1
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Zhao M, Zhang S, Wan W, Zhou C, Li N, Cheng R, Yu Y, Ouyang X, Zhou D, Jiao J, Xiong X. Coxiella burnetii effector CvpE maintains biogenesis of Coxiella-containing vacuoles by suppressing lysosome tubulation through binding PI(3)P and perturbing PIKfyve activity on lysosomes. Virulence 2024; 15:2350893. [PMID: 38725096 PMCID: PMC11085968 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2350893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease. Intracellular replication of C. burnetii requires the maturation of a phagolysosome-like compartment known as the replication permissive Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Effector proteins secreted by the Dot/Icm secretion system are indispensable for maturation of a single large CCV by facilitating the fusion of promiscuous vesicles. However, the mechanisms of CCV maintenance and evasion of host cell clearance remain to be defined. Here, we show that C. burnetii secreted Coxiella vacuolar protein E (CvpE) contributes to CCV biogenesis by inducing lysosome-like vacuole (LLV) enlargement. LLV fission by tubulation and autolysosome degradation is impaired in CvpE-expressing cells. Subsequently, we found that CvpE suppresses lysosomal Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) activity in an indirect manner, in which CvpE binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and perturbs PIKfyve activity in lysosomes. Finally, the agonist of TRPML1, ML-SA5, inhibits CCV biogenesis and C. burnetii replication. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of CCV maintenance by CvpE and suggest that the agonist of TRPML1 can be a novel potential treatment that does not rely on antibiotics for Q fever by enhancing Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs) fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nana Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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2
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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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3
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Chang X, Wang WX. Differential cellular uptake and trafficking of nanoplastics in two hemocyte subpopulations of mussels Perna viridis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134388. [PMID: 38669925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Kim M, Park JH, Go M, Lee N, Seo J, Lee H, Kim D, Ha H, Kim T, Jeong MS, Kim S, Kim T, Kim HS, Kang D, Shim H, Lee SY. RUFY4 deletion prevents pathological bone loss by blocking endo-lysosomal trafficking of osteoclasts. Bone Res 2024; 12:29. [PMID: 38744829 PMCID: PMC11094054 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mature osteoclasts degrade bone matrix by exocytosis of active proteases from secretory lysosomes through a ruffled border. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lysosomal trafficking and secretion in osteoclasts remain largely unknown. Here, we show with GeneChip analysis that RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 4 (RUFY4) is strongly upregulated during osteoclastogenesis. Mice lacking Rufy4 exhibited a high trabecular bone mass phenotype with abnormalities in osteoclast function in vivo. Furthermore, deleting Rufy4 did not affect osteoclast differentiation, but inhibited bone-resorbing activity due to disruption in the acidic maturation of secondary lysosomes, their trafficking to the membrane, and their secretion of cathepsin K into the extracellular space. Mechanistically, RUFY4 promotes late endosome-lysosome fusion by acting as an adaptor protein between Rab7 on late endosomes and LAMP2 on primary lysosomes. Consequently, Rufy4-deficient mice were highly protected from lipopolysaccharide- and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Thus, RUFY4 plays as a new regulator in osteoclast activity by mediating endo-lysosomal trafficking and have a potential to be specific target for therapies against bone-loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
- The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Miyeon Go
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Nawon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jeongin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
| | - Doyong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Suree Kim
- Fluorescence Core Imaging Center and Bioimaging Data Curation Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
- The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
- Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
- Fluorescence Core Imaging Center and Bioimaging Data Curation Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hyunbo Shim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
- The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
- Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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5
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Turner ME, Che J, Mirhaidari GJM, Kennedy CC, Blum KM, Rajesh S, Zbinden JC, Breuer CK, Best CA, Barker JC. The lysosomal trafficking regulator "LYST": an 80-year traffic jam. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404846. [PMID: 38774881 PMCID: PMC11106369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosome related organelles (LROs) are dynamic organelles at the intersection of various pathways involved in maintaining cellular hemostasis and regulating cellular functions. Vesicle trafficking of lysosomes and LROs are critical to maintain their functions. The lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) is an elusive protein important for the regulation of membrane dynamics and intracellular trafficking of lysosomes and LROs. Mutations to the LYST gene result in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency characterized by defective granule exocytosis, cytotoxicity, etc. Despite eight decades passing since its initial discovery, a comprehensive understanding of LYST's function in cellular biology remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of LYST function also manifests in other disease states. Here, we review the available literature to consolidate available scientific endeavors in relation to LYST and discuss its relevance for immunomodulatory therapies, regenerative medicine and cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Turner
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jingru Che
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gabriel J. M. Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Catherine C. Kennedy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M. Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sahana Rajesh
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob C. Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron A. Best
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenny C. Barker
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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6
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He Y, Fan Y, Ahmadpoor X, Wang Y, Li ZA, Zhu W, Lin H. Targeting lysosomal quality control as a therapeutic strategy against aging and diseases. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38711187 DOI: 10.1002/med.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Previously, lysosomes were primarily referred to as the digestive organelles and recycling centers within cells. Recent discoveries have expanded the lysosomal functional scope and revealed their critical roles in nutrient sensing, epigenetic regulation, plasma membrane repair, lipid transport, ion homeostasis, and cellular stress response. Lysosomal dysfunction is also found to be associated with aging and several diseases. Therefore, function of macroautophagy, a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation system, has been identified as one of the updated twelve hallmarks of aging. In this review, we begin by introducing the concept of lysosomal quality control (LQC), which is a cellular machinery that maintains the number, morphology, and function of lysosomes through different processes such as lysosomal biogenesis, reformation, fission, fusion, turnover, lysophagy, exocytosis, and membrane permeabilization and repair. Next, we summarize the results from studies reporting the association between LQC dysregulation and aging/various disorders. Subsequently, we explore the emerging therapeutic strategies that target distinct aspects of LQC for treating diseases and combatting aging. Lastly, we underscore the existing knowledge gap and propose potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xenab Ahmadpoor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Li L, Liu X, Yang S, Li M, Wu Y, Hu S, Wang W, Jiang A, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Ma X, Hu J, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Li D, Hu J, Yang C, Feng W, Wang X. The HEAT repeat protein HPO-27 is a lysosome fission factor. Nature 2024; 628:630-638. [PMID: 38538795 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradation and signalling centres crucial for homeostasis, development and ageing1. To meet diverse cellular demands, lysosomes remodel their morphology and function through constant fusion and fission2,3. Little is known about the molecular basis of fission. Here we identify HPO-27, a conserved HEAT repeat protein, as a lysosome scission factor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of HPO-27 impairs lysosome fission and leads to an excessive tubular network that ultimately collapses. HPO-27 and its human homologue MROH1 are recruited to lysosomes by RAB-7 and enriched at scission sites. Super-resolution imaging, negative-staining electron microscopy and in vitro reconstitution assays reveal that HPO-27 and MROH1 self-assemble to mediate the constriction and scission of lysosomal tubules in worms and mammalian cells, respectively, and assemble to sever supported membrane tubes in vitro. Loss of HPO-27 affects lysosomal morphology, integrity and degradation activity, which impairs animal development and longevity. Thus, HPO-27 and MROH1 act as self-assembling scission factors to maintain lysosomal homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xilu Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meijiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
| | - Yanwei Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Amin Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbing Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Gopan S, Pucadyil TJ. The race to uncover fission factors for lysosomal organelles heats up. Nature 2024:10.1038/d41586-024-00851-w. [PMID: 38538889 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
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9
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Li K, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhu R, Chen W, Cheng T, Zhang X, Jia Y, Liu T, Zhang W, Jan LY, Jan YN. Drosophila TMEM63 and mouse TMEM63A are lysosomal mechanosensory ion channels. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:393-403. [PMID: 38388853 PMCID: PMC10940159 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cells sense physical forces and convert them into electrical or chemical signals, a process known as mechanotransduction. Whereas extensive studies focus on mechanotransduction at the plasma membrane, little is known about whether and how intracellular organelles sense mechanical force and the physiological functions of organellar mechanosensing. Here we identify the Drosophila TMEM63 (DmTMEM63) ion channel as an intrinsic mechanosensor of the lysosome, a major degradative organelle. Endogenous DmTMEM63 proteins localize to lysosomes, mediate lysosomal mechanosensitivity and modulate lysosomal morphology and function. Tmem63 mutant flies exhibit impaired lysosomal degradation, synaptic loss, progressive motor deficits and early death, with some of these mutant phenotypes recapitulating symptoms of TMEM63-associated human diseases. Importantly, mouse TMEM63A mediates lysosomal mechanosensitivity in Neuro-2a cells, indicative of functional conservation in mammals. Our findings reveal DmTMEM63 channel function in lysosomes and its physiological roles in vivo and provide a molecular basis to explore the mechanosensitive process in subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanmeng Guo
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhu
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tong Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yinjun Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Wang K, Fu S, Dong L, Zhang D, Wang M, Wu X, Shen E, Luo L, Li C, Nice EC, Huang C, Zou B. Periplocin suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells by triggering LGALS3 (galectin 3)-mediated lysophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:3132-3150. [PMID: 37471054 PMCID: PMC10621285 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2239042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and remains a major clinical challenge. Periplocin, a major bioactive component of the traditional Chinese herb Cortex periplocae, has recently been reported to be a potential anticancer drug. However, the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we show that periplocin exhibits promising anticancer activity against CRC both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, periplocin promotes lysosomal damage and induces apoptosis in CRC cells. Notably, periplocin upregulates LGALS3 (galectin 3) by binding and preventing LGALS3 from Lys210 ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation, leading to the induction of excessive lysophagy and resultant exacerbation of lysosomal damage. Inhibition of LGALS3-mediated lysophagy attenuates periplocin-induced lysosomal damage and growth inhibition in CRC cells, suggesting a critical role of lysophagy in the anticancer effects of periplocin. Taken together, our results reveal a novel link between periplocin and the lysophagy machinery, and indicate periplocin as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CRC.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACACA/ACC1: acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; AO: Acridine orange; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; CALM: calmodulin; CHX: cycloheximide; CRC: colorectal cancer; CQ: chloroquine; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin TRP cation channel 1; MKI67/Ki-67: marker of proliferation Ki-67; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; P2RX4/P2X4: purinergic receptor P2X 4; PARP1/PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; PRKAA/AMPKα: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TRIM16: tripartite motif containing 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Fu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Dong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dingyue Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mao Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xingyun Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Enhao Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Li Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Edouard Collins Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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11
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Boutry M, DiGiovanni LF, Demers N, Fountain A, Mamand S, Botelho RJ, Kim PK. Arf1-PI4KIIIβ positive vesicles regulate PI(3)P signaling to facilitate lysosomal tubule fission. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205128. [PMID: 37289133 PMCID: PMC10250553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation and fission of tubules from autolysosomes, endolysosomes, or phagolysosomes are required for lysosome reformation. However, the mechanisms governing these processes in these different lysosomal organelles are poorly understood. Thus, the role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) is unclear as it was shown to promote the formation of tubules from phagolysosomes but was proposed to inhibit tubule formation on autolysosomes because the loss of PI4KIIIβ causes extensive lysosomal tubulation. Using super-resolution live-cell imaging, we show that Arf1-PI4KIIIβ positive vesicles are recruited to tubule fission sites from autolysosomes, endolysosomes, and phagolysosomes. Moreover, we show that PI(4)P is required to form autolysosomal tubules and that increased lysosomal tubulation caused by loss of PI4KIIIβ represents impaired tubule fission. At the site of fission, we propose that Arf1-PI4KIIIβ positive vesicles mediate a PI(3)P signal on lysosomes in a process requiring the lipid transfer protein SEC14L2. Our findings indicate that Arf1-PI4KIIIβ positive vesicles and their regulation of PI(3)P are critical components of the lysosomal tubule fission machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutry
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura F. DiGiovanni
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Demers
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sami Mamand
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Polytechnic Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K. Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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12
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Soha SA, Santhireswaran A, Huq S, Casimir-Powell J, Jenkins N, Hodgson GK, Sugiyama M, Antonescu CN, Impellizzeri S, Botelho RJ. Improved imaging and preservation of lysosome dynamics using silver nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar96. [PMID: 37405751 PMCID: PMC10551705 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-06-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of living cells can be studied by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. However, this requires the use of excessive light energy to obtain good signal-to-noise ratio, which can then photobleach fluorochromes, and more worrisomely, lead to phototoxicity. Upon light excitation, noble metal nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generate plasmons, which can then amplify excitation in direct proximity of the nanoparticle's surface and couple to the oscillating dipole of nearby radiating fluorophores, modifying their rate of emission and thus, enhancing their fluorescence. Here, we show that AgNPs fed to cells to accumulate within lysosomes enhanced the fluorescence of lysosome-targeted Alexa488-conjugated dextran, BODIPY-cholesterol, and DQ-BSA. Moreover, AgNP increased the fluorescence of GFP fused to the cytosolic tail of LAMP1, showing that metal enhanced fluorescence can occur across the lysosomal membrane. The inclusion of AgNPs in lysosomes did not disturb lysosomal properties such as lysosomal pH, degradative capacity, autophagy and autophagic flux, and membrane integrity, though AgNP seemed to increase basal lysosome tubulation. Importantly, by using AgNP, we could track lysosome motility with reduced laser power without damaging and altering lysosome dynamics. Overall, AgNP-enhanced fluorescence may be a useful tool to study the dynamics of the endo-lysosomal pathway while minimizing phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya A. Soha
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Araniy Santhireswaran
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Saaimatul Huq
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Jayde Casimir-Powell
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Nicala Jenkins
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Gregory K. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Michael Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Stefania Impellizzeri
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
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13
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Liu H, Liang T, Wei Y. Advances in Drug Discovery Targeting Lysosomal Membrane Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040601. [PMID: 37111358 PMCID: PMC10145713 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for various cellular functions, including endocytic degradation, extracellular secretion, and signal transduction. There are dozens of proteins localized to the lysosomal membrane that control the transport of ions and substances across the membrane and are integral to lysosomal function. Mutations or aberrant expression of these proteins trigger a variety of disorders, making them attractive targets for drug development for lysosomal disorder-related diseases. However, breakthroughs in R&D still await a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms and processes of how abnormalities in these membrane proteins induce related diseases. In this article, we summarize the current progress, challenges, and prospects for developing therapeutics targeting lysosomal membrane proteins for the treatment of lysosomal-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Tianxiang Liang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou 510095, China
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15
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Ni X, Shang FS, Wang TF, Wu DJ, Chen DG, Zhuang B. Ellagic acid induces apoptosis and autophagy in colon cancer through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Tissue Cell 2023; 81:102032. [PMID: 36701898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA), found in fruits and foods, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of breast, colon and bladder cancer. However, due to the complexity of colon cancer, the therapeutic mechanism of EA for colon cancer is still unclear. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay were employed to investigate the cell proliferation. Western blotting and flow cytometry assays were utilized to investigate apoptosis and autophagy in CRC cells (HCT116), respectively. Moreover, western blotting and luciferase reporter assays were evaluated the effect of EA on AMPK/mTOR pathway. Through flow cytometry analysis, EA could promote the apoptosis of HCT116 cells. In addition, EA can reduce the phosphorylation of mTOR, promoted phosphorylation of AMPK, and induced autophagy in HCT116 cells. Also, Dorsomorphin pretreatment can reduce the expression of autophagy protein, which indicates that EA induces autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway. These results suggest that EA inhibits the growth of colon cancer through AMPK/mTOR pathway and induces apoptosis and protective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Shang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ting-Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - De-Jun Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Da-Gui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Biao Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China.
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16
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Miao L, Yan C, Chen Y, Zhou W, Zhou X, Qiao Q, Xu Z. SIM imaging resolves endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD in living cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:248-260.e4. [PMID: 36889309 PMCID: PMC9990177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent to understand the infection mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 starts when the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of viral spike protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of the host cell, but the endocytosis details after this binding are not clear. Here, RBD and ACE2 were genetically coded and labeled with organic dyes to track RBD endocytosis in living cells. The photostable dyes enable long-term structured illumination microscopy (SIM) imaging and to quantify RBD-ACE2 binding (RAB) by the intensity ratio of RBD/ACE2 fluorescence. We resolved RAB endocytosis in living cells, including RBD-ACE2 recognition, cofactor-regulated membrane internalization, RAB-bearing vesicle formation and transport, RAB degradation, and downregulation of ACE2. The RAB was found to activate the RBD internalization. After vesicles were transported and matured within cells, RAB was finally degraded after being taken up by lysosomes. This strategy is a promising tool to understand the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunyu Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Xuelian Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Qinglong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaochao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China.
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17
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Somogyi A, Kirkham ED, Lloyd-Evans E, Winston J, Allen ND, Mackrill JJ, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Gardiner SE, Waller-Evans H, Sims R, Boland B, O'Neill C. The synthetic TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 rescues Alzheimer-related alterations of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259875. [PMID: 36825945 PMCID: PMC10112969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) system are an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are unclear. The transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1(TRPML1, also known as MCOLN1), a vital endosomal-lysosomal Ca2+ channel whose loss of function leads to neurodegeneration, has not been investigated with respect to EAL pathogenesis in late-onset AD (LOAD). Here, we identify pathological hallmarks of TRPML1 dysregulation in LOAD neurons, including increased perinuclear clustering and vacuolation of endolysosomes. We reveal that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cortical neurons expressing APOE ε4, the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, have significantly diminished TRPML1-induced endolysosomal Ca2+ release. Furthermore, we found that blocking TRPML1 function in primary neurons by depleting the TRPML1 agonist PI(3,5)P2 via PIKfyve inhibition, recreated multiple features of EAL neuropathology evident in LOAD. This included increased endolysosomal Ca2+ content, enlargement and perinuclear clustering of endolysosomes, autophagic vesicle accumulation and early endosomal enlargement. Strikingly, these AD-like neuronal EAL defects were rescued by TRPML1 reactivation using its synthetic agonist ML-SA1. These findings implicate defects in TRPML1 in LOAD EAL pathogenesis and present TRPML1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Somogyi
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily D Kirkham
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - Jincy Winston
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX Cardiff, UK
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen E Anderson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Sian E Gardiner
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Helen Waller-Evans
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Main Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, C14 4XN Cardiff, UK
| | - Barry Boland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre (CNSC), University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
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18
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Hu M, Zhou N, Cai W, Xu H. Lysosomal solute and water transport. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213536. [PMID: 36219209 PMCID: PMC9559593 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes mediate hydrolase-catalyzed macromolecule degradation to produce building block catabolites for reuse. Lysosome function requires an osmo-sensing machinery that regulates osmolytes (ions and organic solutes) and water flux. During hypoosmotic stress or when undigested materials accumulate, lysosomes become swollen and hypo-functional. As a membranous organelle filled with cargo macromolecules, catabolites, ions, and hydrolases, the lysosome must have mechanisms that regulate its shape and size while coordinating content exchange. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms that regulate lysosomal fusion and fission as well as swelling and condensation, with a focus on solute and water transport mechanisms across lysosomal membranes. Lysosomal H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- channels and transporters sense trafficking and osmotic cues to regulate both solute flux and membrane trafficking. We also provide perspectives on how lysosomes may adjust the volume of themselves, the cytosol, and the cytoplasm through the control of lysosomal solute and water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Cai
- Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Liangzhu Laboratory & Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. The endoplasmic reticulum contributes to lysosomal tubulation/sorting driven by LRRK2. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar124. [PMID: 36044336 PMCID: PMC9634967 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-04-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that can remodel their membrane as an adaptive response to various cell signaling events including membrane damage. Recently, we have discovered that damaged lysosomes form and sort tubules into moving vesicles. We named this process LYTL for LYsosomal Tubulation/sorting driven by LRRK2, as the Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2 promotes tubulation by recruiting the motor adaptor protein JIP4 to lysosomes via phosphorylated RAB proteins. Here we use spinning-disk microscopy combined with superresolution to further characterize LYTL after membrane damage with LLOMe (l-leucyl-l-leucine methyl ester). We identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) colocalizing with sites of fission of lysosome-derived tubules. In addition, modifying the morphology of the ER by reducing ER tubules leads to a decrease in LYTL sorting, suggesting that contact with tubular ER is necessary for lysosomal membrane sorting. Given the central roles of LRRK2 and lysosomal biology in Parkinson's disease, these discoveries are likely relevant to disease pathology and highlight interactions between organelles in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,*Address correspondence to: Mark R. Cookson (); Luis Bonet-Ponce ()
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,*Address correspondence to: Mark R. Cookson (); Luis Bonet-Ponce ()
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20
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Filippone A, Esposito E, Mannino D, Lyssenko N, Praticò D. The contribution of altered neuronal autophagy to neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108178. [PMID: 35351465 PMCID: PMC9510148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defects in cellular functions related to altered protein homeostasis and associated progressive accumulation of pathological intracellular material is a critical process involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Autophagy is an essential mechanism that ensures neuronal health by removing long-lived proteins or defective organelles and by doing so prevents cell toxicity and death within the central nervous system. Abundant evidence has shown that neuronal autophagy pathways are altered in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and traumas of the central nervous system including Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury. In this review, we aimed to summarize the latest studies on the role that altered neuronal autophagy plays in brain health and these pathological conditions, and how this knowledge can be leveraged for the development of novel therapeutics against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Filippone
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D' Alcontres 31. 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D' Alcontres 31. 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D' Alcontres 31. 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicholas Lyssenko
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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21
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Inhibition of lipid kinase PIKfyve reveals a role for phosphatase Inpp4b in the regulation of PI(3)P-mediated lysosome dynamics through VPS34 activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102187. [PMID: 35760104 PMCID: PMC9304791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome membranes contain diverse phosphoinositide (PtdIns) lipids that coordinate lysosome function and dynamics. The PtdIns repertoire on lysosomes is tightly regulated by the actions of diverse PtdIns kinases and phosphatases; however, specific roles for PtdIns in lysosomal functions and dynamics are currently unclear and require further investigation. It was previously shown that PIKfyve, a lipid kinase that synthesizes PtdIns(3,5)P2 from PtdIns(3)P, controls lysosome "fusion-fission" cycle dynamics, autophagosome turnover, and endocytic cargo delivery. Furthermore, INPP4B, a PtdIns 4-phosphatase that hydrolyzes PtdIns(3,4)P2 to form PtdIns(3)P, is emerging as a cancer-associated protein with roles in lysosomal biogenesis and other lysosomal functions. Here, we investigated the consequences of disrupting PIKfyve function in Inpp4b-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Through confocal fluorescence imaging, we observed the formation of massively enlarged lysosomes, accompanied by exacerbated reduction of endocytic trafficking, disrupted lysosome fusion-fission dynamics, and inhibition of autophagy. Finally, HPLC scintillation quantification of 3H-myo-inositol labelled phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide immunofluorescence staining, we observed that lysosomal PtdIns(3)P levels were significantly elevated in Inpp4b-deficient cells due to the hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit VPS34 enzymatic activity. In conclusion, our study identifies a novel signaling axis that maintains normal lysosomal homeostasis and dynamics, which includes the catalytic functions of Inpp4b, PIKfyve, and VPS34.
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22
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Mechanisms regulating the sorting of soluble lysosomal proteins. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231123. [PMID: 35394021 PMCID: PMC9109462 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are key regulators of many fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, autophagy, immune response, cell signalling and plasma membrane repair. These highly dynamic organelles are composed of various membrane and soluble proteins, which are essential for their proper functioning. The soluble proteins include numerous proteases, glycosidases and other hydrolases, along with activators, required for catabolism. The correct sorting of soluble lysosomal proteins is crucial to ensure the proper functioning of lysosomes and is achieved through the coordinated effort of many sorting receptors, resident ER and Golgi proteins, and several cytosolic components. Mutations in a number of proteins involved in sorting soluble proteins to lysosomes result in human disease. These can range from rare diseases such as lysosome storage disorders, to more prevalent ones, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and others, including rare neurodegenerative diseases that affect children. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate the sorting of soluble proteins to lysosomes and highlight the effects of mutations in this pathway that cause human disease. More precisely, we will review the route taken by soluble lysosomal proteins from their translation into the ER, their maturation along the Golgi apparatus, and sorting at the trans-Golgi network. We will also highlight the effects of mutations in this pathway that cause human disease.
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23
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Kumar G, Chawla P, Dhiman N, Chadha S, Sharma S, Sethi K, Sharma M, Tuli A. RUFY3 links Arl8b and JIP4-Dynein complex to regulate lysosome size and positioning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1540. [PMID: 35314681 PMCID: PMC8938454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional movement of lysosomes on microtubule tracks regulates their whole-cell spatial arrangement. Arl8b, a small GTP-binding (G) protein, promotes lysosome anterograde trafficking mediated by kinesin-1. Herein, we report an Arl8b effector, RUFY3, which regulates the retrograde transport of lysosomes. We show that RUFY3 interacts with the JIP4-dynein-dynactin complex and facilitates Arl8b association with the retrograde motor complex. Accordingly, RUFY3 knockdown disrupts the positioning of Arl8b-positive endosomes and reduces Arl8b colocalization with Rab7-marked late endosomal compartments. Moreover, we find that RUFY3 regulates nutrient-dependent lysosome distribution, although autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic cargo degradation are not impaired upon RUFY3 depletion. Interestingly, lysosome size is significantly reduced in RUFY3 depleted cells, which could be rescued by inhibition of the lysosome reformation regulatory factor PIKFYVE. These findings suggest a model in which the perinuclear cloud arrangement of lysosomes regulates both the positioning and size of these proteolytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Prateek Chawla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Dhiman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sanya Chadha
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanupriya Sethi
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahak Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Tuli
- Divison of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India.
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24
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Alves LS, Marques ARA, Padrão N, Carvalho FA, Ramalho J, Lopes CS, Soares MIL, Futter CE, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Santos NC, Vieira OV. Cholesteryl hemiazelate causes lysosome dysfunction impacting vascular smooth muscle cell homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:272202. [PMID: 34528688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerotic lesions, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represent half of the foam cell population, which is characterized by an aberrant accumulation of undigested lipids within lysosomes. Loss of lysosome function impacts VSMC homeostasis and disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying lysosome dysfunction in these cells is, therefore, crucial. We identify cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA), a stable oxidation end-product of cholesteryl-polyunsaturated fatty acid esters, as an inducer of lysosome malfunction in VSMCs. ChA-treated VSMCs acquire a foam-cell-like phenotype, characterized by enlarged lysosomes full of ChA and neutral lipids. The lysosomes are perinuclear and exhibit degradative capacity and cargo exit defects. Lysosome luminal pH is also altered. Even though the transcriptional response machinery and autophagy are not activated by ChA, the addition of recombinant lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is able to rescue lysosome dysfunction. ChA significantly affects VSMC proliferation and migration, impacting atherosclerosis. In summary, this work shows that ChA is sufficient to induce lysosomal dysfunction in VSMCs, that, in ChA-treated VSMCs, neither lysosome biogenesis nor autophagy are triggered, and, finally, that recombinant LAL can be a therapeutic approach for lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Alves
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André R A Marques
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Padrão
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Ramalho
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina S Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria I L Soares
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Otília V Vieira
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Roney JC, Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Neuronal endolysosomal transport and lysosomal functionality in maintaining axonostasis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213000. [PMID: 35142819 PMCID: PMC8932522 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as degradation hubs for the turnover of endocytic and autophagic cargos, which is essential for neuron function and survival. Deficits in lysosome function result in progressive neurodegeneration in most lysosomal storage disorders and contribute to the pathogenesis of aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Given their size and highly polarized morphology, neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining cellular homeostasis in regions far removed from the cell body where mature lysosomes are enriched. Neurons therefore require coordinated bidirectional intracellular transport to sustain efficient clearance capacity in distal axonal regions. Emerging lines of evidence have started to uncover mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating endolysosome transport and maturation to maintain axonal homeostasis, or “axonostasis,” that is relevant to a range of neurologic disorders. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how axonal endolysosomal trafficking, distribution, and lysosomal functionality support neuronal health and become disrupted in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Roney
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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26
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Bouhamdani N, Comeau D, Turcotte S. A Compendium of Information on the Lysosome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:798262. [PMID: 34977038 PMCID: PMC8714965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, lysosomes were considered as mere waste bags for cellular constituents. Thankfully, studies carried out in the past 15 years were brimming with elegant and crucial breakthroughs in lysosome research, uncovering their complex roles as nutrient sensors and characterizing them as crucial multifaceted signaling organelles. This review presents the scientific knowledge on lysosome physiology and functions, starting with their discovery and reviewing up to date ground-breaking discoveries highlighting their heterogeneous functions as well as pending questions that remain to be answered. We also review the roles of lysosomes in anti-cancer drug resistance and how they undergo a series of molecular and functional changes during malignant transformation which lead to tumor aggression, angiogenesis, and metastases. Finally, we discuss the strategy of targeting lysosomes in cancer which could lead to the development of new and effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouhamdani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Dr. Georges-L. Dumont University Hospital Centre, Clinical Research Sector, Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Dominique Comeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Sandra Turcotte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada
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27
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Saffi GT, Tang E, Mamand S, Inpanathan S, Fountain A, Salmena L, Botelho RJ. Reactive oxygen species prevent lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259313. [PMID: 34813622 PMCID: PMC8610251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are terminal, degradative organelles of the endosomal pathway that undergo repeated fusion-fission cycles with themselves, endosomes, phagosomes, and autophagosomes. Lysosome number and size depends on balanced fusion and fission rates. Thus, conditions that favour fusion over fission can reduce lysosome numbers while enlarging their size. Conversely, favouring fission over fusion may cause lysosome fragmentation and increase their numbers. PIKfyve is a phosphoinositide kinase that generates phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate to modulate lysosomal functions. PIKfyve inhibition causes an increase in lysosome size and reduction in lysosome number, consistent with lysosome coalescence. This is thought to proceed through reduced lysosome reformation and/or fission after fusion with endosomes or other lysosomes. Previously, we observed that photo-damage during live-cell imaging prevented lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. Thus, we postulated that lysosome fusion and/or fission dynamics are affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that ROS generated by various independent mechanisms all impaired lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition and promoted lysosome fragmentation during PIKfyve re-activation. However, depending on the ROS species or mode of production, lysosome dynamics were affected distinctly. H2O2 impaired lysosome motility and reduced lysosome fusion with phagosomes, suggesting that H2O2 reduces lysosome fusogenecity. In comparison, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, thiol groups, glutathione, or thioredoxin, did not impair lysosome motility but instead promoted clearance of actin puncta on lysosomes formed during PIKfyve inhibition. Additionally, actin depolymerizing agents prevented lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition. Thus, we discovered that ROS can generally prevent lysosome coalescence during PIKfyve inhibition using distinct mechanisms depending on the type of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam T. Saffi
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sami Mamand
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Polytechnic Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Regional Government, Erbil, Kurdistan
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Fountain
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto J. Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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28
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Yuan J, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Zou H, Bian J. Cadmium induces endosomal/lysosomal enlargement and blocks autophagy flux in rat hepatocytes by damaging microtubules. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112993. [PMID: 34808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes vacuolar degeneration in buffalo rat liver 3 A (BRL 3 A) cells. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between Cd-induced microtubule damage and intracellular vacuolar degeneration. Western blotting results showed that Cd damaged the microtubule network and downregulated the expression of microtubule-associated proteins-kinesin-1 heavy chain (KIF5B), γ-tubulin, and acetylated α-tubulin in BRL 3 A cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that Cd inhibited interactions between α-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) as well as KIF5B. Increasing Cd concentrations decreased the levels of the lipid kinase, PIKfyve, which regulates the activity of endosome-lysosome fission. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed vacuole-like organelles that were late endosomes and lysosomes. The PIKfyve inhibitor, YM201636, and the microtubule depolymerizer, nocodazole, aggravated Cd-induced endosome-lysosome enlargement. Knocking down the kif5b gene that encodes KIF5B intensified the enlargement of endosome-lysosomes and expression of early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7), and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2). Nocodazole, YM201636, and the knockdown of kif5b blocked autophagic flux. We concluded that Cd-induced damage to the microtubule network is the main reason for endosome-lysosome enlargement and autophagic flux blockage in BRL 3 A cells, and kinesin-1 plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuni Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113174118. [PMID: 34607961 PMCID: PMC8522270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles that also act as cell-signaling hubs. They regulate functions ranging from antigen presentation to autophagy. Spherical lysosomes can spontaneously elongate into tubules in starving or inflamed immune cells. We describe a DNA-based reagent, denoted Tudor, that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without triggering either an immune response or autophagy. Chemical imaging revealed that tubular lysosomes differ from vesicular ones in terms of their pH, calcium, and proteolytic activity. Tudor revealed a role for tubular lysosomes in that they enhance MMP9 secretion and phagocytosis in resting macrophages. The ability to tubulate lysosomes in resting immune cells without starving or inflaming them may help reveal new insights into how tubular lysosomes function. Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution, and autophagy. Tubular lysosomes are studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. Here we describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Proteolytic activity maps at single-lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative and showed proximal to distal luminal pH and Ca2+ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted but never previously observed. We identify a role for tubular lysosomes in promoting phagocytosis and activating MMP9. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without starving or activating immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.
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30
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Fountain A, Inpanathan S, Alves P, Verdawala MB, Botelho RJ. Phagosome maturation in macrophages: Eat, digest, adapt, and repeat. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100832. [PMID: 34717137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a dynamic process that requires an intricate interplay between phagocytic receptors, membrane lipids, and numerous signalling proteins and their effectors, to coordinate the engulfment of a bound particle. These particles are diverse in their physico-chemical properties such as size and shape and include bacteria, fungi, apoptotic cells, living tumour cells, and abiotic particles. Once engulfed, these particles are enclosed within a phagosome, which undergoes a striking transformation referred to as phagosome maturation, which will ultimately lead to the processing and degradation of the enclosed particulate. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in phagosome maturation in macrophages, highlighting new discoveries and emerging themes. Such advancements include identification of new GTPases and their effectors and the intricate spatio-temporal dynamics of phosphoinositides in governing phagosome maturation. We then explore phagosome fission and recycling, the emerging role of membrane contact sites, and delve into mechanisms of phagosome resolution to recycle and reform lysosomes. We further illustrate how phagosome maturation is context-dependent, subject to the type of particle, phagocytic receptors, the phagocytes and their state of activation during phagocytosis. Lastly, we discuss how phagosomes serve as signalling platforms to help phagocytes adapt to their environmental conditions. Overall, this review aims to cover recent findings, identify emerging themes, and highlight current challenges and directions to improve our understanding of phagosome maturation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Patris Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Munira B Verdawala
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology and Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada; Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B2K3, Canada.
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31
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Nahalka J. Theoretical Analysis of S, M and N Structural Proteins by the Protein-RNA Recognition Code Leads to Genes/proteins that Are Relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle and Pathogenesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:763995. [PMID: 34659373 PMCID: PMC8511677 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this conceptual review, based on the protein-RNA recognition code, some theoretical sequences were detected in the spike (S), membrane (M) and capsid (N) proteins that may post-transcriptionally regulate the host genes/proteins in immune homeostasis, pulmonary epithelial tissue homeostasis, and lipid homeostasis. According to the review of literature, the spectrum of identified genes/proteins shows that the virus promotes IL1α/β-IL1R1 signaling (type 1 immunity) and immunity defense against helminths and venoms (type 2 immunity). In the alteration of homeostasis in the pulmonary epithelial tissue, the virus blocks the function of cilia and the molecular programs that are involved in wound healing (EMT and MET). Additionally, the protein-RNA recognition method described here identifies compatible sequences in the S1A-domain for the post-transcriptional promotion of PIKFYVE, which is one of the critical factors for SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell, and for the post-transcriptional repression of xylulokinase XYLB. A decrease in XYLB product (Xu5P) in plasma was proposed as one of the potential metabolomics biomarkers of COVID-19. In summary, the protein-RNA recognition code leads to protein genes relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for White-green Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
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32
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Özkan N, Koppers M, van Soest I, van Harten A, Jurriens D, Liv N, Klumperman J, Kapitein LC, Hoogenraad CC, Farías GG. ER - lysosome contacts at a pre-axonal region regulate axonal lysosome availability. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4493. [PMID: 34301956 PMCID: PMC8302662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function relies on careful coordination of organelle organization and transport. Kinesin-1 mediates transport of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes into the axon and it is increasingly recognized that contacts between the ER and lysosomes influence organelle organization. However, it is unclear how organelle organization, inter-organelle communication and transport are linked and how this contributes to local organelle availability in neurons. Here, we show that somatic ER tubules are required for proper lysosome transport into the axon. Somatic ER tubule disruption causes accumulation of enlarged and less motile lysosomes at the soma. ER tubules regulate lysosome size and axonal translocation by promoting lysosome homo-fission. ER tubule - lysosome contacts often occur at a somatic pre-axonal region, where the kinesin-1-binding ER-protein P180 binds microtubules to promote kinesin-1-powered lysosome fission and subsequent axonal translocation. We propose that ER tubule - lysosome contacts at a pre-axonal region finely orchestrate axonal lysosome availability for proper neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiye Özkan
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Max Koppers
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van Soest
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra van Harten
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Jurriens
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ginny G Farías
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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33
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Takahashi K, Kanerva K, Vanharanta L, Almeida‐Souza L, Lietha D, Olkkonen VM, Ikonen E. ORP2 couples LDL-cholesterol transport to FAK activation by endosomal cholesterol/PI(4,5)P 2 exchange. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106871. [PMID: 34124795 PMCID: PMC8281050 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol delivery from late endosomes to the plasma membrane regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration, but the mechanisms controlling it are poorly characterized. Here, we employed auxin-inducible rapid degradation of oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 2 (ORP2/OSBPL2) to show that endogenous ORP2 mediates the transfer of LDL-derived cholesterol from late endosomes to focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-/integrin-positive recycling endosomes in human cells. In vitro, cholesterol enhances membrane association of FAK to PI(4,5)P2 -containing lipid bilayers. In cells, ORP2 stimulates FAK activation and PI(4,5)P2 generation in endomembranes, enhancing cell adhesion. Moreover, ORP2 increases PI(4,5)P2 in NPC1-containing late endosomes in a FAK-dependent manner, controlling their tubulovesicular trafficking. Together, these results provide evidence that ORP2 controls FAK activation and LDL-cholesterol plasma membrane delivery by promoting bidirectional cholesterol/PI(4,5)P2 exchange between late and recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinkiFinland
- Present address:
Laboratory of Microbiology and ImmunologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Kristiina Kanerva
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lauri Vanharanta
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinkiFinland
| | - Leonardo Almeida‐Souza
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinkiFinland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research ProgramFaculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinkiFinland
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34
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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35
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Lancaster CE, Fountain A, Dayam RM, Somerville E, Sheth J, Jacobelli V, Somerville A, Terebiznik MR, Botelho RJ. Phagosome resolution regenerates lysosomes and maintains the degradative capacity in phagocytes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212440. [PMID: 34180943 PMCID: PMC8241537 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes engulf unwanted particles into phagosomes that then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the enclosed particles. Ultimately, phagosomes must be recycled to help recover membrane resources that were consumed during phagocytosis and phagosome maturation, a process referred to as “phagosome resolution.” Little is known about phagosome resolution, which may proceed through exocytosis or membrane fission. Here, we show that bacteria-containing phagolysosomes in macrophages undergo fragmentation through vesicle budding, tubulation, and constriction. Phagosome fragmentation requires cargo degradation, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and clathrin. We provide evidence that lysosome reformation occurs during phagosome resolution since the majority of phagosome-derived vesicles displayed lysosomal properties. Importantly, we show that clathrin-dependent phagosome resolution is important to maintain the degradative capacity of macrophages challenged with two waves of phagocytosis. Overall, our work suggests that phagosome resolution contributes to lysosome recovery and to maintaining the degradative power of macrophages to handle multiple waves of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene E Lancaster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Fountain
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roaya M Dayam
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elliott Somerville
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javal Sheth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Jacobelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Somerville
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio R Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Genetic analysis of the Drosophila ESCRT-III complex protein, VPS24, reveals a novel function in lysosome homeostasis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251184. [PMID: 33956855 PMCID: PMC8101729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT pathway is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and plays key roles in a variety of membrane remodeling processes. A new Drosophila mutant recovered in our forward genetic screens for synaptic transmission mutants mapped to the vps24 gene encoding a subunit of the ESCRT-III complex. Molecular characterization indicated a loss of VPS24 function, however the mutant is viable and thus loss of VPS24 may be studied in a developed multicellular organism. The mutant exhibits deficits in locomotion and lifespan and, notably, these phenotypes are rescued by neuronal expression of wild-type VPS24. At the cellular level, neuronal and muscle cells exhibit marked expansion of a ubiquitin-positive lysosomal compartment, as well as accumulation of autophagic intermediates, and these phenotypes are rescued cell-autonomously. Moreover, VPS24 expression in glia suppressed the mutant phenotype in muscle, indicating a cell-nonautonomous function for VPS24 in protective intercellular signaling. Ultrastructural analysis of neurons and muscle indicated marked accumulation of the lysosomal compartment in the vps24 mutant. In the neuronal cell body, this included characteristic lysosomal structures associated with an expansive membrane compartment with a striking tubular network morphology. These findings further define the in vivo roles of VPS24 and the ESCRT pathway in lysosome homeostasis and their potential contributions to neurodegenerative diseases characterized by defective ESCRT or lysosome function.
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37
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Allard A, Lopes Dos Santos R, Campillo C. Remodelling of membrane tubules by the actin cytoskeleton. Biol Cell 2021; 113:329-343. [PMID: 33826772 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inside living cells, the remodelling of membrane tubules by actomyosin networks is crucial for processes such as intracellular trafficking or organelle reshaping. In this review, we first present various in vivo situations in which actin affects membrane tubule remodelling, then we recall some results on force production by actin dynamics and on membrane tubules physics. Finally, we show that our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms by which actomyosin dynamics affect tubule morphology has recently been moved forward. This is thanks to in vitro experiments that mimic cellular membranes and actin dynamics and allow deciphering the physics of tubule remodelling in biochemically controlled conditions, and shed new light on tubule shape regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Allard
- LAMBE, Université d'Évry, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry-Courcouronnes, 91025, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Paris 06, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Clément Campillo
- LAMBE, Université d'Évry, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry-Courcouronnes, 91025, France
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38
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Gruenberg J. Life in the lumen: The multivesicular endosome. Traffic 2021; 21:76-93. [PMID: 31854087 PMCID: PMC7004041 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The late endosomes/endo‐lysosomes of vertebrates contain an atypical phospholipid, lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) (also termed bis[monoacylglycero]phosphate [BMP]), which is not detected elsewhere in the cell. LBPA is abundant in the membrane system present in the lumen of this compartment, including intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). In this review, the current knowledge on LBPA and LBPA‐containing membranes will be summarized, and their role in the control of endosomal cholesterol will be outlined. Some speculations will also be made on how this system may be overwhelmed in the cholesterol storage disorder Niemann‐Pick C. Then, the roles of intralumenal membranes in endo‐lysosomal dynamics and functions will be discussed in broader terms. Likewise, the mechanisms that drive the biogenesis of intralumenal membranes, including ESCRTs, will also be discussed, as well as their diverse composition and fate, including degradation in lysosomes and secretion as exosomes. This review will also discuss how intralumenal membranes are hijacked by pathogenic agents during intoxication and infection, and what is the biochemical composition and function of the intra‐endosomal lumenal milieu. Finally, this review will allude to the size limitations imposed on intralumenal vesicle functions and speculate on the possible role of LBPA as calcium chelator in the acidic calcium stores of endo‐lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gruenberg
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Downregulation of ATP6V1A Involved in Alzheimer's Disease via Synaptic Vesicle Cycle, Phagosome, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5555634. [PMID: 33981384 PMCID: PMC8087993 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5555634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit A (ATP6V1A) underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Microarray expression data of human temporal cortex samples from the GSE118553 dataset were profiled to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD/control and ATP6V1A-low/high groups. Correlations of coexpression modules with AD and ATP6V1A were assessed by weight gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). DEGs strongly interacting with ATP6V1A were extracted to construct global regulatory network. Further cross-talking pathways of ATP6V1A were identified by functional enrichment analysis. Diagnostic performance of ATP6V1A in AD prediction was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results The mean expression of ATP6V1A was significantly downregulated in AD compared with nondementia controls. A total of 1,364 DEGs were overlapped from AD/control and ATP6V1A-low/high groups. Based on these DEGs, four coexpression modules were predicted by WGCNA. The blue, brown, and turquoise modules were significantly correlated with AD and low ATP6V1A, whose DEGs were enriched in phagosome, oxidative phosphorylation, synaptic vesicle cycle, focal adhesion, and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) synapse. Global regulatory network was constructed to identify the cross-talking pathways of ATP6V1A, such as synaptic vesicle cycle, phagosome, and oxidative phosphorylation. According to the AUC value of 74.2%, low ATP6V1A expression accurately predicted the occurrence of AD. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the pleiotropic roles of low ATP6V1A in AD pathogenesis, possibly mediated by synaptic vesicle cycle, phagosome, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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40
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Tsao HC, Liao YF, Pratiwi FW, Mou CY, Lin YJ, Pan CY, Chen YT. Zn 2+-Depletion Enhances Lysosome Fission in Cultured Rat Embryonic Cortical Neurons Revealed by a Modified Epifluorescence Microscopic Technique. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:420-424. [PMID: 33487212 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are integration hubs for several signaling pathways, such as autophagy and endocytosis, and also crucial stores of ions, including Zn2+. Lysosomal dysfunction caused by changes in their morphology by fusion and fission processes can result in several pathological disorders. However, the role of Zn2+ in modulating the morphology of lysosomes is unclear. The resolution of conventional epifluorescence microscopy restricts accurate observation of morphological changes of subcellular fluorescence punctum. In this study, we used a modified epifluorescence microscopy to identify the center of a punctum from a series of z-stack images and calculate the morphological changes. We stained primary cultured rat embryonic cortical neurons with FluoZin3, a Zn2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, and Lysotracker, a lysosome-specific marker, to visualize the distribution of Zn2+-enriched vesicles and lysosomes, respectively. Our results revealed that treating neurons with N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine, a cell-permeable Zn2+ chelator, shrank Zn2+-enriched vesicles and lysosomes by up to 25% in an hour. Pretreating the neurons with YM201636, a blocker of lysosome fission, could suppress this shrinkage. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the modified epifluorescence microscopy for investigating the homeostasis of intracellular organelles and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chun Tsao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhen Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Yit-Tsong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
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41
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Machado ER, Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Grosveld GC, d’Azzo A. Lysosomes and Cancer Progression: A Malignant Liaison. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642494. [PMID: 33718382 PMCID: PMC7952443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During primary tumorigenesis isolated cancer cells may undergo genetic or epigenetic changes that render them responsive to additional intrinsic or extrinsic cues, so that they enter a transitional state and eventually acquire an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. Among these changes is the alteration of the cell metabolic/catabolic machinery that creates the most permissive conditions for invasion, dissemination, and survival. The lysosomal system has emerged as a crucial player in this malignant transformation, making this system a potential therapeutic target in cancer. By virtue of their ubiquitous distribution in mammalian cells, their multifaced activities that control catabolic and anabolic processes, and their interplay with other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), lysosomes function as platforms for inter- and intracellular communication. This is due to their capacity to adapt and sense nutrient availability, to spatially segregate specific functions depending on their position, to fuse with other compartments and with the PM, and to engage in membrane contact sites (MCS) with other organelles. Here we review the latest advances in our understanding of the role of the lysosomal system in cancer progression. We focus on how changes in lysosomal nutrient sensing, as well as lysosomal positioning, exocytosis, and fusion perturb the communication between tumor cells themselves and between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we describe the potential impact of MCS between lysosomes and other organelles in propelling cancer growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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42
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Yan M, Zheng T. Role of the endolysosomal pathway and exosome release in tau propagation. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104988. [PMID: 33582164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The progressive deposition of misfolded and aggregated forms of Tau protein in the brain is a pathological hallmark of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). The misfolded Tau can be released into the extracellular space and internalized by neighboring cells, acting as seeds to trigger the robust conversion of soluble Tau into insoluble filamentous aggregates in a prion-like manner, ultimately contributing to the progression of the disease. However, molecular mechanisms accountable for the propagation of Tau pathology are poorly defined. We reviewed the Tau processing imbalance in endosomal, lysosomal, and exosomal pathways in AD. Increased exosome release counteracts the endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction of Tau processing but increases the number of aggregates and the propagation of Tau. This review summarizes our current understanding of the underlying tauopathy mechanisms with an emphasis on the emerging role of the endosomal-lysosomal-exosome pathways in this process. The components CHMP6, TSG101, and other components of the ESCRT complex, as well as Rab GTPase such as Rab35 and Rab7A, regulate vesicle cargoes routing from endosome to lysosome and affect Tau traffic, degradation, or secretion. Thus, the significant molecular pathways that should be potential therapeutic targets for treating tauopathies are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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43
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Saric A, Freeman SA. Endomembrane Tension and Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:611326. [PMID: 33490077 PMCID: PMC7820182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells employ diverse uptake mechanisms depending on their specialized functions. While such mechanisms vary widely in their defining criteria: scale, molecular machinery utilized, cargo selection, and cargo destination, to name a few, they all result in the internalization of extracellular solutes and fluid into membrane-bound endosomes. Upon scission from the plasma membrane, this compartment is immediately subjected to extensive remodeling which involves tubulation and vesiculation/budding of the limiting endomembrane. This is followed by a maturation process involving concomitant retrograde transport by microtubule-based motors and graded fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes, organelles that support the degradation of the internalized content. Here we review an important determinant for sorting and trafficking in early endosomes and in lysosomes; the control of tension on the endomembrane. Remodeling of endomembranes is opposed by high tension (caused by high hydrostatic pressure) and supported by the relief of tension. We describe how the timely and coordinated efflux of major solutes along the endocytic pathway affords the cell control over such tension. The channels and transporters that expel the smallest components of the ingested medium from the early endocytic fluid are described in detail as these systems are thought to enable endomembrane deformation by curvature-sensing/generating coat proteins. We also review similar considerations for the lysosome where resident hydrolases liberate building blocks from luminal macromolecules and transporters flux these organic solutes to orchestrate trafficking events. How the cell directs organellar trafficking based on the luminal contents of organelles of the endocytic pathway is not well-understood, however, we propose that the control over membrane tension by solute transport constitutes one means for this to ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amra Saric
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Rafiq S, McKenna SL, Muller S, Tschan MP, Humbert M. Lysosomes in acute myeloid leukemia: potential therapeutic targets? Leukemia 2021; 35:2759-2770. [PMID: 34462526 PMCID: PMC8478647 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes, since their discovery, have been primarily known for degrading cellular macromolecules. However, in recent studies, they have begun to emerge as crucial regulators of cell homeostasis. They are at the crossroads of catabolic and anabolic pathways and are intricately involved in cellular trafficking, nutrient signaling, energy metabolism, and immune regulation. Their involvement in such essential cellular functions has renewed clinical interest in targeting the lysosome as a novel way to treat disease, particularly cancer. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer with a low survival probability, particularly in older patients. The genomic landscape of AML has been extensively characterized but few targeted therapies (with the exception of differentiation therapy) can achieve a long-term cure. Therefore, there is an unmet need for less intensive and more tolerable therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will give an overview on the myriad of functions performed by lysosomes and their importance in malignant disease. Furthermore, we will discuss their relevance in hematopoietic cells and different ways to potentially target them in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreoshee Rafiq
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Cancer Research, UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylviane Muller
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418692.00000 0004 0610 0264CNRS and Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell signaling / Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS); Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France ,grid.11843.3f0000 0001 2157 9291University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magali Humbert
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Bern, Switzerland ,TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Tannert A, Garcia Lopez J, Petkov N, Ivanova A, Peneva K, Neugebauer U. Lysosome-targeting pH indicator based on peri-fused naphthalene monoimide with superior stability for long term live cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:112-124. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal pH is altered in many pathophysiological conditions. We describe synthesis and spectral properties of a new lysosomal fluorescent marker dye suitable for microscopic evaluation of lysosomal distribution and pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Tannert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Javier Garcia Lopez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Nikolay Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
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46
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Lysosomal Exocytosis: The Extracellular Role of an Intracellular Organelle. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120406. [PMID: 33316913 PMCID: PMC7764620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic cell compartments containing a large set of hydrolytic enzymes. These lysosomal hydrolases degrade proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids into their constituents. Materials to be degraded can reach lysosomes either from inside the cell, by autophagy, or from outside the cell, by different forms of endocytosis. In addition to their degradative functions, lysosomes are also able to extracellularly release their contents by lysosomal exocytosis. These organelles move from the perinuclear region along microtubules towards the proximity of the plasma membrane, then the lysosomal and plasma membrane fuse together via a Ca2+-dependent process. The fusion of the lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane plays an important role in plasma membrane repair, while the secretion of lysosomal content is relevant for the remodelling of extracellular matrix and release of functional substrates. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, share as a pathological feature the accumulation of undigested material within organelles of the endolysosomal system. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of these unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination. However, many details of the molecular machinery required for lysosomal exocytosis are only beginning to be unravelled. Here, we are going to review the current literature on molecular mechanisms and biological functions underlying lysosomal exocytosis, to shed light on the potential of lysosomal exocytosis stimulation as a therapeutic approach.
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47
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Üner G, Tag Ö, Erzurumlu Y, Kirmizibayrak PB, Bedir E. Identification of a Noncanonical Necrotic Cell Death Triggered via Enhanced Proteolysis by a Novel Sapogenol Derivative. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2880-2891. [PMID: 33136369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules which activate distinct cell death pathways have promising high potential for anticancer drug research. Especially, regulated necrosis draws attention as an alternative cell death mechanism to overcome the drug resistance. Here, we report that a new semisynthetic saponin analogue (AG-08) triggers necrotic cell death with unprecedented pathways. AG-08-mediated necrosis depends on enhanced global proteolysis involving calpains, cathepsins, and caspases. Moreover, AG-08 generates several alterations in lysosomal function and physiology including membrane permeabilization, redistribution toward the perinuclear area, and lastly excessive tubulation. As a consequence of lysosomal impairment, the autophagic process was abolished via AG-08 treatment. Collectively, in addition to its ability to induce necrotic cell death, which makes AG-08 a promising candidate to cope with drug resistance, its unique activity mechanisms including autophagy/lysosome impairment and enhancement of proteolysis leading a strong death capacity emphasizes its potential for anticancer drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göklem Üner
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Tag
- Bionorm Natural Products Production & Marketing Corporation, ITOB, 35477 Menderes-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Erdal Bedir
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla-İzmir, Turkey
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48
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Li W, Zhang S, Yang G. Dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1505. [PMID: 32865347 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles are membrane-bound and biochemically distinct compartments constructed to serve specialized functions in eukaryotic cells. Through extensive interactions, they form networks to coordinate and integrate their specialized functions for cell physiology. A fundamental property of these organelle networks is that they constantly undergo dynamic organization via membrane fusion and fission to remodel their internal connections and to mediate direct material exchange between compartments. The dynamic organization not only enables them to serve critical physiological functions adaptively but also differentiates them from many other biological networks such as gene regulatory networks and cell signaling networks. This review examines this fundamental property of the organelle networks from a systems point of view. The focus is exclusively on homotypic networks formed by mitochondria, lysosomes, endosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. First, key mechanisms that drive the dynamic organization of these networks are summarized. Then, several distinct organizational properties of these networks are highlighted. Next, spatial properties of the dynamic organization of these networks are emphasized, and their functional implications are examined. Finally, some representative molecular machineries that mediate the dynamic organization of these networks are surveyed. Overall, the dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks is emerging as a fundamental and unifying paradigm in the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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49
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Sukhorukov VN, Khotina VA, Chegodaev YS, Ivanova E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages: Focus on Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080262. [PMID: 32752275 PMCID: PMC7459513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of lipid homeostasis and its impairment are of crucial importance for atherogenesis, and their understanding is necessary for successful development of new therapeutic approaches. In the arterial wall, macrophages play a prominent role in intracellular lipid accumulation, giving rise to foam cells that populate growing atherosclerotic plaques. Under normal conditions, macrophages are able to process substantial amounts of lipids and cholesterol without critical overload of the catabolic processes. However, in atherosclerosis, these pathways become inefficient, leading to imbalance in cholesterol and lipid metabolism and disruption of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on the involvement of macrophage lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis development, including both the results of recent studies and classical concepts, and provide a detailed description of these processes from the moment of lipid uptake with lipoproteins to cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-915-393-3263
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Russian Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, 15-a 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.K.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Angiopathology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
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50
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Julian LM, Stanford WL. Organelle Cooperation in Stem Cell Fate: Lysosomes as Emerging Regulators of Cell Identity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591. [PMID: 32733892 PMCID: PMC7358313 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of stem cell fate is best understood at the level of gene and protein regulatory networks, though it is now clear that multiple cellular organelles also have critical impacts. A growing appreciation for the functional interconnectedness of organelles suggests that an orchestration of integrated biological networks functions to drive stem cell fate decisions and regulate metabolism. Metabolic signaling itself has emerged as an integral regulator of cell fate including the determination of identity, activation state, survival, and differentiation potential of many developmental, adult, disease, and cancer-associated stem cell populations and their progeny. As the primary adenosine triphosphate-generating organelles, mitochondria are well-known regulators of stem cell fate decisions, yet it is now becoming apparent that additional organelles such as the lysosome are important players in mediating these dynamic decisions. In this review, we will focus on the emerging role of organelles, in particular lysosomes, in the reprogramming of both metabolic networks and stem cell fate decisions, especially those that impact the determination of cell identity. We will discuss the inter-organelle interactions, cell signaling pathways, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms with which lysosomes engage and how these activities impact metabolic signaling. We will further review recent data that position lysosomes as critical regulators of cell identity determination programs and discuss the known or putative biological mechanisms. Finally, we will briefly highlight the potential impact of elucidating mechanisms by which lysosomes regulate stem cell identity on our understanding of disease pathogenesis, as well as the development of refined regenerative medicine, biomarker, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Julian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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