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Han Y, Zhao J, Li Z, Zhu L. Distribution, traceability, and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in agricultural soils along the Yangtze River Delta in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33838-1. [PMID: 38842776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe pollution threatens the ecosystem and human health in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China because of the rapid development of industry in this area. This study examines the types, distribution, concentration, and origin of fourteen typical organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in agricultural soils within the YRD region to offer insights for pollutant control and policy-making. The total concentration of OPFRs (ΣOPFRs) varied between 79.19 and 699.58 μg/kg dry weight (dw), averaging at 209.61 μg/kg dw. Among the OPFRs detected, tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) was identified as the main congener, followed by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). Source analysis, conducted through correlation coefficients and PCA, indicated that OPFRs in agricultural soils within the YRD region mainly originate from emissions related to plastic products and transportation. The health risk exposure to ΣOPFRs in agricultural soil was considered negligible for farmers, with values below 1.24 × 10-2 and 1.76 × 10-9 for noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. However, the ecological risk of ΣOPFRs in all the samples ranged from 0.08-1.08, indicating a medium to high risk level. The results offer a comprehensive understanding of OPFR pollution in agricultural soils in the YRD region and can be useful for pollution control that mitigates ecological and health risks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Han
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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2
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Chen Q, Yi S, Yang L, Zhu L. Penetration pathways, influencing factors and predictive models for dermal absorption of exobiotic molecules: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172390. [PMID: 38608904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the skin penetration pathways of xenobiotics, including metals, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on the methodologies employed to elucidate these penetration routes. The impacts of the physicochemical properties of exogenous substances and the properties of solvent carriers on the penetration efficiencies were discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines the steady-state and transient models for predicting the skin permeability of xenobiotics, emphasizing the models which enable realistic visualization of pharmaco-kinetic phenomena via detailed geometric representations of the skin microstructure, such as stratum corneum (SC) (bricks and mortar) and skin appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous gland units). Limitations of published research, gaps in current knowledge, and recommendations for future research are highlighted, providing insight for a better understanding of the skin penetration behavior of xenobiotics and associated health risks in practical application contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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3
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Dermal bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances using in vitro 3D human skin equivalent models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108772. [PMID: 38810496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified in various products that come in contact with human skin, ranging from school uniforms to personal care products. Despite this, knowledge on human dermal uptake of PFAS is lacking. Thus, the human dermal absorption of 17 PFAS was assessed, for the first time, using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalent models exposed to 500 ng/cm2 PFAS dissolved in methanol over 24-36 h. The distribution of target PFAS is presented, based on three fractions: absorbed, un-absorbed, and retained within skin tissue (absorbable dose). Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) had the highest absorbed fraction, 58.9 % and 48.7 % respectively, with the absorbed fraction decreasing with increasing carbon chain length of the studied perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.004). Interestingly, while longer chain PFAS (Cn ≥ 9) were not directly absorbed, a large fraction of the exposure dose was detected within the skin tissue at the end of the exposure. This was most apparent for perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorononane sulfonate (PFNS) for which 66.5 % and 68.3 % of the exposure dose was found within the skin tissue, while neither compound was detected in the absorbed fraction. For compounds with a carbon chain length > 11, the fraction found within the skin tissue, decreases with increasing chain length. Physicochemical properties played a role in dermal permeation of PFAS, with a clear inverse correlation between logKOW and absorbed fraction for both PFCAs (r = -0.97; p ≤ 0.001) and PFSAs (r = -0.99; p ≤ 0.001). Steady-state flux (JSS) and permeation coefficients (Papp) were determined for target compounds with significant permeation after 36 h exposure (C5-C8 PFCAs and C4-C7 PFSAs). In general, both the flux and permeation coefficient decreased with increasing chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Shindo M, Ishida M, Tokumura M, Wang Q, Miyake Y, Amagai T, Makino M. Determination of potential dermal exposure rates of phosphorus flame retardants via the direct contact with a car seat using artificial skin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141555. [PMID: 38417497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has received much attention as a major alternative exposure route in recent years. However, the information regarding dermal exposure via direct contact with a product is limited. In addition, in the commonly used dermal permeability test, the target substance is dissolved in a solvent, which is unrealistic. In this study, a dermal permeability test of PFRs in three car seats was performed using artificial skin. The PFR concentrations in the car seats are 0.12 wt% tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), 0.030-0.25 wt% tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), 0.15 wt% triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), 0.89 wt% cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CsDPhP), 0.074 wt% tricresyl phosphate (TCsP), and 0.46-4.7 wt% diethylene glycol bis [di (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (DEG-BDCIPP). The mean skin permeation rates for a contact time of 24 h are 14 (TCEP), 5.4-160 (TCPP), 0.67 (CsDPhP), 0.38 (TPhP), and 3.3-58 ng cm-2 h-1 (DEG-BDCIPP). The concentrations of TCsP in receptor liquid were lower than the limit of quantification at the contact time of 24 h. The skin permeation rates were significantly affected by the type of car seat (e.g., fabric or non-fabric). The potential dermal TCPP exposure rate for an adult via direct contact with the car seat during the average daily contact time (1.3 h), which was the highest value assessed in this study, was estimated to be 16,000 ng kg-1 day-1, which is higher than that related to inhalation and dust ingestion reported as significant exposure route of PFRs in previous studies. These facts reveal that dermal exposure associated with direct contact with the product might be an important exposure pathway for PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Shindo
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Maho Ishida
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Ding J, He W, Sha W, Shan G, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling of Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in mice accounting for multiple exposure routes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115976. [PMID: 38232524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure routes are important for health risk assessment of chemical risks. The application of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models to predict concentrations in vivo can determine the effects of harmful substances and tissue accumulation on the premise of saving experimental costs. In this study, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an organophosphate ester (OPE), was used as an example to study the PBTK model of mice exposed to different exposure doses by multiple routes. Different routes of exposure (gavage and intradermal injection) can cause differences in the concentration of chemicals in the organs. TCEP that enters the body through the mouth is mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. However, the concentrations of chemicals that enter the skin into the mice are higher in skin, rest of body, and blood. In addition, TCEP was absorbed and accumulated very rapidly in mice, within half an hour after a single exposure. We have successfully established a mouse PBTK model of the TCEP accounting for multiple exposure Routes and obtained a series of kinetic parameters. The model includes blood, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, skin, and rest of body compartments. Oral and dermal exposure route was considered for PBTK model. The PBTK model established in this study has a good predictive ability. More than 70% of the predicted values deviated from the measured values by less than 5-fold. In addition, we extrapolated the model to humans. A human PBTK model is built. We performed a health risk assessment for world populations based on human PBTK model. The risk of TCEP in dust is greater through mouth than through skin. The risk of TCEP in food of Chinese population is greater than dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ding
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanyu He
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanxiao Sha
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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6
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Wang Z, Geng S, Zhang J, Yang H, Shi S, Zhao L, Luo X, Cao Z. Methods for the characterisation of dermal uptake: Progress and perspectives for organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108400. [PMID: 38142534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of pollutants that are widely detected in the environment at high concentrations. They can adversely affect human health through multiple routes of exposure, including dermal uptake. Although attention has been paid to achieving an accurate and complete quantification of the dermal uptake of OPEs, existing evaluation methods and parameters have obvious weaknesses. This study reviewed two main categories of methodologies, namely the relative absorption (RA) model and the permeability coefficient (PC) model, which are widely used to assess the dermal uptake of OPEs. Although the PC model is more accurate and is increasingly used, the most important parameter in this model, the permeability coefficient (Kp), has been poorly characterised for OPEs, resulting in considerable errors in the estimation of the dermal uptake of OPEs. Thus, the detailed in vitro methods for the determination of Kp are summarised and sorted. Furthermore, the commonly used skin membranes are identified and the factors affecting Kp and corresponding mechanisms are discussed. In addition, the experimental conditions, conclusions, and available data on Kp values of the OPEs are thoroughly summarised. Finally, the corresponding knowledge gaps are proposed, and a more accurate and sophisticated experimental system and unknown Kp values for OPEs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shuxiang Geng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hengkang Yang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Gunia-Krzyżak A, Popiół J, Słoczyńska K, Żelaszczyk D, Orzeł K, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Kasza P, Borczuch-Kostańska M, Pękala E. In silico and in vitro evaluation of a safety profile of a cosmetic ingredient: 4-methoxychalcone (4-MC). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105696. [PMID: 37722549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone is an important scaffold within medicinal and cosmetic chemistry. The structure enables multiple modifications which may result in obtaining compounds with desirable bioactivity. One of the chalcone derivatives, 4-methoxychalcone is a known cosmetic ingredient indexed in Cosing database as an antioxidant, bleaching, and skin conditioning substance. We investigated its in silico and in vitro safety profile. In silico study using Derek Nexus showed its potential of skin sensitisation, equivocal nature of chromosome damage in vitro in mammals, but also no mutagenic properties. In vitro research proved its activity as melanogenesis inhibitor in B16F10 cell line at the doses 12.5-3.125 μM. Evaluations performed in various cell lines showed that the cytotoxic doses were 50-25 μM. Tests in Episkin™ proved its ability to penetrate across epidermis and enabled classification of 2% formulation in PEG as non-irritant. In micronucleus tests it showed no genotoxicity. Studies in Cunninghamella echinulata model proved that 4-methoxychalcone was metabolised to less lipophilic products. 4-methoxychalcone showed phototoxic potential, its EC50(+UV) = 3.57 μg/mL, PIF = 10.19 and MPE = 0.428 were comparable to chlorpromazine. Moreover, 4-methoxychalcone showed ecotoxic potential in Microtox® assay with EC50(5 min) = 0.0047 mg/L and EC50(15 min) = 0.0033 mg/L. Although active doses were lower than toxic ones, some potential safety risks were noticed. Especially, due to the phototoxicity potential of 4-methoxychalcone, its use as depigmenting agent should involve avoidance of sunlight and use of appropriate photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Orzeł
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Patryk Kasza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Magda Borczuch-Kostańska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
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Hader JD, Fairén AG, MacLeod M. Planetary Protection requirements should address pollution from chemicals and materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310792120. [PMID: 37819976 PMCID: PMC10589715 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310792120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Hader
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm10691, Sweden
| | - Alberto G. Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid28850, Spain
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm10691, Sweden
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Hoang MTT, Le GT, Kiwao K, Duong HT, Nguyen TQ, Phan TQ, Bui MQ, Truong DA, Trinh HT. Occurrence and risk of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in indoor air and dust in Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138597. [PMID: 37028719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of thirteen organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor air and dust samples collected in Hanoi, Vietnam. The total OPFRs (ƩOPFRs) concentrations in indoor air and dust samples were 42.3-358 ng m-3 (median 101 ng m-3) and 1290-17,500 ng g-1 (median 7580 ng g-1), respectively. The profile of OPFRs in both indoor air and dust indicated that tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant compound with a median concentration of 75.3 ng m-3 and 3620 ng g-1, contributing 75.2% and 46.1% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively, followed by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), with a median concentration of 16.3 ng m-3 and 2500 ng g-1, contributing 14.1% and 33.6% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively. The levels of OPFRs in the indoor air samples and corresponding indoor dust samples showed a strong positive correlation. The total estimated daily intakes (EDItotal) of ƩOPFRs (via air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption) for adults and toddlers under the median and high exposure scenarios were 36.7 and 160 ng kg-1 d-1, and 266 and 1270 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively. Among the investigated exposure pathways, dermal absorption was a primary exposure pathway to OPFRs for both toddlers and adults. The hazard quotients (HQ) ranged from 5.31 × 10-8 to 6.47 × 10-2 (<1), and the lifetime cancer risks (LCR) were from 2.05 × 10-11 to 7.37 × 10-8 (<10-6), indicating that human health risks from exposure to OPFRs in indoor environments are not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Kadokami Kiwao
- The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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10
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Wang H, Wang H, Wang K, Xiong J, Huang S, Wolfson JM, Koutrakis P. Characterization of chemical transport in human skin and building material. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131917. [PMID: 37379590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environment. They can emit from source into air, and subsequently penetrate human skin into blood through dermal uptake, causing adverse health effects. This study develops a two-layer analytical model to characterize the VOC/SVOC dermal uptake process, which is then extended to predict VOC emissions from two-layer building materials or furniture. Based on the model, the key transport parameters of chemicals in every skin or material layer are determined via a hybrid optimization method using data from experiments and literature. The measured key parameters of SVOCs for dermal uptake are more accurate than those from previous studies using empirical correlations. Moreover, the association between the absorption amount of studied chemicals into blood and age is preliminarily investigated. Further exposure analysis reveals that the contribution of dermal uptake to the total exposure can be comparable with that of inhalation for the examined SVOCs. This study makes the first attempt to accurately determine the key parameters of chemicals in skin, which is demonstrated to be critical for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Keliang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaodan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States.
| | - Jack M Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, United States
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11
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Huang K, Fei J, Zhang Z, Kong R, Li M, Zhang Y, Liu C. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TnBP results in tissue-specific bio-accumulation and inhibits growth of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138972. [PMID: 37230301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) is commonly used as flame retardant and rubber plasticizer, and has been widely detected in aquatic organisms and natural waters. However, the potential toxicity of TnBP in fish remains unclear. In the present study, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae were treated with environmentally relevant concentrations (100 or 1000 ng/L) of TnBP for 60 d and then they were depurated in clean water for 15 d, and the accumulation and depuration of the chemical in six tissues of silver carp were measured. Furthermore, effects on growth were evaluated and potential molecular mechanisms were explored. Results indicated that TnBP could be rapidly accumulated and depurated in silver carp tissues. In addition, the bio-accumulation of TnBP displayed tissue-specificity, where intestine contained the greatest and vertebra had the smallest level of TnBP. Furthermore, exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TnBP led to time- and concentration-dependent growth inhibition of silver carp, even though TnBP was completely depurated in tissues. Mechanistic studies suggested that exposure to TnBP up- and down-regulated the expression of ghr and igf1 in liver, respectively, and increased GH contents in plasma of silver carp. TnBP exposure also up-regulated the expression of ugt1ab and dio2 in liver, as well as decreased T4 contents in plasma of silver carp. Our findings provide direct evidence of health hazards of TnBP to fish in natural waters, calling for more attention of environmental risks of TnBP in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiamin Fei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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12
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Tang J, Ma S, Hu X, Lin M, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Handwipes as indicators to assess organophosphate flame retardants exposure and thyroid hormone effects in e-waste dismantlers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130248. [PMID: 36327841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure is increasingly recognized as an important pathway for organic pollutant exposure. However, data on dermal exposure are limited, particularly with respect to the health effects. This study evaluated association between organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in handwipes and internal body burden on workers and adult residents in an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area. The impact of dermal exposure to OPFRs on thyroid hormones (THs) served as a biomarker for early effects. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was the most detected compound in handwipes, with median levels of 1180, 200, and 24.0 ng in people identified as e-waste bakers, e-waste dismantlers, and adult residents. Among e-waste dismantlers, TPhP levels in handwipes were positively correlated with paired serum TPhP and urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) levels. In multiple linear regression models controlling for sex, age and smoking, TPhP levels in handwipes of e-waste dismantlers were significantly negatively correlated with three THs used to evaluate thyroid function: serum reverse 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3), 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2), and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2). These findings suggest that handwipes can act as non-invasive exposure indicators to assess body burden of dermal exposure to TPhP and health effects on THs of e-waste dismantlers. This study highlights importance of OPFR effect on human THs through dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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13
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Yang W, Braun JM, Vuong AM, Percy Z, Xu Y, Xie C, Deka R, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Burris HH, Yolton K, Cecil KM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Gestational exposure to organophosphate esters and infant anthropometric measures in the first 4 weeks after birth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159322. [PMID: 36220473 PMCID: PMC9883112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined whether gestational exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), widely used chemicals with potential endocrine-disrupting potency and developmental toxicity, is associated with impaired infant growth. METHODS We analyzed data from 329 mother-infant pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study (2003-2006, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). We quantified concentrations of four OPE metabolites in maternal urine collected at 16 and 26 weeks of gestation, and at delivery. We calculated z-scores using 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards for the 4-week anthropometric measures (weight, length, and head circumference), the ponderal index, and weekly growth rates. We used multiple informant models to examine window-specific associations between individual OPE metabolites and anthropometric outcomes. We further modeled OPEs as a mixture for window-specific associations with 4-week anthropometric outcomes using mean field variational Bayesian inference procedure for lagged kernel machine regression (MFVB-LKMR). We stratified the models by infant sex. RESULTS Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in mothers at 16 weeks, and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) at delivery were positively associated with z-scores of weight, length, and head circumference in all infants at 4 weeks of age. After stratifying by infant sex, positive associations were only observed in males for DPHP at 16 weeks and BCEP at delivery and in females for BDCIPP at delivery. Negative associations not present in all infants were observed in males for di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP) at 26 weeks of gestation with weight z-score and DPHP at delivery with head circumference z-score. Results were generally similar using MFVB-LKMR models with more conservative 95 % credible intervals. We did not identify consistent associations of gestational OPE metabolite concentrations with the ponderal index and weekly growth rates. CONCLUSION In this cohort, exposure to OPEs during gestation was associated with altered infant anthropometry at 4 weeks after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Ali N, Rashid MI, Alhakamy NA, Alamri SH, Eqani SAMAS. Profiling of phthalates, brominated, and organophosphate flame retardants in COVID-19 lockdown house dust; implication on the human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158779. [PMID: 36116658 PMCID: PMC9474971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), phthalates, and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were analyzed in indoor household dust collected during the COVID-19 related strict lockdown (April-July 2020) period. Floor dust samples were collected from 40 households in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The levels of most of the analyzed chemicals were visibly high and for certain chemicals multifold high in analyzed samples compared to earlier studies on indoor dust from Jeddah. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the primary chemical in these dust samples, with a median concentration of 769,500 ng/g of dust. Tris (2-butoxy ethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) contributed the highest among PFRs and BFRs with median levels of 5990 and 940 ng/g of dust, respectively. The estimated daily exposure in the worst case scenario (23,700 ng/kg bw/day) for Saudi children was above the reference dose (20,000 ng/kg bw/day) for DEHP, and the hazardous index (HI) was also >1. The long-term carcinogenic risk was above the 1 × 10-5, indicating a risk to the health of Saudi young children from getting exposed to DEHP from indoor dust. This study draws attention to the increased indoor pollution during the lockdown period when all of the daily activities by adults and children were performed indoors, which negatively impacted human health, as suggested by the calculated risk. However, the current study has limitations and warrants more monitoring studies from different parts of the world to understand the phenomenon. At the same time, this study also highlights another side of COVID-19 related to our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Hassan Alamri
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
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15
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Zhang Y, Wu M, Xu M, Hu P, Xu X, Liu X, Cai W, Xia J, Wu D, Xu X, Yu G, Cao Z. Distribution of flame retardants among indoor dust, airborne particles and vapour phase from Beijing: spatial-temporal variation and human exposure characteristics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107557. [PMID: 36209599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 10 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and 10 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor dust, total suspended particles (TSP), and vapour phase from offices (n = 10), homes (n = 9), and day-care centres (n = 10) in Beijing, China. Three types of samples were collected biweekly from one office and one home over a year to examine temporal trends. BFRs in dust significantly correlated with those in TSP, while OPFRs significantly correlated among all three matrices. In addition, BFRs in dust (ng/g) and TSP (pg/m3) exhibited similar temporal trends with higher levels in the cold season, whereas OPFRs in TSP and vapour phase (pg/m3) showed similar temporal trends with higher levels in the warm season. The geometric mean concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs in the three matrices from the above mentioned three types of indoor microenvironments were used for exposure and health risk estimation, and ∑7OPFRs showed much higher hazard index (HI) values than ∑10BFRs for all subpopulations, and inhalation of OPFRs was a major risk source. With the volatility of flame retardants (FRs) decreasing, the contribution of dust ingestion and dermal absorption showed an increasing trend, and the contribution of inhalation exhibited a gradual decreasing trend, which implied the dominant exposure pathway to FRs is strongly related to the vapour pressure (25 °C, Pa) of these substances. Using a single type of microenvironment or the collection of samples at a single point in time can lead to overestimation or underestimation of overall exposure and risk for people to some extent. The correlations of FRs in dust, TSP, and vapour phase from indoor microenvironments, as well as their temporal trends were first reported in this study, which will provide a basis for more accurate FR exposure assessments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacai Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing, 100011, China
| | - Menghan Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jing Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongkui Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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16
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Gbadamosi MR, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Organophosphate esters in UK diet; exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:158368. [PMID: 36116644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food ingestion has been established as an important human exposure route to many environmental contaminants (brominated flame retardants, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides etc). However, information regarding dietary exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the UK remains limited. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on OPEs in the UK diet by measuring concentrations of eight OPEs in 393 food samples, divided into 15 food groups, collected from Birmingham, UK. All target OPEs were measured above the limit of quantification in at least one of the food groups analysed. Concentrations were highest (mean ∑8OPEs = 18.4 ng/g wet weight (ww)) in milk and milk products, followed by those in cereal and cereal products (mean ∑8OPEs = 15.9 ng/g ww), with concentrations lowest in chickens' eggs (mean ∑8OPEs = 1.61 ng/g ww). Interestingly, concentrations in animal-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 44.2 ng/g ww) were statistically indistinguishable (p˃0.05) from plant-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 36.8 ng/g ww). Estimated daily dietary intakes (EDIs) of ∑8OPEs under mean and high-end exposure scenarios for the four age groups considered were: toddlers (420 and 1547 ng/kg bw/day) ˃ children (155 and 836) ˃ elderly (74.3 and 377) ˃ adults (62.3 and 278) ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Baby food contributed 39 % of ∑8OPEs exposure for toddlers, with non-alcoholic beverages contributing 27 % of exposure for children, while cereal and cereal products (25 %) and fruits (22 %) were the main contributors for adults and the elderly. The concentrations of OPEs in UK foodstuffs were generally of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other countries and our estimates of dietary exposure were well below the corresponding health-based limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhang D, Shen J, Huang X, Xiao L, Chen X, Lin X, Du S, Liu J, Lu S. Association between organophosphorus flame retardants exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157763. [PMID: 35926617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in consumer products leads to their ubiquitous occurrence. The neurotoxicity of OPFRs has been raised, whereas evidence from the elderly population were rather scarce. Hence, a case-control study was conducted based on the Shenzhen Aging-related Disorder Cohort. A total of 184 cases [Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) < 24] and 795 participants as controls (MMSE ≥24) were recruited. Eight metabolites of OPFRs (m-OPFRs) in urine samples were measured, including bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), di-o-cresyl phosphate (DOCP), di-p-cresyl phosphate (DPCP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP). The detection frequencies of m-OPFRs ranged from 88.8 % to 95.4 %. BCEP had the highest median concentration (0.93 μg/L), followed by BCIPP (0.32 μg/L), DPHP (0.27 μg/L) and DBP (0.20 μg/L). Significant correlations were found between all pairs of urinary m-OPFRs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.22 to 0.71 (p< 0.05). Logistic regression models showed that urinary concentrations of BDCIPP (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.25, 95 % confidential interval [CI]: 1.04-1.50) and DBP (adjusted OR: 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.20) were positively associated with lower cognitive functions. Furthermore, a nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between urinary BDCIPP concentration and cognitive decline. To our knowledge, this is the first report on OPFR exposure and cognitive impairment among elderly population. Further toxicological tests of BDCIPP and DBP are needed to illustrate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junchun Shen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lehan Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Zhang R, Li N, Li J, Zhao C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous absorption and exposure risk assessment of organophosphate esters in children's toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129728. [PMID: 35969952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration and exposure risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from children's toys remains largely unknown. Percutaneous penetration of OPEs was evaluated by EPISkin™ model. Chlorinated OPEs (Cl-OPEs) and alkyl OPEs, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, exhibited a fast absorption rate and good dermal penetration ability with cumulative absorptions of 57.6-127 % of dosed OPEs. Cumulative absorptions of OPEs through skin cells were inversely associated with their molecular weight and log octanol-water partition coefficient. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated that topological charge and steric features of OPEs were closely related to the transdermal permeability of these chemicals. With the clarification of the factors affecting the transdermal penetration of OPEs, the level and exposure risk of OPEs in actual toys were studied. The summation of 18 OPE concentrations in 199 toy samples collected from China ranged from 6.82 to 228,254 ng/g, of which Cl-OPEs presented the highest concentration. Concentrations of OPEs in toys exhibited clear type differences. Daily exposure to OPEs via dermal, hand-to-mouth contact, and mouthing was evaluated, and dermal contact was a significant route for children's exposure to OPEs. Hazard quotients for noncarcinogenic risk assessment were below 1, indicating that the health risk of OPEs via toys was relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Guo J, Luo X, Yang Y, Lv Y, Zeng Y, Mai B. Age- and sex-specific dermal exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population of a city in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119802. [PMID: 35863704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the dermal exposure of population to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a South China city. Skin wipe samples of the face, hand, forearm, and shank were collected from 120 volunteers (50% male and 50% female) belonging to different age groups (preschooler, thresholder, middle-aged, and elderly). Concentrations of PAHs in the skin wipe samples varied from 18 to 27000 ng/m2 in the order of face > hand > forearm > shank, regardless of age and gender. The PAH concentrations of bare skin locations were significantly higher in females than in males, while no significant differences were observed for clothing-covered skin locations between genders. The PAH concentrations for faces were significantly higher in the elderly compared to the other groups. The PAH composition was distinct between the four age groups. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs and total BaP equivalent concentration (BaPeq) varied from 25.6 to 620 and 0.093-37.4 ng/kg body weight/d, respectively. The dermal exposure levels of total PAHs were significantly higher in females than in males in all age groups except for the middle-aged group. The hand-mouth exposure doses were significantly higher in the preschoolers than in the other age groups. The values of the carcinogenic risk caused by dermal PAH exposure were between 3.5 × 10-6 and 1.4 × 10-3 with 29% of the population (35/120) having risk values exceeding significant levels (1 × 10-4). The thresholder group exhibited the highest risk for PAH dermal exposure among all groups of the population. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the age- and gender-related risk of PAH through dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang, Guangdong, 515200, China
| | - Yinzhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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20
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Dermal uptake: An important pathway of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119478. [PMID: 35588958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been produced and used in a broad range of products since the 1950s. This class, comprising of thousands of chemicals, have been used in many different products ranging from firefighting foam to personal care products and clothes. Even at relatively low levels of exposure, PFAS have been linked to various health effects in humans such as lower birth weight, increased serum cholesterol levels, and reduced antibody response to vaccination. Human biomonitoring data demonstrates ubiquitous exposure to PFAS across all age groups. This has been attributed to PFAS-contaminated water and dietary intake, as well as inadvertent ingestion of indoor dust for adults and toddlers. In utero exposure and breast milk have been indicated as important exposure pathways for foetuses and nursing infants. More recently, PFAS have been identified in a wide range of products, many of which come in contact with skin (e.g., cosmetics and fabrics). Despite this, few studies have evaluated dermal uptake as a possible route for human exposure and little is known about the dermal absorption potential of different PFAS. This article critically investigates the current state-of-knowledge on human exposure to PFAS, highlighting the lack of dermal exposure data. Additionally, the different approaches for dermal uptake assessment studies are discussed and the available literature on human dermal absorption of PFAS is critically reviewed and compared to other halogenated contaminants, e.g., brominated flame retardants and its implications for dermal exposure to PFAS. Finally, the urgent need for dermal permeation and uptake studies for a wide range of PFAS and their precursors is highlighted and recommendations for future research to advance the current understanding of human dermal exposure to PFAS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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21
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Christia C, Poma G, Caballero-Casero N, Covaci A. Occurrence of newly identified plasticizers in handwipes; development and validation of a novel analytical method and assessment of human exposure via dermal absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112983. [PMID: 35192803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical method for the monitoring of four newly identified plasticizers, namely di-propylene glycol dibenzoate (DiPGDB), tri-n-butyl trimellitate (TBTM), isooctyl 2-phenoxyethyl terephthalate (IOPhET) and bis 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl phosphate (TMHPh), in handwipes based on pulverization was developed and in-house validated. In total, 164 handwipe samples (paired with house dust and human urine) were collected during winter (n = 82) and summer (n = 82) 2019 from adults and toddlers living in Flanders, Belgium. Method LOQs ranged from 1 to 200 ng/g. The ranges of Σplasticizers were 70-5400 ng/g for winter and 70-3720 ng/g for summer. The detection frequencies were 39% for DiPGDB, 27% for TBTM and <5% for IOPhET and TMHPh in winter samples and 33% for DiPGDB, 21% for TBTM and <10% for IOPhET and TMHPh in summer ones. The dominant compound in handwipes was DiPGDB, with mean contributions of 74% and 83% for winter and summer, followed by TBTM (24% and 9.2%), TMHPh (1.8% and 8.1%) and IOPhET (<1% and <1%). Σplasticizers concentrations were positively correlated in summer with the use of sanitizer (r = 0.375, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated in winter with the use of personal care products (r = -0.349, p < 0.05). DiPGDB was found positively correlated with the age of the participants (r = 0.363, p < 0.05) and the time spent indoors (r = 0.359, p < 0.05), indicating indoor environment as a potential source. Levels of TBTM in handwipes were positively correlated with dust samples collected from the same households (r = 0.597, p < 0.05), and those detected in toddler handwipes were significantly higher compared to adults (p < 0.05). Human daily exposure via dermal absorption was evaluated using the dermal derived no effects level values (DNEL), available in the database of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and estimated using the theoretical bio-accessible fractions per compound. Toddler exposure to TBTM was significantly higher compared to adults (T-test, p < 0.05). No risk for adverse human health effects was derived from the comparison with DNELs for all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Noelia Caballero-Casero
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Universidad de Córdoba, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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22
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Chen ZF, Tang YT, Liao XL, Jiang JR, Qi Z, Cai Z. A QuEChERS-based UPLC-MS/MS method for rapid determination of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in human urine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153989. [PMID: 35192813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in consumer products to prevent fire spread. However, once released into the atmospheric environment, they may accumulate in humans and undergo metabolic transformation and excretion by urine. In order to clarify the human exposure to OPFRs, a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous determination of urinary OPFRs and their metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed. After the optimization by a single-factor or orthogonal experiment, the satisfactory recovery (87.8-119%), matrix effect (-8.88-9.29%), method quantitation limit (3.66-159 ng/L), and inter-day repeatability (1.24 - 10.6%) of most analytes were achieved in artificial urine samples. Based on a monitoring test by the developed method, we propose that urinary bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and di-p-cresyl phosphate could be used to trace human exposure to tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tricresyl phosphate, respectively. Most importantly, this is the first study to reveal that 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4-OH-TPHP) was dominantly presented in its conjugated form rather than its free form in urine (p = 0.037). Overall, the obtained results contribute a relatively rapid method to help conduct large-scale urine monitoring for revealing the human exposure and risk of OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying-Tao Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie-Ru Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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23
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Yu M, Li X, Liu B, Li Y, Liu L, Wang L, Song L, Wang Y, Hu L, Mei S. Organophosphate esters in children and adolescents in Liuzhou city, China: concentrations, exposure assessment, and predictors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39310-39322. [PMID: 35098472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dermal contact with dust is commonly considered an important pathway of exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), but the importance of OPE uptake from diet is unclear. Herein, we used hand wipes to estimate OPE exposure from indoor dust and examined whether urinary OPE metabolite concentrations were influenced by sociodemographic characteristics, OPE amount in hand wipes, and dietary factors. OPEs were measured in urine and hand wipes from 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents (n=929) in Liuzhou, China. Sociodemographic and dietary factors were obtained from questionnaire. Six OPE metabolites were detected in >70% of the urine samples, and seven OPEs were detected in >50% of the hand wipes. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using urinary OPE metabolites to investigate the total daily intake of OPEs, in which 0.36-10.1% of the total intake was attributed to the exposure from dermal absorption. In multivariate linear regression models, sex, age, and maternal education were significant predictors of urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Urinary diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is positively associated with its parent compounds 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in hand wipes. High versus low vegetable intake was associated with a 23.7% higher DPHP (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51%, 52.1%). Barreled water drinking was associated with a 30.4% (95% CI: 11.8%, 52.0%) increase in bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) compared to tap water drinking. Our results suggested the widespread exposure to OPEs in children and adolescents. In addition to dermal absorption, dietary intake may be an important exposure source of certain OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Women's Healthcare, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #1 Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lulu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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24
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Dermal uptake of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants via contact with furniture fabrics; implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112847. [PMID: 35104485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (Cl-PFRs): tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (TCIPP) and tris-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP), have been widely used in upholstered furniture despite their carcinogenic potential. Although Cl-PFRs are mainly added to furniture foam, they are present in the fabrics likely due to migration from the foam. While several studies have assessed human exposure to Cl-PFRs via different pathways, no information exists on dermal uptake of these chemicals through contact with fabrics. In the current study, dermal absorption of TCEP, TCIPP and TDCIPP from 3 UK domestic furniture fabrics was experimentally assessed for the first time using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalents (EpiSkin™) under different real-life exposure scenarios. Results revealed all 3 target Cl-PFRs were dermally bioavailable to varying degrees (3.5%-25.9% of exposure dose) following 24 h contact with the studied fabrics. Estimated permeability coefficients (KP, cm h-1) showed TCEP had the highest percutaneous penetration potential followed by TCIPP, then TDCIPP. Further investigation revealed human dermal uptake of Cl-PFRs can be influenced by several factors including: the specific physicochemical properties of the compound, the type of exposure matrix, the exposure dose and the degree of skin hydration at the point of contact. Exposure assessment revealed UK adults and toddlers can be exposed to 20.4 and 14.1 ng TCIPP/kg bw/day via contact with furniture fabrics in summer, which is higher than international average exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion for adults and dietary exposure for toddlers. Therefore, risk assessment studies for Cl-PFRs and future replacements should consider dermal contact with consumer products (e.g. furniture fabrics) as a potential significant human exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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25
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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26
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Słoczyńska K, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Żmudzki P, Pękala E. Evaluation of Two Novel Hydantoin Derivatives Using Reconstructed Human Skin Model EpiskinTM: Perspectives for Application as Potential Sunscreen Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061850. [PMID: 35335215 PMCID: PMC8949075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess two novel 5-arylideneimidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) derivatives (JH3 and JH10) demonstrating photoprotective activity using the reconstructed human skin model EpiskinTM. The skin permeability, irritation, and phototoxicity of the compounds was evaluated in vitro. Moreover, the in vitro genotoxicity and human metabolism of both compounds was studied. For skin permeation and irritation experiments, the test compounds were incorporated into a formulation. It was shown that JH3 and JH10 display no skin irritation and no phototoxicity. Both compounds did not markedly enhance the frequency of micronuclei in CHO-K1 cells in the micronucleus assay. Preliminary in vitro studies with liver microsomes demonstrated that hydrolysis appears to constitute their important metabolic pathway. EpiskinTM permeability experiments showed that JH3 permeability was lower than or close to currently used UV filters, whereas JH10 had the potential to permeate the skin. Therefore, a restriction of this compound permeability should be obtained by choosing the right vehicle or by optimizing it, which should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (P.K.-A.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-205-577
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (P.K.-A.); (E.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (P.K.-A.); (E.P.)
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (P.K.-A.); (E.P.)
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27
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Zhang Q, Yao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheng Z, Li Y, Yang X, Wang L, Sun H. Plant accumulation and transformation of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117742. [PMID: 34329057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can take up and transform brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) from soil, water and the atmosphere, which is of considerable significance to the geochemical cycle of BFRs and OPFRs and their human exposure. However, the current understanding of the plant uptake, translocation, accumulation, and metabolism of BFRs and OPFRs in the environment remains very limited. In this review, recent studies on the accumulation and transformation of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are summarized, the main factors affecting plant accumulation from the aspects of root uptake, foliar uptake, and plant translocation are presented, and the metabolites and metabolic pathways of BFRs and OPFRs in plants are analyzed. It was found that BFRs and OPFRs can be taken up by plants through partitioning to root lipids, as well as through gaseous and particle-bound deposition to the leaves. Their microscopic distribution in roots and leaves is important for understanding their accumulation behaviors. BFRs and OPFRs can be translocated in the xylem and phloem, but the specific transport pathways and mechanisms need to be further studied. BFRs and OPFRs can undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in plants. The identification, quantification and environmental fate of their metabolites will affect the assessment of their ecological and human exposure risks. Based on the issues mentioned above, some key directions worth studying in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Tang J, Lin M, Ma S, Yang Y, Li G, Yu Y, Fan R, An T. Identifying Dermal Uptake as a Significant Pathway for Human Exposure to Typical Semivolatile Organic Compounds in an E-Waste Dismantling Site: The Relationship of Contaminant Levels in Handwipes and Urine Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14026-14036. [PMID: 34596389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) has recently attracted widespread attention; understanding these exposures is particularly important for people whose skin is frequently exposed to different pollution surfaces. In this study, handwipes were collected from exposed occupational workers and local residents near a typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area; urine samples were also sampled. The wipes were analyzed for three typical SVOCs: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The median levels of PAHs, OPFRs, and PBDEs in handwipes from e-waste dismantlers were 96.0, 183, and 238 ng, respectively. The analytes were higher in the handwipes collected from workers than those from residents, indicating that they were subjected to greater dermal exposure during primitive e-waste dismantling activities. Among the three SVOCs, the strongest correlation was found between triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in handwipes and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) in paired urine; the next strongest correlations were between PAHs and PBDEs and their corresponding urinary metabolites. The results showed that TPhP contributed the highest exposure to e-waste dismantlers via dermal exposure. Our research highlights the importance of dermal exposure to TPhP, which should be considered in future exposure risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, P. R. China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Silva EZM, Dorta DJ, de Oliveira DP, Leme DM. A review of the success and challenges in characterizing human dermal exposure to flame retardants. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3459-3473. [PMID: 34436642 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since organic flame retardants (FRs) have several industrial applications, they have been largely detected in environmental and biological samples, and humans have been highly exposed to them. Although the effects of oral and inhaled FRs have been well studied, dermal exposure to them has only recently been pointed out as a potential route of human exposure. Consequently, the effects of FRs on the skin and secondary target organs have been poorly investigated. This review article summarizes the main findings regarding dermal exposure to FRs, points the limitation of the published studies, and suggests future perspectives for better understanding of how dermal exposure to FRs impacts the human health. This review lists some gaps that must be filled in future studies, including characterization of the bioavailable fraction and assessment of exposure for new FRs, to establish their physiological significance and to improve the development of 3D dermal tissue for more reliable results to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Zini Moreira Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n. Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Departament of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n. Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil. .,National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Luo K, Zeng Y, Li M, Man Y, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Kang Y. Inhalation bioacessibility and absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor PM 2.5 and its implication in risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145770. [PMID: 33610976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 was assessed in numerous studies, however, the lung cell uptake and penetration of PAHs was seldom taken into account in risk assessment. In the present study, eighteen indoor PM2.5 samples collected from Guangzhou, China were analyzed for the inhalation bioavailability of PAHs combining the inhalation bioaccessibility and cell absorption of PAHs. Two simulated epithelial lung fluid mimicking the healthy condition (as represented by gamble's solution (GMB), pH = 7.4) and the inflammatory condition (as represented by artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), pH = 4.5) were employed to evaluate the inhalation bioaccessibility. The results indicated that the bioaccessibility of PAHs under the inflammatory condition (1.28%-87.7%) was higher than that under healthy condition (0.88%-87.6%). Naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were selected for absorption assay of lung epithelial cells (A549). The absorption rate of PAHs ranged from 64.7 to 90.7% and it was inversely proportional to the number of aromatic rings. Taken together, the inhalation bioavailability based on the bioaccessibility of PAHs and the lung cell absorption ratio ranged from 9.9 to 56.9% under the healthy state, from 12.7 to 65.6% under inflammatory condition. The correction parameter (Fc) was thus established and can be used to improve the risk assessment of human exposure to PAHs via PM2.5 inhalation in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihui Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Gbadamosi MR, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. A critical review of human exposure to organophosphate esters with a focus on dietary intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144752. [PMID: 33540161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common additives in a wide range of commercial and industrial products. Elevated and prolonged exposure to OPEs may induce several adverse effects. This is concerning as they are ubiquitous in air, indoor dust, drinking water, and other environmental matrices. However, information on the presence of OPEs in foodstuffs and consequent health risks remains scant. This review critically evaluates available information on levels and sources of OPEs in food, discusses the relative significance of diet as a pathway of human exposure, identifies knowledge gaps, and suggests directions for future research. For toddlers, dermal uptake from dust ingestion appears the predominant pathway of exposure to chlorinated OPEs, as well as ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). In contrast, diet appears the main pathway of exposure to all eight OPEs considered for adults, and for tri n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris 2-ethylhexyl phosphate (TEHP), and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) for toddlers. While summed exposures via all pathways are within reference dose (RfD) values, they do not include high-end exposure estimates, and for highly-exposed individuals, the margin between exposure and RfD values is smaller. Moreover, our exposure estimates are based on a meta-analysis of multiple exposure assessments conducted over a range of points in space and time. There is an urgent need for assessments of human exposure to OPEs that examine all relevant pathways in a spatially and temporally-consistent fashion. Given food is an important exposure pathway to OPEs, regular monitoring of their presence as well as their metabolites (that may have toxicological significance) in foodstuffs is recommended. While dermal uptake from indoor dust appears an important human exposure pathway, no evaluations exist of exposure via dermal uptake from OPE-containing products such as foam-filled furniture. This review also highlights very few data exist on OPEs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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32
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Yu L, Ru S, Zheng X, Chen S, Guo H, Gao G, Zeng Y, Tang Y, Mai B. Brominated and phosphate flame retardants from interior and surface dust of personal computers: insights into sources for human dermal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12566-12575. [PMID: 33083952 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether internal or external sources play the more significant role in flame retardant (FR) contamination of surface dust from personal computers (PCs), which may lead to bias on dermal exposure assessment of FRs. In the present study, the occurrence and profiles of several brominated and phosphate FRs were measured in the interior dust, and the upper surface (keyboard) and bottom surface (bottom cover) wipes of PCs. BDE 209 (639 ng/g), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE, 885 ng/g), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, 1880 ng/g) were the most abundant chemicals in interior PC dust, while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), TPHP, and DBDPE were dominant on both surfaces of PCs. No significant correlation between interior dust and both PC surfaces was observed for concentrations of most FRs except BDE 183. Different sources of FRs for interior and surface dust of PCs were further revealed by principal component analysis (PCA). FRs from external sources, rather than emission from inner PC components, are likely the main contributor for FR profiles on PC surfaces. Exposure assessment results demonstrated a minor contribution from PC dermal contact, compared with hand-to-mouth uptake, to total exposure. The applicability of surface wipes to assess dermal exposure to FR-treated products needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehuan Yu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Development Center of Applied Ecology and Ecological Engineering in Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuling Ru
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shejun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijuan Gao
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Development Center of Applied Ecology and Ecological Engineering in Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Tang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong Development Center of Applied Ecology and Ecological Engineering in Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, People's Republic of China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Polyvinylchloride and Rubber Consumer Products and Toys Purchased on the Belgian Market. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031069. [PMID: 33530429 PMCID: PMC7908593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of Stockholm Convention listed short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and their replacement medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) counterparts in polyvinyl chloride and rubber consumer products and toys purchased on the Belgian market in 2019. SCCPs were detected in 27/28 samples at concentrations ranging from <LOQ-130,000 µg/g with a median level of 2.5 µg/g, while MCCPs were detected in only five samples ranging <LOQ-3500 µg/g. Levels of SCCPs in all but one of the samples were below the European Union's guideline limit of 0.15%, by weight, and concentrations of both SCCPs and MCCPs in the majority of products suggested unintentional incorporation to the polymeric materials. The homologue distribution of SCCPs was generally dissimilar to known commercial formulations and appeared to be indicative of contamination during manufacture or via recycling of previously treated goods. MCCP patterns, conversely, were broadly representative of those reported for industrial mixtures and may have been inadvertently incorporated via the application of mixed carbon-chain length CP formulations or recycled goods. This research suggests that overall SCCP presence has decreased in goods on the European market compared with previous reports and that both SCCPs and MCCPs may still enter EU marketplaces from unintentional sources.
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Hou M, Shi Y, Na G, Cai Y. A review of organophosphate esters in indoor dust, air, hand wipes and silicone wristbands: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106261. [PMID: 33395927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices inevitably pose human exposure risks. Numerous studies have investigated human exposure pathways to OPEs, including air inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal contact, and dietary and drinking water intake, and have indicated that indoor dust and indoor air routes are frequently the two main human exposure pathways. This article reviews the literature on OPE contamination in indoor air and dust from various microenvironments and on OPE particle size distributions and bioavailability in dust conducted over the past 10 years. Ways in which sampling strategies are related to the uncertainty of exposure assessment results and comparability among different studies in terms of sampling tools, sampling sites, and sample types are addressed. Also, the associations of OPEs in indoor dust/air with human biological samples were summarized. Studies on two emerging matrices, hand wipes and silicone wristbands, are demonstrated to be more comprehensive and accurate in reflecting personal human exposure to OPEs in microenvironments and are summarized. Given the direct application of some diester OPEs (di-OPEs) in numerous products, research on their existence in indoor dust and food and on their effects on human urine are also discussed. Finally, related research trends and avenues for future research are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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35
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Wei B, O'Connor R, Goniewicz M, Hyland A. Association between Urinary Metabolite Levels of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Serum Sex Hormone Levels Measured in a Reference Sample of the US General Population. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2020; 12:905-916. [PMID: 33817408 PMCID: PMC8011613 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-020-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in consumer materials have led to widespread human exposure.Research is needed to examine the health effects attributable to the general population's exposure to OPFRs. Using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) (2013-2014), multiple regression analyses were performed to compare the adjusted geometric means (aGMs) of serum sex hormone by quartiles of urinary metabolites of OPFRs, including diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) and dibutyl phosphate(DBuP), in children (6 - 9 years old), adolescents (10 - 19 years old) and adults(≥ 20 years old), while accounting for potential confounding factors. The aGMs of sex hormone-binding globulin increased by 36% (95% CI: 6.1 - 56.7%) in female children (p = 0.03), 44% (95%CI: 16 - 63%) in female adolescents (p = 0.010), and 22% (95%CI: 3.51 - 37%) in female adults (p = 0.025), from the 1st to 4th quartiles of the levels of DPhP, BDCPP, DBUP, respectively. The aGMs of estradiol (EST) decreased by 64% and 77% from the 1st to 4th quartiles of the DBUP levels in female children (p = 0.015) and female adolescent (p = 0.020), respectively. The aGMs of EST increased by 31% (95%CI: 3.8 - 51%) from the 1st to 4th quartiles of the DBUP levels in female adults (p = 0.031). These findings suggest that exposure to certain OPFRs is associated with the altered sex hormone levels in this sample of US population. More studies are needed to examine the mechanisms responsible for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnian Wei
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Maciej Goniewicz
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Ma J, Yang S, Wu Y, An Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from China: Implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127633. [PMID: 32683015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the status of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust in China, published scientific studies were systematically collected and analyzed. The analysis revealed large variations among microenvironments, including offices (median: 14.59 μg/g) and e-waste workshops (median: 13.36 μg/g), with high levels of OPFRs contamination. Chlorinated organophosphate ester flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs) were the dominant OPFRs (52-75%) in most indoor dust samples; however, in e-waste workshops, aryl- and alkyl-OPFRs were the most abundant. As an alternative flame retardant to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), OPFRs concentrations have increased in recent years in indoor environments in China. Urban sources are of greatest concern: Shanghai (mean: 13.54 μg/g), Guangzhou (mean: 10.76 μg/g), and Beijing (mean: 9.37 μg/g) have high ΣOPFRs contamination levels in indoor dust. Compared to other countries, the OPFRs concentrations in indoor dust in all studied microenvironments from China (median: 8.81 μg/g) were low. The estimated daily intakes of ΣOPFRs by dust ingestion for adults and children were 2.12 and 11.06 ng/kg/body weight/day (average), respectively. Human exposure to OPFRs through the accidental intake of indoor dust does not pose a direct health risk to the Chinese population. However, indoor dust ingestion is an important route for human exposure to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanfei An
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
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Zhang Z, Lin G, Lin T, Zhang R, Jin L, Di Y. Occurrence, behavior, and fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in subtropical paddy field environment: A case study in Nanning City of South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115675. [PMID: 33254612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence, behavior, and fate of 11 OPEs in multiple environmental matrices, which include air, rainwater, dustfall, paddy soil, irrigation water, and rice plants from nine subtropical paddy fields of South China, were investigated. The total concentrations of 11 OPEs (∑11OPEs) in all matrices are generally higher in the urban areas than in rural areas, and they are higher in summer than in fall. However, both urban and rural areas showed a similar composition profile of OPEs, indicating that the OPEs come from similar sources in the two areas. Except for irrigation water, significant positive correlations of ∑11OPEs were observed between air and the other five matrices. The exchange and partition of OPEs among air, soil, and water demonstrate that most of OPEs were transferred from air into water and soil, and from water into soil. Thus, the air may be an important source of OPEs in the paddy fields, and the soil may act as a principal environmental reservoir of OPEs. The contribution of air-soil exchange, atmospheric deposition (rainwater plus dustfall), and irrigation water to the total input fluxes of OPEs (2100 ± 980 ng/m2/day) reached an average of 19%, 38% (37% + 1%), and 43%, respectively. The water (rainwater plus irrigation water) is the primary medium transferring the OPEs into the paddy fields and contributed to the input flux by 80%. Output flux of OPEs via mature rice plants was about 220 μg/m2, 2% of which were presented in rice, and the remaining 98% may be re-released into the environment through the pathway of straw turnover or burning. Dietary exposure via rice was much higher than inhalation exposure, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption via dust. However, no data shows that all of the intakes via the four exposure pathways could cause the risks to human health at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengen Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Guolin Lin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lanshu Jin
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yali Di
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Olisah C, Adams JB. Systematic mapping of organophosphate contaminant (OPC) research trends between 1990 and 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3481-3505. [PMID: 32435924 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the addition of polybrominated diphenyls and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to the world banned list, toxic organophosphate contaminants (OPCs) such as organophosphate flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides have been, respectively, used as substitutes. These chemicals are reported to be more toxic than their halogenated counterparts. It is rare to find a study that focuses on visualising the publication trends of these chemical classes. In this study, we employed a bibliometric model to systematically map research activities between 1990 and 2018 using OPC articles retrieved from the WoS and Scopus databases. A total of 1090 articles were retrieved from the hybrid databases with an article/author and author/article ratio of 0.33 and 3.02, respectively. Articles on OPC studies were positively correlated with the number of years (r2 = 0.96; y = 0.23x2 - 3.82x + 27.90) suggesting an increase in the number of articles on this subject in future. The USA ranked first in terms of articles (n = 245) and citations (n = 12,922) followed by China and India (203 and 89 articles, respectively). Articles from China and the USA had strong collaboration with other countries. Research priorities and top author keywords included pesticides (n = 112), organophosphate (n = 83) and acetylcholinesterase (n = 60) and were also well represented in keywords-plus. Developed countries had higher outputs compared to developing countries. It was observed that from our thematic literature classifications, human toxicity, ecotoxicological impacts, and environmental monitoring of OPCs were of greater importance to scholars, thus indicating the direction of future research. Futuristic studies need to foster partnership with policymakers, journalists, consultants, farmers, artisans and community workers on OPC research. This will not only enhance scientific communication and community engagement but will also increase the awareness of these pollutants to the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| | - Janine B Adams
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
- DST/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystem, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Tang B, Christia C, Malarvannan G, Liu YE, Luo XJ, Covaci A, Mai BX, Poma G. Legacy and emerging organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor microenvironments from Guangzhou, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105972. [PMID: 32707272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust has been extensively used for assessment of indoor contamination, especially for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). In the present study, the occurrence of four groups of SVOCs, i.e. organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), emerging PFRs (ePFRs), legacy phthalates (LPs), and alternative plasticizers (APs), was investigated in the indoor dust and air collected from floors, table surfaces, windows, and air conditioner (A/C) filters in bedrooms and offices in Guangzhou, South China. In bedrooms, A/C filter dust showed the highest median concentrations of PFRs (4670 ng/g) and ePFRs (586 ng/g), whilst the highest median concentrations of LPs and APs were found in floor (240,880 ng/g) and window dust (157,160 ng/g), respectively. In offices, A/C filter dust showed the highest median concentrations for PFRs (6750 ng/g) and APs (504,520 ng/g), while the highest ePFR median level was found in PC table dust (5810 ng/g) and LPs in floor dust (296,270 ng/g). Median air concentrations of PFRs, ePFRs, LPs, and APs were measured at 4.6, 0.12, 399, and 25 ng/m3 in bedrooms, and at 8.0, 0.05, 332, and 43 ng/m3 in offices, respectively. Tris(1-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the predominant PFRs/ePFRs in both dust and air. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP) were the main LP/AP compounds in dust, whilst di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) were the most abundant LPs/APs in air. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between dust and air levels for chemicals with log Koa < 14, indicating that equilibrium was achieved for these chemicals but not for those with log Koa > 14. Among the investigated human exposure pathways (i.e. dust ingestion, dermal absorption, and air inhalation), dust ingestion was the predominant one for all chemicals. Human exposures of this magnitude to these chemicals through the investigated pathways was unlikely to present a health risk in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, PR China; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Christina Christia
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yin-E Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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Li D, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang S, Song N, Xu H, Guo R. Characterization and health risk assessment of organophosphate esters in indoor dust from urban and rural domestic house and college dormitory in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36826-36837. [PMID: 32577965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important route of exposure for organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are associated with adverse health effects. In the present study, the pollution occurrence and potential health risks of 13 OPEs in indoor dust from urban homes, college dormitories, and rural homes in Nanjing were investigated. Most OPEs were detected in the tested samples. College dormitories dust samples showed significantly higher OPEs concentrations (132.31-1.61 × 103 ng/g), followed by that in urban homes (31.42-49.84 ng/g) and rural homes (51.19-309.75 ng/g). The Mann-Whitney U test found no significant difference in the total concentrations of OPEs except for some individual OPEs between urban and rural homes. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant compound in all tested areas. Spearman correlation coefficients and principal component analysis indicated that OPEs might originate from different sources in three microenvironments. Estimated exposures for adults and children in all indoor dust were below the relevant reference doses. Additionally, TCPP was the primary contributors to the non-carcinogenic risk, ranging from 1.07 × 10-6 to 2.20 × 10-5. Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate was the dominant carcinogenic risk contributor in indoor dust, with a range of 1.33 × 10-11 to 8.74 × 10-10. These results suggested that the health risk of OPEs was within acceptable limits in the tested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042, China.
- Shen Shan Smart City Research Institute Co. Ltd., Technology Incubator Base 2#, Chuangfu Road, Ebu Town, Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, Shenzhen, 516473, China.
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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41
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Wang C, Chen H, Li H, Yu J, Wang X, Liu Y. Review of emerging contaminant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate: Environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks to organisms and human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105946. [PMID: 32663715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a halogen-containing organophosphorus chemical that is widely employed in various consumer products with a high production volume. As an additive flame retardant (FR), TDCPP tends to be released into the environment through multiple routes. It is ubiquitous in environmental media, biotic matrixes, and humans, and thus is deemed to be an emerging environmental contaminant. To date, significant levels of TDCPP and its primary diester metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, have been detected in human samples of seminal plasma, breast milk, blood plasma, placenta, and urine, thereby causing wide concern about the potential human health effects resulting from exposure to this chemical. Despite the progress in research on TDCPP over the past few years, we are still far from fully understanding the environmental behavior and health risks of this emerging contaminant. Thus, this paper critically reviews the environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks posed by TDCPP to organisms and human health among the literature published in the last decade. It has been demonstrated that TDCPP induces acute-, nerve-, developmental-, reproductive-, hepatic-, nephron-, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity in animals, which has caused increasing concern worldwide. Simultaneously, TDCPP induces cytotoxicity by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple human cell lines in vitro, and also causes endocrine-disrupting effects, including reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to human epidemiology studies. This review not only provides a better understanding of the behavior of this emerging contaminant in the environment, but also enhances the comprehension of the health risks posed by TDCPP exposure to ecosystems and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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42
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Organophosphorus Flame Retardants: A Global Review of Indoor Contamination and Human Exposure in Europe and Epidemiological Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186713. [PMID: 32942622 PMCID: PMC7558007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify high-priority organophosphorus flame retardants for action and research. We thus critically reviewed literature between 2000 and 2019 investigating organophosphorus flame retardants' presence indoors and human exposure in Europe, as well as epidemiological evidence of human effects. The most concentrated compounds indoors were tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). TBOEP and TCIPP were the most consistently detected compounds in humans' urine, hair or breast milk as well as tris (butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP). Notably, epidemiological evidence concerned reprotoxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory effects and eczema risk for TDCIPP, eczema increase for TBOEP, and neurodevelopmental outcomes for Isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITPs). Given the ubiquitous presence indoors and the prevalence of exposure, the growing health concern seems justified. TDCIPP and TPHP seem to be of particular concern due to a high prevalence of exposure and epidemiological evidence. TBOEP and TNBP require epidemiological studies regarding outcomes other than respiratory or dermal ones.
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43
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Śmiełowska M, Zabiegała B. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in dust from various indoor environments in Gdańsk, Poland: Prediction of concentrations in indoor air and assessment of exposure of adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139437. [PMID: 32450403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Śmiełowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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44
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Pan W, Zeng D, Ding N, Luo K, Man YB, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Kang Y. Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of Plasticizers by Skin Cells and Its Implication in Dermal Exposure to Plasticizers by Skin Wipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10181-10190. [PMID: 32678582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies focused on the human exposure to plasticizers via dermal contact; however, the percutaneous penetration of plasticizers was seldom considered in exposure assessment. In the present study, skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forehead were collected from 114 participants (ages: 18-27). There was no significant difference between the levels of phthalates from palms and back-of-hand, while all phthalates collected from the forehead were significantly higher than those from palms and back-of-hand (p < 0.001); di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate levels were substantially higher than other detected phthalates followed by di(n-butyl)phthalate and di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP), and for alternative plasticizers, bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate levels were substantially higher than acetyltributyl citrate and bis-2-ethylhexyladipate. Skin permeation and metabolism of phthalates was assessed using human skin equivalent models. The permeability coefficient (kp) values of phthalates were significantly negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), while a significantly positive correlation was found between the log Kow and the cumulative amounts of phthalates in the cells. The proportion of phthalate intake via dermal exposure to skin wipes ranges from 1.3% (for dimethyl phthalate) to 8.6% (for DiBP) and suggests that dermal absorption is a significant route for adult phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Pan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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45
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Chen M, Liao X, Yan SC, Gao Y, Yang C, Song Y, Liu Y, Li W, Tsang SY, Chen ZF, Qi Z, Cai Z. Uptake, Accumulation, and Biomarkers of PM 2.5-Associated Organophosphate Flame Retardants in C57BL/6 Mice after Chronic Exposure at Real Environmental Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9519-9528. [PMID: 32609501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the bioaccumulation of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in aquatic organisms has been investigated, little information is available about their bioaccumulation in mammals following chronic inhalation exposure. To address this knowledge gap, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 7 PM2.5-associated OPFRs via the trachea to study their bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and urinary metabolites. Low (corresponding to the real PM2.5 concentrations occurring during winter in Guangzhou), medium, and high dosages were examined. After 72 days' exposure, ∑OPFR concentrations in tissues from mice in the medium dosage group decreased in the order of intestine > heart > stomach > testis > kidney > spleen > brain > liver > lung > muscle. Of the OPFRs detected in all three exposure groups, chlorinated alkyl OPFRs were most heavily accumulated in mice. We found a significant positive correlation between the bioaccumulation ratio and octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) in mice tissues for low log KOW OPFR congeners (log KOW ≤ 4, p < 0.05). Three urinary metabolites (di-p-cresyl phosphate: DCrP, diphenyl phosphate: DPhP, dibutyl phosphate: DnBP) were detected from the high dosage group. These results provide important insights into the bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs in mammals and emphasize the health risk of chlorinated alkyl OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Chao Yan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suk-Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Sugeng EJ, de Cock M, Leonards PEG, van de Bor M. Toddler behavior, the home environment, and flame retardant exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126588. [PMID: 32229360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Toddlers are at increased risk of dust ingestion and subsequently flame retardant (FR) exposure because they often play close to the floor and mouth hands and objects. Exposure to some FRs have been associated to endocrine disruption and neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous research has shown higher FR concentrations in toddlers' serum and urine, but which toddler-behaviors influence exposure levels remains to be determined. We investigated how toddler-behaviors are associated to FRs in hand wipes (HWs) and saliva. Fifty 8-18 month-old children from the Linking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health study, were visited at home. The child's behavior was observed and assessed using a questionnaire. Hand-to-object behavior frequency was associated with HW tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(phenyl) phosphate, tris(methylphenyl) phosphate, and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) levels above the detection limit. Children playing with electronics multiple times per week had higher TDCIPP HW levels compared to children playing with electronics once per month or never (p = 0.032 and p = 0.046). Frequent mouth-to-object and frequent mouthing a pacifier were associated with lower TDCIPP (p = 0.019) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) HW levels, respectively (p = 0.002-0.019). Exposure estimates based on hand-to-mouth behavior did not exceed the available reference doses. This is the first study investigating toddler-behavior in relation to FR hand loadings. Although a range of behaviors was investigated, only a few showed a relation with FR HW levels, suggesting that toddler-behavior might not alone be responsible for the elevated FR levels in children. It is therefore important to explore other pathways including dermal absorption and inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Sugeng
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijke de Cock
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Bor
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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47
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Cui D, Bi J, Zhang ZN, Li MY, Qin YS, Xiang P, Ma LQ. Organophosphorus flame retardant TDCPP-induced cytotoxicity and associated mechanisms in normal human skin keratinocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138526. [PMID: 32304943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a widely used organophosphorus flame retardant, has been frequently detected in the environment including indoor dust. Long-term exposure to TDCPP-containing dust may adversely affect human skin, however, little is known about its potential cytotoxicity. In this study, human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) were employed to study TDCPP-induced cytotoxicity and associated mechanisms. The effects of TDCPP on cell morphology, viability, apoptosis, and cycle, and the mRNA levels of apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3) and cell cycle (cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6) regulatory genes were investigated. The results showed that TDCPP caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability after exposing to TDCPP ≥100 μg/mL for 48 h, with a median lethal concentration of 163 μg/mL (LC50). In addition, TDCPP induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase at 16 and 160 μg/mL by enhancing Bax and Caspase-3 expression besides inhibiting cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK6 and Bcl-2 expression. Our results showed that TDCPP-induced toxicity in HaCaT cells was probably through cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This study provides information on the toxicity of TDCPP to human skin cells, which may help to reduce its toxicity to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolei Cui
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yi-Shu Qin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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48
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Hu Q, Xu L, Liu Y, Zeng X, Yu Z. Co-occurrence and distribution of organophosphate tri- and di-esters in indoor dust from different indoor environments in Guangzhou and their potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114311. [PMID: 32179228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 45 indoor dust samples and four particulate samples from air-conditioner filters were collected from four different indoor environments in Guangzhou, China, and the concentration and composition of organophosphate tri-esters (OPEs) and organophosphate di-esters (Di-OPs) were determined. Eight of the 10 target OPEs were detected in indoor dust at different detection frequencies (DFs), with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate being the main components. Seven target Di-OPs were detected at different DFs, with diphenyl phosphate being the dominant compound. The total OPEs (∑8 OPEs) and total Di-OPs (∑7 Di-OPs) concentrations varied from 726 to 39,312 ng/g and 68.8-14,766 ng/g, respectively. The ∑8 OPEs concentrations in instrumental houses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in three other indoor environments. The varying strengths of the correlation between Di-OPs and their respective parent OPEs was suggestive of their emission sources (e.g., direct application, impurities in OPE formulas, and OPE degradation). The hazard index (HI) values of individual OPEs in residential house were lower than 1, the results suggested a limited human health risk from individual OPEs. However, the total HI value (∑HIs) of OPEs was approximately 1 based on a high exposure scenario and suggested a low risk for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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49
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Wang Y, Peris A, Rifat MR, Ahmed SI, Aich N, Nguyen LV, Urík J, Eljarrat E, Vrana B, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Measuring exposure of e-waste dismantlers in Dhaka Bangladesh to organophosphate esters and halogenated flame retardants using silicone wristbands and T-shirts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137480. [PMID: 32146393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS) wristbands and cotton T-shirts were used to assess the exposure of e-waste recyclers in Dhaka, Bangladesh to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DPs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). The median surface-normalized uptake rates of PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs were 170, 8.5, 4.8, and 270 ng/dm2/h for wristbands and 5.4, 2.0, 0.94, and 23 ng/dm2/h for T-shirts, respectively. Concentrations of Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP), Bis(2-ethlyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and Dechlorane plus (DPs) in wristbands were significantly correlated with those in T-shirts. Wristbands accumulated ~7 times more mass than T-shirts, especially of compounds expected to be mainly in the gas phase. We introduce the silicone "sandwich" method to approximate the easily releasable fraction (ERF) from T-shirts, hypothesized to be related to dermal exposure. ERFs varied from 6 to 75% of total chemical accumulated by T-shirts and were significantly negatively correlated with compounds' octanol-air partition coefficient (log Koa). The median daily exposure doses via dermal transfer from the front of the T-shirt to the front body trunk were 0.32, 0.13, 0.11, and 9.1 ng/kg-BW/day for PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs, respectively. The evidence of e-waste recycler exposure to flame retardants in this low income country, lacking protective personal equipment, calls for measures to minimize their exposure and for chemical management regulations to consider exposures to chemicals in waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Andrea Peris
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | | | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakub Urík
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change, Egbert, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Buckley JP, Barrett ES, Beamer PI, Bennett DH, Bloom MS, Fennell TR, Fry RC, Funk WE, Hamra GB, Hecht SS, Kannan K, Iyer R, Karagas MR, Lyall K, Parsons PJ, Pellizzari ED, Signes-Pastor AJ, Starling AP, Wang A, Watkins DJ, Zhang M, Woodruff TJ. Opportunities for evaluating chemical exposures and child health in the United States: the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:397-419. [PMID: 32066883 PMCID: PMC7183426 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program will evaluate environmental factors affecting children's health (perinatal, neurodevelopmental, obesity, respiratory, and positive health outcomes) by pooling cohorts composed of >50,000 children in the largest US study of its kind. Our objective was to identify opportunities for studying chemicals and child health using existing or future ECHO chemical exposure data. We described chemical-related information collected by ECHO cohorts and reviewed ECHO-relevant literature on exposure routes, sources, and environmental and human monitoring. Fifty-six ECHO cohorts have existing or planned chemical biomonitoring data for mothers or children. Environmental phenols/parabens, phthalates, metals/metalloids, and tobacco biomarkers are each being measured by ≥15 cohorts, predominantly during pregnancy and childhood, indicating ample opportunities to study child health outcomes. Cohorts are collecting questionnaire data on multiple exposure sources and conducting environmental monitoring including air, dust, and water sample collection that could be used for exposure assessment studies. To supplement existing chemical data, we recommend biomonitoring of emerging chemicals, nontargeted analysis to identify novel chemicals, and expanded measurement of chemicals in alternative biological matrices and dust samples. ECHO's rich data and samples represent an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate environmental chemical research to improve the health of US children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Paloma I Beamer
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William E Funk
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ghassan B Hamra
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Edo D Pellizzari
- Fellows Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aolin Wang
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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