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Dong W, Liu S, Li S, Wang Z. Cell reprogramming therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2444-2455. [PMID: 38526281 PMCID: PMC11090434 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is typically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Many studies have been performed based on the supplementation of lost dopaminergic neurons to treat Parkinson's disease. The initial strategy for cell replacement therapy used human fetal ventral midbrain and human embryonic stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease, which could substantially alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. However, ethical issues and tumor formation were limitations of its clinical application. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be acquired without sacrificing human embryos, which eliminates the huge ethical barriers of human stem cell therapy. Another widely considered neuronal regeneration strategy is to directly reprogram fibroblasts and astrocytes into neurons, without the need for intermediate proliferation states, thus avoiding issues of immune rejection and tumor formation. Both induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming of lineage cells have shown promising results in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, there are also ethical concerns and the risk of tumor formation that need to be addressed. This review highlights the current application status of cell reprogramming in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, focusing on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy, including preclinical animal models and progress in clinical research. The review also discusses the advancements in direct reprogramming of lineage cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as well as the controversy surrounding in vivo reprogramming. These findings suggest that cell reprogramming may hold great promise as a potential strategy for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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2
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Coukos R, Krainc D. Key genes and convergent pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:393-413. [PMID: 38600347 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Qin P, Sun Y, Li L. Mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:47. [PMID: 38577947 PMCID: PMC10999227 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation serves a key role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria serve as central regulators of neuroinflammation. In addition to providing energy to cells, mitochondria also participate in the immunoinflammatory response of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, by regulating processes such as cell death and inflammasome activation. Under inflammatory conditions, mitochondrial oxidative stress, epigenetics, mitochondrial dynamics and calcium homeostasis imbalance may serve as underlying regulatory mechanisms for these diseases. Therefore, investigating mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction may result in therapeutic strategies against chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of mitochondria in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases and the current treatment approaches that target mitochondrial dysfunction in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Liya Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
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4
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Lin YH, Lin KL, Wang XW, Lee JJ, Wang FS, Wang PW, Lan MY, Liou CW, Lin TK. Miro1 improves the exogenous engraftment efficiency and therapeutic potential of mitochondria transfer using Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101856. [PMID: 38408618 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important for maintaining cellular energy metabolism and regulating cellular senescence. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes subunits of the OXPHOS complexes which are essential for cellular respiration and energy production. Meanwhile, mtDNA variants have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including MELAS, for which no effective treatment has been developed. To alleviate the pathological conditions involved in mitochondrial disorders, mitochondria transfer therapy has shown promise. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) have been identified as suitable mitochondria donors for mitochondria-defective cells, wherein mitochondrial functions can be rescued. Miro1 participates in mitochondria trafficking by anchoring mitochondria to microtubules. In this study, we identified Miro1 over-expression as a factor that could help to enhance the efficiency of mitochondrial delivery. More specifically, we reveal that Miro1 over-expressed WJMSCs significantly improved intercellular communications, cell proliferation rates, and mitochondrial membrane potential, while restoring mitochondrial bioenergetics in mitochondria-defective fibroblasts. Furthermore, Miro1 over-expressed WJMSCs decreased rates of induced apoptosis and ROS production in MELAS fibroblasts; although, Miro1 over-expression did not rescue mtDNA mutation ratios nor mitochondrial biogenesis. This study presents a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for treating mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and other diseases associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, while the pathophysiological relevance of our results should be further verified by animal models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
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5
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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6
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Carr LM, Mustafa S, Care A, Collins-Praino LE. More than a number: Incorporating the aged phenotype to improve in vitro and in vivo modeling of neurodegenerative disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:554-571. [PMID: 38663775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Age is the number one risk factor for developing a neurodegenerative disease (ND), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD). With our rapidly ageing world population, there will be an increased burden of ND and need for disease-modifying treatments. Currently, however, translation of research from bench to bedside in NDs is poor. This may be due, at least in part, to the failure to account for the potential effect of ageing in preclinical modelling of NDs. While ageing can impact upon physiological response in multiple ways, only a limited number of preclinical studies of ND have incorporated ageing as a factor of interest. Here, we evaluate the aged phenotype and highlight the critical, but unmet, need to incorporate aspects of this phenotype into both the in vitro and in vivo models used in ND research. Given technological advances in the field over the past several years, we discuss how these could be harnessed to create novel models of ND that more readily incorporate aspects of the aged phenotype. This includes a recently described in vitro panel of ageing markers, which could help lead to more standardised models and improve reproducibility across studies. Importantly, we cannot assume that young cells or animals yield the same responses as seen in the context of ageing; thus, an improved understanding of the biology of ageing, and how to appropriately incorporate this into the modelling of ND, will ensure the best chance for successful translation of new therapies to the aged patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carr
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sanam Mustafa
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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7
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Li Y, Yang Z, Zhang S, Li J. Miro-mediated mitochondrial transport: A new dimension for disease-related abnormal cell metabolism? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 705:149737. [PMID: 38430606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are versatile and highly dynamic organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. The importance of mitochondrial transport in cell metabolism, including variations in mitochondrial distribution within cells and intercellular transfer, has grown in recent years. Several studies have demonstrated that abnormal mitochondrial transport represents an early pathogenic alteration in a variety of illnesses, emphasizing its significance in disease development and progression. Mitochondrial Rho GTPase (Miro) is a protein found on the outer mitochondrial membrane that is required for cytoskeleton-dependent mitochondrial transport, mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), and mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Miro, as a critical regulator of mitochondrial transport, has yet to be thoroughly investigated in illness. This review focuses on recent developments in recognizing Miro as a crucial molecule in controlling mitochondrial transport and investigates its roles in diverse illnesses. It also intends to shed light on the possibilities of targeting Miro as a therapeutic method for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Jincheng People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Hong X, Zheng Y, Hou J, Jiang T, Lu Y, Wang W, Zhou S, Ye Q, Xie C, Li J. Detection of elevated levels of PINK1 in plasma from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1369014. [PMID: 38711597 PMCID: PMC11070528 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1369014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Numerous lines of evidence support the intricate interplay between Parkinson's disease (PD) and the PINK1-dependent mitophagy process. This study aimed to evaluate differences in plasma PINK1 levels among idiopathic PD, PD syndromes (PDs), and healthy controls. Methods A total of 354 participants were included, consisting of 197 PD patients, 50 PDs patients, and 107 healthy controls were divided into two cohorts, namely the modeling cohort (cohort 1) and the validated cohort (cohort 2). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based analysis was performed on PINK1 and α-synuclein oligomer (Asy-no). The utilization of the area under the curve (AUC) within the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves served as a robust and comprehensive approach to evaluate and quantify the predictive efficacy of plasma biomarkers alone, as well as combined models, in distinguishing PD patients from controls. Results PINK1 and Asy-no were elevated in the plasma of PD and PDs patients compared to healthy controls. The AUCs of PINK1 (0.771) and Asy-no (0.787) were supposed to be potentially eligible plasma biomarkers differentiating PD from controls but could not differentiate PD from PDs. Notably, the PINK + Asy-no + Clinical RBD model showed the highest performance in the modeling cohort and was comparable with the PINK1 + Clinical RBD in the validation cohort. Moreover, there is no significant correlation between PINK1 and UPDRS, MMSE, HAMD, HAMA, RBDQ-HK, and ADL scores. Conclusion These findings suggest that elevated PINK1 in plasma holds the potential to serve as a non-invasive tool for distinguishing PD patients from controls. Moreover, the outcomes of our investigation lend support to the plausibility of implementing a feasible blood test in future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchai Hong
- Department of Neurology Nursing Unit 362 Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jialong Hou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Yuhuan City People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- The Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, China
- Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Aspenström P. Miro GTPases at the Crossroads of Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Mitochondrial Trafficking. Cells 2024; 13:647. [PMID: 38607086 PMCID: PMC11012113 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Miro GTPases are key components in the machinery responsible for transporting mitochondria and peroxisomes along microtubules, and also play important roles in regulating calcium homeostasis and organizing contact sites between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, Miro GTPases have been shown to interact with proteins that actively regulate cytoskeletal organization and dynamics, suggesting that these GTPases participate in organizing cytoskeletal functions and organelle transport. Derailed mitochondrial transport is associated with neuropathological conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This review explores our recent understanding of the diverse roles of Miro GTPases under cytoskeletal control, both under normal conditions and during the course of human diseases such as neuropathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Hui S, George J, Kapadia M, Chau H, Bariring Z, Earnshaw R, Shafiq K, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. Mitophagy Upregulation Occurs Early in the Neurodegenerative Process Mediated by α-Synuclein. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04131-6. [PMID: 38581539 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurogenerative movement disorder characterized by dopaminergic cell death within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) due to the aggregation-prone protein α-synuclein. Accumulation of α-synuclein is implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of the autophagic turnover of mitochondria, or mitophagy, which is an essential quality control mechanism proposed to preserve mitochondrial fidelity in response to aging and stress. Yet, the precise relationship between α-synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial autophagy, and dopaminergic cell loss remains unresolved. Here, we determine the kinetics of α-synuclein overexpression and mitophagy using the pH-sensitive fluorescent mito-QC reporter. We find that overexpression of mutant A53T α-synuclein in either human SH-SY5Y cells or rat primary cortical neurons induces mitophagy. Moreover, the accumulation of mutant A53T α-synuclein in the SNpc of rats results in mitophagy dysregulation that precedes the onset of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This study reveals a role for mutant A53T α-synuclein in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be an early event contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hui
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jimmy George
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Minesh Kapadia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hien Chau
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zahn Bariring
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Earnshaw
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kashfia Shafiq
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CRANIA, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- KITE, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- CRANIA, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Valderhaug VD, Ramstad OH, van de Wijdeven R, Heiney K, Nichele S, Sandvig A, Sandvig I. Micro-and mesoscale aspects of neurodegeneration in engineered human neural networks carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1366098. [PMID: 38644975 PMCID: PMC11026646 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1366098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been widely linked to Parkinson's disease, where the G2019S variant has been shown to contribute uniquely to both familial and sporadic forms of the disease. LRRK2-related mutations have been extensively studied, yet the wide variety of cellular and network events related to these mutations remain poorly understood. The advancement and availability of tools for neural engineering now enable modeling of selected pathological aspects of neurodegenerative disease in human neural networks in vitro. Our study revealed distinct pathology associated dynamics in engineered human cortical neural networks carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation compared to healthy isogenic control neural networks. The neurons carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation self-organized into networks with aberrant morphology and mitochondrial dynamics, affecting emerging structure-function relationships both at the micro-and mesoscale. Taken together, the findings of our study points toward an overall heightened metabolic demand in networks carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, as well as a resilience to change in response to perturbation, compared to healthy isogenic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Devold Valderhaug
- Department of Research and Innovation, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Huse Ramstad
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rosanne van de Wijdeven
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Heiney
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefano Nichele
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
- Department of Computer Science and Communication, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neuro, Head and Neck, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioanna Sandvig
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Eo H, Yu SH, Choi Y, Kim Y, Kang YC, Lee H, Kim JH, Han K, Lee HK, Chang MY, Oh MS, Kim CH. Mitochondrial transplantation exhibits neuroprotective effects and improves behavioral deficits in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00355. [PMID: 38580511 PMCID: PMC11067340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cell survival that manage the cellular energy supply by producing ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various human diseases, including metabolic syndromes, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Among the diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction, Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Recently, it was reported that mitochondrial transfer between cells occurred naturally and that exogenous mitochondrial transplantation was beneficial for treating mitochondrial dysfunction. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of mitochondrial transfer on PD in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PN-101 mitochondria isolated from human mesenchymal stem cells exhibited a neuroprotective effect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, 6-hydroxydopamine and rotenone in dopaminergic cells and ameliorated dopaminergic neuronal loss in the brains of C57BL/6J mice injected 30 mg/kg of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intraperitoneally. In addition, PN-101 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglial cells and suppressing microglial activation in the striatum. Furthermore, intravenous mitochondrial treatment was associated with behavioral improvements during the pole test and rotarod test in the MPTP-induced PD mice. These dual effects of neuroprotection and anti-neuroinflammation support the potential for mitochondrial transplantation as a novel therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoon Eo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Yu
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Kang
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuboem Han
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Premedicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 04763 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun-Hyung Kim
- Paean Biotechnology, Inc., 5 Samil-daero8-gil, Jung-gu, 04552, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Pena N, Richbourg T, Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Qi R, Wren P, Barlow C, Shanks NF, Carlisle HJ, Sanders LH. G2019S selective LRRK2 kinase inhibitor abrogates mitochondrial DNA damage. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:49. [PMID: 38429321 PMCID: PMC10907374 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The G2019S variant is the most common, which results in abnormally high kinase activity. Compounds that target LRRK2 kinase activity are currently being developed and tested in clinical trials. We recently found that G2019S LRRK2 causes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and treatment with multiple classes of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors at concentrations associated with dephosphorylation of LRRK2 reversed mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. Because maintaining the normal function of LRRK2 in heterozygous G2019S LRRK2 carriers while specifically targeting the G2019S LRRK2 activity could have an advantageous safety profile, we explored the efficacy of a G2019S mutant selective LRRK2 inhibitor to reverse mtDNA damage in G2019S LRRK2 models and patient cells relative to non-selective LRRK2 inhibitors. Potency of LRRK2 kinase inhibition by EB-42168, a G2019S mutant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor, and MLi-2, a non-selective inhibitor, was determined by measuring phosphorylation of LRRK2 at Ser935 and/or Ser1292 using quantitative western immunoblot analysis. The Mito DNADX assay, which allows for the accurate real-time quantification of mtDNA damage in a 96-well platform, was performed in parallel. We confirmed that EB-42168 selectively inhibits LRRK2 phosphorylation on G2019S LRRK2 relative to wild-type LRRK2. On the other hand, MLi-2 was equipotent for wild-type and G2019S LRRK2. Acute treatment with EB-42168 inhibited LRRK2 phosphorylation and also restored mtDNA damage to healthy control levels. We further investigated the relationship between LRRK2 kinase activity, mtDNA damage and mitophagy. Levels of mtDNA damage caused by G2019S LRRK2 were fully re-established within 2 h of a LRRK2 inhibitor wash out and recovery experiment, indicating the mtDNA damage phenotype is highly dynamic. G2019S LRRK2 mitophagy defects were not alleviated with LRRK2 kinase inhibition, suggesting that mitophagy is not mechanistically regulating LRRK2 kinase-mediated reversal of mtDNA damage in this acute timeframe. Abrogation of mtDNA damage with the mutant selective tool inhibitor EB-42168 demonstrates the potential of a precision medicine approach for LRRK2 G2019S PD. Levels of mtDNA damage may serve as a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker of altered kinase activity that could be useful for small molecule development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pena
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tara Richbourg
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia P Gonzalez-Hunt
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rui Qi
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Wren
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laurie H Sanders
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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14
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Huang Y, Ji W, Zhang J, Huang Z, Ding A, Bai H, Peng B, Huang K, Du W, Zhao T, Li L. The involvement of the mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:28-50. [PMID: 38280553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Treatment effectiveness and biosafety are critical for disease therapy. Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. To further enhance the precision of disease treatment, future research should shift focus from targeted cellular delivery to targeted subcellular delivery. As the cellular powerhouses, mitochondria play an indispensable role in cell growth and regulation and are closely involved in many diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases). The double-layer membrane wrapped on the surface of mitochondria not only maintains the stability of their internal environment but also plays a crucial role in fundamental biological processes, such as energy generation, metabolite transport, and information communication. A growing body of evidence suggests that various diseases are tightly related to mitochondrial imbalance. Moreover, mitochondria-targeted strategies hold great potential to decrease therapeutic threshold dosage, minimize side effects, and promote the development of precision medicine. Herein, we introduce the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes, summarize and discuss the important role of mitochondrial membrane-targeting materials in disease diagnosis/treatment, and expound the advantages of mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease diagnosis, treatment, and biosafety. This review helps readers understand mitochondria-targeted therapies and promotes the application of mitochondrial membranes in drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bio-membrane modification facilitates the homologous targeting of drugs in vivo by exploiting unique antibodies or antigens, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while ensuring biosafety. Compared to cell-targeted treatment, targeting of mitochondria for drug delivery offers higher efficiency and improved biosafety and will promote the development of precision medicine. As a natural material, the mitochondrial membrane exhibits excellent biocompatibility and can serve as a carrier for mitochondria-targeted delivery. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of mitochondrial membranes and explores the potential benefits of utilizing mitochondrial membrane-assisted drug delivery for disease treatment and biosafety. The aim of this review is to enhance readers' comprehension of mitochondrial targeted therapy and to advance the utilization of mitochondrial membrane in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ze Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen 361005, China.
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15
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Hwang JA, Choi SK, Kim SH, Kim DW. Pharmacological Inhibition of LRRK2 Exhibits Neuroprotective Activity in Mouse Photothrombotic Stroke Model. Exp Neurobiol 2024; 33:36-45. [PMID: 38471803 PMCID: PMC10938073 DOI: 10.5607/en23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are the most common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Interestingly, recent studies have reported an increased risk of stroke in patients with PD harboring LRRK2 mutations, but there is no evidence showing the functional involvement of LRRK2 in stroke. Here, we found that LRRK2 kinase activity was significantly induced in the Rose-Bengal (RB) photothrombosis-induced stroke mouse model. Interestingly, stroke infarct volumes were significantly reduced, and neurological deficits were diminished by pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity using MLi-2, a brain-penetrant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. Immunohistochemical analysis showed p-LRRK2 level in stroke lesions, co-localizing with mitophagy-related proteins (PINK, Parkin, LC3B, cytochrome c), suggesting their involvement in stroke progression. Overlapping p-LRRK2 with cytochrome c/TUNEL/JC-1 (an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential) puncta in RB photothrombosis indicated LRRK2-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, which was blocked by MLi-2. These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity could attenuate mitochondrial apoptosis, ultimately leading to neuroprotective potential in stroke progression. In conclusion, LRRK2 kinase activity might be neuro-pathogenic due to impaired mitophagy in stroke progression, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity could be beneficial in reducing the risk of stroke in patients with LRRK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ah Hwang
- Center for Rare Disease Therapeutic Technology, Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Center for Rare Disease Therapeutic Technology, Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, Seoul 02447, Korea
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16
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Gu R, Bai L, Yan F, Zhang S, Zhang X, Deng R, Zeng X, Sun B, Hu X, Li Y, Bai J. Thioredoxin-1 decreases alpha-synuclein induced by MPTP through promoting autophagy-lysosome pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:93. [PMID: 38388451 PMCID: PMC10884002 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy body in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy body. Autophagy eliminates damaged organelles and abnormal aggregated proteins. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a redox regulating protein and plays roles in protecting dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). However, the relationship between Trx-1 and α-syn in PD is still unknown. In the present study, the movement disorder and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in MPTP-treated mice were improved by Trx-1 overexpression and were aggravated by Trx-1 knockdown in the SNpc in mice. The expression of α-syn was increased in the SNpc of MPTP-treated mice, which was inhibited by Trx-1 overexpression and was exacerbated in Trx-1 knockdown mice. Autophagosomes was increased under electron microscope after MPTP treatment, which were recovered in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and were further increased in Trx-1 knockdown in the SNpc in mice. The expressions of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, LC3 II and p62 were increased by MPTP, which were blocked in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and were further increased in Trx-1 knockdown mice. Cathepsin D was decreased by MPTP, which was restored in Trx-1 overexpressing mice and was further decreased in Trx-1 knockdown mice. The mRFP-GFP-LC3 green fluorescent dots were increased by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and further increased in Trx-1 siRNA transfected PC12 cells, while mRFP-GFP-LC3 red fluorescent dots were increased in Trx-1 overexpressing cells. These results indicate that Trx-1 may eliminate α-syn in PD mice through potentiating autophagy-lysosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Se Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ruhua Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiansi Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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17
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Yang K, Tang Z, Xing C, Yan N. STING signaling in the brain: Molecular threats, signaling activities, and therapeutic challenges. Neuron 2024; 112:539-557. [PMID: 37944521 PMCID: PMC10922189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an innate immune signaling protein critical to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. STING signaling is also emerging as an exciting and integral part of many neurological diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances in STING signaling in the brain. We summarize how molecular threats activate STING signaling in the diseased brain and how STING signaling activities in glial and neuronal cells cause neuropathology. We also review human studies of STING neurobiology and consider therapeutic challenges in targeting STING to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cong Xing
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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18
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Jonsgaard Larsen L, Elisabeth Hjermind L, Birk Møller L. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, KCi005-A derived from a female with Parkinsońs disease and homozygous for the PINK1 variant c.1366C > T, p.Gln456. Stem Cell Res 2024; 74:103279. [PMID: 38103334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease causing variants in several genes including PINK1 have been identified in hereditary Parkinsońs disease (PD). The mechanism behind this neuronal degeneration is not clarified but it is assumed that mitochondrial dysfunction, e.g. oxidative stress, might be involved. Here we describe the generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell clone (iPSC) KCi005-A from a female PD patient homozygous for the disease-causing variant c.1366C > T, p.Gln456* in PINK1. To obtain the iPSC clone we use a non-integrative self-replicating RNA vector. The clone might be a useful resource to study pathogenic mechanisms not only restricted to this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Jonsgaard Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lena Elisabeth Hjermind
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Clinical Trial Unit & Clinic of Neurogenetics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns vej 8-8015, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Birk Møller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Covill-Cooke C, Kwizera B, López-Doménech G, Thompson CO, Cheung NJ, Cerezo E, Peterka M, Kittler JT, Kornmann B. Shared structural features of Miro binding control mitochondrial homeostasis. EMBO J 2024; 43:595-614. [PMID: 38267654 PMCID: PMC10897228 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Miro proteins are universally conserved mitochondrial calcium-binding GTPases that regulate a multitude of mitochondrial processes, including transport, clearance, and lipid trafficking. The exact role of Miro in these functions is unclear but involves binding to a variety of client proteins. How this binding is operated at the molecular level and whether and how it is important for mitochondrial health, however, remains unknown. Here, we show that known Miro interactors-namely, CENPF, Trak, and MYO19-all use a similar short motif to bind the same structural element: a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket in the first calcium-binding domain of Miro. Using these Miro-binding motifs, we identified direct interactors de novo, including MTFR1/2/1L, the lipid transporters Mdm34 and VPS13D, and the ubiquitin E3-ligase Parkin. Given the shared binding mechanism of these functionally diverse clients and its conservation across eukaryotes, we propose that Miro is a universal mitochondrial adaptor coordinating mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Covill-Cooke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Brian Kwizera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Guillermo López-Doménech
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Caleb Od Thompson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ngaam J Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ema Cerezo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin Peterka
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Benoît Kornmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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20
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Nambiar A, Manjithaya R. Driving autophagy - the role of molecular motors. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs260481. [PMID: 38329417 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the vesicular transport pathways inside the cell are facilitated by molecular motors that move along cytoskeletal networks. Autophagy is a well-explored catabolic pathway that is initiated by the formation of an isolation membrane known as the phagophore, which expands to form a double-membraned structure that captures its cargo and eventually moves towards the lysosomes for fusion. Molecular motors and cytoskeletal elements have been suggested to participate at different stages of the process as the autophagic vesicles move along cytoskeletal tracks. Dynein and kinesins govern autophagosome trafficking on microtubules through the sequential recruitment of their effector proteins, post-translational modifications and interactions with LC3-interacting regions (LIRs). In contrast, myosins are actin-based motors that participate in various stages of the autophagic flux, as well as in selective autophagy pathways. However, several outstanding questions remain with regard to how the dominance of a particular motor protein over another is controlled, and to the molecular mechanisms that underlie specific disease variants in motor proteins. In this Review, we aim to provide an overview of the role of molecular motors in autophagic flux, as well as highlight their dysregulation in diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and pathogenic infections, and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Nambiar
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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Wu Y, Meng X, Cheng WY, Yan Z, Li K, Wang J, Jiang T, Zhou F, Wong KH, Zhong C, Dong Y, Gao S. Can pluripotent/multipotent stem cells reverse Parkinson's disease progression? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1210447. [PMID: 38356648 PMCID: PMC10864507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1210447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by continuous and selective degeneration or death of dopamine neurons in the midbrain, leading to dysfunction of the nigrostriatal neural circuits. Current clinical treatments for PD include drug treatment and surgery, which provide short-term relief of symptoms but are associated with many side effects and cannot reverse the progression of PD. Pluripotent/multipotent stem cells possess a self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Transplantation of pluripotent/multipotent stem cells or dopaminergic neurons derived from these cells is a promising strategy for the complete repair of damaged neural circuits in PD. This article reviews and summarizes the current preclinical/clinical treatments for PD, their efficacies, and the advantages/disadvantages of various stem cells, including pluripotent and multipotent stem cells, to provide a detailed overview of how these cells can be applied in the treatment of PD, as well as the challenges and bottlenecks that need to be overcome in future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Evaluation and Sports Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtian Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wai-Yin Cheng
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Evaluation and Sports Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shane Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Sturchio A, Rocha EM, Kauffman MA, Marsili L, Mahajan A, Saraf AA, Vizcarra JA, Guo Z, Espay AJ. Recalibrating the Why and Whom of Animal Models in Parkinson Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Brain Sci 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38391726 PMCID: PMC10887152 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used to gain pathophysiologic insights into Parkinson's disease (PD) and aid in the translational efforts of interventions with therapeutic potential in human clinical trials. However, no disease-modifying therapy for PD has successfully emerged from model predictions. These translational disappointments warrant a reappraisal of the types of preclinical questions asked of animal models. Besides the limitations of experimental designs, the one-size convergence and oversimplification yielded by a model cannot recapitulate the molecular diversity within and between PD patients. Here, we compare the strengths and pitfalls of different models, review the discrepancies between animal and human data on similar pathologic and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of organoids as novel modeling tools, and evaluate the types of questions for which models can guide and misguide. We propose that animal models may be of greatest utility in the evaluation of molecular mechanisms, neural pathways, drug toxicity, and safety but can be unreliable or misleading when used to generate pathophysiologic hypotheses or predict therapeutic efficacy for compounds with potential neuroprotective effects in humans. To enhance the translational disease-modification potential, the modeling must reflect the biology not of a diseased population but of subtypes of diseased humans to distinguish What data are relevant and to Whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sturchio
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología José María Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires C1221ADC, Argentina
| | - Luca Marsili
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ameya A Saraf
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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23
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Chandra S, Katiyar P, Durairaj AS, Wang X. Mitochondrial Calcium Transport During Autophagy Initiation. MITOCHONDRIAL COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 2:14-20. [PMID: 38347884 PMCID: PMC10861220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mitoco.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
While it has been shown that Ca2+ dynamics at the ER membrane is essential for the initiation of certain types of autophagy such as starvation-induced autophagy, how mitochondrial Ca2+ transport changes during the first stage of autophagy is not systemically characterized. An investigation of mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics during autophagy initiation may help us determine the relationship between autophagy and mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes. Here we examine acute mitochondrial and ER calcium responses to a panel of autophagy inducers in different cell types. Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and Ca2+ transients at the ER membrane are triggered by different autophagy inducers. The mitophagy-inducer-initiated mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake relies on mitochondrial calcium uniporter and may decelerate the following mitophagy. In neurons derived from a Parkinson's patient, mitophagy-inducer-triggered mitochondrial Ca2+ influx is faster, which may slow the ensuing mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Parul Katiyar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Aarooran S Durairaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
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24
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Luo S, Wang D, Zhang Z. Post-translational modification and mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1329554. [PMID: 38273938 PMCID: PMC10808367 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1329554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with currently no cure. Most PD cases are sporadic, and about 5-10% of PD cases present a monogenic inheritance pattern. Mutations in more than 20 genes are associated with genetic forms of PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a prominent player in PD pathogenesis. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow rapid switching of protein functions and therefore impact various cellular functions including those related to mitochondria. Among the PD-associated genes, Parkin, PINK1, and LRRK2 encode enzymes that directly involved in catalyzing PTM modifications of target proteins, while others like α-synuclein, FBXO7, HTRA2, VPS35, CHCHD2, and DJ-1, undergo substantial PTM modification, subsequently altering mitochondrial functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on major PTMs associated with PD-related proteins, as enzymes or substrates, that are shown to regulate important mitochondrial functions and discuss their involvement in PD pathogenesis. We will further highlight the significance of PTM-regulated mitochondrial functions in understanding PD etiology. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential for developing important biomarkers for PD through extensive research into PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Luo
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province and Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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25
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Wu MY, Li ZW, Lu JH. Molecular Modulators and Receptors of Selective Autophagy: Disease Implication and Identification Strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:751-764. [PMID: 38169614 PMCID: PMC10758101 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved physiological process that maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cellular contents. Selective autophagy is based on the specificity of cargo recognition and has been implicated in various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Selective autophagy receptors and modulators play key roles in this process. Identifying these receptors and modulators and their roles is critical for understanding the machinery and physiological function of selective autophagy and providing therapeutic value for diseases. Using modern researching tools and novel screening technologies, an increasing number of selective autophagy receptors and modulators have been identified. A variety of Strategies and approaches, including protein-protein interactions (PPIs)-based identification and genome-wide screening, have been used to identify selective autophagy receptors and modulators. Understanding the strengths and challenges of these approaches not only promotes the discovery of even more such receptors and modulators but also provides a useful reference for the identification of regulatory proteins or genes involved in other cellular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the functions, disease association, and identification strategies of selective autophagy receptors and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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26
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Bharat V, Durairaj AS, Vanhauwaert R, Li L, Muir CM, Chandra S, Kwak CS, Le Guen Y, Nandakishore P, Hsieh CH, Rensi SE, Altman RB, Greicius MD, Feng L, Wang X. A mitochondrial inside-out iron-calcium signal reveals drug targets for Parkinson's disease. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113544. [PMID: 38060381 PMCID: PMC10804639 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated iron or Ca2+ homeostasis has been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Here, we discover a connection between these two metals at the mitochondria. Elevation of iron levels causes inward mitochondrial Ca2+ overflow, through an interaction of Fe2+ with mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). In PD neurons, iron accumulation-triggered Ca2+ influx across the mitochondrial surface leads to spatially confined Ca2+ elevation at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is subsequently sensed by Miro1, a Ca2+-binding protein. A Miro1 blood test distinguishes PD patients from controls and responds to drug treatment. Miro1-based drug screens in PD cells discover Food and Drug Administration-approved T-type Ca2+-channel blockers. Human genetic analysis reveals enrichment of rare variants in T-type Ca2+-channel subtypes associated with PD status. Our results identify a molecular mechanism in PD pathophysiology and drug targets and candidates coupled with a convenient stratification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Bharat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aarooran S Durairaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roeland Vanhauwaert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colin M Muir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chulhwan S Kwak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Chung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefano E Rensi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Um JH, Lee KM, Kim YY, Lee DY, Kim E, Kim DH, Yun J. Berberine Induces Mitophagy through Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase and Ameliorates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PINK1 Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:219. [PMID: 38203389 PMCID: PMC10779002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy stimulation has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on various neurodegenerative diseases. However, nontoxic mitophagy inducers are still very limited. In this study, we found that the natural alkaloid berberine exhibited mitophagy stimulation activity in various human cells. Berberine did not interfere with mitochondrial function, unlike the well-known mitophagy inducer carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and subsequently induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Berberine treatment induced the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the AMPK inhibitor compound C abolished berberine-induced mitophagy, suggesting that AMPK activation is essential for berberine-induced mitophagy. Notably, berberine treatment reversed mitochondrial dysfunction in PINK1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our results suggest that berberine is a mitophagy-specific inducer and can be used as a therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, and that natural alkaloids are potential sources of mitophagy inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Um
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ye Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.U.); (K.-M.L.); (Y.-Y.K.)
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea
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28
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Jimenez-Vergara AC, Avina J, Block TJ, Sheldrake A, Koch C, Gonzalez A, Steele J, Díaz-Lasprilla AM, Munoz-Pinto DJ. A Bioinspired Astrocyte-Derived Coating Promotes the In Vitro Proliferation of Human Neural Stem Cells While Maintaining Their Stemness. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:589. [PMID: 38132528 PMCID: PMC10741944 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of neuronal tissue is a challenging process due to the limited proliferative capacity of neurons. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can aid in the regeneration process of neural tissue due to their high proliferation potential and capacity to differentiate into neurons. The therapeutic potential of these cells can only be achieved if sufficient cells are obtained without losing their differentiation potential. Toward this end, an astrocyte-derived coating (HAc) was evaluated as a promising substrate to promote the proliferation of NSCs. Mass spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the HAc. The proliferation rate and the expression of stemness and differentiation markers in NSCs cultured on the HAc were evaluated and compared to the responses of these cells to commonly used coating materials including Poly-L-Ornithine (PLO), and a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (HiPSC)-based coating. The use of the HAc promotes the in vitro cell growth of NSCs. The expression of the stemness markers Sox2 and Nestin, and the differentiation marker DCX in the HAc group was akin to the expression of these markers in the controls. In summary, HAc supported the proliferation of NSCs while maintaining their stemness and neural differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Jimenez-Vergara
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Jacob Avina
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | | | - Anne Sheldrake
- StemBioSys, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.J.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Carson Koch
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
| | - Anna Gonzalez
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Jennifer Steele
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
| | - Ana M. Díaz-Lasprilla
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
| | - Dany J. Munoz-Pinto
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA; (A.C.J.-V.); (J.A.); (A.G.); (A.M.D.-L.)
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA;
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29
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Hicks AR, Reynolds RH, O’Callaghan B, García-Ruiz S, Gil-Martínez AL, Botía J, Plun-Favreau H, Ryten M. The non-specific lethal complex regulates genes and pathways genetically linked to Parkinson's disease. Brain 2023; 146:4974-4987. [PMID: 37522749 PMCID: PMC10689904 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants conferring risks for Parkinson's disease have been highlighted through genome-wide association studies, yet exploration of their specific disease mechanisms is lacking. Two Parkinson's disease candidate genes, KAT8 and KANSL1, identified through genome-wide studies and a PINK1-mitophagy screen, encode part of the histone acetylating non-specific lethal complex. This complex localizes to the nucleus, where it plays a role in transcriptional activation, and to mitochondria, where it has been suggested to have a role in mitochondrial transcription. In this study, we sought to identify whether the non-specific lethal complex has potential regulatory relationships with other genes associated with Parkinson's disease in human brain. Correlation in the expression of non-specific lethal genes and Parkinson's disease-associated genes was investigated in primary gene co-expression networks using publicly-available transcriptomic data from multiple brain regions (provided by the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium and UK Brain Expression Consortium), whilst secondary networks were used to examine cell type specificity. Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks generated regulons of the complex, which were tested for heritability using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression. Prioritized gene targets were then validated in vitro using a QuantiGene multiplex assay and publicly-available chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data. Significant clustering of non-specific lethal genes was revealed alongside Parkinson's disease-associated genes in frontal cortex primary co-expression modules, amongst other brain regions. Both primary and secondary co-expression modules containing these genes were enriched for mainly neuronal cell types. Regulons of the complex contained Parkinson's disease-associated genes and were enriched for biological pathways genetically linked to disease. When examined in a neuroblastoma cell line, 41% of prioritized gene targets showed significant changes in mRNA expression following KANSL1 or KAT8 perturbation. KANSL1 and H4K8 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data demonstrated non-specific lethal complex activity at many of these genes. In conclusion, genes encoding the non-specific lethal complex are highly correlated with and regulate genes associated with Parkinson's disease. Overall, these findings reveal a potentially wider role for this protein complex in regulating genes and pathways implicated in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Hicks
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Benjamin O’Callaghan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sonia García-Ruiz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Luisa Gil-Martínez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Botía
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Hélène Plun-Favreau
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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30
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Luo JX, Zhu T, Ran Z, Mu BR, Lu MH. Targeting mitophagy for neurological disorders treatment: advances in drugs and non-drug approaches. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3503-3528. [PMID: 37535076 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as a vital energy source for nerve cells. The mitochondrial network also acts as a defense mechanism against external stressors that can threaten the stability of the nervous system. However, excessive accumulation of damaged mitochondria can lead to neuronal death. Mitophagy is an essential pathway in the mitochondrial quality control system and can protect neurons by selectively removing damaged mitochondria. In most neurological disorders, dysfunctional mitochondria are a common feature, and drugs that target mitophagy can improve symptoms. Here, we reviewed the role of mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. We also summarized drug and non-drug approaches to promote mitophagy and described their therapeutic role in neurological disorders in order to provide valuable insight into the potential therapeutic agents available for neurological disease treatment. However, most studies on mitophagy regulation are based on preclinical research using cell and animal models, which may not accurately reflect the effects in humans. This poses a challenge to the clinical application of drugs targeting mitophagy. Additionally, these drugs may carry the risk of intolerable side effects and toxicity. Future research should focus on the development of safer and more targeted drugs for mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jia-Xin Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ben-Rong Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mei-Hong Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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31
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Henrich MT, Oertel WH, Surmeier DJ, Geibl FF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease - a key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:83. [PMID: 37951933 PMCID: PMC10640762 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in the etiology of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, strategies aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidants, antidiabetic drugs, and iron chelators, have failed in disease-modification clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the cellular determinants of mitochondrial dysfunction, including impairment of electron transport chain complex 1, increased oxidative stress, disturbed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and cellular bioenergetic deficiency. In addition, we outline mitochondrial pathways to neurodegeneration in the current context of PD pathogenesis, and review past and current treatment strategies in an attempt to better understand why translational efforts thus far have been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Henrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fanni F Geibl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Cheslow L, Byrne M, Kopenhaver JS, Iacovitti L, Smeyne RJ, Snook AE, Waldman SA. GUCY2C signaling limits dopaminergic neuron vulnerability to toxic insults. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3416338. [PMID: 37886524 PMCID: PMC10602097 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3416338/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are central drivers of dopaminergic (DA) neuron death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Guanylyl cyclases, and their second messengers cyclic (c)GMP, support mitochondrial function, protecting against ROS and promoting cell survival in a number of tissues. However, the role of the guanylyl cyclase-cGMP axis in defining the vulnerability of DA neurons in the SNpc in PD remains unclear, in part due to the challenge of manipulating cGMP levels selectively in midbrain DA neurons. In that context, guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), a receptor primarily expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, was discovered recently in midbrain DA neurons. Here, we demonstrate that GUCY2C promotes mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress and protecting DA neurons from degeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of neurodegeneration. GUCY2C is overexpressed in the SNpc in PD patients and in mice treated with MPTP, possibly reflecting a protective response to oxidative stress. Moreover, cGMP signaling protects against oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and cell death in cultured DA neurons. These observations reveal a previously unexpected role for the GUCY2C-cGMP signaling axis in controlling mitochondrial dysfunction and toxicity in nigral DA neurons, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting DA neuron GUCY2C to prevent neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cheslow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Byrne
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica S. Kopenhaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard J. Smeyne
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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33
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Franco F, Bevilacqua A, Wu RM, Kao KC, Lin CP, Rousseau L, Peng FT, Chuang YM, Peng JJ, Park J, Xu Y, Cassotta A, Yu YR, Speiser DE, Sallusto F, Ho PC. Regulatory circuits of mitophagy restrict distinct modes of cell death during memory CD8 + T cell formation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf7579. [PMID: 37738363 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy, a central process guarding mitochondrial quality, is commonly impaired in human diseases such as Parkinson's disease, but its impact in adaptive immunity remains unclear. The differentiation and survival of memory CD8+ T cells rely on oxidative metabolism, a process that requires robust mitochondrial quality control. Here, we found that Parkinson's disease patients have a reduced frequency of CD8+ memory T cells compared with healthy donors and failed to form memory T cells upon vaccination against COVID-19, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial quality control for memory CD8+ T cell formation. We further uncovered that regulators of mitophagy, including Parkin and NIX, were up-regulated in response to interleukin-15 (IL-15) for supporting memory T cell formation. Mechanistically, Parkin suppressed VDAC1-dependent apoptosis in memory T cells. In contrast, NIX expression in T cells counteracted ferroptosis by preventing metabolic dysfunction resulting from impaired mitophagy. Together, our results indicate that the mitophagy machinery orchestrates survival and metabolic dynamics required for memory T cell formation, as well as highlight a deficit in T cell-mediated antiviral responses in Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Franco
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Bevilacqua
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ruey-Mei Wu
- Neurology Department, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chi Kao
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Pu Lin
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lorène Rousseau
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fu-Ti Peng
- Neurology Department, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chuang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jhan-Jie Peng
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jaeoh Park
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yingxi Xu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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34
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Ragupathy H, Vukku M, Barodia SK. Cell-Type-Specific Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Brain: A Plausible Mechanism of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14421. [PMID: 37833867 PMCID: PMC10572699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is an age-dependent progressive phenomenon with no defined cause. Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, activated microglia undergo phenotypic alterations that can lead to neuroinflammation, which is a well-accepted event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Several common mechanisms are shared by genetically or pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial deficits and oxidative stress, protein misfolding and translational dysfunction, autophagy and microglia activation. Progressive loss of the neuronal population due to increased oxidative stress leads to neurodegenerative diseases, mostly due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive neuroinflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegeneration. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control is a key determinant for the health and survival of neuronal cells in the brain. Research has been primarily focused to demonstrate the significance of neuronal mitochondrial health, despite the important contributions of non-neuronal cells that constitute a significant portion of the brain volume. Moreover, mitochondrial morphology and function are distinctly diverse in different tissues; however, little is known about their molecular diversity among cell types. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality in different cell types markedly decide the fate of overall brain health; therefore, it is not justifiable to overlook non-neuronal cells and their significant and active contribution in facilitating overall neuronal health. In this review article, we aim to discuss the mitochondrial quality control of different cell types in the brain and how important and remarkable the diversity and highly synchronized connecting property of non-neuronal cells are in keeping the neurons healthy to control neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manasvi Vukku
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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35
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Williamson MG, Madureira M, McGuinness W, Heon-Roberts R, Mock ED, Naidoo K, Cramb KML, Caiazza MC, Malpartida AB, Lavelle M, Savory K, Humble SW, Patterson R, Davis JB, Connor-Robson N, Ryan BJ, Wade-Martins R. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy defects in LRRK2-R1441C Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2808-2821. [PMID: 37384414 PMCID: PMC10481106 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified as one of the most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). The LRRK2 PD-associated mutations LRRK2G2019S and LRRK2R1441C, located in the kinase domain and in the ROC-COR domain, respectively, have been demonstrated to impair mitochondrial function. Here, we sought to further our understanding of mitochondrial health and mitophagy by integrating data from LRRK2R1441C rat primary cortical and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopamine (iPSC-DA) neuronal cultures as models of PD. We found that LRRK2R1441C neurons exhibit decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial function and decreased basal mitophagy levels. Mitochondrial morphology was altered in LRRK2R1441C iPSC-DA but not in cortical neuronal cultures or aged striatal tissue, indicating a cell-type-specific phenotype. Additionally, LRRK2R1441C but not LRRK2G2019S neurons demonstrated decreased levels of the mitophagy marker pS65Ub in response to mitochondrial damage, which could disrupt degradation of damaged mitochondria. This impaired mitophagy activation and mitochondrial function were not corrected by the LRRK2 inhibitor MLi-2 in LRRK2R1441C iPSC-DA neuronal cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate LRRK2 interaction with MIRO1, a protein necessary to stabilize and to anchor mitochondria for transport, occurs at mitochondria, in a genotype-independent manner. Despite this, we found that degradation of MIRO1 was impaired in LRRK2R1441C cultures upon induced mitochondrial damage, suggesting a divergent mechanism from the LRRK2G2019S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Williamson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Marta Madureira
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - William McGuinness
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Elliot D Mock
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kalina Naidoo
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kaitlyn M L Cramb
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria-Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ana B Malpartida
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martha Lavelle
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Katrina Savory
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Stewart W Humble
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Patterson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John B Davis
- Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre of Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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36
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Ham SJ, Yoo H, Woo D, Lee DH, Park KS, Chung J. PINK1 and Parkin regulate IP 3R-mediated ER calcium release. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5202. [PMID: 37626046 PMCID: PMC10457342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although defects in intracellular calcium homeostasis are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that loss of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin leads to dysregulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity, robustly increasing ER calcium release. In addition, we identify that CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1, also known as mitoNEET) functions downstream of Parkin to directly control IP3R. Both genetic and pharmacologic suppression of CISD1 and its Drosophila homolog CISD (also known as Dosmit) restore the increased ER calcium release in PINK1 and Parkin null mammalian cells and flies, respectively, demonstrating the evolutionarily conserved regulatory mechanism of intracellular calcium homeostasis by the PINK1-Parkin pathway. More importantly, suppression of CISD in PINK1 and Parkin null flies rescues PD-related phenotypes including defective locomotor activity and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Based on these data, we propose that the regulation of ER calcium release by PINK1 and Parkin through CISD1 and IP3R is a feasible target for treating PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Ham
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Yoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daihn Woo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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37
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D’Sa K, Evans JR, Virdi GS, Vecchi G, Adam A, Bertolli O, Fleming J, Chang H, Leighton C, Horrocks MH, Athauda D, Choi ML, Gandhi S. Prediction of mechanistic subtypes of Parkinson's using patient-derived stem cell models. NAT MACH INTELL 2023; 5:933-946. [PMID: 37615030 PMCID: PMC10442231 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, incurable neurodegenerative disorder that is clinically heterogeneous: it is likely that different cellular mechanisms drive the pathology in different individuals. So far it has not been possible to define the cellular mechanism underlying the neurodegenerative disease in life. We generated a machine learning-based model that can simultaneously predict the presence of disease and its primary mechanistic subtype in human neurons. We used stem cell technology to derive control or patient-derived neurons, and generated different disease subtypes through chemical induction or the presence of mutation. Multidimensional fluorescent labelling of organelles was performed in healthy control neurons and in four different disease subtypes, and both the quantitative single-cell fluorescence features and the images were used to independently train a series of classifiers to build deep neural networks. Quantitative cellular profile-based classifiers achieve an accuracy of 82%, whereas image-based deep neural networks predict control and four distinct disease subtypes with an accuracy of 95%. The machine learning-trained classifiers achieve their accuracy across all subtypes, using the organellar features of the mitochondria with the additional contribution of the lysosomes, confirming the biological importance of these pathways in Parkinson's. Altogether, we show that machine learning approaches applied to patient-derived cells are highly accurate at predicting disease subtypes, providing proof of concept that this approach may enable mechanistic stratification and precision medicine approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma D’Sa
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
| | - James R. Evans
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
| | - Gurvir S. Virdi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Fleming
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
| | - Hojong Chang
- Institute for IT Convergence, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Craig Leighton
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathew H. Horrocks
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dilan Athauda
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
| | - Minee L. Choi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, King’s Cross, London, UK
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38
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Qu J, Liu N, Gao L, Hu J, Sun M, Yu D. Development of CRISPR Cas9, spin-off technologies and their application in model construction and potential therapeutic methods of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1223747. [PMID: 37483347 PMCID: PMC10359996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1223747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative diseases. It is most typically characterized by neuronal death following the accumulation of Lewis inclusions in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region, with clinical symptoms such as motor retardation, autonomic dysfunction, and dystonia spasms. The exact molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis has not been revealed up to now. And there is a lack of effective treatments for PD, which places a burden on patients, families, and society. CRISPR Cas9 is a powerful technology to modify target genomic sequence with rapid development. More and more scientists utilized this technique to perform research associated neurodegenerative disease including PD. However, the complexity involved makes it urgent to organize and summarize the existing findings to facilitate a clearer understanding. In this review, we described the development of CRISPR Cas9 technology and the latest spin-off gene editing systems. Then we focused on the application of CRISPR Cas9 technology in PD research, summarizing the construction of the novel PD-related medical models including cellular models, small animal models, large mammal models. We also discussed new directions and target molecules related to the use of CRISPR Cas9 for PD treatment from the above models. Finally, we proposed the view about the directions for the development and optimization of the CRISPR Cas9 technology system, and its application to PD and gene therapy in the future. All these results provided a valuable reference and enhanced in understanding for studying PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Qu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongyi Yu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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39
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Berth SH, Lloyd TE. Disruption of axonal transport in neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:168554. [PMID: 37259916 DOI: 10.1172/jci168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are markedly compartmentalized, which makes them reliant on axonal transport to maintain their health. Axonal transport is important for anterograde delivery of newly synthesized macromolecules and organelles from the cell body to the synapse and for the retrograde delivery of signaling endosomes and autophagosomes for degradation. Dysregulation of axonal transport occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases and plays a key role in axonal degeneration. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms for regulation of axonal transport; discuss how these mechanisms are disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; and discuss therapeutic approaches targeting axonal transport.
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Jeong Y, Davis CHO, Muscarella AM, Deshpande V, Kim KY, Ellisman MH, Marsh-Armstrong N. Glaucoma-associated Optineurin mutations increase transmitophagy in a vertebrate optic nerve. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542507. [PMID: 37398269 PMCID: PMC10312487 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a process referred to as transmitophagy where mitochondria shed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons are transferred to and degraded by surrounding astrocytes in the optic nerve head of mice. Since the mitophagy receptor Optineurin (OPTN) is one of few large-effect glaucoma genes and axonal damage occurs at the optic nerve head in glaucoma, here we explored whether OPTN mutations perturb transmitophagy. Live-imaging of Xenopus laevis optic nerves revealed that diverse human mutant but not wildtype OPTN increase stationary mitochondria and mitophagy machinery and their colocalization within, and in the case of the glaucoma-associated OPTN mutations also outside of, RGC axons. These extra-axonal mitochondria are degraded by astrocytes. Our studies support the view that in RGC axons under baseline conditions there are low levels of mitophagy, but that glaucoma-associated perturbations in OPTN result in increased axonal mitophagy involving the shedding and astrocytic degradation of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeram Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Aaron M. Muscarella
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Viraj Deshpande
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Lead contact
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Dou D, Smith EM, Evans CS, Boecker CA, Holzbaur ELF. Regulatory imbalance between LRRK2 kinase, PPM1H phosphatase, and ARF6 GTPase disrupts the axonal transport of autophagosomes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112448. [PMID: 37133994 PMCID: PMC10304398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause Parkinson's disease (PD), increasing phosphorylation of RAB GTPases through hyperactive kinase activity. We find that LRRK2-hyperphosphorylated RABs disrupt the axonal transport of autophagosomes by perturbing the coordinated regulation of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin. In iPSC-derived human neurons, knockin of the strongly hyperactive LRRK2-p.R1441H mutation causes striking impairments in autophagosome transport, inducing frequent directional reversals and pauses. Knockout of the opposing protein phosphatase 1H (PPM1H) phenocopies the effect of hyperactive LRRK2. Overexpression of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a GTPase that acts as a switch for selective activation of dynein or kinesin, attenuates transport defects in both p.R1441H knockin and PPM1H knockout neurons. Together, these findings support a model where a regulatory imbalance between LRRK2-hyperphosphorylated RABs and ARF6 induces an unproductive "tug-of-war" between dynein and kinesin, disrupting processive autophagosome transport. This disruption may contribute to PD pathogenesis by impairing the essential homeostatic functions of axonal autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erin M Smith
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chantell S Evans
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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42
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Themistokleous C, Bagnoli E, Parulekar R, M K Muqit M. Role of autophagy pathway in Parkinson's disease and related Genetic Neurological disorders. J Mol Biol 2023:168144. [PMID: 37182812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the function of the PINK1 protein kinase and Parkin ubiquitin E3 ligase in the elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) has provided unprecedented understanding of the mechanistic pathways underlying Parkinson's disease (PD). We provide a comprehensive overview of the general importance of autophagy in Parkinson's disease and related disorders of the central nervous system. This reveals a critical link between autophagy and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders and suggests that strategies to modulate mitophagy may have greater relevance in the CNS beyond PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Themistokleous
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Enrico Bagnoli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Ramaa Parulekar
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Miratul M K Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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43
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Shen J, Zha Q, Yang QH, Zhou YQ, Liang X, Chen YJ, Qi GX, Zhang XJ, Yao WB, Gao XD, Chen S. Inhibiting von Hippel‒Lindau protein-mediated Dishevelled ubiquitination protects against experimental parkinsonism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:940-953. [PMID: 36357669 PMCID: PMC10104824 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neuron degeneration is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously reported that the inactivation of von Hippel‒Lindau (VHL) alleviated dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a C. elegans model. In this study, we investigated the specific effects of VHL loss and the underlying mechanisms in mammalian PD models. For in vivo genetic inhibition of VHL, AAV-Vhl-shRNA was injected into mouse lateral ventricles. Thirty days later, the mice received MPTP for 5 days to induce PD. Behavioral experiments were conducted on D1, D3, D7, D14 and D21 after the last injection, and the mice were sacrificed on D22. We showed that knockdown of VHL in mice significantly alleviated PD-like syndromes detected in behavioral and biochemical assays. Inhibiting VHL exerted similar protective effects in MPP+-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and the MPP+-induced C. elegans PD model. We further demonstrated that VHL loss-induced protection against experimental parkinsonism was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor and identified the Dishevelled-2 (DVL-2)/β-catenin axis as the target of VHL, which was evolutionarily conserved in both C. elegans and mammals. Inhibiting the function of VHL promoted the stability of β-catenin by reducing the ubiquitination and degradation of DVL-2. Thus, in vivo overexpression of DVL-2, mimicking VHL inactivation, protected against PD. We designed a competing peptide, Tat-DDF-2, to inhibit the interaction between VHL and DVL-2, which exhibited pharmacological potential for protection against PD in vitro and in vivo. We propose the therapeutic potential of targeting the interaction between VHL and DVL-2, which may represent a strategy to alleviate neurodegeneration associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qian Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qian-Hua Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yue-Qian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Gui-Xia Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wen-Bing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Song Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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45
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Wang Y, Wang P, Li C. Fluorescence microscopic platforms imaging mitochondrial abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114841. [PMID: 37088402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are progressive disorders that cause the degeneration of neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common symptom in NDs and plays a crucial role in neuronal loss. Mitochondrial abnormalities can be observed in the early stages of NDs and evolve throughout disease progression. Visualizing mitochondrial abnormalities can help understand ND progression and develop new therapeutic strategies. Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for dynamically imaging mitochondria due to its high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. This review discusses the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and ND progression, potential biomarkers for imaging dysfunctional mitochondria, advances in fluorescence microscopy for detecting organelles, the performance of fluorescence probes in visualizing ND-associated mitochondria, and the challenges and opportunities for developing new generations of fluorescence imaging platforms for monitoring mitochondria in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy; Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University Shanghai 201203, China.
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46
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Trempe JF, Gehring K. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control mediated by PINK1 and parkin. J Mol Biol 2023:168090. [PMID: 37054910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and represents a looming public health crisis as the global population ages. While the etiology of the more common, idiopathic form of the disease remains unknown, the last ten years have seen a breakthrough in our understanding of the genetic forms related to two proteins that regulate a quality control system for the removal of damaged or non-functional mitochondria. Here, we review the structure of these proteins, PINK1, a protein kinase, and parkin, a ubiquitin ligase with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms responsible for their recognition of dysfunctional mitochondria and control of the subsequent ubiquitination cascade. Recent atomic structures have revealed the basis of PINK1 substrate specificity and the conformational changes responsible for activation of PINK1 and parkin catalytic activity. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of mitochondrial quality control promises to open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale
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47
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Skiteva O, Yao N, Mantas I, Zhang X, Perlmann T, Svenningsson P, Chergui K. Aberrant somatic calcium channel function in cNurr1 and LRRK2-G2019S mice. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37029193 PMCID: PMC10082048 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), axons of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) degenerate before their cell bodies. Calcium influx during pacemaker firing might contribute to neuronal loss, but it is not known if dysfunctions of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) occur in DA neurons somata and axon terminals. We investigated T-type and L-type VGCCs in SNc-DA neurons of two mouse models of PD: mice with a deletion of the Nurr1 gene in DA neurons from an adult age (cNurr1 mice), and mice bearing the G2019S mutation in the gene coding for LRRK2 (G2019S mice). Adult cNurr1 mice displayed motor and DA deficits, while middle-aged G2019S mice did not. The number and morphology of SNc-DA neurons, most of their intrinsic membrane properties and pacemaker firing were unaltered in cNurr1 and G2019S mice compared to their control and wild-type littermates. L-type VGCCs contributed to the pacemaker firing of SNc-DA neurons in G2019S mice, but not in control, wild-type, and cNurr1 mice. In cNurr1 mice, but not G2019S mice, the contribution of T-type VGCCs to the pacemaker firing of SNc-DA neurons was reduced, and somatic dopamine-D2 autoreceptors desensitized more. Altered contribution of L-type and T-type VGCCs to the pacemaker firing was not observed in the presence of a LRRK2 kinase inhibitor in G2019S mice, and in the presence of a flavonoid with antioxidant activity in G2019S and cNurr1 mice. The role of L-type and T-type VGCCs in controlling dopamine release from axon terminals in the striatum was unaltered in cNurr1 and G2019S mice. Our findings uncover opposite changes, linked to oxidative stress, in the function of two VGCCs in DA neurons somata, but not axon terminals, in two different experimental PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Skiteva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karima Chergui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Parkinson's Disease, Parkinsonisms, and Mitochondria: the Role of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:131-147. [PMID: 36881253 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Overwhelming evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. This paper aims to review the latest literature published, focusing on genetic defects and expression alterations affecting mitochondria-associated genes, in support of their key role in PD pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Thanks to the use of new omics approaches, a growing number of studies are discovering alterations affecting genes with mitochondrial functions in patients with PD and parkinsonisms. These genetic alterations include pathogenic single-nucleotide variants, polymorphisms acting as risk factors, and transcriptome modifications, affecting both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We will focus on alterations of mitochondria-associated genes described by studies conducted on patients or on animal/cellular models of PD or parkinsonisms. We will comment how these findings can be taken into consideration for improving the diagnostic procedures or for deepening our knowledge on the role of mitochondrial dysfunctions in PD.
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Tang X, Xing S, Ma M, Xu Z, Guan Q, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Chen T, Chen Y, Sun H. The Development and Design Strategy of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Inhibitors: Promising Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2282-2307. [PMID: 36758171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic risk factor for PD. Elevated LRRK2 kinase activity is found in idiopathic and familial PD cases. LRRK2 mutations are involved in multiple PD pathogeneses, including dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis, ciliogenesis, etc. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the biological function, structure, and mutations of LRRK2. We also examine recent advances and challenges in developing LRRK2 inhibitors and address prospective protein-based targeting strategies. The binding mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic features of inhibitors are emphasized to provide a comprehensive compendium on the rational design of LRRK2 inhibitors. We hope that this publication can serve as a guide for designing novel LRRK2 inhibitors based on the summarized facts and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkang Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Huai'an 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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50
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Boecker CA. The Role of LRRK2 in Intracellular Organelle Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2023:167998. [PMID: 36764357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and lead to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Membrane recruitment of LRRK2 and the identification of RAB GTPases as bona fide LRRK2 substrates strongly indicate that LRRK2 regulates intracellular trafficking. This review highlights the current literature on the role of LRRK2 in intracellular organelle dynamics. With a focus on the effects of LRRK2 on microtubule function, mitochondrial dynamics, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and synaptic vesicle trafficking, it summarizes our current understanding of how intracellular dynamics are altered upon pathogenic LRRK2 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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