When ferroptosis meets pathogenic infections

Pharmacomicrobiomics: a new field contributing to optimizing drug therapy in Parkinson's disease

Gut microbiota, which act as a determinant of pharmacokinetics, have long been overlooked. In recent years, a growing body of evidence indicates that the gut microbiota influence drug metabolism and efficacy. Conversely, drugs also exert a substantial influence on the function and composition of the gut microbiota. Pharmacomicrobiomics, an emerging field focusing on the interplay of drugs and gut microbiota, provides a potential foundation for making certain advances in personalized medicine. Understanding the communication between gut microbiota and antiparkinsonian drugs is critical for precise treatment of Parkinson's disease. Here, we provide a historical overview of the interplay between gut microbiota and antiparkinsonian drugs. Moreover, we discuss potential mechanistic insights into the complex associations between gut microbiota and drug metabolism. In addition, we also draw attention to microbiota-based biomarkers for predicting antiparkinsonian drug efficacy and examine current state-of-the-art knowledge of microbiota-based strategies to optimize drug therapy in Parkinson's disease.

Isobavachalcone confers protection against Cryptococcus neoformans-induced ferroptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans via lifespan extension and GSH-GPX-1 axis modulation

The recent designation of Cryptococcus neoformans as a critical-priority fungal pathogen by the World Health Organization highlights the imperative need for novel antifungal agents with distinct mechanisms of action. This study elucidates the novel ferroptotic pathway underlying C. neoformans-induced cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans and investigates the therapeutic potential of isobavachalcone (IBC) through comprehensive evaluation of core biochemical markers: total glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde, ferrous iron content, and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Integrated transcriptomic analysis via RNA-seq and subsequent RT-qPCR validation revealed critical gene expression patterns associated with antiferroptotic regulation. Our findings demonstrate that C. neoformans infection initiates ferroptosis in C. elegans through iron-dependent lipid peroxidation cascades. Remarkably, IBC administration conferred significant protection against fungal-induced ferroptosis by restoring redox homeostasis-evidenced by elevated GSH levels, attenuated ROS accumulation, and decreased ferrous iron content. Mechanistic investigations identified IBC-mediated upregulation of SKN-1 and GSH biosynthesis genes, coupled with suppression of GPX-1 activity. These coordinated effects disrupted the iron-ROS amplification loop through modulation of the GSH-GPX-1 axis, ultimately extending host lifespan in C. neoformans-challenged models. Our results position IBC as a ferroptosis inhibitor with dual antioxidant and iron-chelating properties, offering a therapeutic strategy against cryptococcal infections through targeting of evolutionary conserved cell death pathways.

The role of Bcl‑2 in controlling the transition between autophagy and apoptosis (Review)

The Bcl‑2 protein family serves a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. The present review aimed to summarize interactions of Bcl‑2 with key proteins, including Beclin 1, Bax and Bcl‑2 homologous antagonist/killer, as well as its influence on cellular processes such as mitophagy, nutrient sensing and endoplasmic reticulum stress response. The impact of post‑translational modifications of Bcl‑2, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, is discussed with respect to their regulatory roles under stress. In pathological states, Bcl‑2 upregulation in cancer suppresses apoptosis and autophagy, thereby facilitating tumor survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Conversely, in neurodegenerative diseases, impaired autophagy and increased apoptosis contribute to neuronal loss. Therapeutic strategies targeting Bcl‑2 (for example inhibitors such as venetoclax, navitoclax, obatoclax and combination therapies involving autophagy modulators) were evaluated for their potential efficacy. There is lack of understanding of tissue‑specific functions of Bcl‑2 and its interactions with non‑coding RNAs. Future research should prioritize these areas and leverage advanced single‑cell technologies to elucidate the real‑time dynamics of Bcl‑2 in cell processes. The present review highlights the key role of Bcl‑2 in cell fate determination and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target, offering insight for the development of innovative treatments for cancer, neurodegenerative disorder and age‑related diseases.

Autophagy is involved in Salmonella Typhimurium-induced ferroptosis in macrophages

Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic pathogens, posing a significant threat to both animal and human health. Our previous study demonstrated that autophagy plays a crucial role in restricting the intracellular growth of Salmonella. This study aims to investigate the effect of autophagy in Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium)-induced ferroptosis. First, we found that S. Typhimurium induced lipid peroxidation by increasing intracellular Fe2 + levels, promoting lipid oxidation, and inhibiting the antioxidant pathway. S. Typhimurium-induced lipid peroxidation led to ferroptosis in macrophages. Further results revealed that S. Typhimurium triggered ferritin degradation by NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. Additionally, S. Typhimurium-induced chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degraded GPX4 through TAK1-HSC70 signaling pathway. Notably, GPX4 is involved in intracellular S. Typhimurium release. Overall, autophagy was essential for S. Typhimurium induced-ferroptosis, TAK1 not only facilitated autophagy to eliminate intracellular bacteria but also promoted bacterial release.

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) induces ferroptosis via LONP1-mediated mitochondrial GPX4 degradation in cell culture

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important pathogen that seriously affects the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that mitochondria play diverse roles in the process of ferroptosis, but the interaction between mitochondria and ferroptosis during virus infection remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PPRV induces ferroptosis, including Fe2+ overload, accumulation of lipid peroxidation, and shrinkage of mitochondria. Importantly, mitochondria play a crucial role in the process of PPRV-induced ferroptosis characterized by decreased mitochondrial GPX4 and lipid peroxidation in mitochondria. Mechanistically, PPRV infection downregulates mitochondrial Lon protease-1 (LONP1) expression, an important multifaceted enzyme that is essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and function, which leads to mitochondrial GPX4 degradation through the Nrf2/Keap pathway and accumulation of ROS in mitochondria. More importantly, PPRV-induced ferroptosis is tightly associated with inflammatory responses and enhanced virus replication. Overall, this study is the first to show that LONP1-mediated ferroptosis is involved in the inflammatory responses during PPRV infection.

IMPORTANCE

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection induces a transient but severe immunosuppression in the host, which threatens both small livestock and endangered susceptible wildlife populations in many countries. Despite extensive research, it is unknown whether PPRV causes ferroptosis and what the mechanism of regulation is. Our data provide the first direct evidence that the relationship between Lon protease-1 (LONP1)-mediated dysfunctional mitochondria and the consequent induction of ferroptosis is involved in PPRV-induced pathogenesis. Importantly, we demonstrate that PPRV infection induces ferroptosis via the LONP1-mediated GPX4 degradation and ROS accumulation in mitochondria, and PPRV-induced ferroptosis is tightly associated with inflammatory responses and enhanced virus replication levels. Taken together, our research has provided new insight into understanding the effect of ferroptosis on PPRV replication and pathogenesis and revealed a potential therapeutic target for antiviral intervention.

Oxygen-Independent Sulfate Radical and Fe2+-Modified Implants for Fast Sterilization and Osseointegration of Infectious Bone Defects

Currently, emerging dynamic therapy has gradually become a frequently used strategy for treating infectious bone defects via a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which can bring about oxidative harm to bacteria. However, ROS can be generated only under conditions of exogenous energy, limited by energy penetration or dependence on the existence of internal O2/H2O2. Thus, we designed Na2S2O8-decorated polyetheretherketone implants activated by Fe2+ for infected bone defects. In vitro experiments show that they generate sulfate radical (·SO4-) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) without O2/H2O2 existence, effectively killing bacteria. Additionally, the released Fe2+ enters bacteria and triggers ferroptosis-like death via lipid peroxidation. In vivo experiments show implants achieve an ideal effect of bone integration through a high-efficiency bactericidal effect and enhanced osteogenic activity. As envisioned, our proposed strategy offers a promising approach to halt refractory infection of bone tissue by autonomously catalyzing ROS storms and ferroptosis-like death, facilitating bone-defect recovery.

Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus Triggers Ferroptosis in CPB Cells to Enhance Virus Replication

The role of ferroptosis-a novel iron-dependent programmed cell death pathway-in infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ISKNV infection induces ferroptosis in CPB cells. Following ISKNV challenge, CPB cells exhibited hallmark morphological alterations including mitochondrial shrinkage, increased membrane density, and cristae reduction. Biochemical assays confirmed significant time-dependent elevations in ferroptosis markers: malondialdehyde (MDA, 1.7-fold), reactive oxygen species (ROS, 3.14-fold), and ferrous iron (Fe2+, 1.42-fold) compared to controls (p < 0.05). Mechanistic studies revealed that ISKNV downregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) while upregulating acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), as validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting. Ferroptosis induction with erastin enhanced ISKNV replication, whereas inhibition with liproxstatin-1 suppressed viral yield. These findings establish that ISKNV exploits ferroptosis to facilitate its replication, and pharmacological blockade of this pathway significantly suppresses viral propagation, providing a new strategy and intervention approach for controlling ISKNV infection.

Cuproptosis-related genes and agents: implications in tumor drug resistance and future perspectives

In the field of tumor treatment, drug resistance remains a significant challenge requiring urgent intervention. Recent developments in cell death research have highlighted cuproptosis, a mechanism of cell death induced by copper, as a promising avenue for understanding tumor biology and addressing drug resistance. Cuproptosis is initiated by the dysregulation of copper homeostasis, which in turn triggers mitochondrial metabolic disruptions and induces proteotoxic stress. This process specifically entails the accumulation of lipoylated proteins and the depletion of iron-sulfur cluster proteins within the context of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Simultaneously, it is accompanied by the activation of distinct signaling pathways that collectively lead to cell death. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of cuproptosis in addressing tumor drug resistance. However, the core molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, regulation of the tumor microenvironment, and clinical translation pathways still require further exploration. This review examines the intersection of cuproptosis and tumor drug resistance, detailing the essential roles of cuproptosis-related genes and exploring the therapeutic potential of copper ionophores, chelators, and nanodelivery systems. These mechanisms offer promise for overcoming resistance and advancing tumor precision medicine. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cuproptosis, this study aims to identify novel therapeutic strategies and targets, thereby paving the way for the development of innovative anti-cancer drugs.

STEAP Proteins: Roles in disease biology and potential for therapeutic intervention

Iron and copper are essential metal ions, and maintaining their metabolic balance is critical for organismal health. The Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate (STEAP) protein family, comprising STEAP1, STEAP2, STEAP3, and STEAP4, plays a vital role in cellular metal homeostasis. These proteins are located on the cell membrane and are characterized by six transmembrane domains. With the exception of STEAP1, the STEAP proteins function as metal oxidoreductases due to their F420H2:NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNO)-like domain. However, STEAP1 contributes to metal metabolism through its heme group and interaction with other STEAP proteins. Beyond metal metabolism, STEAP proteins are involved in critical cellular processes, including the regulation of the cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Notably, STEAP proteins are recognized as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in human cancers, particularly prostate cancer. This review outlines the structural features and functional roles of STEAP proteins in various diseases, including cancers, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and benign prostatic hyperplasia, with a focus on their potential for therapeutic intervention.

CVF1 Promotes Invasive Candida albicans Infection via Inducing Ferroptosis

Recent studies have shown that several pathogens manipulate ferroptosis in host cells to aid their dissemination and enhance pathogenicity. While bacterial virulence factors capable of inducing ferroptosis have been identified, no such factors have been reported for human fungal pathogens thus far. Candida albicans, a most common human pathogenic fungus causing invasive fungal diseases, has recently been found to be able to induce ferroptosis in macrophages. Whether specific virulence factors induce ferroptosis in host cells that promote C. albicans pathogenicity remains to be defined. Here, we identify CVF1 as a critical virulence gene of C. albicans that is required for systemic fungal infection. Moreover, the CVF1 gene can significantly promote macrophage death. Using a macrophage infection model combined with the addition of cell death inhibitors, we show that the CVF1-induced death of macrophages is attributed to ferroptosis. More importantly, CVF1 is sufficient to trigger ferroptosis to promote C. albicans dissemination and pathogenicity in vivo. This study highlights a mechanism by which a virulence factor from a human fungal pathogen regulates ferroptosis in host cells, supporting the concept that human pathogenic fungi harbor specific virulence factors to manipulate ferroptosis in host cells for their invasive infection.

Ferroptosis-related protein biomarkers for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and short-term mortality in patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit

Background

Sepsis is a disease with high mortality caused by a dysregulated response to infection. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death. Ferroptosis-related genes are involved in the occurrence and development of sepsis. However, research on the diagnostic value of ferroptosis-related protein biomarkers in sepsis serum is limited. This study aims to explore the clinical value of Ferroptosis-related proteins in diagnosing sepsis and predicting mortality risk.

Methods

A single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted from January to December 2023, involving 170 sepsis patients, 49 non-septic ICU patients, and 50 healthy individuals. Upon ICU admission, biochemical parameters, GCS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores were recorded, and surplus serum was stored at -80°C for biomarker analysis via ELISA. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using ROC curve analysis.

Results

Baseline serum levels of ACSL4, GPX4, PTGS2, CL-11, IL-6, IL-8, PCT, and hs-CRP significantly differed among sepsis, non-septic, and healthy individuals (all p-value < 0.01). ACSL4, GPX4, PTGS2, IL-6, IL-8, PCT, and hs-CRP demonstrated high diagnostic and differential diagnostic performance (AUC: 0.6688 to 0.9945). IL-10 and TNF-α showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.8955 and 0.7657, respectively). ACSL4 (AUC = 0.7127) was associated with predicting sepsis mortality. Serum levels of ACSL4, CL-11, and IL-6 above the cut-off value were associated with shorter survival times. ACSL4 levels were positively correlated with SOFA (Rho = 0.354, p-value < 0.0001), APACHE II (Rho = 0.317, p-value < 0.0001), and septic shock (Rho = 0.274, p-value = 0.003) scores but negatively correlated with the GCS score (Rho = -0.218, p-value = 0.018). GPX4 levels were positively correlated with SOFA (Rho = 0.204, p-value = 0.027) and APACHE II (Rho = 0.233, p-value = 0.011) scores.

Conclusion

ACSL4 and GPX4 have strong diagnostic and differential diagnostic value in sepsis, including the ability to predict 28-day mortality in sepsis patients, and may become new potential serum markers for the diagnostic and differential diagnostic of sepsis.

Deletion of hepcidin disrupts iron homeostasis and hematopoiesis in zebrafish embryogenesis

Iron is essential for cell growth and hematopoiesis, which is regulated by hepcidin (hamp). However, the role of hamp in zebrafish hematopoiesis remains unclear. Here, we have created a stable hamp knockout zebrafish model using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9 system). Our study revealed that hamp deletion led to maternal iron overload in embryos, significantly downregulating hemoglobin genes and reducing hemoglobin content. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified abnormal expression patterns in blood progenitor cells, with a specific progenitor subtype showing increased ferroptosis and delayed development. By crossing hamp knockout zebrafish with a gata1+ line (blood cells labeled fish line), we confirmed ferroptosis in blood progenitor cells. These findings underscore the crucial role of hamp in iron regulation and hematopoiesis, offering novel insights into developmental biology and potential therapeutic targets for blood disorders.

The relationship between ferroptosis and respiratory infectious diseases: a novel landscape for therapeutic approach

Respiratory infectious diseases, particularly those caused by respiratory viruses, have the potential to lead to global pandemics, thereby posing significant threats to public and human health. Historically, the primary treatment for respiratory bacterial infections has been antibiotic therapy, while severe cases of respiratory viral infections have predominantly been managed by controlling inflammatory cytokine storms. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is distinct from apoptosis and autophagy. In recent years, Recent studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis plays a significant regulatory role in various respiratory infectious diseases, indicating that targeting ferroptosis may represent a novel approach for the treatment of these conditions. This article summarized the toxic mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, its relationship with respiratory infectious diseases, the mechanisms of action, and current treatment strategies. Particular attentions were given to the interplay between ferroptosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Epstein-Barr virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dengue virus, influenza virus and herpes simplex virus type1infection. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in respiratory infections will not only advance our knowledge of infection-related pathophysiology but also provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting ferroptosis pathways represents a promising therapeutic approach for respiratory infections, with significant clinical and translational implications.

Macrophage ferroptosis inhibits Aspergillus conidial killing in lung transplantation

Immune suppression heightens the risk for fungal infections, but the mechanisms that result in clinical disease are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that macrophage ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus ( Af ) killing. In a mouse tracheal transplant model of Af infection, we observed an increase in macrophage lipid peroxidation, a decreased expression of negative ferroptosis regulators Gpx4 and Slc7a11 , and an increase in positive regulators Ptgs2 and Nox2 , relative to syntransplants. Depletion of macrophages in transplant recipients decreased Af invasion. In vitro , iron overload reduced macrophage viability and decreased their capability to kill Af spores, through a decrease in lysosomal acidification and lysosomal loss. Treatment with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, and deferasirox (an iron chelator) restored Af killing. Ferroptotic alveolar macrophages isolated from lung transplant patients also showed a decreased ability to kill Af spores and the patients' bronchoalveolar lavage was characterized by higher iron levels and markers of ferroptotic stress compared to non-lung transplants. These characteristics were strongly correlated with a clinical history of fungal infections, independent of immune suppressive medications. Our findings indicate that macrophage ferroptosis augments the risk of invasive aspergillosis, representing a novel mechanism for host immune dysfunction.

Tick HRF-dependent ferroptosis pathway to promote tick acquisition of Babesia microti

B. microti is a tick-transmitted zoonotic erythrocytic intracellular parasite. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death that affects pathogen replication in the host. Currently, there is limited research concerning the effect of tick ferroptosis on Babesia infection and the underlying mechanism of action. The present study used a B. microti -mouse- Haemaphysalis longicornis infection model in which nymphs fed on the blood of B. microti-infected mice. The midgut divalent iron (p<0.01) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p<0.05) levels were significantly elevated in infected ticks, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that mitochondrial ridges were absent or decreased in size. Downregulation of ferritin 1 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in ticks infected with B. microti suggests that these changes promote ferroptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that the ferroptosis promoter Erastin increased B. microti load (p<0.05), while the inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 effectively decreased load (p<0.01). Tick histamine-releasing factor (HRF), a protein related to the antioxidant system, was downregulated in infected nymphs compared with uninfected nymphs (p<0.05), and interference with HRF promoted tick acquisition of B. microti (p<0.001). Transcriptomic analyses showed that HRF interference promotes tick ferroptosis by downregulating ferritin 1 and GPX4. Meanwhile, interference with tick HRF molecules showed increased divalent iron and ROS and decreased mitochondrial ridges compared with controls. These findings highlight the critical role of tick HRF molecules in regulating ferroptosis and acquisition of B. microti, thereby providing important insights for a deeper understanding of the tick-Babesia interaction.

Transcriptomic analysis revealed ferroptosis in ducklings with splenic necrosis induced by NDRV infection

Infection with novel duck reovirus (NDRV) results in severe splenic necrosis, leading to immunosuppression, secondary infections with other pathogens, and impairment of the immune effect of the vaccine. However, little is known about NDRV-induced spleen injury and its antagonistic mechanism on the host immune response. In this study, we conducted pathological and comparative transcriptomic analyses of NDRV-infected duck spleens. Our findings elucidated the histopathological progression of splenic necrotic foci formation following NDRV infection and identified splenic macrophages as the primary target cells. RNA-Seq analysis revealed differentially expressed genes that were enriched predominantly in immune system processes, signalling molecules and interactions, and pathways related to cell growth and necrosis. Notably, we observed a significant upregulation of ferroptosis during NDRV infection, characterized by the induction of specific metabolism-related genes such as TfR1, Hmox1, and STEAP3, alongside the downregulation of Fpn expression. Our findings collectively indicate the involvement of ferroptosis in spleen injury induced by NDRV infection. Investigating the mechanism of NDRV-induced ferroptosis in spleen macrophages will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis associated with NDRV.

Different types of cell death and their interactions in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifaceted process observed in patients with coronary artery disease when blood flow is restored to the heart tissue following ischemia-induced damage. Cardiomyocyte cell death, particularly through apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, is pivotal in myocardial I/R injury. Preventing cell death during the process of I/R is vital for improving ischemic cardiomyopathy. These multiple forms of cell death can occur simultaneously, interact with each other, and contribute to the complexity of myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the key molecular mechanisms and regulatory patterns involved in these five types of cell death in myocardial I/R injury. We will also discuss the crosstalk and intricate interactions among these mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between different types of cell death. Furthermore, we will explore specific molecules or targets that participate in different cell death pathways and elucidate their mechanisms of action. It is important to note that manipulating the molecules or targets involved in distinct cell death processes may have a significant impact on reducing myocardial I/R injury. By enhancing researchers' understanding of the mechanisms and interactions among different types of cell death in myocardial I/R injury, this review aims to pave the way for the development of novel interventions for cardio-protection in patients affected by myocardial I/R injury.

Ferroptosis, from the virus point of view: opportunities and challenges

Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death, which is mainly dependent on the formation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides mediated by iron. It is distinct from other forms of regulation of cell death in morphology, immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Various cell death mechanisms have been observed in many viral infections, and virus-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword that can inhibit or aggravate viral infections. However, understanding of the role of ferroptosis in various viral infections is limited. Special attention will be paid to the mechanisms of ferroptosis in mediating viral infection and antiviral treatment associated with ferroptosis. In this paper, we outlined the mechanism of ferroptosis. Additionally, this paper also review research on ferroptosis from the perspective of the virus, discussed the research status of ferroptosis in virus infection and classified and summarized research on the interaction between viral infections and ferroptosis.

Mechanisms of Ferroptosis in bone disease: A new target for osteoporosis treatment

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common disease in the elderly, characterized by decreased bone strength, reduced bone density, and increased fracture risk. There are two clinical types of osteoporosis: primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis. The most common form is postmenopausal osteoporosis, which is caused by decreased estrogen production after menopause. Secondary osteoporosis, on the other hand, occurs when certain medications, diabetes, or nutritional deficiencies lead to a decrease in bone density. Ferroptosis, a new iron-dependent programmed cell death process, is critical in regulating the development of osteoporosis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are complex. In the pathologic process of osteoporosis, several studies have found that ferroptosis may occur in osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, cell types closely related to bone metabolism. The imbalance of iron homeostasis in osteoblasts and excessive iron accumulation can promote lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction, which induces ferroptosis in osteoblasts and affects their role in regulating bone metabolism. Ferroptosis in osteoblasts inhibits bone formation and reduces the amount of new bone production. Osteoclast-associated ferroptosis abnormalities, on the other hand, may alter the homeostasis of bone resorption. In this paper, we start from the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis, and introduce the ways in which ferroptosis affects the physiological and pathological processes of the body. After that, the effects of ferroptosis on osteoblasts and osteoclasts will be discussed separately to elucidate the molecular mechanism between ferroptosis and osteoporosis, which will provide a new breakthrough for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and a more effective and better idea for the treatment strategy of osteoporosis.

Role of programmed cell death in mammalian ovarian follicular atresia

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental process in the development process of organisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. In mammalian ovaries, 99 % of follicles undergo atresia, while only 1 % mature and ovulate, which limits the reproductive efficiency of mammals. The PCD process is closely related to the regulation of follicle development and atresia. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported that autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of PCD are involved in regulating granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia. Granulosa cell apoptosis is a hallmark of follicular atresia. Therefore, an understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of follicular atresia. This review summarizes recent work on apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of PCD that affect granulosa cell survival and follicular atresia, and further elucidating the mechanisms of follicular atresia and providing new directions for improving the reproductive capacity of humans and animals.

The Novel H10N3 Avian Influenza Virus Triggers Lethal Cytokine Storm by Activating Multiple Forms of Programmed Cell Death in Mammalian Lungs

The novel H10N3 avian influenza virus (AIV) has infected four individuals since 2021 and caused severe respiratory damage, posing a significant threat to public health. However, its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our findings revealed that H10N3 infection induces severe lung damage and causes death in mice, even at low doses. The elevated levels of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased during infection, displaying hallmarks of a cytokine storm. Transcriptome sequencing further revealed systematic activation of inflammation-related pathways, predicting that viral infection induces multiple forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Protein-level validation showed that the activation of key cell death markers, including Caspase-3, GSDMD, and MLKL, significantly increased as the infection progressed, with their dynamic changes correlating strongly with the expression pattern of viral proteins. This study elucidates the central role of the synergistic effect between the cytokine storm and multiple cell death pathways in H10N3 pathogenesis. These findings not only advance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of AIVs but also provide a critical theoretical basis for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

The multifaceted role of ferroptosis in infection and injury and its nutritional regulation in pigs

Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron overload and excessive lipid peroxidation. To date, numerous studies in human and mouse models have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to tissue damage and various diseases. In recent years, ferroptosis has also been found to play an indispensable and multifaceted role in infection and tissue injury in pigs, and nutritional regulation strategies targeting ferroptosis show great potential. In this review, we summarize the research progress of ferroptosis and its role in infection and tissue injury in pigs. Furthermore, we discuss the existing evidence on ferroptosis regulation by nutrients, aiming to provide valuable insights for future investigation into ferroptosis in pigs and offer a novel perspective for the treatment of infection and injury in pigs.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the dysregulated monocyte state associated with tuberculosis progression

BACKGROUND

In tuberculosis (TB) infection, monocytes play a crucial role in regulating the balance between immune tolerance and immune response through various mechanisms. A deeper understanding of the roles of monocyte subsets in TB immune responses may facilitate the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies and improve TB prevention and treatment.

METHODS

We retrieved and processed raw single-cell RNA-seq data from SRP247583. Single-cell RNA-seq combined with bioinformatics analysis was employed to investigate the roles of monocytes in TB progression.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that classical monocytes expressing inflammatory mediators increased as the disease progressed, whereas non-classical monocytes expressing molecules associated with anti-pathogen infection were progressively depleted. Pseudotime analysis delineated the differentiation trajectory of monocytes from classical to intermediate to non-classical subsets. An abnormal differentiation trajectory to non-classical monocytes may represent a key mechanism underlying TB pathogenesis, with CEBPB and CORO1A identified as genes potentially related to TB development. Analysis of key transcription factors in non-classical monocytes indicated that IRF9 was the only downregulated transcription factor with high AUC activity in this subset. The expression of IRF9 exhibited a decreasing trend in both latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB groups. Furthermore, dysregulation of transcription factor regulatory networks appeared to impair ferroptosis, with ferroptosis-associated genes MEF2C, MICU1, and PRR5 identified as potential targets of IRF9. Through cell communication analysis, we found that interactions between non-classical monocytes and other subpopulations may mediate TB progression, with MIF and LGALS9 highlighted as potential signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study employs bioinformatics analysis in conjunction with single-cell sequencing technology to uncover the crucial role of monocyte subsets in tuberculosis infection.

Screening of Regulatory mRNAs and miRNAs that Suppress Staphylococcus aureus Proliferation via Macrophage Ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a unique form of regulated cell death that results from unrestricted lipid peroxidation, and it enhances the production of intracellular oxidative stress molecules. In this study, we investigated the effect of macrophage ferroptosis on the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and sought potential host-directed therapy (HDT) targets for S. aureus. The study findings revealed that erastin concentrations (< 20 μM), which do not have an impact on macrophage proliferation, can effectively impede the proliferation of S. aureus within macrophages. High-throughput sequencing was used to identify DEGs and DEMIs in infected macrophages. Subsequently, the mRNA-miRNA regulatory network was successfully constructed, and two sets of molecules were selected. Experimental findings confirmed that mmu-miR-6935-5p exhibited complementary binding to specific sequences within the GM867 mRNA, and mmu-miR-7082-3p specifically bound to the GPR176 mRNA. Inducing ferroptosis in macrophages can effectively impede the proliferation of drug-resistant S. aureus. Notably, our study has identified GM867, GPR176, mmu-miR-6935-5p, and mmu-miR-7082-3p as key regulators involved in this process. These findings highlight the potential of targeting these four molecules for HDT, offering novel ways to combat drug-resistant S. aureus infection.

STEAP3 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Regulating Fatty Acid and Lipid Droplet Synthesis

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease that impacts swine health worldwide. Lipid metabolism plays a vital role in energy production and is regulated by various genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection significantly reduced the protein expression of STEAP3. The overexpression of STEAP3 can notably inhibit PRRSV replication. Additionally, we utilized transcriptomics and metabolomics to examine the effects of STEAP3 on PRRSV replication, identifying important pathways associated with energy metabolism and lipogenesis. We subsequently found that STEAP3 can suppress PRRSV replication by regulating fatty acid synthesis and enhancing lipid droplet formation. Overall, these findings indicate that STEAP3 could be a potential target for developing strategies to manage PRRSV infection by modulating lipid metabolism.

Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signatures: Prognostic Role in HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Despite advances in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), prognostic models and treatment strategies remain inadequate, particularly for HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The rising incidence of HPV-positive OPSCC highlights an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Ferroptosis, a regulated form of non-apoptotic cell death, has gained attention for its role in cancer progression, but its potential as a prognostic and therapeutic target in HPV-positive OPSCC remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the role of ferroptosis in HPV-positive OPSCC, aiming to identify prognostic markers and provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies that could improve patient outcomes.

METHODS

Thirteen ferroptosis gene expression signatures were retrieved from the literature, and their performance and association to the immune microenvironment were validated on a meta-analysis of 267 HPV-positive cases (Metanalysis-HPV267) and 286 samples from the BD2Decide project (BD2-HPV286).

RESULTS

Our analysis revealed that specific ferroptosis-related gene expression signatures, particularly FER3, FER4, FER6, and FER12, are significantly associated (p-value < 0.05) with high-risk patient groups and adverse tumor microenvironment features, including suppressed immune activity and enhanced stromal involvement. Elevated expression of CAV1, a ferroptosis suppressor, further delineates high-risk profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the prognostic significance of ferroptosis in stratifying patients and identifying those with poorer clinical outcomes. Targeting ferroptosis pathways represents a novel and promising approach to addressing the unmet need for effective prognostic and therapeutic strategies in HPV-positive OPSCC. Future research should focus on translating these findings into clinical applications to advance precision oncology and improve outcomes for this growing patient population.

Downregulation of FcRn promotes ferroptosis in herpes simplex virus-1-induced lung injury

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infection is associated with lung injury; however, no specific treatment is currently available. In this study, we found a significant negative correlation between FcRn levels and the severity of HSV-1-induced lung injury. HSV-1 infection increases the methylation of the FcRn promoter, which suppresses FcRn expression by upregulating DNMT3b expression. Analysis of the FcRn promoter revealed that the -1296- to -919-bp region is the key regulatory region, with the CG site at -967/-966 bp being the critical methylation site. The transcription factor JUN binds to this CG site to increase FcRn transcription; however, its activity was significantly inhibited by DNMT3b overexpression. Moreover, 5-Aza-2 effectively reduced HSV-1-induced lung injury and inhibited ferroptosis. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that the ferroptosis pathway was highly activated in the lung tissues of FcRn-knockout mice via the p53/SLC7A11 pathway. Furthermore, in vivo and in vivo experiments showed that FcRn knockout aggravated lung epithelial cell inflammation by promoting ferroptosis; however, this effect was reversed by a ferroptosis inhibitor. Thus, HSV-1 infection suppressed FcRn expression through promoter methylation and promoted ferroptosis and lung injury. These findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism underlying viral lung injury and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for targeting FcRn.

Ginsenoside Rb1 targets to HO-1 to improve sepsis by inhibiting ferroptosis

Sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, with its pathogenesis and treatment not yet fully elucidated. Ferroptosis plays a critical role in sepsis, suggesting that ferroptosis-related genes may serve as potential therapeutic targets. This study aims to identify key ferroptosis-related genes in sepsis and explore targeted therapeutics. Through differential expression analysis of the GSE13940 and GSE26440 datasets, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was identified as a hub gene associated with ferroptosis. Additionally, single-cell analysis of the GSE175453 dataset revealed a significant upregulation of HO-1 expression in monocyte lineages during sepsis. The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method was employed to induce sepsis in a mouse model, lung and intestinal tissues exhibited typical ferroptosis characteristics, with a significant increase in HO-1 expression. However, treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZNPP) significantly ameliorated ferroptosis in CLP-induced lung and intestinal tissues, as well as in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells. Subsequently, molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 specifically targets HO-1, identifying K18A as the key binding residue. Finally, experiments conducted both in vitro and in vivo verified that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly reduces HO-1 expression, inhibits ferroptosis in sepsis-induced lung, and intestinal tissues and THP-1 cells, and improves sepsis-induced pulmonary and intestinal damage. In conclusion, this study identifies HO-1 as a key ferroptosis target in sepsis and suggests ginsenoside Rb1 as a potential novel HO-1 inhibitor for the therapeutic approach of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.

The role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ferroptosis

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been identified as a crucial mechanism in antiviral defense and innate immunity pathway. Ferroptosis, characterized by iron dependence and lipid peroxidation, represents a specialized form of cell death. A burgeoning collection of studies has demonstrated that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway participates in the homeostatic regulation of the organism by modulating ferroptosis-associated enzyme activity or gene expression. Consequently, elucidating the specific roles of the STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in vivo is vital for targeted disease intervention. This review systematically examines the interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis, highlighting their influence on disease progression in the contexts of inflammation, injury, and cancerous cell dynamics. Understanding these interactions may provide novel therapeutic strategies. The STING pathway has been implicated in the regulation of various cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Our focus primarily addresses the role and mechanism of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and ferroptosis in diseases, limiting discussion of other cell death modalities and precluding a comprehensive overview of the pathway's additional functions.

Ferroptosis and its impact on common diseases

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death characterized by iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and a decline in antioxidant capacity, all of which are regulated by gene expression. The onset of numerous diseases is closely associated with ferroptosis. Common diseases affect a large population, reduce the quality of life, and impose an increased burden on the healthcare system. The role of ferroptosis in common diseases, its therapeutic potential, and even its translation into clinical drug treatments are currently significant research topics worldwide. This study preliminarily explores the theoretical basis of ferroptosis, its mechanism and treatment prospect in common diseases including ischaemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel diseases, liver fibrosis, acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, immune and cancer. This review provides a theoretical foundation for the further study and development of ferroptosis, as well as for the prevention and treatment of common diseases.

Ferroptosis is involved in Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis through autophagy activation by endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cell death caused by severe Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is a fatal threat to humans and animals. However, whether ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, is involved in S. aureus-induced cell death and its role in S. aureus-induced diseases are unclear. Using a mouse mastitis model and mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), we investigated the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection. The results revealed that S. aureus-induced ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro as demonstrated by dose-dependent increases in cell death; the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), the final product of lipid peroxidation; and dose-dependent decrease the production of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Treatment with typical inhibitors of ferroptosis, including ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and deferiprone (DFO), significantly inhibited S. aureus-induced death in MMECs. Mechanistically, treatment with S. aureus activated the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic initiation factor 2, α subunit (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway, which subsequently upregulated autophagy and promoted S. aureus-induced ferroptosis. The activation of autophagy degraded ferritin, resulting in iron dysregulation and ferroptosis. In addition, we found that excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced ferroptosis and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, manifesting as elevated p-PERK-p-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway protein levels. Collectively, our findings indicate that ferroptosis is involved in S. aureus-induced mastitis via ER stress-mediated autophagy activation, implying a potential strategy for the prevention of S. aureus-associated diseases by targeting ferroptosis. In conclusion, the ROS-ER stress-autophagy axis is involved in regulating S. aureus-induced ferroptosis in MMECs. These findings not only provide a new potential mechanism for mastitis induced by S. aureus but also provide a basis for the treatment of other ferroptotic-related diseases.

Ferroptosis: a potential target for acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by a variety of intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary factors and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress is an important part of the pathological mechanism of ALI. Ferroptosis is a mode of programmed cell death distinguished from others and characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. This article reviews the metabolic regulation of ferroptosis, its role in the pathogenesis of ALI, and the use of ferroptosis as a therapeutic target regarding the pharmacological treatment of ALI.

Visual analysis on ferroptosis and its cross-talk to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Background

Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death. Although ferroptosis has been studied in various aspects, there has been no visual analysis of ferroptosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to date. It is still a global health concern of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, three years after its outbreak. Yet the emergence of the mutant strain Omicron has caused a fourth wave of infections in many countries. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still undergoing extensive exploration, which holds paramount importance in mitigating future epidemics.

Methods

For this study, CiteSpace 6.2 R4 software was used for bibliometric and visual atlas analysis of ferroptosis-related research, and the Genecards database was used to mine ferroptosis and COVID-19-related genes.

Results

We found increasing studies about ferroptosis. China and the United States have demonstrated robust scientific innovation over recent years, with extensive collaboration between their institutions and authors. Ferroptosis and COVID-19 were seen to have 13 shared genes, which may be new targets for the treatment of COVID-19 in the future. Most of the shared genes are enriched in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathways. The majority of those genes are up-regulated under the cellular response to oxidative stress. Genes including Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), RELA proto-oncogene (RELA), Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), Cytochrome b-245 beta chain (CYBB), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), maybe a breakthrough for ferroptosis and COVID-19. Whilst previous research has shown there to be a relationship between ferroptosis and COVID-19, the specific role of ferroptosis remained unclear. Our study aimed to analyze the research status of ferroptosis and its relationship with COVID-19, to provide a useful reference for further prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, uncovering the role of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for the development of new treatment strategies for COVID-19.

Mechanisms of ferroptosis and the relationship between ferroptosis and ER stress after JEV and HSV infection

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, which is different from apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy in morphology and biochemistry. Ferroptosis is characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane rupture in morphology, and the accumulation of intracellular iron, lipid peroxidation (LPO), decrease of GSH and inhibition of GPX4 in biochemistry. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) are both common neurotropic viruses that can cause neurological disorders, such as severe encephalitis. JEV and HSV have been demonstrated to be able to induce ferroptosis. This process is closely related to the inhibition of the GSH-GPX4 system, ACSL4 phosphorylation, and Nrf2 ubiquitination. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms by which JEV and HSV induced ferroptosis in the current study. In addition, we found a strong relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ferroptosis, and we therefore speculated that sustained ER stress might be a prerequisite for ferroptosis in JEV and HSV-induced diseases.

Host factor RBMX2 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis by downregulating APAF-1's Retention Intron after Mycobacterium bovis infection

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis (M. bovis) is a highly pathogenic environmental microorganism that causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a significant zoonotic disease. Currently, "test and culling" is the primary measure for controlling bTB, but it has been proven to be inadequate in animals due to their high susceptibility to the pathogen. Selective breeding for increased host resistance to bTB to reduce its prevalence is feasible. In this study, we found a vital host-dependent factor, RBMX2, that can potentially promote M. bovis infection. By knocking RBMX2 out, we investigated its function during M. bovis infection. Through transcriptome sequencing and alternative splicing transcriptome sequencing, we concluded that after M. bovis infection, embryo bovine lung (EBL) cells were significantly enriched in RNA splicing associated with apoptosis compared with wild-type EBL cells. Through protein/molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that RBMX2 promotes the apoptosis of epithelial cells by upregulating and binding to apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1), resulting in the alternative splicing of APAF-1 as a retention intron. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. bovis affecting host epithelial cell apoptosis by hijacking RBMX2 to promote the intron splicing of downstream APAF-1. These findings may represent a significant contribution to the development of novel TB prevention and control strategies.

Evaluation of Known Markers of Ferroptosis in Semen of Patients with Different Reproductive Pathologies and Fertile Men

This study aims to investigate the role of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, in male infertility. The motivation behind this research stems from the increasing recognition of oxidative stress and iron metabolism dysregulation as critical factors in male reproductive health. In this study, 28 infertile patients (grouped by the presence of urogenital infections or varicocele) and 19 fertile men were selected. Spermiograms were performed by light microscopy (WHO, 2021). Testosterone, ferritin, transferrin-bound iron, transferrin, and F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) were detected in seminal plasma. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and acyl coenzyme A synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) were also assessed in sperm cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). All the variables were correlated (statistically significant Spearman's rank correlations) in the whole population, and then the comparison between variables of the different groups of men were carried out. Seminal ferritin and transferrin positively correlated with seminal F2-IsoPs, which had positive correlations with ACSL4 detected in sperm cells. Ferritin and ACSL4 negatively correlated with the seminal parameters. No correlation was detected for GPX4. Comparing the variables in the three examined groups, elevated levels of ACSL4 were observed in infertile patients with urogenital infections and varicocele; GPX4 levels were similar in the three groups. These results suggested a mechanism of ferroptosis, identified by increased ACSL4 levels and the occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Such events appear to be GPX4-independent in reproductive pathologies such as varicocele and urogenital infections.

Microsporidian EnP1 alters host cell H2B monoubiquitination and prevents ferroptosis facilitating microsporidia survival

Microsporidia are intracellular eukaryotic pathogens that pose a substantial threat to immunocompromised hosts. The way these pathogens manipulate host cells during infection remains poorly understood. Using a proximity biotinylation strategy we established that microsporidian EnP1 is a nucleus-targeted effector that modifies the host cell environment. EnP1's translocation to the host nucleus is meditated by nuclear localization signals (NLSs). In the nucleus, EnP1 interacts with host histone H2B. This interaction disrupts H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub), subsequently impacting p53 expression. Crucially, this inhibition of p53 weakens its control over the downstream target gene SLC7A11, enhancing the host cell's resilience against ferroptosis during microsporidian infection. This favorable condition promotes the proliferation of microsporidia within the host cell. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which microsporidia modify their host cells to facilitate their survival.

Nanomedicines Targeting Ferroptosis to Treat Stress-Related Diseases

Ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lethal lipid peroxidation, is implicated in various stress-related diseases like neurodegeneration, vasculopathy, and metabolic disturbance. Stress-related diseases encompass widespread medical disorders that are influenced or exacerbated by stress. These stressors can manifest in various organ or tissue systems and have significant implications for human overall health. Understanding ferroptosis in these diseases offers insights for therapeutic strategies targeting relevant pathways. This review explores ferroptosis mechanisms, its role in pathophysiology, its connection to stress-related diseases, and the potential of ferroptosis-targeted nanomedicines in treating conditions. This monograph also delves into the engineering of ferroptosis-targeted nanomedicines for tackling stress-related diseases, including cancer, cardia-cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Anyhow, nanotherapy targeting ferroptosis holds promise by both promoting and suppressing ferroptosis for managing stress-related diseases.

IRF3 inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages to prevent viral pathogenesis

Viral inflammation contributes to pathogenesis and mortality during respiratory virus infections. IRF3, a critical component of innate antiviral immune responses, interacts with pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, and inhibits its activity. This mechanism helps suppress inflammatory gene expression in virus-infected cells and mice. We evaluated the cells responsible for IRF3-mediated suppression of viral inflammation using newly engineered conditional Irf3Δ/Δ mice. Irf3Δ/Δ mice, upon respiratory virus infection, showed increased susceptibility and mortality. Irf3 deficiency caused enhanced inflammatory gene expression, lung inflammation, immunopathology, and damage, accompanied by increased infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Deletion of Irf3 in macrophages (Irf3MKO) displayed, similar to Irf3Δ/Δ mice, increased inflammatory responses, macrophage infiltration, lung damage, and lethality, indicating that IRF3 in these cells suppressed lung inflammation. RNA-seq analyses revealed enhanced NF-κB-dependent gene expression along with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in infected Irf3MKO lungs. Targeted analyses revealed activated MAPK signaling in Irf3MKO lungs. Therefore, IRF3 inhibited inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages to prevent viral inflammation and pathogenesis.

The battle between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion by cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has successfully established a long-lasting latent infection in humans due to its ability to counteract the host antiviral innate immune response. During coevolution with the host, the virus has evolved various evasion techniques to evade the host's innate immune surveillance. At present, there is still no vaccine available for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection, and the interaction between CMV infection and host antiviral innate immunity is still not well understood. However, ongoing studies will offer new insights into how to treat and prevent CMV infection and its related diseases. Here, we update recent studies on how CMV evades antiviral innate immunity, with a focus on how CMV proteins target and disrupt critical adaptors of antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. This review also discusses some classic intrinsic cellular defences that are crucial to the fight against viral invasion. A comprehensive review of the evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by CMV will help investigators identify new therapeutic targets and develop vaccines against CMV infection.

Identification of ferroptosis-related key genes associated with immune infiltration in sepsis by bioinformatics analysis and in vivo validation

OBJECTIVES

Sepsis is a life-threatening infectious disease in which an immune inflammatory response is triggered. The potential effect of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in inflammation of sepsis remained unclear. We focused on identifying and validating core FRGs and their association with immune infiltration in blood from currently all patients with sepsis.

METHODS

All current raw data of septic blood were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. After removing the batch effect merging into a complete dataset and obtaining Diferentially expressed genes (DEGs). Common cross-talk genes were identified from DEGs and FRGs. WGCNA, GO, KEGG, PPI, GESA, ROC curves, and LASSO regression analysis were performed to indentify and validate key genes based on external septic datasets. Infiltrated immune cells in 2 hub genes (MAPK14 and ACSL4) were conducted using CIBERSORT algorithm and Spearman correlation analysis. Further, the expressions of 2 core FRGs were verified in the LPS-induced ALI and cardiac injury sepsis mice.

RESULTS

MAPK14 and ACSL4 were identified, mostly enriched in T cell infiltration through NOD-like receptor signaling pathway according to the high or low 2 hub genes expression. The upregulated 2 ferroptosis-related genes were validated in LPS-induced ALI and cardiac injury mice, accompanied by upregulation of the NLRP3 pathway.

CONCLUSION

MAPK14 and ACSL4 could become robustly reliable and promising biomarkers for sepsis by regulating ferroptosis through the NLRP3 pathway, which is mainly associated with T-cell infiltration.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces a novel type of cell death: Ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a lipid peroxidation-driven and iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, which is involved in a variety of physical processes and multiple diseases. Numerous reports have demonstrated that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection and is characterized by the accumulation of excess lipid peroxides on the cell membrane. In this study, the various functions of ferroptosis, and the therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers of tuberculosis, were summarized. Notably, this review provides insights into the molecular mechanisms and functions of M. tuberculosis-induced ferroptosis, suggesting potential future therapeutic and diagnostic markers for tuberculosis.

Histone lactylation-regulated METTL3 promotes ferroptosis via m6A-modification on ACSL4 in sepsis-associated lung injury

Elevated lactate levels are a significant biomarker of sepsis and are positively associated with sepsis-related mortality. Sepsis-associated lung injury (ALI) is a leading cause of poor prognosis in clinical patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of lactate's involvement in sepsis-associated ALI remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that lactate regulates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification levels by facilitating p300-mediated H3K18la binding to the METTL3 promoter site. The METTL3-mediated m6A modification is enriched in ACSL4, and its mRNA stability is regulated through a YTHDC1-dependent pathway. Furthermore, short-term lactate stimulation upregulates ACSL4, which promotes mitochondria-associated ferroptosis. Inhibition of METTL3 through knockdown or targeted inhibition effectively suppresses septic hyper-lactate-induced ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells and mitigates lung injury in septic mice. Our findings suggest that lactate induces ferroptosis via the GPR81/H3K18la/METTL3/ACSL4 axis in alveolar epithelial cells during sepsis-associated ALI. These results reveal a histone lactylation-driven mechanism inducing ferroptosis through METTL3-mediated m6A modification. Targeting METTL3 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with sepsis-associated ALI.

Transcriptome Analysis of Human Dermal Cells Infected with Candida auris Identified Unique Pathogenesis/Defensive Mechanisms Particularly Ferroptosis

Candida auris is an emerging multi-drug resistant yeast that can cause life-threatening infections. A recent report clarified the ability of C. auris to form a biofilm with enhanced drug resistance properties in the host skin's deep layers. The formed biofilm may initiate further bloodstream spread and immune escape. Therefore, we propose that secreted chemicals from the biofilm may facilitate fungal pathogenesis. In response to this interaction, the host skin may develop potential defensive mechanisms. Comparative transcriptomics was performed on the host dermal cells in response to indirect interaction with C. auris biofilm through Transwell inserts compared to planktonic cells. Furthermore, the effect of antifungals including caspofungin and fluconazole was studied. The obtained data showed that the dermal cells exhibited different transcriptional responses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome analyses identified potential defensive responses employed by the dermal cells and potential toxicity induced by C. auris. Additionally, our data indicated that the dominating toxic effect was mediated by ferroptosis; which was validated by qRT-PCR, cytotoxicity assay, and flow cytometry. On the other hand, the viability of C. auris biofilm was enhanced and accompanied by upregulation of MDR1, and KRE6 upon interaction with dermal cells; both genes play significant roles in drug resistance and biofilm maturation, respectively. This study for the first-time shed light on the dominating defensive responses of human dermal cells, microbe colonization site, to C. auris biofilm and its toxic effects. Further, it demonstrates how C. auris biofilm responds to the defensive mechanisms developed by the human dermal cells.

Magnolol against enterovirus 71 by targeting Nrf2-SLC7A11-GSH pathway

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a prominent pathogen associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), has been reported worldwide. To date, the advancement of effective drugs targeting EV71 remains in the preliminary experimental stage. In this study, magnolol demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of EV71 replication in vitro. It upregulated the overall expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2) and facilitated its nucleus translocation, resulting in the increased expression of various ferroptosis inhibitory genes. This process led to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by viral infection. Additionally, magnolol exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against enteroviruses. Notably, treatment with magnolol substantially enhanced the survival rate of EV71-infected mice, attenuated viral load in heart, liver, brain, and limb tissues, and mitigated tissue inflammation. Taken together, magnolol emerges as a promising candidate for the development of anti-EV71 drugs.

New Insight into Neuropathic Pain: The Relationship between α7nAChR, Ferroptosis, and Neuroinflammation

Neuropathic pain, which refers to pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, represents a wide variety of peripheral or central disorders. Treating neuropathic pain is quite demanding, primarily because of its intricate underlying etiological mechanisms. The central nervous system relies on microglia to maintain balance, as they are associated with serving primary immune responses in the brain next to cell communication. Ferroptosis, driven by phospholipid peroxidation and regulated by iron, is a vital mechanism of cell death regulation. Neuroinflammation can be triggered by ferroptosis in microglia, which contributes to the release of inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, neuroinflammation can induce iron accumulation in microglia, resulting in microglial ferroptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, characterized by glial cell activation and the release of inflammatory substances, significantly exacerbates the development of neuropathic pain. By inhibiting microglial ferroptosis, it may be possible to prevent neuroinflammation and subsequently alleviate neuropathic pain. The activation of the homopentameric α7 subtype of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has the potential to suppress microglial activation, transitioning M1 microglia to an M2 phenotype, facilitating the release of anti-inflammatory factors, and ultimately reducing neuropathic pain. Recent years have witnessed a growing recognition of the regulatory role of α7nAChR in ferroptosis, which could be a potential target for treating neuropathic pain. This review summarizes the mechanisms related to α7nAChR and the progress of ferroptosis in neuropathic pain according to recent research. Such an exploration will help to elucidate the relationship between α7nAChR, ferroptosis, and neuroinflammation and provide new insights into neuropathic pain management.

Ferroptosis induction in host rice by endophyte OsiSh-2 is necessary for mutualism and disease resistance in symbiosis

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death that was discovered recently. For beneficial microbes to establish mutualistic relationships with hosts, precisely controlled cell death in plant cells is necessary. However, whether ferroptosis is involved in the endophyte‒plant system is poorly understood. Here, we reported that endophytic Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2, which established a sophisticated and beneficial interaction with host rice plants, caused ferroptotic cell death in rice characterized by ferroptosis- and immune-related markers. Treatments with ferroptosis inhibitors and inducers, different doses of OsiSh-2, and the siderophore synthesis-deficient mutant ΔcchH revealed that only moderate ferroptosis induced by endophytes is essential for the establishment of an optimal symbiont to enhance plant growth. Additionally, ferroptosis involved in a defence-primed state in rice, which contributed to improved resistance against rice blast disease. Overall, our study provides new insights into the mechanisms of endophyte‒plant interactions mediated by ferroptosis and suggests new directions for crop yield promotion.

FAdV-4-induced ferroptosis affects fat metabolism in LMH cells

Ferroptosis is a form of controlled cell death that was first described relatively recently and that is dependent on the formation and accumulation of lipid free radicals through an iron-mediated mechanism. A growing body of evidence supports the close relationship between pathogenic infections and ferroptotic cell death, particularly for viral infections. Ferroptosis is also closely tied to the pathogenic development of hepatic steatosis and other forms of liver disease. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is a hepatotropic aviadenovirus causing hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) that is capable of impacting fat metabolism. However, it remains uncertain as to what role, if any, ferroptotic death plays in the context of FAdV-4 infection. Here, FAdV-4 was found to promote ferroptosis via the p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 axis, while ferrostain-1 was capable of inhibiting this FAdV-4-mediated ferroptotic death through marked reductions in lipid peroxidation. The incidence of FAdV-4-induced fatty liver was also found to be associated with the activation of ferroptotic activity. Together, these results offer novel insights regarding potential approaches to treating HPS.

Identification and functional analysis of the hub Ferroptosis-Related gene EZH2 in diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microvascular complication and one of the main causes of death in diabetes. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent mode of cell death characterized by lipid ROS accumulation, was found to be associated with a number of diseases and has great potential for kidney diseases. It has great value to identify potential ferroptosis-related genes and their biological mechanisms in DKD.

METHODS

We obtained the GSE30122 dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and ferroptosis-related genes from the Ferrdb database. After differential expression analysis, and three machine learning algorithms, the hub ferroptosis-related gene EZH2 was identified. In order to investigate the function of EZH2, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and single cell analysis were conducted. The expression of EZH2 was validated in DKD patients, HK-2 cell models and DKD mouse models. EZH2 knockdown HK-2 cells and HK-2 cells treated with GSK126 were performed to verify whether EZH2 affected ferroptosis in DKD. CHIP assay was used to detect whether EZH2 regulated ferroptosis by suppressing SLC7A11. Molecular docking was performed to explore EZH2 and four traditional Chinese medicine (Sennoside A, Berberine, Umbelliferone, Platycodin D) related to ferroptosis in DKD treatment.

RESULTS

According to the GSE30122 dataset in GEO and ferroptosis-related genes from the Ferrb database, we obtained the hub ferroptosis-related gene EZH2 in DKD via diversified machine learning methods. The increasing of EZH2 expression was shown in single cell analysis, DKD patients, DKD mouse models and high glucose induced DKD cell models. Further study showed that EZH2 knockdown and inhibition can alleviate HG-induced ferroptosis in vitro. CHIP assay showed EZH2-mediated epigenetic silencing regulated the expression of SLC7A11. Molecular docking results showed that EZH2 had strong binding stability with Sennoside A, Berberine, Umbelliferone, and Platycodin D.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our data shouwed that histone H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 could regulate the renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis by suppressing SLC7A11 in DKD, which may serve as a credible reliable indicator for diagnosing DKD and a potential target for treatment.

Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells after PDCoV infection

Introduction

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with worldwide distribution, mainly infects newborn piglets with severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and even death, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of PDCoV infection and the effects of PDCoV infection on host transcripts and metabolites remain incompletely understood.

Methods

This study investigated a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) following PDCoV infection by LC/MS and RNA-seq techniques. A total of 1,401 differentially expressed genes and 254 differentially accumulated metabolites were detected in the comparison group of PDCoV-infected vs. mock-infected.

Results and discussion

We found that PDCoV infection regulates gene sets associated with multiple signaling pathways, including the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, ras signaling pathway and so on. Besides, the metabolomic results showed that biosynthesis of cofactors, nucleotide metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, and biosynthesis of amino acid were involved in PDCoV infection. Moreover, integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed the involvement of ferroptosis in PDCoV infection, and exogenous addition of the ferroptosis activator erastin significantly inhibited PDCoV replication. Overall, these unique transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming features may provide a better understanding of PDCoV-infected IPEC-J2 cells and potential targets for antiviral treatment.