, Anusz K, Wojciechowska M, Kloch M, Perlińska-Teresiak M, Bielecki W, Olech W. Determination of hematological and biochemical values blood parameters for European bison (Bison bonasus). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303457. [PMID: 38748744 PMCID: PMC11095690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematological and biochemical blood parameters are important tools for evaluating animals' health. They might be crucial in assessing the health of entire populations of wild animals, such as European bison (Bison bonasus). The aim of this study was to establish hematological and biochemical values for healthy European bison and to determine whether there were significant relations with age and sex. Blood samples were collected from 79 animals and tested according to generally accepted standards and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. Most of the age and gender-related correlations found in our study were predictable based on previous reports. Due to bone growth, juvenile animals have typically higher ALP and P concentrations relative to adults. Several age-related dependencies were surprising, like higher Na concentration in younger European bison. Determination of hematological and biochemical blood parameters of healthy European bison may significantly contribute to the further restitution of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Wojciechowska
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kloch
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Perlińska-Teresiak
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bielecki
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Olmastroni S, Simonetti S, Fattorini N, D'Amico V, Cusset F, Bustamante P, Cherel Y, Corsi I. Living in a challenging environment: Monitoring stress ecology by non-destructive methods in an Antarctic seabird. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171249. [PMID: 38431169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
How Antarctic species are facing historical and new stressors remains under-surveyed and risks to wildlife are still largely unknown. Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae are well-known bioindicators and sentinels of Antarctic ecosystem changes, a true canary in the coal mine. Immuno-haematological parameters have been proved to detect stress in wild animals, given their rapid physiological response that allows them tracking environmental changes and thus inferring habitat quality. Here, we investigated variation in Erythrocyte Nuclear Abnormalities (ENAs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) in penguins from three clustered colonies in the Ross Sea, evaluating immuno-haematological parameters according to geography, breeding stage, and individual penguin characteristics such as sex, body condition and nest quality. Concentrations of mercury (Hg) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (as proxies of the penguin's trophic ecology) were analysed in feathers to investigate the association between stress biomarkers and Hg contamination in Adélie penguins. Colony and breeding stage were not supported as predictors of immuno-haematological parameters. ENAs and WBCs were respectively ∼30 % and ∼20 % higher in male than in female penguins. Body condition influenced WBCs, with penguins in the best condition having a ∼22 % higher level of WBCs than those in the worst condition. Nest position affected the proportion of micronuclei (MNs), with inner-nesting penguins having more than three times the proportion of MNs than penguins nesting in peripheral positions. Heterophils:Lymphocytes (H:L) ratio was not affected by any of the above predictors. Multiple factors acting as stressors are expected to increase prominently in Antarctic wildlife in the near future, therefore extensive monitoring aimed to assess the health status of penguin populations is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Olmastroni
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Simonetti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Verónica D'Amico
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), (CCT Centro Nacional Patagónico -CONICET), Brown 2915, U9120ACF, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Fanny Cusset
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France; Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Rodrigues AC, de Sá ÉFGG, Santos FM, Sano NY, Pistori JGB, Cordeiro-Estrela P, Ozório CLCT, Herrera HM, de Andrade GB. Health of Holochilus chacarius (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in rice agroecosystem in a neotropical wetland assessed by histopathology. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:407. [PMID: 38561512 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Small mammals have a short lifetime and are strictly associated with their environment. This work aimed to use histopathology to assess the health of Holochilus chacarius in a rice agroecosystem in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. During necropsy, fragments of the lung, kidney, skin, liver, and reproductive system of 33 animals were collected and submitted to histological processing. Tissue damages were evaluated as mild, moderate, and severe and arranged in a matrix for further statistical analysis. Furthermore, we used generalized linear models to verify the influence of tissue changes on the body condition, obtained by a regression between body mass and length. In the lungs, we found an intense inflammatory infiltrate associated with anthracosis that had a negative influence on the body's condition. Also, we observed degenerative and inflammatory changes in the liver, kidneys, skin, and reproductive system that ranged from mild to moderate. The histopathological lesions observed in this study may be associated with environmental alterations of anthropic origin such as the exposure to soot from wildfires and heavy metals, evidenced by lesions in the lung, kidney, and liver. The present study provided a histopathological matrix as a new approach that allows to classify and quantify the tissue alterations. Tissue changes when associated with body condition demonstrated to be an effective tool to assess the health of small free-living mammals, showing that these animals can be used as bioindicators of environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitic Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Martins Santos
- Laboratory of Parasitic Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Nayara Yoshie Sano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela
- Laboratory of Mammals, Department of Systematics and Ecology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Laboratory of Parasitic Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele Braziliano de Andrade
- Laboratory of Anatomy Pathology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Parasitic Biology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000 - Jardim Seminário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79117-900, Brazil.
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18
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Múrria C, Maceda-Veiga A, Barata C, Gomà J, Faria M, Antich A, Arnedo MA, Bonada N, Prat N. From biomarkers to community composition: Negative effects of UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed urban wastewater on freshwater biota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169561. [PMID: 38142994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of urban wastewater reclaimed water has recently increased across the globe to restore stream environmental flows and mitigate the effects of water scarcity. Reclaimed water is disinfected using different treatments, but their effects into the receiving rivers are little studied. Physiological bioassays and biomarkers can detect sub-lethal effects on target species, but do not provide information on changes in community structure. In contrast, official monitoring programs use community structure information but often at coarse taxonomic resolution level that may fail to detect species level impacts. Here, we combined commonly used biomonitoring approaches from organism physiology to community species composition to scan a broad range of effects of disinfection of reclaimed water by UV-light only and both UV/chlorine on the biota. We (1) performed bioassays in one laboratory species (water flea Daphnia magna) and measured biomarkers in two wild species (caddisfly Hydropsyche exocellata and the barbel Luciobarbus graellsii), (2) calculated standard indices of biotic quality (IBQ) for diatoms, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes, and (3) analysed community species composition of eukaryotes determined by Cytochrome Oxidase C subunit I (cox1) metabarcoding. Only the UV/chlorine treatment caused significant changes in feeding rates of D. magna and reduced antioxidant defenses, increased anaerobic metabolism and altered the levels of lipid peroxidiation in H. exocellata. However, inputs of reclaimed water were significantly associated with a greater proportion of circulating neutrophils and LG-PAS cells in L. graellsii. Despite IBQ did not discriminate between the two water treatments, metabarcoding data detected community composition changes upon exposure to UV/chlorine reclaimed water. Overall, despite the effects of UV/chlorine-treated water were transient, our study suggests that UV-light treated is less harmful for freshwater biota than UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water, but those effects depend of the organizational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesc Múrria
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca Zoological Systematics & Evolution (ZooSysEvo), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Maceda-Veiga
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca FORESTREAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Gomà
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management (FEHM), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Melissa Faria
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adrià Antich
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes (Girona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel A Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca Zoological Systematics & Evolution (ZooSysEvo), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Bonada
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management (FEHM), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Narcís Prat
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management (FEHM), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Wells MR, Coggan TL, Stevenson G, Singh N, Askeland M, Lea MA, Philips A, Carver S. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in little penguins and associations with urbanisation and health parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169084. [PMID: 38056658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly detected in wildlife and present concerning and unknown health risks. While there is a growing body of literature describing PFAS in seabird species, knowledge from temperate Southern Hemisphere regions is lacking. Little penguins (Eudyptula minor) can nest and forage within heavily urbanised coastal environments and hence may be at risk of exposure to pollutants. We analysed scat contaminated nesting soils (n = 50) from 17 colonies in lutruwita/Tasmania for 16 PFAS, plasma samples (n = 45) from nine colonies, and three eggs for 49 PFAS. We detected 14 PFAS across the sample types, with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) most commonly detected. Mean concentration of PFOS in plasma was 2.56 ± 4.3 ng/mL (
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Wells
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Battery Point 7004, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, 200 Victoria Street, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia; ADE Consulting Group, U 4/95 Salmon Street, Port Melbourne 3207, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- Australian Ultra-Trace Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, North Ryde 2113, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneet Singh
- ADE Consulting Group, U 4/95 Salmon Street, Port Melbourne 3207, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Askeland
- ADE Consulting Group, U 4/95 Salmon Street, Port Melbourne 3207, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Battery Point 7004, Tasmania, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Annie Philips
- Wildlife Veterinary Consultant, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, GA, USA 30602; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, GA, USA 30602
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20
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Arguedas R. On the significance of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in wild reptile health studies. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:47-51. [PMID: 38321291 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In reptile medicine, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) have been used in clinical diagnostics, where CK is considered an enzyme specific to muscle cell damage, while AST is a nonspecific enzyme that is mainly produced in the liver and muscle. When many native reptiles are sampled, it is evident that there are important differences between species and individuals belonging to the same species, making the AST and CK ranges very wide. The minimum and maximum values, variations and standard deviations were extracted for each enzyme from 17 wild reptile studies, revealing high variation and a wide range of variation for each species. AST and CK must be interpreted with caution in wild reptiles since there appears to be an important amount of individual and specific variation due to the muscular origin of these enzymes, and such variations tell us that there are considerable differences between individuals, physiological characteristics or sampling methods; thus, there is no apparent value derived from these kinds of studies on the utility of AST for evaluating liver damage, but the measurement of AST and CK can be useful for reptile health assessments or any manipulative study since they can eventually be used as indicators or potential biomarkers for restraint techniques or holding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Arguedas
- VetLab, San José, Costa Rica.
- Universidad Tecnica Nacional, Sede Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
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21
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Franco-Belussi L, de Oliveira Júnior JG, Goldberg J, De Oliveira C, Fernandes CE, Provete DB. Multiple morphophysiological responses of a tropical frog to urbanization conform to the pace-of-life syndrome. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coad106. [PMID: 38293639 PMCID: PMC10823355 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The Pace-of-Life syndrome proposes that behavioural, physiological and immune characteristics vary along a slow-fast gradient. Urbanization poses several physiological challenges to organisms. However, little is known about how the health status of frogs is affected by urbanization in the Tropics, which have a faster and more recent urbanization than the northern hemisphere. Here, we analysed a suite of physiological variables that reflect whole organism health, reproduction, metabolic and circulatory physiology and leukocyte responses in Leptodactylus podicipinus. Specifically, we tested how leukocyte profile, erythrocyte morphometrics and germ cell density, as well as somatic indices and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities differ throughout the adult life span between urban and rural populations. We used Phenotypic Trajectory Analysis to test the effect of age and site on each of the multivariate data sets; and a Generalised Linear Model to test the effect of site and age on nuclear abnormalities. Somatic indices, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, erythrocyte morphometrics and leukocyte profile differed between populations, but less so for germ cell density. We found a large effect of site on nuclear abnormalities, with urban frogs having twice as many abnormalities as rural frogs. Our results suggest that urban frogs have a faster pace of life, but the response of phenotypic compartments is not fully concerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79002970, Brazil
| | - José Gonçalves de Oliveira Júnior
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Javier Goldberg
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal - CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Fernandes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79002970, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Provete
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79002970, Brazil
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Box 100, S 405 30, Sweden
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22
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Strehl CCP, Mitlyng N, Jauquet E, Zieman EA. Venipuncture and Blood Collection on Conscious Virginia Opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:168-170. [PMID: 37924238 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a venipuncture technique of the ventral caudal vein in conscious Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in cage traps, enabling blood sampling without anesthesia. Blood samples were successfully collected from all 28 opossums in this study by this technique. Draw volume of <0.1 mL occurred in only four opossums (14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra C P Strehl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA
| | - Natalie Mitlyng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA
| | - Elly Jauquet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA
| | - Elliott A Zieman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave., Charleston, Illinois 61920, USA
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23
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Vincent LM, Allender MC, Talley A, Davidson A, Roy L, Durante K, Waligora M, Sander SJ, McEntire M, Schnelle AN. COMPARISON OF HEMATOLOGIC DIFFERENCES WITH LITHIUM HEPARIN AND DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID IN EUROPEAN STARLINGS ( STURNUS VULGARIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:538-544. [PMID: 37817619 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preservation of blood through use of anticoagulants allows delayed assessment of hematologic health and is commonly employed in veterinary health assessments. The two most common anticoagulants are lithium heparin (LH) and dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and their effects can vary widely between species. The hematologic effects of these anticoagulants on blood from European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) have not been established, and these birds could serve as models for passerine species both in managed collections and in the wild. Blood was drawn from 45 European starlings and immediately divided into either LH or EDTA microtainers. For each sample, packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), and complete blood counts were performed. There were no significant differences between EDTA and LH anticoagulated blood for PCV, white blood cell count (WBC) slide estimates, WBC determined by Leukopet, absolute heterophils, absolute lymphocytes, absolute monocytes, absolute eosinophils, or absolute basophils. Blood anticoagulated with EDTA had higher total solids than blood mixed with LH. For both anticoagulants, Leukopet-measured total WBC were consistently higher than blood film estimates. There were no subjective morphologic differences for WBC and no hemolysis observed in the samples. Thrombocyte clumping was prominent for LH blood samples and minimal for EDTA samples. These results reveal that LH and EDTA are both suitable anticoagulants for use in European starlings, and EDTA may be superior for diagnostic purposes or for qualitative evaluation of thrombocyte quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Vincent
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA,
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| | - Alexandria Talley
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Alexis Davidson
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Leena Roy
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Kennymac Durante
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Michelle Waligora
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Samantha J Sander
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Michael McEntire
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Amy N Schnelle
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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24
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Jiang R, Zhang X, Xia M, Zhao S, Wang Y, Pu T, Zhang C, Wu Z, Xu H, Fan K. Effects of Age and Season on Blood Parameters of Captive Giant Pandas: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3023. [PMID: 37835628 PMCID: PMC10571872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, serves as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation, embodying the intersection of ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic forces shaping the natural world. Hematological parameters serve as crucial indicators for assessing the physiological status of animals. However, our understanding of blood parameters and hemorheology in captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions is limited. In this study, from September 2018 to August 2020, we collected blood samples from captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions. Twelve captive giant pandas, ranging in age from 2 to 28 years, were divided into three groups based on their age, and the variations in basic blood parameters and hemorheological parameters across four seasons were analyzed. This provided baseline data for future blood sample comparisons in non-anesthetized captive giant pandas. Additionally, we observed seasonal changes in hematological morphology, hemorheology, and serum enzymes. Moreover, seasonality had a regulatory effect on hemorheological parameters and negatively impacted blood viscosity. Age influenced changes in serum enzymes, serum protein content, and serum metabolites, indicating differences in overall metabolic processes among giant pandas of different age groups. Whether factors such as season and climate contribute to environmental stress in captive giant pandas requires further investigation. The findings of this study may help to protect the stability of the giant panda population better and provide a reference for the medical care of captive giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Maohua Xia
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Sufen Zhao
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Tianchun Pu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Zhong Wu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Haihong Xu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
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Isaak Delgado AB, Zavala-Norzagaray AA, Espinoza-Romo BA, Ortega-Anaya JG, Ley-Quiñonez CP, Aguirre A, Rendón-Franco E. Hematologic parameters and the effect of hemoparasites of wild anurans in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:386-395. [PMID: 37127551 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few hematologic profiles for free-ranging amphibians are available. Hematologic evaluation is a useful tool for determining the health of amphibian populations and providing further knowledge for conservation actions. OBJECTIVES Hematologic variables and the presence and effect of hemoparasites in anuran species were evaluated in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico. METHODS Blood samples were collected from wild anurans of eight species to perform blood cell counts, leukocyte differential counts, and serum protein concentrations using manual methods and refractometry. In addition, morphologic identification and quantification of the hemoparasites were performed on blood smears. RESULTS Differences were observed by sex, age, and season for the hematologic values of Incilius alvarius (n = 23), Incilius mazatlanensis (n = 46), Rhinella horribilis (n = 64), Leptodactylus melanonotus (n = 46), Lithobates forreri (n = 135), Lithobates catesbeianus (n = 20), Smilisca fodiens (n = 42), and Scaphiopus couchii (n = 7). Intra- and extra-erythrocytic hemoparasites were found in 56.2% of amphibian hosts; the hemoparasite infection of R. horribilis and L. melanonotus was higher in the dry season, showing increases in erythroplastids and monocytes. For L. forreri, males were more infected than females, and increases in leukocytes were associated with infections of different types of hemoparasites species. CONCLUSIONS Hematologic values, hemoparasite prevalence, and the response to hemoparasite infection vary among amphibian species, sex, and age, as well as on season and hemoparasite type. This highlights the importance of hematologic evaluations in wild amphibian populations to determine the subclinical effects of hemoparasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Isaak Delgado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Sinaloa, Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre y Enfermedades Emergentes, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alan A Zavala-Norzagaray
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Sinaloa, Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre y Enfermedades Emergentes, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Brenda A Espinoza-Romo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Sinaloa, Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre y Enfermedades Emergentes, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús G Ortega-Anaya
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Sinaloa, Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre y Enfermedades Emergentes, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - César Paúl Ley-Quiñonez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Sinaloa, Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre y Enfermedades Emergentes, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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26
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Starostinetsky-Malonek T, Scheinin A, Aroch I, Davidovich N, Bigal E, Livne L, Hauser-Davis RA, Wosnick N, Tchernov D, Morick D. First report on the serum chemistry and haematology of free-ranging dusky ( Carcharhinus obscurus) and sandbar ( Carcharhinus plumbeus) sharks in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad037. [PMID: 37266517 PMCID: PMC10230282 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shark assessments in the Mediterranean Sea are still scarce, and serum chemistry and haematological data have yet to be reported for wild dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) or sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) shark populations in the Mediterranean Sea. Herein, blood samples were obtained from adult dusky (n = 23) and sandbar (n = 14) sharks from an aggregation site near the Hadera power and desalination plants in Israel in the winters of 2016-20. Several serum chemistry analytes were characterized with relation to stress, body size and environmental conditions. Glucose concentrations were higher, while total cholesterol concentrations were lower in dusky sharks than in sandbar sharks, potentially due to distinct metabolic pathways utilized during the capture-related activity by both species. However, differences in sex and size are noted and should be considered. The blood cell morphology of both species was consistent with previous findings for sandbar sharks. Atypical monocytes were noted in one dusky shark. Preliminary and exploratory reference intervals for female dusky sharks were calculated for glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total protein and creatine kinase. These data must be viewed with caution due to the potential influence of capture-related stress on analyte concentrations and activities and the fact that only females were employed in the calculations. Moreover, the sampling site is adjacent to coastal power and desalination plants, which may significantly affect shark physiology. Although limited, this novel database on dusky and sandbar shark serum chemistry and haematology aspects is essential as a first attempt to obtain data on these species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and for future conservation and long-term biomonitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Itamar Aroch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovich
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
- Israeli Veterinary Services, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Eyal Bigal
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Leigh Livne
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Natascha Wosnick
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Dan Tchernov
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Danny Morick
- Corresponding author: Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel.
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Paterlini CA, Bó MS, Saggese MD, Biondi LM. HEMATOLOGY AND PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR FREE-LIVING ADULT CHIMANGO CARACARA ( MILVAGO CHIMANGO) DURING THE NONBREEDING SEASON. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:56-64. [PMID: 36971629 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological and blood biochemistry values are useful in assessing the physiological, nutritional, and overall health status of captive and free-living wildlife. For the chimango caracara (Milvago chimango), the most common raptor species in Argentina, reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and blood biochemistry are lacking. For this study, 86 chimango caracaras were captured and studied in Mar del Plata and neighboring areas (Buenos Aires, Argentina) during winter (April-July) in 2018 and 2019. This is the first study to present RIs for 33 blood parameters in a large number of free-living chimango caracaras during the nonbreeding season. In addition, the variability of blood parameters according to sex and calendar year was analyzed. Overall, values for the studied parameters were similar to those described for other raptor species. There were significant differences between years for absolute monocyte counts, relative eosinophils, monocyte counts, glucose, phosphorus, and alanine aminotransferase. Only the relative count of eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase, and calcium showed significant differences between the sexes. The values of absolute monocyte counts and the relative count of eosinophils and monocytes, glucose, phosphorus, and alanine aminotransferase were higher in 2019 than in 2018, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were higher in 2018. Relative eosinophil counts were higher for males than for females, and aspartate aminotransferase activity and calcium concentration were significantly higher for females than for males. The RIs for hematology and plasma biochemistry from this large number of chimango caracaras is of clinical relevance not only for chimango caracaras under medical care in rehabilitation centers but also in ecological studies aimed to investigate the physiological responses of this species to natural and anthropogenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Paterlini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP-CONICET, B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Argentina,
| | - María Susana Bó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP-CONICET, B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Miguel D Saggese
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Laura M Biondi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNMdP-CONICET, B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Argentina
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28
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Powolny T, Scheifler R, Raoul F, Coeurdassier M, Fritsch C. Effects of chronic exposure to toxic metals on haematological parameters in free-ranging small mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120675. [PMID: 36395915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Blood circulates through the vascular system to carry oxygen, nutrients and metabolites to and away from tissues, and as such is a key-component of animal physiology. The impacts of metal pollution on blood, however, are poorly documented in free-ranging vertebrates. While the counteracting effect of selenium on mercury toxicity is well known in marine mammals, its potential role against the toxicity of other metals is less studied, especially on terrestrial wildlife. We explored the consequences of chronic exposure to two non-essential metals (cadmium and lead) along a pollution gradient in Northern France, on eleven haematological parameters in two free ranging small mammals, the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus and the bank vole Myodes glareolus. We hypothesized that haematology was related to metal concentrations in tissues, and that selenium might exert modulating effects. Concentrations of cadmium and lead in the tissues indicated an increased chronic exposure to and accumulation of metals along the gradient. Some haematological parameters were not explained by any measured variables while some others varied only with gender or age. Red blood cells, red blood cells distribution width, and blood iron concentration, however, decreased with increasing cadmium in the tissues in wood mice. Red blood cells and haemoglobin decreased with increasing renal lead and hepatic cadmium, respectively, in bank voles. Red blood cells distribution width in wood mice increased with cadmium concentrations in the liver but this was counteracted by high selenium levels in the same organ. An interaction of selenium and lead on red blood cells was also observed in bank voles. Further, selenium concentrations were associated with an increase of monocytes in wood mice. The present results show that toxic metals were related to haematology changes, particularly erythrocyte indicators, and that some essential elements like selenium should be measured as well since they may counteract toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Powolny
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS / Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Scheifler
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS / Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Francis Raoul
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS / Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Michaël Coeurdassier
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS / Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- UMR 6249 Chrono-environnement, CNRS / Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
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29
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Balaguera-Reina SA, Jennings ND, Godfrey ST, Brandt LA, Daykin B, Squires MA, Mazzotti FJ. Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for American crocodiles ( Crocodylus acutus) in South Florida. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:919488. [PMID: 36483488 PMCID: PMC9722956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.919488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is considered a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List across its range and classified as locally threatened in several countries. There is a lack of knowledge involving hematological and physiological parameters in American crocodile populations, limiting our understanding of what are considered "normal" blood analyte results for the species and how to link them with health assessments. In this study, we analyzed 40 hematological and biochemical parameters and estimated reference intervals (RIs) for 35 of them based on 436 clinically healthy wild American crocodiles caught in South Florida between 2015 and 2021. Crocodiles were captured across three areas with different levels of human influence [low = Everglades National Park (ENP), medium = Biscayne Bay Estuary (BBE), and high = Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant (TP)]. There was very strong-to-strong evidence for an effect of where animals were caught on five analytes: basophils %, phosphorus, proportion of (pr) alpha-2 globulins, absolute count (abs) of gamma globulins, and corticosterone, so no reference values were estimated but general statistics are presented and discussed. From the remaining analytes, we found no evidence that sex or size class had an effect on red blood cell (RBC), azurophils and monocytes abs, triglycerides, and albumin abs. However, we did find moderate-to-strong evidence that sex influenced azurophils % and size class influenced white blood cell (WBC), heterophils %, monocytes %, basophils abs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), potassium, glucose, bile acids, alpha-1 globulin abs, and alpha-2 globulin pr and abs. Finally, there was strong evidence that both sex and size class influenced PCV, lymphocytes % and abs, eosinophils % and abs, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium, chloride, total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, albumin pr, alpha-1 globulin, and beta globulin abs. Intraspecific analysis showed that size is the variable that most influenced analytes explaining up to 29% of the variation, which relates to our findings based on intraindividual analysis. We compared our results with blood parameters reported for conspecifics as well as closely related species and discussed implication of those results for clinical diagnosis and American crocodile conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Balaguera-Reina
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Nicole D. Jennings
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Sidney T. Godfrey
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Laura A. Brandt
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Bryna Daykin
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Michiko A. Squires
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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30
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Jodice PGR, Lamb JS, Satgé YG, Fiorello C. Blood biochemistry and hematology of adult and chick brown pelicans in the northern Gulf of Mexico: baseline health values and ecological relationships. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac064. [PMID: 36159741 PMCID: PMC9492288 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The northern Gulf of Mexico supports a diverse community of nearshore seabirds during both breeding and nonbreeding periods of the annual cycle and is also a highly industrialized marine ecosystem with substantial levels of oil and gas development particularly in the west and central regions. Stakeholders in the region often assess risk to species of interest based on these differing levels of development. We collected blood samples from 81 adult and 35 chick eastern brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) from 10 colonies across the northern Gulf of Mexico and used these to establish baseline values for hematology and blood biochemistry. We assessed the potential influence of body condition, sex and home range size on hematology and blood biochemistry. We also assessed potential influences of oil and gas activity by considering differing levels of oil and gas development that occur regionally throughout the study area. Although blood analyte concentrations of adults and chicks were often associated with these regional differences, the pattern we observed was not entirely consistent with the differing levels of oil and gas activity across the Gulf, suggesting that regional levels of oil and gas activity around breeding sites may not be the primary drivers of hematology and blood biochemistry. We note that baseline values or reference intervals are not available for other nearshore seabirds that breed in the northern Gulf. Given that exposure and risk may differ among this suite of species based on diet, foraging strategies and life history strategies, similar assessments and monitoring may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G R Jodice
- Corresponding author: U.S. Geological Survey, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Juliet S Lamb
- The Nature Conservancy, 250 Lawrence Hill Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yvan G Satgé
- South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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31
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Puchades L, Gallego-Rios SE, Di Marzio A, Martínez-López E. Trace elements in blood of Baltic gray seal pups (Halichoerus grypus) from the Gulf of Riga and their relationship with biochemical and clinical parameters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113973. [PMID: 35908491 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements are pollutants of both natural and anthropogenic origin which can influence negatively on ecosystem and wildlife health. We evaluated trace element in blood samples of gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) stranded in the Gulf of Riga and their influence on their health status through hematological and biochemical profiles. Zn showed the highest levels followed by Cu > Se > Pb > THg > As. Cr and Cd were not detected. Most trace element levels were generally comparable to those reported in seal species; however, high Pb values were observed in those sample showing detectable concentrations (<0.046-257.6 μg/kg ww). Significant positive correlations were found between trace elements concentrations and various biochemical parameters, including Se-ASAT, Se:Hg-ASAT, Cu-TP, Cu-ALB, CuCa, Zn-ALAT, ZN-LDH, ZnP, Zn-Segment neutrophils, and Pb-CK. Nevertheless, most relationships were not strong enough (p > 0.04) to assume a toxicological implication. Despite its limitations, this information could serve as the baseline for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Puchades
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - S E Gallego-Rios
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (U de A), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - A Di Marzio
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Rigas Nacionalais Zoologiskais Darzs (Riga Zoo), Meza prospekts 1, LV-1014 Riga, Latvia
| | - E Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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32
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Shanebeck KM, Besson AA, Lagrue C, Green SJ. The energetic costs of sub-lethal helminth parasites in mammals: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1886-1907. [PMID: 35678252 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasites, by definition, have a negative effect on their host. However, in wild mammal health and conservation research, sub-lethal infections are commonly assumed to have negligible health effects unless parasites are present in overwhelming numbers. Here, we propose a definition for host health in mammals that includes sub-lethal effects of parasites on the host's capacity to adapt to the environment and maintain homeostasis. We synthesized the growing number of studies on helminth parasites in mammals to assess evidence for the relative magnitude of sub-lethal effects of infection across mammal taxa based on this expanded definition. Specifically, we develop and apply a framework for organizing disparate metrics of parasite effects on host health and body condition according to their impact on an animal's energetic condition, defined as the energetic burden of pathogens on host physiological and behavioural functions that relate directly to fitness. Applying this framework within a global meta-analysis of helminth parasites in wild, laboratory and domestic mammal hosts produced 142 peer-reviewed studies documenting 599 infection-condition effects. Analysing these data within a multiple working hypotheses framework allowed us to evaluate the relative weighted contribution of methodological (study design, sampling protocol, parasite quantification methods) and biological (phylogenetic relationships and host/parasite life history) moderators to variation in the magnitude of health effects. We found consistently strong negative effects of infection on host energetic condition across taxonomic groups, with unusually low heterogeneity in effect sizes when compared with other ecological meta-analyses. Observed effect size was significantly lower within cross-sectional studies (i.e. observational studies that investigated a sub-set of a population at a single point in time), the most prevalent methodology. Furthermore, opportunistic sampling led to a weaker negative effect compared to proactive sampling. In the model of host taxonomic group, the effect of infection on energetic condition in carnivores was not significant. However, when sampling method was included, it explained substantial inter-study variance; proactive sampling showing a strongly significant negative effect while opportunistic sampling detected only a weak, non-significant effect. This may partly underlie previous assumptions that sub-lethal parasites do not have significant effects on host health. We recommend future studies adopt energetic condition as the framework for assessing parasite effects on wildlife health and provide guidelines for the selection of research protocols, health proxies, and relating infection to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Shanebeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne A Besson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Clement Lagrue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.,Department of Conservation, 265 Princes Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hansen D, Hunt BE, Falvo CA, Ruiz-Aravena M, Kessler MK, Hall J, Thompson P, Rose K, Jones DN, Lunn TJ, Dale AS, Peel AJ, Plowright RK, Bat One Health. Morphological and quantitative analysis of leukocytes in free-living Australian black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268549. [PMID: 35613104 PMCID: PMC9132326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) is a natural reservoir for Hendra virus, a paramyxovirus that causes fatal infections in humans and horses in Australia. Increased excretion of Hendra virus by flying foxes has been hypothesized to be associated with physiological or energetic stress in the reservoir hosts. The objective of this study was to explore the leukocyte profiles of wild-caught P. alecto, with a focus on describing the morphology of each cell type to facilitate identification for clinical purposes and future virus spillover research. To this end, we have created an atlas of images displaying the commonly observed morphological variations across each cell type. We provide quantitative and morphological information regarding the leukocyte profiles in bats captured at two roost sites located in Redcliffe and Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, over the course of two years. We examined the morphology of leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes of P. alecto using cytochemical staining and characterization of blood films through light microscopy. Leukocyte profiles were broadly consistent with previous studies of P. alecto and other Pteropus species. A small proportion of individual samples presented evidence of hemoparasitic infection or leukocyte morphological traits that are relevant for future research on bat health, including unique large granular lymphocytes. Considering hematology is done by visual inspection of blood smears, examples of the varied cell morphologies are included as a visual guide. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first qualitative assessment of P. alecto leukocytes, as well as the first set of published hematology reference images for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brooklin E. Hunt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Caylee A. Falvo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Maureen K. Kessler
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Jane Hall
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Thompson
- Taronga Wildlife Hospital, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrienne S. Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
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Bernal-Valle S, Teixeira MN, de Araújo Neto AR, Gonçalves-Souza T, Feitoza BF, Dos Santos SM, da Silva AJ, da Silva RJ, de Oliveira MAB, de Oliveira JB. Parasitic infections, hematological and biochemical parameters suggest appropriate health status of wild coati populations in anthropic Atlantic Forest remnants. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 30:100693. [PMID: 35431063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coatis are hosts of a great diversity of parasites, that due to anthropic pressures in forest fragments, like changes in landscapes and ecosystems, can influence the dynamics and physiological responses to those parasite infections, affecting the animal's health and fitness. This is the first study about health parameters and parasitic infections of wild coati (Nasua nasua) populations in the Atlantic Forest (Pernambuco Center of Endemism). The following hypotheses were evaluated: (i) infections and co-infections by gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites can generate changes in the health parameters of coatis such as the body condition score (BCS), packed cell volume (PCV), leukogram, and serum protein profile; (ii) biological aspects (sex and age) or fragment they inhabit, can influence changes in the health parameters (BCS, PCV, leukogram and serum protein profile). Were studied 55 free-living coatis in three anthropized forest remnants in the Metropolitan Region of Recife. After chemical containment, the animals were submitted to physical examination and collection of biological samples (blood, feces, and ectoparasites). On the physical examination, 23.6% of coatis had a low BCS and 5.4% were overweighted. Amblyomma spp. ticks were found in 83.6% of the animals of all studied remnants, A. sculptumAmblyomma sculptum in 12.7% and A. ovale in 1.8%. Regarding gastrointestinal parasites, Ancylostoma sp. was the most prevalent (80.4%) and most animals (66.7%) had co-infection with Ancylostoma sp. and Capillaria sp., Strongyloides sp., Acanthocephala, Cestoda, and Coccidia. The 76.5% of the coatis presented co-infections with Ancylostoma spp. + Amblyomma spp. Principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) scores of health parameters were used as dependent variables and fragment, sex, age, Ancylostoma sp. infection, gastrointestinal parasites co-infection, Amblyomma spp. infestation and co-infection of Ancylostoma sp. + Amblyomma spp. as a predictor variable in the linear models. Parasites did not influence the PCV of the individuals, but a decrease was evident in adult animals. Variations in protein profile, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, without leaving the normal range for the species, but WBC were predicted by age group, and infections by Ancylostoma or Amblyomma spp., but not their co-infections. The free-living coati populations of the anthropized remnants in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil proved to be healthy and seem to be adapted to face the challenges of anthropization and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Bernal-Valle
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Miriam Nogueira Teixeira
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária (LPCV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rodrigues de Araújo Neto
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária (LPCV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gonçalves-Souza
- Laboratório de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação de Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Feliciano Feitoza
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sybelle Montenegro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreza Jocely da Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo José da Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Adélia Borstelmann de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bianque de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/N, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Whitehead EA, Russell JC, Hickey AJ, Taylor GA, O'Reilly KM, Della Penna A, Dunphy BJ. Seabird stress and breeding: Endocrine and hematological stress biomarkers differ between gray-faced petrel (Pterodroma gouldi) colonies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:381-392. [PMID: 35167183 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Seabird breeding success is known to reflect oceanic conditions. Gray-faced petrels (Pterodroma gouldi) breeding on the east coast of Auckland, New Zealand, exhibit poor reproductive success and slow chick development compared to west coast conspecifics. This study mapped changes in physiological traits (corticosterone [CORT] and hematological parameters) indicative of sublethal stress in this Procellariiform species between the west coast (Ihumoana) and east coast (Hāwere) island colonies. We found adult gray-faced petrels on the east coast to be lighter and, unlike west coast birds, exhibited an attenuation of response CORT levels between incubation and chick-rearing phases. Such responses were also reflected in east coast chicks that were lighter and had higher feather CORT titers than west coast chicks. Measures of adult hematology and plasma biochemistry revealed significantly lower glucose levels in east coast birds and indicated that chick rearing is the most stressful phase of breeding for this species Combined; these results suggest that east coast birds are under greater nutritional stress and that parents appear to transfer the costs of poor foraging to their chicks to preserve their own condition, consequently increasing chick developmental stress. Our results suggest that any long-term decrease in ocean conditions and/or climatic shifts would be more acutely felt by east coast chicks and potentially their parents, resulting in years of poor breeding success rates on a local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin A Whitehead
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James C Russell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Statistics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Katie M O'Reilly
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alice Della Penna
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brendon J Dunphy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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da Fonseca CF, Rojas NJJT, Vieira FM, Dos Santos Ferreira AP, da Silva Rodrigues M, de Barros MEG, da Silva Júnior VA, de Moura GJB, de Oliveira JB. Helminth fauna and histopathology associated with parasitic infections in Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines, Chelidae) in a Brazilian river subjected to anthropogenic activities. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100639. [PMID: 34879950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the structure of the helminth fauna and identify the macroscopic and histopathological alterations associated with parasitic infections in Phrynops geoffroanus. Freshwater turtles of both sexes were captured during the dry and rainy seasons in four municipalities along the Capibaribe River. The study included 63 animals, of which 79.37% (50/63) were parasitized by one or more helminths. In total, 933 helminths of seven taxa were recovered: Serpinema monospiculatus, Spiroxys figueiredoi, Nematophila grandis, Polystomoides brasiliensis, Cheloniodiplostomum testudinis, Telorchis birabeni, and Prionosomoides scalaris. Monogeneans and digenetic trematodes were more sensitive to environmental pressures, since the prevalences varied significantly between areas. Nematodes proved to be more resistant to environmental pressure and caused severe injuries to their hosts: nodules in the stomach and small intestine, adhesions in the liver capsule, and pulmonary emphysema. Parasitic granulomas were recorded at the infection sites and in the lungs and liver, the latter caused by migration of S. figueiredoi larvae. This is the first record of P. brasiliensis, N. grandis, C. testudinis, and T. birabeni parasitizing P. geoffroanus in the state of Pernambuco. Histopathology proved to be an important tool for studies on the impact of parasites at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels. Considering the use of the Capibaribe River for public water supply, fishing, and other activities, within the One Health perspective, this study demonstrates that the anthropogenic impact affects parasites and their hosts, in addition to the human population that uses this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Farias da Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical (PPGCAT), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Avenida 17 de agosto 1057, 52060-590 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Nicolás Jonathan Jesús Tarmeño Rojas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical (PPGCAT), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Matos Vieira
- Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Midiã da Silva Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical (PPGCAT), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Estudos Herpetológicos e Paleoherpetológicos (LEHP), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Edna Gomes de Barros
- Laboratório de Histologia, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valdemiro Amaro da Silva Júnior
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Histologia, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical (PPGCAT), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Estudos Herpetológicos e Paleoherpetológicos (LEHP), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal (PPGBA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade (PPGBio), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bianque de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal Tropical (PPGCAT), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia (LAPAR), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal (PPGBA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade (PPGBio), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Educação Tutorial Bacharelado em Ciências Biológicas (PET Biologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Barajas-Valero S, Rodríguez-Almonacid C, Rojas-Sereno Z, Moreno-Torres C, Matta NE. Hematology, Biochemistry Reference Intervals, and Morphological Description of Peripheral Blood Cells for a Captive Population of Crocodylus intermedius in Colombia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:694354. [PMID: 34513969 PMCID: PMC8427611 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.694354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius, Graves, 1918) is the most threatened crocodilian of South America. There is only scarce information available about the physiology of this neotropical crocodile. This study aimed to propose baseline hematological and biochemistry reference data and intervals and a morphological description of the peripheral blood cells of captive C. intermedius. Blood was collected from 318 clinically healthy individuals maintained in captivity at Villavicencio, Colombia. Eight of these individuals were sampled and resampled, and these data were compared. Reference intervals were proposed for hematological values [packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count, white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin, and white blood cell count differential counts] and biochemistries [total solids, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, and lactate] including adults and juveniles, males and females' crocodiles. Blood cell morphology for the species is described. Significant differences between sex and age were observed. The intraindividual analysis concluded differences for total solids (P ≤ 0.01) and red blood cell counts (P ≤ 0.01). Some biochemical analytes showed a moderate correlation between them, such as ALT–alkaline phosphatase and ALT–uric acid. We present here novel and baseline data with special importance for the clinical diagnosis, improving the national reintroduction programs from either in situ and ex situ populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Barajas-Valero
- Grupo Caracterización Genética e Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Almonacid
- Grupo Caracterización Genética e Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zulma Rojas-Sereno
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Moreno-Torres
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nubia E Matta
- Grupo Caracterización Genética e Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Stewart J, Bino G, Hawke T, Kingsford RT. Seasonal and geographic variation in packed cell volume and selected serum chemistry of platypuses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15932. [PMID: 34354187 PMCID: PMC8342447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) inhabit the permanent rivers and creeks of eastern Australia, from north Queensland to Tasmania, but are experiencing multiple and synergistic anthropogenic threats. Baseline information of health is vital for effective monitoring of populations but is currently sparse for mainland platypuses. Focusing on seven hematology and serum chemistry metrics as indicators of health and nutrition (packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, and triglycerides), we investigated their variation across the species' range and across seasons. We analyzed 249 unique samples collected from platypuses in three river catchments in New South Wales and Victoria. Health metrics significantly varied across the populations' range, with platypuses from the most northerly catchment, having lower PCV, and concentrations of albumin and triglycerides and higher levels of globulin, potentially reflecting geographic variation or thermal stress. The Snowy River showed significant seasonal patterns which varied between the sexes and coincided with differential reproductive stressors. Male creatinine and triglyceride levels were significantly lower than females, suggesting that reproduction is energetically more taxing on males. Age specific differences were also found, with juvenile PCV and TP levels significantly lower than adults. Additionally, the commonly used body condition index (tail volume index) was only negatively correlated with urea, and triglyceride levels. A meta-analysis of available literature revealed a significant latitudinal relationship with PCV, TP, albumin, and triglycerides but this was confounded by variation in sampling times and restraint methods. We expand understanding of mainland platypuses, providing reference intervals for PCV and six blood chemistry, while highlighting the importance of considering seasonal variation, to guide future assessments of individual and population condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stewart
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Gilad Bino
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Tahneal Hawke
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard T Kingsford
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Soboleva AS, Alekseeva GS, Erofeeva MN, Klyuchnikova PS, Sorokin PA, Naidenko SV. Leukocytes count and profile during early postnatal ontogenesis in domestic cat: Effect of litter size and multiple paternity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:637-648. [PMID: 34293237 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since blood cells count is the most important indicator of animals' physiological status, we investigated the effects of age, litter size, and multiple paternity on the total number of white blood cells, the number of their individual types (lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes), and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in domestic cat during early postnatal ontogenesis. The study was conducted on kittens living in outdoor conditions, aged from birth to 6 months. The number of white blood cells was evaluated using a hemoanalyzer, the leukocyte formula and the proportion of cell types were determined manually from blood smears. Age significantly affected the number of leukocytes in the first 3 months of kittens' age. The number and proportion of neutrophils were the highest after birth and gradually decreased during the first month. Lymphocytes number, on the contrary, increased during this period. Monocytes and eosinophils increased in number in the first 2 months. The litter size affected the number of leukocytes and neutrophils in the first 2 months of life, their number being significantly higher in kittens from the small litters than from the large ones. In kittens from the litters with multiple paternity, the number of leukocytes and the proportion of neutrophils was higher than in litters from a single male. Thus, age, litter size and type of paternity may affect the hematological indices in domestic cats, which must be taken into account during the estimation of the health status of kittens in domestic and wild cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S Soboleva
- Laboratory of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina S Alekseeva
- Laboratory of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya N Erofeeva
- Laboratory of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina S Klyuchnikova
- Laboratory of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Sorokin
- Inter-Laboratory Facility of Molecular Diagnostics, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Naidenko
- Laboratory of Behaviour and Behavioural Ecology of Mammals, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Brandimarti ME, Gray R, Silva FRO, Herbert CA. Kangaroos at maximum capacity: health assessment of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos on a coastal headland. J Mammal 2021; 102:837-851. [PMID: 34385895 PMCID: PMC8355480 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprawling urban development is fragmenting the landscape and native wildlife habitats on the Australian east coast. The impact of this rapid urbanization on wildlife health is largely unknown. This study surveyed the health of a high-density (5.4 individuals per ha) population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) affected by urban encroachment and prolonged drought. Blood parameters (hematological and serum protein), trace element and heavy metal concentrations, and parasite counts (fecal worm egg counts, ticks, and mites) are reported for a sample of ≤ 54 kangaroos at Look at Me Now Headland, New South Wales, Australia. These parameters were compared to lower density kangaroo populations from other sites in New South Wales. We found the health and welfare of this population to be severely compromised, with nonregenerative anemia and nutritional deficiencies evident. Our results indicate that high-density kangaroo populations isolated by urban encroachment are at significant health risk. To prevent further decline in this population’s health, we discuss management strategies that could be employed, concurrent with ongoing health and disease monitoring, to mitigate the poor health outcomes in this population. We conclude that it is essential to retain habitat connectivity when altering land use in areas with resident kangaroo populations if managers are to maintain healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maquel E Brandimarti
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, JD Stewart Building, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, McMaster Building, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fabiola R O Silva
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, JD Stewart Building, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine A Herbert
- School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, JD Stewart Building, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF LITHIUM HEPARIN AND DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID ON HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN EASTERN BOX TURTLES ( TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:999-1006. [PMID: 33480581 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulants are employed to prevent clotting and preserve cellular morphology for clinical pathology tests. Lithium heparin (LH) is the most frequently used anticoagulant in chelonians; however, dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) may be superior in some species. Although eastern box turtles' (Terrapene carolina carolina) hematologic parameters are well studied, the effects of different anticoagulants on hematology in this species are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of LH and EDTA on hematologic values in free-living eastern box turtles (N = 59). Blood samples were collected from eastern box turtles in Illinois and immediately divided between LH and EDTA microtainers, and complete blood counts were performed on each sample. Grossly, plasma from EDTA blood samples was frequently and significantly hemolyzed. Blood mixed with LH had higher packed cell volume (PCV) (P = 0.04), white blood cell count (WBC) determined by Leukopet (P < 0.0001), WBC determined by blood film estimate (P < 0.0001), absolute heterophils (P = 0.007), absolute lymphocytes (P < 0.0001), and lower total solids (P < 0.0001) and absolute monocytes (P = 0.0001) than blood mixed with EDTA. All relative leukocyte counts were significantly different between the anticoagulants (P < 0.0001). EDTA apparently lysed turtle erythrocytes in this study, making it difficult to accurately count white blood cells and artificially lowering PCV. These findings demonstrate that EDTA should not be used in eastern box turtles.
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Norris SB, Reistad NA, Rumbold DG. Mercury in neonatal and juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus). Part II: Effects assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:311-322. [PMID: 33447940 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As apex predators, blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) are highly susceptible to biomagnified mercury (Hg) particularly in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), which is known to contain fishes and invertebrates with elevated Hg levels. Blacktip sharks occur in the GOM year-round and are heavily fished both commercially and recreationally, but little is known about how Hg affects the species. In this study, blood, muscle, liver, and kidney samples were collected from neonatal (n = 57) and juvenile (n = 13) blacktip sharks in Charlotte Harbor, Florida. Hg concentrations in neonates and juveniles were found to be elevated in muscle (mean ± SE = 0.59 ± 0.23 mg kg-1), liver (0.39 ± 0.29 mg kg-1), kidney (0.56 ± 0.25 mg kg-1), and blood (0.059 ± 0.041 mg kg-1) compared to other local shark species and conspecifics from other areas. Blood plasma chemistry, hematology, and liver histology were evaluated to assess the relationship between Hg and tissue damage. Plasma chemistry parameters alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and phosphorus (PHOS) were not correlated with tissue Hg or liver condition index. Hematological effects were also not correlated with tissue Hg. However, melanomacrophage presence and lipid deposition, evaluated as part of histopathological analysis, were found to exhibit a statistically significant association with concentrations of Hg in tissue and ALT levels. These results suggest that Hg exposure potentially had a negative effect on the livers of the blacktip sharks evaluated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Norris
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA.
| | - Nicole A Reistad
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
| | - Darren G Rumbold
- Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL, 33965, USA
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Anselmo NP, França MFDL, Santos MQDC, Pantoja-Lima J, Silva CKPD, Aride PHR, De Oliveira AT. Hematologycal and blood biochemistry parameters of captive big-headed amazon river turtles, Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Testudines: Podocnemididae). ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v26n2.80616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of hematological values is used to obtain knowledge about the health conditions of animal species. The big-headed Amazon River turtles, (Peltocephalus dumerilianus)are considered one of the least known testudine species concerning their biology and health status. Herein, we determined the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of 17 (eight males and nine females) adult P. dumerilianusto provide reference interval values for clinically healthy individuals. We collected the blood samples by puncturing the femoral vein using long heparinized hypodermic syringes. Sexual dimorphism for individuals was determined by external observation of the shape of the plastron. The average values obtained for the ten hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed were red blood cell count = 0.32 million µL-1; hematocrit = 20.6 %; hemoglobin = 8.5 g dL-1; mean corpuscular volume = 681.6 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin = 267.8 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = 41.9 g dL-1; glucose = 80.6 mg dL-1, total protein = 4.1 g dL-1, triglycerides = 388.9 mg dL-1, and total cholesterol = 79.3 mg dL-1. Despite the sexual dimorphism evidenced for the species, there was no significant statistical difference between males and females for both hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed herein. Based on these results, the population is considered healthy, with parameter values coinciding with previously reported reference ranges for testudines species in the region. The results obtained in this study can be used for assessing the health status of other Amazonian turtle populations, especially in actions aimed at cultivation strategies, management, and species conservation.
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Arguedas R, Ovares L, Arguedas VP, Vargas R, Barquero MD. Health status of Polychrus gutturosus based on physical examination, hematology and biochemistry parameters in Costa Rica. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10649. [PMID: 33505804 PMCID: PMC7796665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the health status and characteristics of free-ranging wildlife populations are scarce or absent for most species. Saurian health assessments are usually performed in species that have conservation issues or that are kept in captivity. The Berthold’s bush anole (Polychrus guturossus) is one of eight species belonging to the genus Polychrus, the only representative of the family Polychrotidae. Only a handful of studies have been reported concerning these lizard’s morphological variation, ecology, and natural history, probably because P. gutturosus is a canopy dweller and it can be difficult to locate individuals. It is believed that deforestation and habitat modification could pose a threat for this species, although to date no health assessment has been done. The aim of this study was to generate health baseline data on P. gutturosus. Forty Berthold’s bush anoles (20 males and 20 females) were sampled at the Pacific versant in Costa Rica, where physical examination, skin and cloacal temperatures, and blood samples were obtained from individuals immediately after capture. Animals from the studied population were all healthy (body condition 2.5–3.0/5.0). No lesions or ectoparasites were detected, but hemoparasites were found in nine individuals. Hematological and biochemical values were obtained, and the morphology of leukocytes were found to be similar to other iguanians. A positive correlation was found between the tissue enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine kinase (CK) and a negative correlation was found between skin and cloacal temperatures and AST and CK. There were positive correlations between female weight and total protein, calcium, and the calcium and phosphorus ratio. No significant inter-sex differences were found in biochemical values, despite females being larger than males. This is the first health assessment performed on a free-ranging canopy dwelling lizard. These findings provide baseline data that may be useful for future monitoring if the species faces changes in health status due to anthropogenic causes or natural disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Arguedas
- FaunaLab, San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica.,AWA Science & Conservation, San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Viviana P Arguedas
- Recinto de Paraíso, Sede de Atlántico, Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rodolfo Vargas
- Asociación para el Rescate e Investigación de Vida Silvestre (ASREINVIS), Refugio Animal de Costa Rica, Santa Ana, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marco D Barquero
- Sede del Caribe, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
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Nash AL, Jebb AHM, Blumstein DT. Is the propensity to emit alarm calls associated with health status? Curr Zool 2021; 66:607-614. [PMID: 33391359 PMCID: PMC7769573 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and structure of animal signals may depend on an individual’s health status and may provide more than one type of information to receivers. While alarm calls are not typically viewed as health condition dependent, recent studies have suggested that their structure, and possibly their propensity to be emitted, depends on an individual’s health condition and state. We asked whether the propensity of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) to emit calls is influenced by their immunological or parasite status, by quantifying both trap-elicited and natural calling rates as a function of their neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NL) ratio, the presence of a blood borne trypanosome, and the presence of several intestinal parasites (Eimeria sp., Entamoeba sp., and Ascaris sp.). We fitted mixed effects models to determine if the health measures we collected were associated with the probability of calling in a trap and with annual rates of natural alarm calling. Marmots infected with a blood-borne trypanosome were marginally more likely to call naturally and when trapped, while those infected with the intestinal parasite Ascaris were less likely to call when trapped. NL ratio was not directly associated with in-trap calling probability, but males were more likely to call when they had higher NL ratios. Thus, health conditions, such as parasite infection and immune system activation, can modulate the production of alarm signals and potentially provide information to both predators and prey about the caller’s condition. Playback experiments are required to confirm if receivers use such information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Nash
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, 265 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alexandra H M Jebb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Box 519 Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Evans MN, Guerrero-Sanchez S, Kille P, Müller CT, Bakar MSA, Goossens B. Physiological implications of life at the forest interface of oil palm agriculture: blood profiles of wild Malay civets ( Viverra tangalunga). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa127. [PMID: 33408869 PMCID: PMC7772617 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development is a major threat to global biodiversity, and effective conservation actions are crucial. Physiological repercussions of life alongside human-modified landscapes can undermine adaptable species' health and population viability; however, baseline data are lacking for many wildlife species. We assessed the physiological status of a generalist carnivore, the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga), persisting within an extensively human-modified system in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We characterized hematology and serum biochemistry panels from civets sampled across a mosaic landscape comprising tropical forest fragments and oil palm plantations. Intra-population variation in certain blood parameters were explained by expected biological drivers such as sex, age category and sampling season. Furthermore, we determined several erythrocyte measures, immune cell counts and dietary biochemistry markers significantly varied with proximity to oil palm plantation boundaries. These findings were supported by a case study, whereby blood profiles of GPS collared male civets were contrasted based on their exclusive use of forests or use of oil palm plantations. These data provide robust and valuable first insights into this species' physiological status and suggest agricultural landscapes are impacting the persisting population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan N Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Sanchez
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | | | - Benoit Goossens
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
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Ribeiro PVA, Baesse CQ, Cury MC, de Melo C. Leukocyte profile of the helmeted manakin, Antilophia galeata (Passeriformes: Pipridae) in a Cerrado forest fragment. ZOOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.37.e46441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the amounts and proportions of leukocytes, known as leucocyte profiles, have been documented for several bird species and have been used to measure stress levels in these animals. The present work ascertained the biological and ecological attributes that influence the leukocyte profile of Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), the helmeted manakin. This species has been deemed useful in ecological studies because it responds to environmental changes. Blood samples drawn from 89 individuals of A. galeata captured in a Cerrado forest fragment were subjected to analysis under optical microscopy to identify and quantify leukocytes and micronuclei. The number of lymphocytes was greater for males, non-reproductive individuals and individuals infected with ticks. None of the leukocyte components differed in relation to age, molting or body condition index. The amount of micronuclei was correlated with values for total leukocytes, H/L ratio, heterophils, basophils and monocytes. The results suggest that reproduction may be an immunosuppressive factor for the species, producing sexual differences in lymphocyte availability. In addition, biomarkers of genotoxic damage (micronuclei) were related to the amount of leukocytes, indicating that individuals may be sensitive to environmental disturbances. Leukocyte profiles can be considered a useful tool for addressing ecological questions that are relevant to the conservation of species in degraded environments.
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Anticipatory plastic response of the cellular immune system in the face of future injury: chronic high perceived predation risk induces lymphocytosis in a cichlid fish. Oecologia 2020; 194:597-607. [PMID: 33095316 PMCID: PMC7683483 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cellular immunity displays substantial variation among taxa and environments. Hematological parameters such as white blood-cell counts have emerged as a valuable tool to understand this variation by assessing the immunological status of individuals. These tools have long revealed that vertebrate cellular immune systems are highly plastic and respond to injury and infection. However, cellular immune systems may also be able to anticipate a high risk of injury from environmental cues (e.g., predation-related cues) and respond plastically ahead of time. We studied white blood-cell (leukocyte) profiles in African cichlids Pelvicachromis taeniatus that were raised for 4 years under different levels of perceived predation risk. In a split-clutch design, we raised fish from hatching onwards under chronic exposure to either conspecific alarm cues (communicating high predation risk) or a distilled water control treatment. Differential blood analysis revealed that alarm cue-exposed fish had twice as many lymphocytes in peripheral blood as did controls, a condition called lymphocytosis. The presence of a higher number of lymphocytes makes the cellular immune response more potent, which accelerates the removal of invading foreign antigens from the bloodstream, and, therefore, may be putatively beneficial in the face of injury. This observed lymphocytosis after long-term exposure to conspecific alarm cues constitutes first evidence for an anticipatory and adaptive plastic response of the cellular immune system to future immunological challenges.
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49
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Ma NL, Hansen M, Roland Therkildsen O, Kjær Christensen T, Skjold Tjørnløv R, Garbus SE, Lyngs P, Peng W, Lam SS, Kirstine Havnsøe Krogh A, Andersen-Ranberg E, Søndergaard J, Rigét FF, Dietz R, Sonne C. Body mass, mercury exposure, biochemistry and untargeted metabolomics of incubating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in three Baltic colonies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105866. [PMID: 32590281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Baltic/Wadden Sea Flyway of common eiders has declined over the past three decades. Multiple factors such as contaminant exposure, global warming, hunting, white-tailed eagle predation, decreased agricultural eutrophication and infectious diseases have been suggested to explain the decline. We collected information on body mass, mercury (Hg) concentration, biochemistry and untargeted metabolomics of incubating birds in two colonies in the Danish Straits (Hov Røn, n = 100; Agersø, n = 29) and in one colony in the Baltic proper (Christiansø, n = 23) to look into their metabolisms and energy balance. Body mass was available from early and late incubation for Hov Røn and Christiansø, showing a significant decline (25-30%) in both colonies with late body mass at Christiansø being the lowest. Whole blood concentrations of total mercury Hg were significantly higher in birds at Christiansø in the east compared to Hov Røn in the west. All birds in the three colonies had Hg concentrations in the range of ≤1.0 μg/g ww, which indicates that the risk of effects on reproduction is in the no to low risk category for wild birds. Among the biochemical measures, glucose, fructosamine, amylase, albumin and protein decreased significantly from early to late incubation at Hov Røn and Christiansø, reflecting long-term fastening as supported by the decline in body mass. Untargeted metabolomics performed on Christiansø eiders revealed presence of 8,433 plasma metabolites. Of these, 3,179 metabolites changed significantly (log2-fold change ≥1, p ≤ 0.05) from the early to late incubation. For example, smaller peptides and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) were significantly down-regulated while 11-deoxycorticosterone and palmitoylcarnitine were significantly upregulated. These results show that cumulative stress including fasting during incubation affect the eiders' biochemical profile and energy metabolism and that this may be most pronounced for the Christiansø colony in the Baltic proper. This amplify the events of temperature increases and food web changes caused by global warming that eventually accelerate the loss in body weight. Future studies should examine the relationship between body condition, temperature and reproductive outcomes and include mapping of food web contaminant, energy and nutrient content to better understand, manage and conserve the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyuk Ling Ma
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Martin Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Rune Skjold Tjørnløv
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Svend-Erik Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Scientific Field Station, Christiansø 97, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Anne Kirstine Havnsøe Krogh
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Emilie Andersen-Ranberg
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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50
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Brandimarti ME, Gray R, Coulson G, Cripps JK, Wilson ME, Death C, Snape M, Wimpenny C, Silva FRO, Miller EJ, Scanes E, Spielman D, Thomas G, Herbert CA. Reference intervals for parameters of health of eastern grey kangaroos Macropus giganteus and management implications across their geographic range. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maquel E. Brandimarti
- M. E. Brandimarti (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-6623) ✉ , G. Thomas, C. A. Herbert (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-0898), F. R. O. Silva and E. Scanes (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804), School of Life and
| | - Rachael Gray
- R. Gray and D. Spielman, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The Univ. of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graeme Coulson
- G. Coulson (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-8203), J. K. Cripps (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-5510) and M. E. Wilson, School of BioSciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. JKC also at: Dept of Environment, Land, Water an
| | - Jemma K. Cripps
- G. Coulson (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-8203), J. K. Cripps (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-5510) and M. E. Wilson, School of BioSciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. JKC also at: Dept of Environment, Land, Water an
| | - Michelle E. Wilson
- G. Coulson (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-8203), J. K. Cripps (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-5510) and M. E. Wilson, School of BioSciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. JKC also at: Dept of Environment, Land, Water an
| | - Clare Death
- C. Death, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Snape
- M. Snape and C. Wimpenny, Conservation Research, Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, ACT Government, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Claire Wimpenny
- M. Snape and C. Wimpenny, Conservation Research, Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, ACT Government, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Fabiola Rodrigues Oliveira Silva
- M. E. Brandimarti (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-6623) ✉ , G. Thomas, C. A. Herbert (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-0898), F. R. O. Silva and E. Scanes (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804), School of Life and
| | - Emily J. Miller
- E. J. Miller, The Univ. of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- M. E. Brandimarti (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-6623) ✉ , G. Thomas, C. A. Herbert (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-0898), F. R. O. Silva and E. Scanes (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804), School of Life and
| | - Derek Spielman
- R. Gray and D. Spielman, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The Univ. of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgia Thomas
- M. E. Brandimarti (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-6623) ✉ , G. Thomas, C. A. Herbert (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-0898), F. R. O. Silva and E. Scanes (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804), School of Life and
| | - Catherine A. Herbert
- M. E. Brandimarti (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-6623) ✉ , G. Thomas, C. A. Herbert (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-0898), F. R. O. Silva and E. Scanes (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3804), School of Life and
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