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Kazmi SSUH, Xu Q, Tayyab M, Pastorino P, Barcelò D, Yaseen ZM, Khan ZH, Li G. Navigating the environmental dynamics, toxicity to aquatic organisms and human associated risks of an emerging tire wear contaminant 6PPD quinone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124313. [PMID: 38838808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-quinone diamine (6PPDQ) is a derivative of 6PPD, a synthetic antioxidant used in tire manufacturing to control the degradation caused by oxidation and heat aging. Its discovery in 2020 has raised important environmental concern, particularly regarding its association with acute mortality in coho salmon, prompting surge in research on its occurrence, fate, and transport in aquatic ecosystems. Despite this attention, there remain notable gaps in grasping the knowledge, demanding an in depth overview. Thus, this review consolidates recent studies to offer a thorough investigation of 6PPDQ's environmental dynamics, pathways into aquatic ecosystems, toxicity to aquatic organisms, and human health implications. Various aquatic species exhibit differential susceptibility to 6PPDQ toxicity, manifesting in acute mortalities, disruption of metabolic pathways, oxidative stress, behavioral responses, and developmental abnormalities. Whereas, understanding the species-specific responses, molecular mechanisms, and broader ecological implications requires further investigation across disciplines such as ecotoxicology, molecular biology, and environmental chemistry. Integration of findings emphasizes the complexity of 6PPDQ toxicity and its potential risks to human health. However, urgent priorities should be given to the measures like long-term monitoring studies to evaluate the chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems and the establishment of standardized toxicity testing protocols to ensure the result comparability and reproducibility. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental professionals seeking appraisals into the impacts of 6PPDQ contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Peoples R China
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Zaher Mundher Yaseen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulqarnain Haider Khan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China.
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Li Y, Xu C, Zhou X, Li J, Xu S, Tu Y, Mu X, Huang J, Huang Q, Kang L, Wang H, Zhang M, Yuan Y, Wu C, Zhang J. DNA adductomics aided rapid screening of genotoxic impurities using nucleosides and 3D bioprinted human liver organoids. Talanta 2024; 273:125902. [PMID: 38508126 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Current genotoxicity assessment methods are mainly employed to verify the genotoxic safety of drugs, but do not allow for rapid screening of specific genotoxic impurities (GTIs). In this study, a new approach for the recognition of GTIs has been proposed. It is to expose the complex samples to an in vitro nucleoside incubation model, and then draw complete DNA adduct profiles to infer the structures of potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). Subsequently, the genotoxicity is confirmed in human by 3D bioprinted human liver organoids. To verify the feasibility of the approach, lansoprazole chloride compound (Lanchlor), a PGI during the synthesis of lansoprazole, was selected as the model drug. After confirming genotoxicity by Comet assay, it was exposed to different models to map and compare the DNA adduct profiles by LC-MS/MS. The results showed Lanchlor could generate diverse DNA adducts, revealing firstly its genotoxicity at molecular mechanism of action. Furthermore, the largest variety and content of DNA adducts were observed in the nucleoside incubation model, while the human liver organoids exhibited similar results with rats. The results showed that the combination of DNA adductomics and 3D bioprinted organoids were useful for the rapid screening of GTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shiting Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanbo Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xue Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Devision of Inspection Technology Research, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Huaisong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Devision of Inspection Technology Research, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Yaozuo Yuan
- Devision of Inspection Technology Research, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, China.
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Deng M, Ji X, Peng B, Fang M. In Vitro and In Vivo Biotransformation Profiling of 6PPD-Quinone toward Their Detection in Human Urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9113-9124. [PMID: 38743028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its oxidized quinone product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) in rubber have attracted attention due to the ecological risk that they pose. Both 6PPD and 6PPD-Q have been detected in various environments that humans cohabit. However, to date, a clear understanding of the biotransformation of 6PPD-Q and a potential biomarker for exposure in humans are lacking. To address this issue, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the extensive biotransformation of 6PPD-Q across species, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo models. We have tentatively identified 17 biotransformation metabolites in vitro, 15 in mice in vivo, and confirmed the presence of two metabolites in human urine samples. Interestingly, different biotransformation patterns were observed across species. Through semiquantitative analysis based on peak areas, we found that almost all 6PPD-Q underwent biotransformation within 24 h of exposure in mice, primarily via hydroxylation and subsequent glucuronidation. This suggests a rapid metabolic processing of 6PPD-Q in mammals, underscoring the importance of identifying effective biomarkers for exposure. Notably, monohydroxy 6PPD-Q and 6PPD-Q-O-glucuronide were consistently the most predominant metabolites across our studies, highlighting monohydroxy 6PPD-Q as a potential key biomarker for epidemiological research. These findings represent the first comprehensive data set on 6PPD-Q biotransformation in mammalian systems, offering insights into the metabolic pathways involved and possible exposure biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Peng
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Fu B, Chen T, Jiang B, Feng H, Zhu Z, Li M, Zhang G, Jiang Y. 6PPDQ induces cardiomyocyte senescence via AhR/ROS-mediated autophagic flux blockage. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123872. [PMID: 38604309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, attention has been drawn to the adverse outcomes of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) on human health, but its cardiac toxicity has been relatively understudied. This work aims to investigate the effects of 6PPDQ on differentiated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to 6PPDQ altered cellular morphology and disrupted the expression of cardiac-specific markers. Significantly, 6PPDQ exposure led to cardiomyocyte senescence, characterized by elevated β-Galactosidase activity, upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor, induction of DNA double-strand breaks, and remodeling of Lamin B1. Furthermore, 6PPDQ hindered autophagy flux by promoting the formation of autophagosomes while inhibiting the degradation of autolysosomes. Remarkably, restoration of autophagic flux using rapamycin counteracted 6PPDQ-induced cardiomyocyte senescence. Additionally, our study revealed that 6PPDQ significantly increased the ROS production. However, ROS scavenger effectively reduced the blockage of autophagic flux and cardiomyocyte senescence caused by 6PPDQ. Furthermore, we discovered that 6PPDQ activated the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. AhR antagonist was found to reverse the blockage of autophagy and alleviate cardiac senescence, while also reducing ROS levels in 6PPDQ-treated group. In conclusion, our research unveils that exposure to 6PPDQ induces ROS overproduction through AhR activation, leading to disruption of autophagy flux and ultimately contributing to cardiomyocyte senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haobin Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Min Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Guoxing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China.
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Yao K, Kang Q, Liu W, Chen D, Wang L, Li S. Chronic exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD-quinone impairs sperm quality and induces the damage of reproductive capacity in male mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134165. [PMID: 38574660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
It has been reported that N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), a derivative of the tire antioxidant, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), exhibits acute toxicity towards organisms. However, the possible reproductive toxicity of 6PPD-Q in mammals has rarely been reported. In this study, the effects of 6PPD-Q on the reproductive toxicity of C57Bl/6 male mice were assessed after exposure to 6PPD-Q for 40 days at 4 mg/kg body weight (bw). Exposure to 6PPD-Q not only led to a decrease in testosterone levels but also adversely affected semen quality and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, thereby indicating impaired male fertility resulting from 6PPD-Q exposure. Additionally, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that 6PPD-Q elicited differential expression of genes and metabolites primarily enriched in spermatogenesis, apoptosis, arginine biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolism in the testes of mice. In conclusion, our study reveals the toxicity of 6PPD-Q on the reproductive capacity concerning baseline endocrine disorders, sperm quality, germ cell apoptosis, and the sphingolipid signaling pathway in mice. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of the health hazards posed by 6PPD-Q to mammals, thereby facilitating the development of more robust safety regulations governing the utilization and disposal of rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Yao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Quanmin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danna Chen
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Song S, Gao Y, Feng S, Cheng Z, Huang H, Xue J, Zhang T, Sun H. Widespread occurrence of two typical N, N'-substituted p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in humans: Association with oxidative stress and liver damage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133835. [PMID: 38394895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
While N, N'-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs) have been widely detected in the environment, there is currently limited data on their occurrence in humans. In this study, we conducted the first serum analysis of two PPDs and PPDQs in the healthy and secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (S-NAFLD) cohorts in South China. The concentrations of four oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs), namely, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-PGF2α), 11β-prostaglandin F2α (11-PGF2α), 15(R)-prostaglandin F2α (15-PGF2α), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in serum samples were also measured. Results showed that N-(1,3-dimethybutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) quinone was the predominant target analytes both in the healthy and S-NAFLD cohorts, with the median concentrations of 0.13 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. Significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlations were found between 6PPD concentration and 8-PGF2α, 11-PGF2α, and 15-PGF2α in both the healthy and S-NAFLD cohorts, indicating that 6PPD may be associated with lipid oxidative damage. In addition, concentrations of 6PPD in serum were associated significantly linked with total bilirubin (β = 0.180 μmol/L, 95%CI: 0.036-0.396) and direct bilirubin (DBIL, β = 0.321 μmol/L, 95%CI: 0.035-0.677) related to hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, 8-PGF2α, 11-PGF2α, and 15-PGF2α mediated 17.1%, 24.5%, and 16.6% of 6PPD-associated DBIL elevations, respectively. Conclusively, this study provides novel insights into human exposure to and hepatotoxicity assessment of PPDs and PPDQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Mei Zhou 514015, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhang Z, Xu X, Qian Z, Zhong Q, Wang Q, Hylkema MN, Snieder H, Huo X. Association between 6PPD-quinone exposure and BMI, influenza, and diarrhea in children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118201. [PMID: 38220074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) has received extensive attention due to its ubiquitous distribution and potential toxicity. However, the distribution characteristics of 6PPD-quinone in dust from e-waste recycling areas and the consequential health risks to children are unclear. A total of 183 dust samples were collected from roads (n = 40), homes (n = 91), and kindergartens (n = 52) in Guiyu (the e-waste-exposed group) and Haojiang (the reference group) from 2019 to 2021. The results show that the concentrations of 6PPD-quinone in kindergarten and house dust from the exposed group were significantly higher than those from the reference group (P < 0.001). These findings show that e-waste may be another potential source of 6PPD-quinone, in addition to rubber tires. The exposure risk of 6PPD-quinone in children was assessed using their daily intake. The daily intake of 925 kindergarten children was calculated using the concentration of 6PPD-quinone in kindergarten dust. The daily intake of 6PPD-quinone via ingestion was approximately five orders of magnitude higher than via inhalation. Children in the exposed group had a higher exposure risk to 6PPD-quinone than the reference group. A higher daily intake of 6PPD-quinone from kindergarten dust was associated with a lower BMI and a higher frequency of influenza and diarrhea in children. This study reports the distribution of 6PPD-quinone in an e-waste recycling town and explores the associated health risks to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyi Qian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qihua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang J, Cao G, Wang W, Qiao H, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang F, Liu W, Cai Z. Stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry reveals in vivo distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tire rubber-derived 6PPD-quinone in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169291. [PMID: 38104817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) has been identified as a ubiquitous contaminant in the surrounding locality, including air particles, roadside soils, dust, and water. Recently, the prevalence of 6PPD-Q in human urine has accentuated the urgency for investigating its biological fate. To address this, we conducted a stable isotope-assisted high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) assay to unveil the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicokinetic properties of this contaminant in a mouse model. Mice were fed with a single dose of deuterated 6PPD-Q-d5 at human-relevant exposure levels. Results indicated that 6PPD-Q was quickly assimilated and distributed into bloodstream and main organs of mice, with the concentrations reaching peaks under 1 h following administration. Notably, 6PPD-Q was primarily distributed in the adipose tissue, marked by a significant Cmax (p < 0.05), followed by the kidney, lung, testis, liver, spleen, heart, and muscle. In addition, our measurement demonstrated that 6PPD-Q can penetrate the blood-brain barrier of mice within 0.5 h after exposure. The half-lives (t1/2) of 6PPD-Q in serum, lung, kidney, and spleen of mice were measured at 12.7 ± 0.3 h, 20.7 ± 1.4 h, 21.6 ± 5.3 h, and 20.6 ± 2.8 h, respectively. Using HRMS combined with isotope tracing techniques, two novel hydroxylated metabolites of 6PPD-Q in the mice liver were identified for the first time, which provides new insights into its rapid elimination in-vivo. Meanwhile, fecal excretion was identified as the main excretory pathway for 6PPD-Q and its hydroxylated metabolites. Collectively, our findings extend the current knowledge on the biological fate and exposure status of 6PPD-Q in a mouse model, which has the potential to be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guodong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Han Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Fuyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong.
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Grasse N, Seiwert B, Massei R, Scholz S, Fu Q, Reemtsma T. Uptake and Biotransformation of the Tire Rubber-derived Contaminants 6-PPD and 6-PPD Quinone in the Zebrafish Embryo ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15598-15607. [PMID: 37782849 PMCID: PMC10586378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity in some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret the species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ in the zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h of exposure, 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ accumulated in the ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 to 2500 for 6-PPD and 70 to 220 for 6-PPDQ. A total of 22 TPs of 6-PPD and 12 TPs of 6-PPDQ were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. After 96 h of exposure to 6-PPD, the TPs of 6-PPD comprised 47% of the total peak area (TPA), with 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being the most prominent in the ZFE. Upon 6-PPDQ exposure, >95% of 6-PPDQ taken up in the ZFE was biotransformed, with 6-PPDQ + O + glucuronide dominating (>80% of the TPA). Among other TPs of 6-PPD, a reactive N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine was found. The knowledge of TPs of 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ from this study may support biotransformation studies in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Grasse
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department
of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute
for Analytical Chemistry, University of
Leipzig, Linnestrasse
3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Zhao HN, Thomas SP, Zylka MJ, Dorrestein PC, Hu W. Urine Excretion, Organ Distribution, and Placental Transfer of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Mice and Potential Developmental Toxicity through Nuclear Receptor Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13429-13438. [PMID: 37642336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The rubber antioxidant 6PPD has gained significant attention due to its highly toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). Despite their detection in urines of pregnant women, the placental transfer and developmental toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPDQ are unknown. Here, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with 4 mg/kg 6PPD or 6PPDQ to investigate their urine excretion and placental transfer. Female and male mice exhibited sex difference in excretion profiles of 6PPD and 6PPDQ. Urine concentrations of 6PPDQ were one order of magnitude lower than those of 6PPD, suggesting lower excretion and higher bioaccumulation of 6PPDQ. In pregnant mice treated with 6PPD or 6PPDQ from embryonic day 11.5 to 15.5, 6PPDQ showed ∼1.5-8 times higher concentrations than 6PPD in placenta, embryo body, and embryo brain, suggesting higher placental transfer of 6PPDQ. Using in vitro dual-luciferase reporter assays, we revealed that 6PPDQ activated the human retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) at concentrations as low as 0.3 μM, which was ∼10-fold higher than the concentrations detected in human urines. 6PPD activated the RXRα at concentrations as low as 1.2 μM. These results demonstrate the exposure risks of 6PPD and 6PPDQ during pregnancy and emphasize the need for further toxicological and epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sydney P Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark J Zylka
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wenxin Hu
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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Botelho MT, Militão GG, Brinkmann M, Umbuzeiro GDA. Toxicity and mutagenicity studies of 6PPD-quinone in a marine invertebrate species and bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:335-341. [PMID: 37402651 DOI: 10.1002/em.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), an oxidation product of the tire additive, 6PPD, has been associated with high mortality of salmonids (0.1 μg/L). The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity using neonates and mutagenicity (micronuclei in hemolymph of exposed adults) of 6PPD-quinone in the marine amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis. Also, we studied its mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay using five strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic system (rat liver S9, 5%). 6PPD-quinone did not present acute toxicity to P. hawaiensis from 31.25 to 500 μg/L. Micronuclei frequency increased after 96 h-exposure to 6PPD-quinone (250 and 500 μg/L) when compared to the negative control. 6PPD-quinone also showed a weak mutagenic effect for TA100 only in the presence of S9. We conclude that 6PPD-quinone is mutagenic to P. hawaiensis and weakly mutagenic to bacteria. Our work provides information for future risk assessment of the presence of 6PPD-quinone in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Chen X, He T, Yang X, Gan Y, Qing X, Wang J, Huang Y. Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131245. [PMID: 36958160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear compounds N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its derivative 6PPD-quinone have been considered as emerging pollutants and attracted much attention recently. As an antioxidant and antiozonant widely used, 6PPD would be released during the production or use of rubber-related products. Because of the mass production and wide use of rubber-related products, 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone have been identified to be ubiquitous in the environment. In this study, we firstly reviewed the current available literature on the analytical procedures, concentrations and distribution of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone, and then investigated the potential toxic effects of these two compounds on aquatic organisms. Current studies have been mainly focused on the occurrence of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in dust and water, while available information on atmosphere, soil, sediments and organisms is limited. The fate and distribution of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone would be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, illumination, and storm events, etc. Although 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone have potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms, and 6PPD-quinone has species-specific toxicity, toxicological mechanisms of these compounds are still unclear. Based on the review and analysis of current studies, some suggestions for future research of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinlu Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yijing Gan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xian Qing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jun Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yumei Huang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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