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Fuenzalida G, Yarimizu K, Norambuena L, Fujiyoshi S, Perera IU, Rilling JI, Campos M, Ruiz-Gil T, Vilugrón J, Sandoval-Sanhueza A, Ortiz M, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Acuña JJ, Jorquera MA, Maruyama F. Environmental evaluation of the Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile based on lipophilic shellfish toxins as related to harmful algal blooms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172374. [PMID: 38615760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The Reloncaví estuary in southern Chile is famous for its aquaculture. However, recurring harmful algal blooms have adversely affected mussel production. Therefore, regular monitoring of algal toxins is urgently needed to better understand the contamination status of the estuary. In this study, we quantified 15 types of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay in the Reloncaví estuary on a biweekly basis for 4 years. We identified algal species using microscopy and metabarcoding analysis. We also measured water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen to determine the potential relationships of these parameters with algal toxin production. Our results revealed the presence of a trace amount of pectenotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Dinophysis, as well as yessotoxin and the causal phytoplankton Protoceratium. Statistical analysis indicated that fluctuations in water temperature affected the detection of these toxins. Additionally, metabarcoding analysis detected the highly toxic phytoplankton Alexandrium spp. in some samples. Although our results suggest that the level of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Metri Bay during the study period was insignificantly low using our current LC-MS method, the confirmed presence of highly toxic algae in Metri Bay raises concerns, given that favorable environmental conditions could cause blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Buena Vecindad #91, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Ishara Uhanie Perera
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
| | - Joaquin-Ignacio Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Marco Campos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 056, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Tay Ruiz-Gil
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Jonnathan Vilugrón
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Alondra Sandoval-Sanhueza
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
| | - Jacqueline J Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
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Norambuena-Subiabre L, Carbonell P, Salgado P, Zamora C, Espinoza-González O. Sources and profiles of toxins in shellfish from the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒ 43° S). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 133:102608. [PMID: 38485442 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The study of marine toxins in shellfish is of the utmost importance to ensure people's food safety. Marine toxins in shellfish and microalgae in the water column off the south-central coast of Chile (36°‒43° S) were studied in a network of 64 stations over a 14-month period. The relative abundance of harmful species Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, Protoceratium reticulatum, Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Pseudo-nitzschia seriata group and P. delicatissima group was analyzed. The detection and quantification of lipophilic toxins and domoic acid (DA) in shellfish was determined by UHPLC-MS/MS, and for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) by HPLC-FD with post-column oxidation, while for a culture of A. ostenfeldii a Hylic-UHPLC-MS/MS was used. Results showed that DA, gonyautoxin (GTX)-2, GTX-3 and pectenotoxin (PTX)-2 were detected below the permitted limits, while Gymnodimine (GYM)-A and 13-desmethylespirolide C (SPX-1) were below the limit of quantitation. According to the distribution and abundance record of microalgae, DA would be associated to P. seriata and P. delicatissima-groups, PTX-2 to D. acuminata, and GTX-2, GTX-3, GYM-A, and SPX-1 to A. ostenfeldii. However, the toxin analysis of an A. ostenfeldii culture from the Biobío region only showed the presence of the paralytic toxins C2, GTX-2, GTX-3, GTX-5 and saxitoxin, therefore, the source of production of GYM and SPX is still undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Norambuena-Subiabre
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Pamela Carbonell
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Claudia Zamora
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
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3
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Lewis NI, Yu R, Rafuse C, Quilliam MA. Seasonal occurrence of toxic phytoplankton and phycotoxins at a mussel aquaculture site in Nova Scotia, Canada. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102528. [PMID: 37951613 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A three-year field study at a mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture site in Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada was carried out between 2004 and 2006 to detect toxic phytoplankton species and dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins and domoic acid. A combination of plankton monitoring and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) techniques were used. Net tow and pipe phytoplankton samples were taken weekly to determine the abundance of potentially toxic species and SPATT samplers were deployed weekly for phycotoxin analysis. Mussels were also collected for toxin analysis in 2005. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyse the samples for spirolides (SPXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), okadaic acid group toxins (OA, DTXs) and domoic acid (DA). Phycotoxins were detected with SPATT samplers beginning from the time of deployment until after the producing organisms were no longer observed in pipe samples. Seasonal changes in toxin composition occurred over the sampling period and were related to changes in cell concentrations of Alexandrium Halim, Dinophysis Ehrenberg and Pseudo-nitzschia (Hasle) Hasle. Spirolides peaked in late spring and early summer, followed by DA in mid-July. Okadaic acid, DTX1 and PTXs occurred throughout the field season but peaked in late summer. Concentrations of some phycotoxins detected in SPATT samplers deployed within the area where mussels were suspended on lines were lower than in those deployed outside the mussel farm. The SPATT samplers provided a useful tool to detect the presence of phycotoxins and to establish trends in their appearance in the Ship Harbour estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Rencheng Yu
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Ayache N, Bill BD, Brosnahan ML, Campbell L, Deeds JR, Fiorendino JM, Gobler CJ, Handy SM, Harrington N, Kulis DM, McCarron P, Miles CO, Moore SK, Nagai S, Trainer VL, Wolny JL, Young CS, Smith JL. A survey of Dinophysis spp. and their potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in coastal waters of the United States. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:658-680. [PMID: 36964950 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of the genus Dinophysis produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxins, OA/DTXs analogs) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only since 2008 have DSP events (illnesses and/or shellfish harvesting closures) become recognized as a threat to human health in the United States. This study characterized 20 strains representing five species of Dinophysis spp. isolated from three US coastal regions that have experienced DSP events: the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest. Using a combination of morphometric and DNA-based evidence, seven Northeast/Mid-Atlantic isolates and four Pacific Northwest isolates were classified as D. acuminata, a total of four isolates from two coasts were classified as D. norvegica, two isolates from the Pacific Northwest coast were identified as D. fortii, and three isolates from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as D. ovum and D. caudata. Toxin profiles of D. acuminata and D. norvegica varied by their geographical origin within the United States. Cross-regional comparison of toxin profiles was not possible with the other three species; however, within each region, distinct species-conserved profiles for isolates of D. fortii, D. ovum, and D. caudata were observed. Historical and recent data from various State and Tribal monitoring programs were compiled and compared, including maximum recorded cell abundances of Dinophysis spp., maximum concentrations of OA/DTXs recorded in commercial shellfish species, and durations of harvesting closures, to provide perspective regarding potential for DSP impacts to regional public health and shellfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - James M Fiorendino
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Neil Harrington
- Department of Natural Resources, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Sequim, Washington, 98382, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wolny
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Craig S Young
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
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Aron J, Albert PS, Gribble MO. Modeling Dinophysis in Western Andalucía using an autoregressive hidden Markov model. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS 2022; 29:557-585. [PMID: 36540783 PMCID: PMC9762684 DOI: 10.1007/s10651-022-00534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis spp. can produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) including okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, and some strains can also produce non-diarrheic pectenotoxins. Although DSTs are of human health concern and have motivated environmental monitoring programs in many locations, these monitoring programs often have temporal data gaps (e.g., days without measurements). This paper presents a model for the historical time-series, on a daily basis, of DST-producing toxigenic Dinophysis in 8 monitored locations in western Andalucía over 2015-2020, incorporating measurements of algae counts and DST levels. We fitted a bivariate hidden Markov Model (HMM) incorporating an autoregressive correlation among the observed DST measurements to account for environmental persistence of DST. We then reconstruct the maximum-likelihood profile of algae presence in the water column at daily intervals using the Viterbi algorithm. Using historical monitoring data from Andalucía, the model estimated that potentially toxigenic Dinophysis algae is present at greater than or equal to 250 cells/L between < 1% and >10% of the year depending on the site and year. The historical time-series reconstruction enabled by this method may facilitate future investigations into temporal dynamics of toxigenic Dinophysis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Aron
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer and Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul S. Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer and Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Pease SKD, Brosnahan ML, Sanderson MP, Smith JL. Effects of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae), on Activity and Mortality of Larval Shellfish. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050335. [PMID: 35622582 PMCID: PMC9143080 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, respectively. While PSP and DSP have been studied extensively, less is known about the effects of these HAB species or their associated toxins on shellfish. This study investigated A. catenella and D. acuminata toxicity in a larval oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bioassay. Larval activity and mortality were examined through 96-h laboratory exposures to live HAB cells (10−1000 cells/mL), cell lysates (1000 cells/mL equivalents), and purified toxins (10,000 cells/mL equivalents). Exposure to 1000 cells/mL live or lysed D. acuminata caused larval mortality (21.9 ± 7.0%, 10.2 ± 4.0%, respectively) while exposure to any tested cell concentration of live A. catenella, but not lysate, caused swimming arrest and/or mortality in >50% of larvae. Exposure to high concentrations of saxitoxin (STX) or okadaic acid (OA), toxins traditionally associated with PSP and DSP, respectively, had no effect on larval activity or mortality. In contrast, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) caused rapid larval mortality (49.6 ± 5.8% by 48 h) and completely immobilized larval oysters. The results indicate that the toxic effects of A. catenella and D. acuminata on shellfish are not linked to the primary toxins associated with PSP and DSP in humans, and that PTX2 is acutely toxic to larval oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. D. Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Redfield 3-30, MS 32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
| | - Marta P. Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lipophilic Toxins in Chile: History, Producers and Impacts. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020122. [PMID: 35200651 PMCID: PMC8874607 DOI: 10.3390/md20020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of microalgal species produce lipophilic toxins (LT) that are accumulated by filter-feeding bivalves. Their negative impacts on human health and shellfish exploitation are determined by toxic potential of the local strains and toxin biotransformations by exploited bivalve species. Chile has become, in a decade, the world’s major exporter of mussels (Mytilus chilensis) and scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) and has implemented toxin testing according to importing countries’ demands. Species of the Dinophysis acuminata complex and Protoceratium reticulatum are the most widespread and abundant LT producers in Chile. Dominant D. acuminata strains, notwithstanding, unlike most strains in Europe rich in okadaic acid (OA), produce only pectenotoxins, with no impact on human health. Dinophysis acuta, suspected to be the main cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning outbreaks, is found in the two southernmost regions of Chile, and has apparently shifted poleward. Mouse bioassay (MBA) is the official method to control shellfish safety for the national market. Positive results from mouse tests to mixtures of toxins and other compounds only toxic by intraperitoneal injection, including already deregulated toxins (PTXs), force unnecessary harvesting bans, and hinder progress in the identification of emerging toxins. Here, 50 years of LST events in Chile, and current knowledge of their sources, accumulation and effects, are reviewed. Improvements of monitoring practices are suggested, and strategies to face new challenges and answer the main questions are proposed.
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Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Danthu C, Hervé F, Sibat M, Carpentier L, Hégaret H, Séchet V, Hess P. Effect of a short-term salinity stress on the growth, biovolume, toxins, osmolytes and metabolite profiles on three strains of the Dinophysis acuminata-complex (Dinophysis cf. sacculus). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102009. [PMID: 34456027 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is the main dinoflagellate genus responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with lipophilic diarrheic toxins. Species of this genus have a worldwide distribution driven by environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, salinity, nutrients etc.), and these factors are sensitive to climate change. The D. acuminata-complex may contain several species, including D. sacculus. The latter has been found in estuaries and semi-enclosed areas, water bodies subjected to quick salinity variations and its natural repartition suggests some tolerance to salinity changes. However, the response of strains of D. acuminata-complex (D. cf. sacculus) subjected to salinity stress and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied in the laboratory. Here, a 24 h hypoosmotic (25) and hyperosmotic (42) stress was performed in vitro in a metabolomic study carried out with three cultivated strains of D. cf. sacculus isolated from the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Growth rate, biovolume and osmolyte (proline, glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)) and toxin contents were measured. Osmolyte contents were higher at the highest salinity, but only a significant increase in glycine betaine was observed between the control (35) and the hyperosmotic treatment. Metabolomics revealed significant and strain-dependent differences in metabolite profiles for different salinities. These results, as well as the absence of effects on growth rate, biovolume, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTXs) cellular contents, suggest that the D. cf. sacculus strains studied are highly tolerant to salinity variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Charline Danthu
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Liliane Carpentier
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Séchet V, Sibat M, Billien G, Carpentier L, Rovillon GA, Raimbault V, Malo F, Gaillard S, Perrière-Rumebe M, Hess P, Chomérat N. Characterization of toxin-producing strains of Dinophysis spp. (Dinophyceae) isolated from French coastal waters, with a particular focus on the D. acuminata-complex. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:101974. [PMID: 34456013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most prominent producers of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins which have an impact on public health and on marine aquaculture worldwide. In particular, Dinophysis acuminata has been reported as the major DSP agent in Western Europe. Still, its contribution to DSP events in the regions of the English Channel and the Atlantic coast of France, and the role of the others species of the Dinophysis community in these areas are not as clear. In addition, species identification within the D. acuminata complex has proven difficult due to their highly similar morphological features. In the present study, 30 clonal strains of the dominant Dinophysis species have been isolated from French coasts including the English Channel (3 sites), the Atlantic Ocean (11 sites) and the Mediterranean Sea (6 sites). Morphologically, strains were identified as three species: D. acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos, as well as the D. acuminata-complex. Sequences of the ITS and LSU rDNA regions confirmed these identifications and revealed no genetic difference within the D. acuminata-complex. Using the mitochondrial gene cox1, two groups of strains differing by only one substitution were found in the D. acuminata-complex, but SEM analysis of various strains showed a large range of morphological variations. Based on geographical origin and morphology, strains of the subclade A were ascribed to 'D. acuminata' while those of the subclade B were ascribed to 'D. sacculus'. Nevertheless, the distinction into two separate species remains questionable and was not supported by our genetic data. The considerable variations observed in cultured strains suggest that physiological factors might influence cell contour and bias identification. Analyses of Dinophysis cultures from French coastal waters using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed species-conserved toxin profiles for D. acuta (dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)), D. caudata (PTX2) and D. tripos (PTX2), irrespective of geographical origin (Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean Sea). Within the D. acuminata-complex, two different toxin profiles were observed: the strains of 'D. acuminata' (subclade A) from the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean contained only OA while strains of 'D. sacculus' (subclade B) from Mediterranean Sea/Atlantic Ocean contained PTX2 as the dominant toxin, with OA and C9-esters also being present, albeit in lower proportions. The same difference in toxin profiles between 'D. sacculus' and 'D. acuminata' was reported in several studies from Galicia (NW- Spain). This difference in toxin profiles has consequences in terms of public health, and consequently for monitoring programs. While toxin profile could appear as a reliable feature separating 'D. acuminata' from 'D. sacculus' on both French and Spanish coasts, this does not seem consistent with observations on a broader geographical scale for the D. acuminata complex, possibly due to the frequent lack of genetic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gwenael Billien
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | | | | | | | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
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10
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Mudadu AG, Bazzoni AM, Melillo R, Satta CT, Cau S, Congiu V, Soro B, Bazzardi R, Lorenzoni G, Piras G, Bardino N, Vodret B, Virgilio S. New evidence of pectenotoxins in farmed bivalve molluscs from Sardinia (Italy). Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9281. [PMID: 34268143 PMCID: PMC8256309 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several planktonic dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic phycotoxins that represent a significant threat to public health as well as to shellfish and fish farming. Poisoning related to some of these toxins is categorised as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. We analysed 975 shellfish samples from Tortoli in the central-eastern region of Sardinia (Italy) from January 2016 to March 2020, to investigate the prevalence of different lipophilic marine biotoxins in mollusc bivalves. The results highlighted the predominant presence of toxins belonging to the okadaic acid group in all samples with toxin concentrations exceeding legal limits, and revealed the new occurrence of pectenotoxins in oysters and clams with a winter seasonality in recent years. The origin of shellfish toxicity was associated with the same Dinophysis species, mainly D. acuminata. Based on both these results and other precedents, monitoring and recording systems are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Melillo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Cecilia T Satta
- University of Sassari.,Regional Agency for Agricultural Research, Olmedo (SS)
| | - Simona Cau
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Virgilio Congiu
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Security Service of the Region of Sardinia, Lanusei (NU), Italy
| | - Barbara Soro
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Bardino
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Bruna Vodret
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
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11
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Díaz PA, Peréz-Santos I, Álvarez G, Garreaud R, Pinilla E, Díaz M, Sandoval A, Araya M, Álvarez F, Rengel J, Montero P, Pizarro G, López L, Iriarte L, Igor G, Reguera B. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145621. [PMID: 33582350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX). It blooms in thermally-stratified shelf waters in late summer in temperate to cold temperate latitudes. Despite its major contribution to shellfish harvesting bans, little effort has been devoted to study its population dynamics in Chilean Patagonia. In 2017-2018, mesoscale distribution of harmful algal species (75 monitoring stations) revealed the initiation (late spring) and seasonal growth of a dense D. acuta population in the Aysén region, with maximal values at Puyuhuapi Fjord (PF). Vertical phytoplankton distribution and fine-resolution measurements of physical parameters along a 25-km transect in February 16th identified a 15-km (horizontal extension) subsurface thin layer of D. acuta from 4 to 8 m depth. This layer, disrupted at the confluence of PF with the Magdalena Sound, peaked at the top of the pycnocline (6 m, 15.9 °C, 23.4 psu) where static stability was maximal. By February 22nd, it deepened (8 m, 15.5 °C; 23.62 psu) following the excursions of the pycnocline and reached the highest density ever recorded (664 × 103 cells L-1) for this species. Dinophysis acuta was the dominant Dinophysis species in all microplankton net-tows/bottle samples; they all contained DSP toxins (OA, DTX-1) and PTX-2. Modeled flushing rates showed that Puyuhuapi, the only fjord in the area with 2 connections with the open sea, had the highest water residence time. Long term climate variability in the Southern hemisphere showed the effects of a Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in positive mode (+1.1 hPa) overwhelming a moderate La Niña. These effects included positive spring precipitation anomalies with enhanced salinity gradients and summer drought with positive anomalies in air (+1 °C) and sea surface (+2 °C) temperature. Locally, persistent thermal stratification in PF seemed to provide an optimal physical habitat for initiation and bloom development of D. acuta. Thus, in summer 2018, a favourable combination of meteorological and hydrographic processes of multiple scales created conditions that promoted the development of a widespread bloom of D. acuta with its epicentre at the head of Puyuhuapi fjord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Peréz-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research, CR2, Santiago 8370449, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Elías Pinilla
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Putemun, Castro, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Instituto de Acuicultura & Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alondra Sandoval
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Rengel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Montero
- Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Loreto López
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Luis Iriarte
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Sargento Aldea 431, Puerto Aysén, Chile
| | - Gabriela Igor
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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12
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Baldrich ÁM, Pérez-Santos I, Álvarez G, Reguera B, Fernández-Pena C, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Araya M, Álvarez F, Barrera F, Karasiewicz S, Díaz PA. Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102010. [PMID: 33980449 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata are associated with lipophilic toxins in Southern Chile. Blooms of the two species coincided during summer 2019 in a highly stratified fjord system (Puyuhuapi, Chilean Patagonia). High vertical resolution measurements of physical parameters were carried out during 48 h sampling to i) explore physiological status (e.g., division rates, toxin content) and ii) illustrate the fine scale distribution of D. acuta and D. acuminata populations with a focus on water column structure and co-occurring plastid-bearing ciliates. The species-specific resources and regulators defining the realized niches (sensu Hutchinson) of the two species were identified. Differences in vertical distribution, daily vertical migration and in situ division rates (with record values, 0.76 d-1, in D. acuta), in response to the environmental conditions and potential prey availability, revealed their niche differences. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis showed that the realized niche of D. acuta (cell maximum 7 × 103 cells L-1 within the pycnocline) was characterized by sub-surface estuarine waters (salinity 23 - 25), lower values of turbulence and PAR, and a narrow niche breath. In contrast, the realized niche of D. acuminata (cell maximum 6.8 × 103 cells L-1 just above the pycnocline) was characterized by fresher (salinity 17 - 20) outflowing surface waters, with higher turbulence and light intensity and a wider niche breadth. Results from OMI and PERMANOVA analyses of co-occurring microplanktonic ciliates were compatible with the hypothesis of species such as those from genera Pseudotontonia and Strombidium constituting an alternative ciliate prey to Mesodinium. The D. acuta cell maximum was associated with DSP (OA and DTX-1) toxins and pectenotoxins; that of D. acuminata only with pectenotoxins. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the environmental drivers of species-specific blooms of Dinophysis and management of their distinct effects in Southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Francisco Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Facundo Barrera
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción & Departamento de Química Ambiental Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stéphane Karasiewicz
- Laboratory of Environment Resources, Boulogne- sur- Mer, French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
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13
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Onofrio MD, Egerton TA, Reece KS, Pease SKD, Sanderson MP, Iii WJ, Yeargan E, Roach A, DeMent C, Wood A, Reay WG, Place AR, Smith JL. Spatiotemporal distribution of phycotoxins and their co-occurrence within nearshore waters. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101993. [PMID: 33980433 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), varying in intensity and causative species, have historically occurred throughout the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.; however, phycotoxin data are sparse. The spatiotemporal distribution of phycotoxins was investigated using solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) across 12 shallow, nearshore sites within the lower Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's coastal bays over one year (2017-2018). Eight toxins, azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), and goniodomin A (GDA) were detected in SPATT extracts. Temporally, phycotoxins were always present in the region, with at least one phycotoxin group (i.e., consisting of OA and DTX1) detected at every time point. Co-occurrence of phycotoxins was also common; two or more toxin groups were observed in 76% of the samples analyzed. Toxin maximums: 0.03 ng AZA2/g resin/day, 0.25 ng DA/g resin/day, 15 ng DTX1/g resin/day, 61 ng OA/g resin/day, 72 ng PTX2/g resin/day, and 102,050 ng GDA/g resin/day were seasonal, with peaks occurring in summer and fall. Spatially, the southern tributary and coastal bay regions harbored the highest amount of total phycotoxins on SPATT over the year, and the former contained the greatest diversity of phycotoxins. The novel detection of AZAs in the region, before a causative species has been identified, supports the use of SPATT as an explorative tool in respect to emerging threats. The lack of karlotoxin in SPATT extracts, but detection of Karlodinium veneficum by microscopy, however, emphasizes that this tool should be considered complementary to, but not a replacement for, more traditional HAB management and monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Onofrio
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Sarah K D Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Marta P Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - William Jones Iii
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Evan Yeargan
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Amanda Roach
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - Caroline DeMent
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Adam Wood
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.
| | - William G Reay
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Allen R Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
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14
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Anderson DM, Fensin E, Gobler CJ, Hoeglund AE, Hubbard KA, Kulis DM, Landsberg JH, Lefebvre KA, Provoost P, Richlen ML, Smith JL, Solow AR, Trainer VL. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101975. [PMID: 33875183 PMCID: PMC8058451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats from lakes to oceans and produce a multiplicity of toxins or bioactive compounds that impact many different resources. Here, a review of the status of this complex array of marine HAB problems in the U.S. is presented, providing historical information and trends as well as future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) of data in HAEDAT - the IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event database, but also includes many other reports. At a qualitative level, the U.S. national HAB problem is far more extensive than was the case decades ago, with more toxic species and toxins to monitor, as well as a larger range of impacted resources and areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend is seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over the study interval, though there is clear evidence of the expansion of the problem into new regions and the emergence of a species that produces PSTs in Florida - Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events have significantly increased in the U.S., with an overall pattern of frequent outbreaks on the West Coast, emerging, recurring outbreaks on the East Coast, and sporadic incidents in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the long historical record of neurotoxic shellfish toxin (NST) events, no significant trend is observed over the past 30 years. The recent emergence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in the U.S. began along the Gulf Coast in 2008 and expanded to the West and East Coasts, though no significant trend through time is seen since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) events caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates have long impacted tropical and subtropical locations in the U.S., but due to a lack of monitoring programs as well as under-reporting of illnesses, data on these events are not available for time series analysis. Geographic expansion of Gambierdiscus into temperate and non-endemic areas (e.g., northern Gulf of Mexico) is apparent, and fostered by ocean warming. HAB-related marine wildlife morbidity and mortality events appear to be increasing, with statistically significant increasing trends observed in marine mammal poisonings caused by ASTs along the coast of California and NSTs in Florida. Since their first occurrence in 1985 in New York, brown tides resulting from high-density blooms of Aureococcus have spread south to Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, while those caused by Aureoumbra have spread from the Gulf Coast to the east coast of Florida. Blooms of Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred in four locations in the U.S. from 1921-2001 but have appeared in more than 15 U.S. estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50 U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a significant increasing trend in all HAB events in HAEDAT over the 30-year study interval. Part of this observed HAB expansion simply reflects a better realization of the true or historic scale of the problem, long obscured by inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include the dispersion of species to new areas, the discovery of new HAB poisoning syndromes or impacts, and the stimulatory effects of human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, and ocean warming, among others. One result of this multifaceted expansion is that many regions of the U.S. now face a daunting diversity of species and toxins, representing a significant and growing challenge to resource managers and public health officials in terms of toxins, regions, and time intervals to monitor, and necessitating new approaches to monitoring and management. Mobilization of funding and resources for research, monitoring and management of HABs requires accurate information on the scale and nature of the national problem. HAEDAT and other databases can be of great value in this regard but efforts are needed to expand and sustain the collection of data regionally and nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Fensin
- NC Division of Water Resources, 4401 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, NC, 27607, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, 11968, United States
| | - Alicia E Hoeglund
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - David M Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, United States
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, IOC Project Office for IODE, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Andrew R Solow
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, 98112, United States
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15
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Wu H, Chen J, Peng J, Zhong Y, Zheng G, Guo M, Tan Z, Zhai Y, Lu S. Nontarget Screening and Toxicity Evaluation of Diol Esters of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins Reveal Intraspecies Difference of Prorocentrum lima. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12366-12375. [PMID: 32902972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis with the assistance of molecular networking was used to investigate intracellular toxin profiles of five Prorocentrum lima (P. lima) strains sampled from the north Yellow Sea and South China Sea. Mice were used as a model species for testing the acute toxicity of intracellular okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) in free and esterified states. Results showed that OA and DTX1 esterified derivatives were detected in all P. lima samples, accounting for 55%-96% of total toxins in five strains. A total of 24 esters and 1 stereoisomer of DTX1 (35S DTX1) were identified based on molecular networking and MS data analysis, 15 esters of which have been reported first. All P. lima strains displayed specific toxin profiles, and preliminary analysis suggested that toxin profiles of the five P. lima strains might be region-related. Moreover, acute toxicity in mice suggested higher toxicity of esters compared with free toxins, which highlights the importance and urgency of attention to esterified toxins in P. lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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16
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Fiorendino JM, Smith JL, Campbell L. Growth response of Dinophysis, Mesodinium, and Teleaulax cultures to temperature, irradiance, and salinity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 98:101896. [PMID: 33129454 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic Dinophysis species threaten human health and coastal economies through the production of toxins which cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans. Novel blooms of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis ovum have occurred in North American waters in recent decades, resulting in the closure of shellfish harvesting. Understanding the ecology of Dinophysis species and their prey is essential to predicting and mitigating the impact of blooms of these dinoflagellates. The growth response of two new isolates of Dinophysis species, one isolate of Mesodinium rubrum, and two strains of Teleaulax amphioxeia were evaluated at a range of temperature, salinity, and irradiance treatments to identify possible environmental drivers of Dinophysis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico. Results showed optimal growth of T. amphioxeia and M. rubrum at 24 °C, salinity 30 - 34, and irradiances between 300 and 400 µmol quanta m - 2s - 1. Optimal Dinophysis growth was observed at salinity 22 and temperatures between 18 and 24 °C. Mesodinium and both Dinophysis responded differently to experimental treatments, which may be due to the suitability of prey and different handling of kleptochloroplasts. Dinophysis bloom onset may be initiated by warming surface waters between winter and spring in the Gulf of Mexico. Toxin profiles for these two North American isolates were distinct; Dinophysis acuminata produced okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and pectenotoxin-2 while D. ovum produced only okadaic acid. Toxin per cell for D. ovum was two orders of magnitude greater than D. acuminata. Phylogenies based on the cox1 and cob genes did not distinguish these two Dinophysis species within the D. acuminata complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fiorendino
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Díaz PA, Álvarez G, Seguel M, Marín A, Krock B. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111414. [PMID: 32753198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom -38.4 × 103 cells L-1 in integrated hose sampler (0-10 m) - of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Larrondo 1281, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Miriam Seguel
- Centro Regional de Análisis de Recursos y Medio Ambiente (CERAM), Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Andrés Marín
- Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Políticas Públicas (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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18
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Wolny JL, Egerton TA, Handy SM, Stutts WL, Smith JL, Whereat EB, Bachvaroff TR, Henrichs DW, Campbell L, Deeds JR. Characterization of Dinophysis spp. (Dinophyceae, Dinophysiales) from the mid-Atlantic region of the United States 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:404-424. [PMID: 31926032 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing prevalence of Dinophysis spp. and their toxins on every US coast in recent years, the need to identify and monitor for problematic Dinophysis populations has become apparent. Here, we present morphological analyses, using light and scanning electron microscopy, and rDNA sequence analysis, using a ~2-kb sequence of ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and LSU DNA, of Dinophysis collected in mid-Atlantic estuarine and coastal waters from Virginia to New Jersey to better characterize local populations. In addition, we analyzed for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in water and shellfish samples collected during blooms using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and an in vitro protein phosphatase inhibition assay and compared this data to a toxin profile generated from a mid-Atlantic Dinophysis culture. Three distinct morphospecies were documented in mid-Atlantic surface waters: D. acuminata, D. norvegica, and a "small Dinophysis sp." that was morphologically distinct based on multivariate analysis of morphometric data but was genetically consistent with D. acuminata. While mid-Atlantic D. acuminata could not be distinguished from the other species in the D. acuminata-complex (D. ovum from the Gulf of Mexico and D. sacculus from the western Mediterranean Sea) using the molecular markers chosen, it could be distinguished based on morphometrics. Okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin 1, and pectenotoxin 2 were found in filtered water and shellfish samples during Dinophysis blooms in the mid-Atlantic region, as well as in a locally isolated D. acuminata culture. However, DSP toxins exceeded regulatory guidance concentrations only a few times during the study period and only in noncommercial shellfish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wolny
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, Annapolis, Maryland, 21401, USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Whitney L Stutts
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Edward B Whereat
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Lewes, Delaware, 19958, USA
| | - Tsvetan R Bachvaroff
- Institute for Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Darren W Henrichs
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
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19
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Park JH, Kim M, Jeong HJ, Park MG. Revisiting the taxonomy of the "Dinophysis acuminata complex'' (Dinophyta)'. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101657. [PMID: 31582152 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are well known for producing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and/or pectenotoxins which have a significant impact on public health as well as on marine aquaculture. Out of more than 80 Dinophysis species recorded so far, D. cf. acuminata is the most commonly observed in coastal areas worldwide. Due to their highly similar morphological features, however, an accurate discrimination of the various D. cf. acuminata species such as D. acuminata, D. ovum, and D. sacculus under light microscopy has proven to be a difficult task to accomplish. Hence, these species have thus far been referred to as the "Dinophysis acuminata complex". Recent studies showed a discrimination between local strains of D. acuminata and D. ovum from Galician, northwestern Spain, using the mitochondrial cox1 gene as a genetic marker in addition to commonly used morphological features such as size and contour of the large hypothecal plates, shape of the small cells formed as part of their polymorphic life-cycle, development of the left sulcal list and ribs, and length of the right sulcal list. In the present study, attempts were made to discriminate between D. acuminata and D. ovum following single-cell isolation of 54 "D. acuminata complex" collected from Korean coastal waters, based on the abovementioned traits. Morphological data showed that all the traits analyzed overlapped between the two species. The mitochondrial cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene sequences of every isolate were also determined, but a genetic distinction between D. acuminata and D. ovum could not be confirmed, suggesting that the cox1 gene is not a suitable genetic marker for discrimination between the two species. The results of this study suggest that the morphological variations observed within the "D. acuminata complex" may have been caused by several factors (e.g. different geographical locations, seasonal changes, and different environmental conditions), and that D. acuminata and D. ovum may be the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ha Park
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Gil Park
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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20
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Liu Y, Yu RC, Kong FZ, Li C, Dai L, Chen ZF, Geng HX, Zhou MJ. Contamination status of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish samples from the Bohai Sea, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:171-180. [PMID: 30884396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish pose significant threats to the health of seafood consumers. To assess the contamination status of shellfish by lipophilic marine toxins in the Bohai Sea, nine species of shellfish periodically collected from five representative aquaculture zones throughout a year were analyzed with a method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Lipophilic marine toxins, including okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), homo-yessotoxin (homo-YTX), azaspiracids (AZA2 and AZA3), gymnodimine (GYM), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-DesMe-C), were detected in more than 95 percent of the shellfish samples. Toxins PTX2, YTX, 13-DesMe-C and GYM were predominant components detected in shellfish samples. Scallops, clams and mussels accumulated much higher level of lipophilic marine toxins compared to oysters. Toxin content in shellfish samples collected from different sampling locations showed site-specific seasonal variation patterns. High level of toxins was found during the stages from December to February and June to July in Hangu, while from March to April and August to September in Laishan. Some toxic algae, including Dinophysis acuminata, D. fortii, Prorocentrum lima, Gonyaulax spinifera and Lingulodinium polyedrum, were identified as potential origins of lipophilic marine toxins in the Bohai Sea. The results will offer a sound basis for monitoring marine toxins and protecting the health of seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Hui-Xia Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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21
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Alves-de-Souza C, Iriarte JL, Mardones JI. Interannual Variability of Dinophysis acuminata and Protoceratium reticulatum in a Chilean Fjord: Insights from the Realized Niche Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010019. [PMID: 30621266 PMCID: PMC6356771 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the interannual distribution of Dinophysis acuminata and Protoceratium reticulatum over a 10-year period in the Reloncaví Fjord, a highly stratified fjord in southern Chile. A realized subniche approach based on the Within Outlying Mean Index (WitOMI) was used to decompose the species’ realized niche into realized subniches (found within subsets of environmental conditions). The interannual distribution of both D. acuminata and P. reticulatum summer blooms was strongly influenced by climatological regional events, i.e., El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annual Mode (SAM). The two species showed distinct niche preferences, with blooms of D. acuminata occurring under La Niña conditions (cold years) and low river streamflow whereas P. reticulatum blooms were observed in years of El Niño conditions and positive SAM phase. The biological constraint exerted on the species was further estimated based on the difference between the existing fundamental subniche and the realized subniche. The observed patterns suggested that D. acuminata was subject to strong biological constraint during the studied period, probably as a result of low cell densities of its putative prey (the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium cf. rubrum) usually observed in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, NC 29409, USA.
| | - José Luis Iriarte
- Instituto de Acuicultura and Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes-IDEAL, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.
- COPAS-Sur Austral, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental (COPAS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile.
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt 5501679, Chile.
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22
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García-Portela M, Riobó P, Reguera B, Garrido JL, Blanco J, Rodríguez F. Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:899-917. [PMID: 30298602 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most persistent producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Western Europe. Their mixotrophic nutrition requires a food chain of cryptophytes and plastid-bearing ciliates for sustained growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cultures of D. acuminata and D. acuta, their ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia, were subject to three experimental settings to study their physiological response to different combinations of light intensity and quality. Growth rates, pigment analyses (HPLC), photosynthetic parameters (PAM-fluorometry), and cellular toxin content (LC-MS) were determined. Specific differences in photosynthetic parameters were observed in Dinophysis exposed to different photon fluxes (10-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ), light quality (white, blue and green), and shifts in light regime. Dinophysis acuta was more susceptible to photodamage under high light intensities (370-650 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) than D. acuminata but survived better with low light (10 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 ) and to a prolonged period (28 d) of darkness. Mesodinium rubrum and T. amphioxeia showed their maximal growth rate and yield under white and high light whereas Dinophysis seemed better adapted to grow under green and blue light. Toxin analyses in Dinophysis showed maximal toxin per cell under high light after prey depletion at the late exponential-plateau phase. Changes observed in photosynthetic light curves of D. acuminata cultures after shifting light conditions from low intensity-blue light to high intensity-white light seemed compatible with photoacclimation in this species. Results obtained here are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal distributions observed in field populations of D. acuminata and D. acuta in northwestern Iberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Portela
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Juan Blanco
- Marine Research Centre (CIMA), 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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23
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Alcántara-Rubira A, Bárcena-Martínez V, Reyes-Paulino M, Medina-Acaro K, Valiente-Terrones L, Rodríguez-Velásquez A, Estrada-Jiménez R, Flores-Salmón O. First Report of Okadaic Acid and Pectenotoxins in Individual Cells of Dinophysis and in Scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Perú. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120490. [PMID: 30477142 PMCID: PMC6315675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Perú (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Perú. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3–8.0 pg cell−1) and PTX2 (1.5–11.1 pg cell−1) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3–9.6 pg cell−1 and 5.8–9.2 pg cell−1). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3–34.8 µg kg−1), but OA (7.7–15.2 µg kg−1) only in the northern samples. Toxin levels were below the regulatory limits established for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and PTXs (160 µg OA kg−1) in Perú, in all samples analyzed. This is the first report confirming the presence of OA and PTX in Dinophysis cells and in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Alcántara-Rubira
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Víctor Bárcena-Martínez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Maribel Reyes-Paulino
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Katherine Medina-Acaro
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | | | | | - Rolando Estrada-Jiménez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Omar Flores-Salmón
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
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24
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Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Nagai S, Kamiyama T, Baba K, Miyazono A, Kosaka Y, Kaga S, Matsuyama Y, Suzuki T. Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E457. [PMID: 30404158 PMCID: PMC6266168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and quantification of okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues and pectenotoxins (PTXs) in Dinophysis samples collected from coastal locations around Japan were evaluated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The species identified and analyzed included Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. mitra (Phalacroma mitra), D. norvegica, D. infundibulus, D. tripos, D. caudata, D. rotundata (Phalacroma rotundatum), and D. rudgei. The dominant toxin found in D. acuminata was PTX2 although some samples contained DTX1 as a minor toxin. D. acuminata specimens isolated from the southwestern regions (Takada and Hiroshima) showed characteristic toxin profiles, with only OA detected in samples collected from Takada. In contrast, both OA and DTX1, in addition to a larger proportion of PTX2, were detected in D. acuminata from Hiroshima. D. fortii showed a toxin profile dominated by PTX2 although this species had higher levels of DTX1 than D. acuminata. OA was detected as a minor toxin in some D. fortii samples collected from Yakumo, Noheji, and Hakata. PTX2 was also the dominant toxin found among other Dinophysis species analyzed, such as D. norvegica, D. tripos, and D. caudata, although some pooled picked cells of these species contained trace levels of OA or DTX1. The results obtained in this study re-confirm that cellular toxin content and profiles are different even among strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5, Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Baba
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 238, Hamanakacho, Yoichi-cho, Yoichi-gun, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan.
| | - Akira Miyazono
- Kushiro Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 4-25, Nakahamacho, Kushiro-city, Hokkaido 085-0027, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kosaka
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Hiranai, Higashitsugarugun, Aomori 039-3381, Japan.
| | - Shinnosuke Kaga
- Iwate Fisheries Technology Center, 3-75-3 Hirata, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan.
| | - Yukihiko Matsuyama
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8, Taira-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110453. [PMID: 30400229 PMCID: PMC6266557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some models to describe it, and some implications were also considered.
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Swan SC, Turner AD, Bresnan E, Whyte C, Paterson RF, McNeill S, Mitchell E, Davidson K. Dinophysis acuta in Scottish Coastal Waters and Its Influence on Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin Profiles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100399. [PMID: 30274219 PMCID: PMC6215201 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins produced by the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a major problem for the shellfish industry worldwide. Separate species of the genus have been associated with the production of different analogues of the okadaic acid group of toxins. To evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of Dinophysis species and toxins in the important shellfish-harvesting region of the Scottish west coast, we analysed data collected from 1996 to 2017 in two contrasting locations: Loch Ewe and the Clyde Sea. Seasonal studies were also undertaken, in Loch Ewe in both 2001 and 2002, and in the Clyde in 2015. Dinophysis acuminata was present throughout the growing season during every year of the study, with blooms typically occurring between May and September at both locations. The appearance of D. acuta was interannually sporadic and, when present, was most abundant in the late summer and autumn. The Clyde field study in 2015 indicated the importance of a temperature front in the formation of a D. acuta bloom. A shift in toxin profiles of common mussels (Mytilus edulis) tested during regulatory monitoring was evident, with a proportional decrease in okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and an increase in dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) occurring when D. acuta became dominant. Routine enumeration of Dinophysis to species level could provide early warning of potential contamination of shellfish with DTX2 and thus determine the choice of the most suitable kit for effective end-product testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.
| | - Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Ruth F Paterson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Sharon McNeill
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
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Smith JL, Tong M, Kulis D, Anderson DM. Effect of ciliate strain, size, and nutritional content on the growth and toxicity of mixotrophic Dinophysis acuminata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:95-105. [PMID: 30196930 PMCID: PMC6178807 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate differences in bloom magnitude and toxicity between regional populations, and more recently, between geographical isolates of Dinophysis acuminata; however, the factors driving differences in toxicity/toxigenicity between regions/strains have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, the roles of prey strains (i.e., geographical isolates) and their associated attributes (i.e., biovolume and nutritional content) were investigated in the context of growth and production of toxins as a possible explanation for regional variation in toxicity of D. acuminata. The mixotrophic dinoflagellate, D. acuminata, isolated from NE North America (MA, U.S.) was offered a matrix of prey lines in a full factorial design, 1 × 2 × 3; one dinoflagellate strain was fed one of two ciliates, Mesodinium rubrum, isolated from coastal regions of Japan or Spain, which were grown on one of three cryptophytes (Teleaulax/Geminigera clade) isolated from Japan, Spain, or the northeastern USA. Additionally, predator: prey ratios were manipulated to explore effects of the prey's total biovolume on Dinophysis growth or toxin production. These studies revealed that the biovolume and nutritional status of the two ciliates, and less so the cryptophytes, impacted the growth, ingestion rate, and maximum biomass of D. acuminata. The predator's consumption of the larger, more nutritious prey resulted in an elevated growth rate, greater biomass, and increased toxin quotas and total toxin per mL of culture. Grazing on the smaller, less nutritious prey, led to fewer cells in the culture but relatively more toxin exuded from the cells on per cell basis. Once the predator: prey ratios were altered so that an equal biovolume of each ciliate was delivered, the effect of ciliate size was lost, suggesting the predator can compensate for reduced nutrition in the smaller prey item by increasing grazing. While significant ciliate-induced effects were observed on growth and toxin metrics, no major shifts in toxin profile or intracellular toxin quotas were observed that could explain the large regional variations observed between geographical populations of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - David Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
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Next Generation Sequencing and mass spectrometry reveal high taxonomic diversity and complex phytoplankton-phycotoxins patterns in Southeastern Pacific fjords. Toxicon 2018; 151:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Tong TTV, Le THH, Tu BM, Le DC. Spatial and seasonal variation of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in bivalve mollusks from some coastal regions of Vietnam and assessment of potential health risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:911-919. [PMID: 30041395 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of okadaic acid (OA) group toxins in bivalve mollusk collected from Vietnamese coastal areas was investigated from April 2016 to April 2017. OA group toxins were detected in mollusk by UPLC-MS/MS with the highest level of 11.3 ng/g and detection frequency of 11.8%. Toxins were detected more frequently in dry season (14.4% of analyzed samples) than in wet season (7.9%). Toxins were also detected more frequently at sampling locations in the northern parts (≥10.4%) than in the southern part (≤8.3%) of Vietnamese coastline. Results of this study were similar to those obtained in long-term studies in regions geographically close to Vietnam, confirming decisive influence of geographic location on the accumulation of toxins in mollusks. Within the scope of the study, toxin levels in all contaminated samples were below the regulation limit (160 ng/g), but the presence of OA group toxins in bivalve mollusk suggests the need of a more stringent control of toxins in bivalve mollusk in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Vuong Tong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Ha Noi University of Pharmacy, 11-13 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hong Hao Le
- National Institute of Food Control, 65 Pham Than Duat, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Binh Minh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU of Science, Vietnam National University, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Chi Le
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Ha Noi University of Pharmacy, 11-13 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
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Dhanji-Rapkova M, O'Neill A, Maskrey BH, Coates L, Teixeira Alves M, Kelly RJ, Hatfield RG, Rowland-Pilgrim SJ, Lewis AM, Algoet M, Turner AD. Variability and profiles of lipophilic toxins in bivalves from Great Britain during five and a half years of monitoring: Okadaic acid, dinophysis toxins and pectenotoxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:66-80. [PMID: 30005803 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Official control biotoxin testing of bivalve molluscs from Great Britain has been conducted by Cefas for over a decade. Reflecting the changes in legislation, bioassays were gradually replaced by analytical methods, firstly for analysis of Paralytic shellfish toxins, followed by introduction of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LCMS/MS) method for lipophilic toxins (LTs) in 2011. Twelve compounds, representing three main groups of regulated lipophilic toxins, as well as two non-regulated cyclic imines were examined in over 20,500 samples collected between July 2011 and December 2016. The toxins belonging to Okadaic acid (OA) group toxins were the most prevalent and were quantified in 23% of samples, predominantly from Scotland. The temporal pattern of OA group occurrences remained similar each year, peaking in summer months and tailing off during autumn and winter, however their abundance and magnitude varied between years significantly, with concentrations reaching up to 4993 μg OA eq./kg. Three toxin profiles were identified, reflecting the relative contribution of the two main toxins, OA and dinophysis toxin-2 (DTX2). Dinophysis toxin-1 (DTX1) was less common and was never detected in samples with high proportions of DTX2. Inter-annual changes in profiles were observed within certain regions, with the most notable being an increase of DTX2 occurrences in north-west Scotland and England in the last three years of monitoring. In addition, seasonal changes of profiles were identified when OA, the dominant toxin in early summer, was replaced by higher proportions of DTX2 in late summer and autumn. The profile distribution possibly reflected the availability of individual Dinophysis species as a food source for shellfish, however persistence of DTX2 during autumn and winter in mussels might have also been attributed to their physiology. Mussels were the only species with higher average proportions of non-esterified toxins, while Pacific oysters, cockles, surf clams, razors and queen scallops contained almost exclusively ester forms. In addition, a temporal change in proportion of OA and DTX2 free form was observed in mussels. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) was quantified only on rare occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dhanji-Rapkova
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Alison O'Neill
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Coates
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Kelly
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Hatfield
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J Rowland-Pilgrim
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Algoet
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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31
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Jiang H, Kulis DM, Brosnahan ML, Anderson DM. Behavioral and mechanistic characteristics of the predator-prey interaction between the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:43-54. [PMID: 30005801 PMCID: PMC6089243 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions of planktonic protists are fundamental to plankton dynamics and include prey selection, detection, and capture as well as predator detection and avoidance. Propulsive, morphology-specific behaviors modulate these interactions and therefore bloom dynamics. Here, interactions between the mixotrophic, harmful algal bloom (HAB) dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and its ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum were investigated through quantitative microvideography using a high-speed microscale imaging system (HSMIS). The dinoflagellate D. acuminata is shown to detect its M. rubrum prey via chemoreception while M. rubrum is alerted to D. acuminata via mechanoreception at much shorter distances (89 ± 39 μm versus 41 ± 32 μm). On detection, D. acuminata approaches M. rubrum with reduced speed. The ciliate M. rubrum responds through escape jumps that are long enough to detach its chemical trail from its surface, thereby disorienting the predator. To prevail, D. acuminata uses capture filaments and/or releases mucus to slow and eventually immobilize M. rubrum cells for easier capture. Mechanistically, results support the notion that the desmokont flagellar arrangement of D. acuminata lends itself to phagotrophy. In particular, the longitudinal flagellum plays a dominant role in generating thrust for the cell to swim forward, while at other times, it beats to supply a tethering or anchoring force to aid the generation of a posteriorly-directed, cone-shaped scanning current by the transverse flagellum. The latter is strategically positioned to generate flow for enhanced chemoreception and hydrodynamic camouflage, such that D. acuminata can detect and stealthily approach resting M. rubrum cells in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuo Jiang
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
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Alves TP, Schramm MA, Proença LAO, Pinto TO, Mafra LL. Interannual variability in Dinophysis spp. abundance and toxin accumulation in farmed mussels (Perna perna) in a subtropical estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:329. [PMID: 29730718 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated an 8-year dataset (2007 to 2015, except 2008) in the attempt to identify the most susceptible periods for the occurrence of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episodes associated with the presence of toxigenic dinoflagellates, Dinophysis spp., in the mussel farming area of Babitonga Bay (southern Brazil). Dinophysis acuminata complex was the most frequent (present in 66% of the samples) and abundant (max. 4100 cells L-1) taxon, followed by D. caudata (14%; max. 640 cells L-1) and D. tripos (0.9%; max. 50 cells L-1). There was a marked onset of the annual rise in Dinophysis spp. abundance during weeks 21-25 (early winter) of each year, followed by a second peak on week 35 (spring). Mussel (Perna perna) samples usually started testing positive in DSP mouse bioassays (MBA) in late winter. Positive results were more frequent in 2007 and 2011 when the mean D. acuminata complex abundance was ~ 500 cells L-1. Although positive DSP-MBA results were observed in only 11% of the samples during the studied period, the toxin okadaic acid (OA) was present in 90% of the analyzed mussels (max. 264 μg kg-1). MBA results were positive when D. acuminata complex cell densities exceed 1200 ± 300 cells L-1, while trace toxin amounts could be detected at cell densities as low as 150 ± 50 cells L-1 (free OA) to 200 ± 100 cells L-1 (conjugated OA). Low salinity and the meteorological conditions triggered by La Niña events were the main factors associated with both Dinophysis abundance and OA accumulation in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Alves
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3988, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil.
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar s/n, Pontal do Sul, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - M A Schramm
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3988, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil
| | - L A O Proença
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3988, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil
| | - T O Pinto
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina, Av. Ver. Abraão João Francisco, 3988, Ressacada, Itajaí, SC, 88307-303, Brazil
| | - L L Mafra
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar s/n, Pontal do Sul, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
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Murray IMT, Rowan NJ, McNamee S, Campbell K, Fogarty AM. Pulsed light reduces the toxicity of the algal toxin okadaic acid to freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:607-614. [PMID: 29052147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This constitutes the first study to report on the reduction in toxicity of the dinoflagellate algal toxin okadaic acid after novel pulsed light (PL) treatments where ecotoxicological assessment was performed using a miniaturised format of the conventional in vivo freshwater crustacean Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test. Bivalves accumulate this toxin, which can then enter the human food chain causing deleterious health effects such as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. This miniaturised toxicological bioassay used substantially less sample volume and chemical reagents. Findings revealed a 24-h EC50 of 25.87 μg/L for PL-treated okadaic acid at a UV dose of 12.98 μJ/cm2 compared to a 24-h EC50 of 1.68 μg/L for the untreated okadaic acid control, suggesting a 15-fold reduction in toxicity to Daphnia pulex. The bioassay was validated in this study and correlated well with the "classic" ISO format (r = 0.98) using the traditional reference chemical potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Reduction by up to 65% in PL-treated okadaic acid concentration was confirmed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Findings from this study have positive ecological, societal and enterprise implications, such as the development of PL technology for the prevention or reduce algal contamination of fisheries and aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M T Murray
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Sara McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Co. Antrim, UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Co. Antrim, UK
| | - Andrew M Fogarty
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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Occurrence and variation of lipophilic shellfish toxins in phytoplankton, shellfish and seawater samples from the aquaculture zone in the Yellow Sea, China. Toxicon 2017; 127:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hu T, LeBlanc P, Burton IW, Walter JA, McCarron P, Melanson JE, Strangman WK, Wright JLC. Sulfated diesters of okadaic acid and DTX-1: Self-protective precursors of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:85-93. [PMID: 28366404 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many toxic secondary metabolites used for defense are also toxic to the producing organism. One important way to circumvent toxicity is to store the toxin as an inactive precursor. Several sulfated diesters of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin okadaic acid have been reported from cultures of various dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Prorocentrum. It has been proposed that these sulfated diesters are a means of toxin storage within the dinoflagellate cell, and that a putative enzyme mediated two-step hydrolysis of sulfated diesters such as DTX-4 and DTX-5 initially leads to the formation of diol esters and ultimately to the release of free okadaic acid. However, only one diol ester and no sulfated diesters of DTX-1, a closely related DSP toxin, have been isolated leading some to speculate that this toxin is not stored as a sulfated diester and is processed by some other means. DSP components in organic extracts of two large scale Prorocentrum lima laboratory cultures have been investigated. In addition to the usual suite of okadaic acid esters, as well as the free acids okadaic acid and DTX-1, a group of corresponding diol- and sulfated diesters of both okadaic acid and DTX-1 have now been isolated and structurally characterized, confirming that both okadaic acid and DTX-1 are initially formed in the dinoflagellate cell as the non-toxic sulfated diesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingmo Hu
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Patricia LeBlanc
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Ian W Burton
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - John A Walter
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States.
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Chen J, Li X, Wang S, Chen F, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in marine aquaculture environment using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:32-40. [PMID: 27776236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an exact mass suspect screening approach to perform finding of multiple lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and marine sediment from marine aquaculture area using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). The method was validated and proven to be reliable for the screening of various LMTs. Then, the method was applied to screen LMTs in marine environmental samples collected from mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), etc were detected and tentatively identified. Positive detection results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and contents of OA and PTX2 in seawater, SPM and marine sediment were also quantified. The mean concentration of OA ranged from 2.71 to 14.06 ng L-1 in seawater and from 0.78 to 3.34 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The mean concentration of PTX2 ranged from 0.86 to 7.90 ng L-1 in seawater, from 1.56 to 10.67 ng in SPM obtained from 1 L seawater sample and from 0.95 to 2.23 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The above results suggested that the proposed method was convenient and reliable for the screening of LMTs in different marine environmental samples. In addition, typical LMTs exist in different marine environmental media of the mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Follow-up studies should focus on improving current understanding on the environmental behavior of these LMTs in the marine aquaculture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
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Al Muftah A, Selwood AI, Foss AJ, Al-Jabri HMS, Potts M, Yilmaz M. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon 2016; 122:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fabro E, Almandoz GO, Ferrario M, Tillmann U, Cembella A, Krock B. Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:31-41. [PMID: 28073504 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is a cosmopolitan genus of marine dinoflagellates, considered as the major proximal source of diarrheic shellfish toxins and the only producer of pectenotoxins (PTX). From three oceanographic expeditions carried out during autumn, spring and late summer along the Argentine Sea (∼38-56°S), lipophilic phycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in size-fractionated plankton samples. Lipophilic toxin profiles were associated with species composition by microscopic analyses of toxigenic phytoplankton. Pectenotoxin-2 and PTX-11 were frequently found together with the presence of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis tripos. By contrast, okadaic acid was rarely detected and only in trace concentrations, and dinophysistoxins were not found. The clear predominance of PTX over other lipophilic toxins in Dinophysis species from the Argentine Sea is in accordance with previous results obtained from north Patagonian Gulfs of the Argentine Sea, and from coastal waters of New Zealand, Chile, Denmark and United States. Dinophysis caudata was rarely found and it was confined to the north of the sampling area. Because of low cell densities, neither D. caudata nor Dinophysis norvegica could be biogeographically related to lipophilic toxins in this study. Nevertheless, the current identification of D. norvegica in the southern Argentine Sea is the first record for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Given the typical toxigenicity of this species on a global scale, this represents an important finding for future surveillance of plankton-toxin associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabro
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gastón O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martha Ferrario
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Mafra LL, Nagai S, Uchida H, Tavares CPS, Escobar BP, Suzuki T. Harmful effects of Dinophysis to the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum: Implications for prey capture. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:82-90. [PMID: 28073509 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic Dinophysis spp. are obligate mixotrophic dinoflagellates that require a constant supply of prey-Mesodinium rubrum-to achieve long-term growth by means of kleptoplasty. Mesodinium rubrum is, however, a fast moving, jumping ciliate exhibiting an effective escape response from suspensivorous predators. In the present study, a series of laboratory experiments evaluating the motility and survival of M. rubrum in the presence of Dinophysis cells and/or substances contained in their culture medium was designed, in order to assess the mechanisms involved in prey capture by Dinophysis spp. Cell abundance of M. rubrum decreased in the presence of Dinophysis cf. ovum cells producing okadaic acid (OA; up to 7.94±2.67pgcell-1) and smaller amounts of dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2). Prey capture was often observed after the ciliate had been attached to adhesive "mucus traps", which only appeared in the presence of Dinophysis cells. Before being attached to the mucus traps, M. rubrum cells reduced significantly their swimming frequency (from ∼41 to 19±3 jumps min-1) after only 4h of initial contact with D. cf. ovum cells. M. rubrum survival was not affected in contact with purified OA, DTX-1 and PTX-2 solutions, but decreased significantly when the ciliate was exposed to cell-free or filtered culture medium from both D. cf. ovum and D. caudata, the latter containing moderate concentrations of free eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The results thus indicate that Dinophysis combines the release of toxic compounds other than shellfish toxins, possibly free PUFAs, and a "mucus trap" to enhance its prey capture success by immobilizing and subsequently arresting M. rubrum cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz L Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-14-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-14-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Camila P S Tavares
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Bruno P Escobar
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-14-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
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Nielsen LT, Hansen PJ, Krock B, Vismann B. Accumulation, transformation and breakdown of DSP toxins from the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Toxicon 2016; 117:84-93. [PMID: 27045361 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX) and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by the dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp. can accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning upon human consumption. Shellfish toxicity is a result of algal abundance and toxicity as well as accumulation and depuration kinetics in mussels. We mass-cultured Dinophysis acuta containing OA, DTX-1b and PTX-2 and fed it to the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis under controlled laboratory conditions for a week to study toxin accumulation and transformation. Contents of OA and DTX-1b in mussels increased linearly with incubation time, and the net toxin accumulation was 66% and 71% for OA and DTX-1b, respectively. Large proportions (≈50%) of both these toxins were transformed to fatty acid esters. Most PTX-2 was transformed to PTX-2 seco-acid and net accumulation was initially high, but decreased progressively throughout the experiment, likely due to esterification and loss of detectability. We also quantified depuration during the subsequent four days and found half-life times of 5-6 days for OA and DTX-1b. Measurements of dissolved toxins revealed that depuration was achieved through excreting rather than metabolizing toxins. This is the first study to construct a full mass balance of DSP toxins during both accumulation and depuration, and we demonstrate rapid toxin accumulation in mussels at realistic in situ levels of Dinophysis. Applying the observed accumulation and depuration kinetics, we model mussel toxicity, and demonstrate that a concentration of only 75 Dinophysis cells l(-1) is enough to make 60 mm long mussels exceed the regulatory threshold for OA equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Tor Nielsen
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bent Vismann
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
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Jawaid W, Meneely JP, Campbell K, Melville K, Holmes SJ, Rice J, Elliott CT. Development and Validation of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Rapid Screening of Okadaic Acid and All Dinophysis Toxins from Shellfish Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8574-8583. [PMID: 26287989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A single-step lateral flow immunoassay was developed and validated to detect okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs), which cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The performance characteristics of the test were investigated, in comparison to reference methods (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and/or bioassay), using both spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish. A portable reader was used to generate a qualitative result, indicating the absence or presence of OA-group toxins, at concentrations relevant to the maximum permitted level (MPL). Sample homogenates could be screened in 20 min (including extraction and assay time) for the presence of free toxins (OA, DTX1, DTX2). DTX3 detection could be included with the addition of a hydrolysis procedure. No matrix effects were observed from the species evaluated (mussels, scallops, oysters, and clams). Results from naturally contaminated samples (n = 72) indicated no false compliant results and no false noncompliant results at <50% MPL. Thus, the development of a new low-cost but highly effective tool for monitoring a range of important phycotoxins has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqass Jawaid
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Karrie Melville
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Stephen J Holmes
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jennifer Rice
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912, United States
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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Tong M, Smith JL, Kulis DM, Anderson DM. Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata. AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2015; 75:169-185. [PMID: 27721571 PMCID: PMC5055077 DOI: 10.3354/ame01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata, a producer of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs), is a mixotrophic species that requires both ciliate prey and light for growth. Linkages have been described in the literature between natural abundances of the predator Dinophysis and its prey, Mesodinium rubrum, and culture experiments have demonstrated that prey, in addition to light, is required for toxin production by Dinophysis acuminata; together these suggest Mesodinium is a critical component for Dinophysis growth and toxicity. However, little is known about the role of dissolved inorganic nutrients on Mesodinium growth or that of toxin-producing Dinophysis. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the possible uptake of dissolved nitrate and phosphate by 1) Dinophysis starved of prey, 2) Dinophysis feeding on Mesodinium rubrum, and 3) M. rubrum grown in nutritionally-modified media. All single-clone or mixed cultures were monitored for dissolved and particulate nutrient levels over the growth cycle, as well as growth rate, biomass, and toxin production when appropriate. D. acuminata did not utilize dissolved nitrate or phosphate in the medium under any nutrient regime tested, i.e., nutrient-enriched and nutrient-reduced, in the absence or presence of prey, or during any growth phase monitored, i.e., exponential and plateau phases. Changes in particulate phosphorus and nitrogen in D. acuminata, were instead, strongly influenced by the consumption of M. rubrum prey, and these levels quickly stabilized once prey were no longer available. M. rubrum, on the other hand, rapidly assimilated dissolved nitrate and phosphate into its particulate nutrient fraction, with maximum uptake rates of 1.38 pmol N/cell/day and 1.63 pmol P/cell/day. While D. acuminata did not benefit directly from the dissolved nitrate and phosphate, its growth (0.37±0.01 day-1) and toxin production rates for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) or pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 0.1, 0.9 and 2.6 pg /cell/day, respectively, were directly coupled to prey availability. These results suggest that while dissolved nitrate and phosphate do not have a direct effect on toxin production or retention by D. acuminata, these nutrient pools contribute to prey growth and biomass, thereby indirectly influencing D. acuminata blooms and overall toxin in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Mafra LL, Lopes D, Bonilauri VC, Uchida H, Suzuki T. Persistent Contamination of Octopuses and Mussels with Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins during Spring Dinophysis Blooms in a Subtropical Estuary. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3920-35. [PMID: 26096277 PMCID: PMC4483663 DOI: 10.3390/md13063920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the occurrence of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and their producing phytoplankton species in southern Brazil, as well as the potential for toxin accumulation in co-occurring mussels (Perna perna) and octopuses (Octopus vulgaris). During the spring in 2012 and 2013, cells of Dinophysis acuminata complex were always present, sometimes at relatively high abundances (max. 1143 cells L-1), likely the main source of okadaic acid (OA) in the plankton (max. 34 ng L-1). Dinophysis caudata occurred at lower cell densities in 2013 when the lipophilic toxins pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and PTX-2 seco acid were detected in plankton and mussel samples. Here, we report for the first time the accumulation of DSTs in octopuses, probably linked to the consumption of contaminated bivalves. Perna perna mussels were consistently contaminated with different DSTs (max. 42 µg kg-1), and all octopuses analyzed (n = 5) accumulated OA in different organs/tissues: digestive glands (DGs) > arms > gills > kidneys > stomach + intestine. Additionally, similar concentrations of 7-O-palmytoyl OA and 7-O-palmytoly dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) were frequently detected in the hepatopancreas of P. perna and DGs of O. vulgaris. Therefore, octopuses can be considered a potential vector of DSTs to both humans and top predators such as marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz L Mafra
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Daiana Lopes
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa C Bonilauri
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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Turner AD, Goya AB. Occurrence and profiles of lipophilic toxins in shellfish harvested from Argentina. Toxicon 2015; 102:32-42. [PMID: 26003796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The presence of phytoplankton responsible for the production of lipophilic marine biotoxins is well recognised throughout parts of South America. To date, the quantitation of lipophilic toxins in Argentinean shellfish has been limited to select and highly focussed geographical studies. This work reports the analysis for lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish harvested across five regions of Argentina between 1992 and 2012. LC-MS/MS analysis was used for the quantitation of all regulated lipophilic toxins. High concentrations of okadaic acid group toxins were quantified, with a clear dominance of the parent okadaic acid and more than 90% of the toxin present as esters. Results showed DSP toxins in shellfish from the Buenos Aires Province during 2006 and 2007, earlier than previously described. There was also strong evidence linking the presence of okadaic acid to human intoxications. Other lipophilic toxins detected were yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2 and 13-desMeC spirolide. With evidence published recently for the presence of azaspiracid producers, this work reports the detection of low concentrations of azaspiracid-2 in shellfish. As such the data provides the first published evidence for yessotoxins and azaspiracids in Argentinean shellfish and further evidence for the continuing presence of lipophilic marine toxins in Argentinean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Alejandra B Goya
- Marine Biotoxins Department, Mar del Plata Regional Laboratory, Agri-food Health and Quality National Service (SENASA), Argentina
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Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Marcoval MA, Mittlesdorf H, Goleski JA, Wang Z, Haynes B, Morton SL, Gobler CJ. Nitrogenous nutrients promote the growth and toxicity of Dinophysis acuminata during estuarine bloom events. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124148. [PMID: 25894567 PMCID: PMC4403995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a globally significant human health syndrome most commonly caused by dinoflagellates within the genus Dinophysis. While blooms of harmful algae have frequently been linked to excessive nutrient loading, Dinophysis is a mixotrophic alga whose growth is typically associated with prey availability. Consequently, field studies of Dinophysis and nutrients have been rare. Here, the temporal dynamics of Dinophysis acuminata blooms, DSP toxins, and nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, organic compounds) were examined over four years within two New York estuaries (Meetinghouse Creek and Northport Bay). Further, changes in the abundance and toxicity of D. acuminata were assessed during a series of nutrient amendment experiments performed over a three year period. During the study, Dinophysis acuminata blooms exceeding one million cells L-1 were observed in both estuaries. Highly significant (p<0.001) forward stepwise multivariate regression models of ecosystem observations demonstrated that D. acuminata abundances were positively dependent on multiple environmental parameters including ammonium (p = 0.007) while cellular toxin content was positively dependent on ammonium (p = 0.002) but negatively dependent on nitrate (p<0.001). Nitrogen- (N) and phosphorus- (P) containing inorganic and organic nutrients significantly enhanced D. acuminata densities in nearly all (13 of 14) experiments performed. Ammonium significantly increased cell densities in 10 of 11 experiments, while glutamine significantly enhanced cellular DSP content in 4 of 5 experiments examining this compound. Nutrients may have directly or indirectly enhanced D. acuminata abundances as densities of this mixotroph during experiments were significantly correlated with multiple members of the planktonic community (phytoflagellates and Mesodinium). Collectively, this study demonstrates that nutrient loading and more specifically N-loading promotes the growth and toxicity of D. acuminata populations in coastal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A. Marcoval
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
- Estación Costera “J.J. Nágera”, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata; & Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Heidi Mittlesdorf
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Goleski
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Wang
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bennie Haynes
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve L. Morton
- NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Southampton, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Quantification and profiling of lipophilic marine toxins in microalgae by UHPLC coupled to high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6345-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li A, Sun G, Qiu J, Fan L. Lipophilic shellfish toxins in Dinophysis caudata picked cells and in shellfish from the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3116-3126. [PMID: 25233922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) incidents due to consuming cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in coastal cities near the East China Sea in May 2011. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and its seco acids were also present in these mussels. Causative species of microalgae were not identified because detailed information on the location of the contaminated shellfish was not recorded. In order to explore potential causes for these poisoning events, the lipophilic toxin profiles in picked cells of Dinophysis and in shellfish samples collected from two mariculture zones in the East China Sea were analyzed in the present study. Single-cell isolates (100 cells total for each location) of Dinophysis were collected from the aquaculture zones of Gouqi Island (Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province) and Qingchuan Bay (Ningde City, Fujian Province) in July and September 2013, respectively, for lipophilic toxin profiling. Shellfish samples collected over the course of a year from the Gouqi Island aquaculture zone and mussels (M. galloprovincialis) collected four times from the Qingchuan Bay aquaculture zone were tested for lipophilic toxins by LC-MS/MS. The Dinophysis cells isolated from both sampling sites were identified under the light microscope as Dinophysis caudata. Average quota of PTX2, the predominant toxin in D. caudata isolated from the coastal waters of Gouqi Island and Qingchuan Bay, was 0.58 and 2.8 pg/cell, respectively. Only trace amounts of OA and DTX1 were detected in D. caudata. PTX2, PTX2sa, 7-epi-PTX2sa, OA, and/or DTX1 were found in samples of mussels (M. galloprovincialis and Mytilus coruscus) collected in the Gouqi Island aquaculture zone from the end of May to the beginning of July 2013. PTX2, PTX2sa, and 7-epi-PTX2sa were also detected in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during that period, but almost no OA and DTX1 were present. Gymnodimine (GYM) was detected in almost all mussel (M. coruscus) samples, with the highest levels occurring in winter. Trace amounts of pectenotoxins (PTXs) and OAs were also found in mussels (M. galloprovincialis) collected from Qingchuan Bay. D. caudata is suggested as an important source of PTXs in shellfish cultivated in the East China Sea. This is the first report of toxin profiles for single-cell isolates of Dinophysis in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China,
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Tong M, Smith JL, Richlen M, Steidinger KA, Kulis DM, Fux E, Anderson DM. Characterization and comparison of toxin-producing isolates of Dinophysis acuminata from New England and Canada. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:66-81. [PMID: 26986259 PMCID: PMC5428078 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Following the identification of the first toxic isolate of Dinophysis acuminata from the northwestern Atlantic, we conducted detailed investigations into the morphology, phylogeny, physiology, and toxigenicity of three isolates from three sites within the northeastern U.S./Canada region: Eel Pond and Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and the Bay of Fundy. Another isolate, collected from the Gulf of Mexico, was grown under the same light, temperature, and prey conditions for comparison. Despite observed phenotypic heterogeneity, morphometrics and molecular evidence classified the three northwestern Atlantic isolates as D. acuminata Claparède & Lachmann, whereas the isolate from the Gulf of Mexico was morphologically identified as D. cf. ovum. Physiological and toxin analyses supported these classifications, with the three northwestern Atlantic isolates being more similar to each other with respect to growth rate, toxin profile, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin content (okadaic acid + dinophysistoxin 1/cell) than they were to the isolate from the Gulf of Mexico, which had toxin profiles similar to those published for D. cf. ovum F. Schütt. The DSP toxin content, 0.01-1.8 pg okadaic acid (OA) + dinophysistoxin (DTX1) per cell, of the three northwestern Atlantic isolates was low relative to other D. acuminata strains from elsewhere in the world, consistent with the relative scarcity of shellfish harvesting closures due to DSP toxins in the northeastern U.S. and Canada. If this pattern is repeated with the analyses of more geographically and temporally dispersed isolates from the region, it would appear that the risk of significant DSP toxin outbreaks in the northwestern Atlantic is low to moderate. Finally, the morphological, physiological, and toxicological variability within D. acuminata may reflect spatial (and/or temporal) population structure, and suggests that sub-specific resolution may be helpful in characterizing bloom dynamics and predicting toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Biology Department and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Biology Department and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Mindy Richlen
- Biology Department and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Karen A Steidinger
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Elie Fux
- Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. FDA, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
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McNamee SE, Elliott CT, Greer B, Lochhead M, Campbell K. Development of a planar waveguide microarray for the monitoring and early detection of five harmful algal toxins in water and cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13340-9. [PMID: 25361072 DOI: 10.1021/es504172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiplex microarray has been developed for the detection of five groups of harmful algal and cyanobacterial toxins found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments including domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA, and analogues), saxitoxin (STX, and analogues), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins (MC, and analogues). The sensitivity and specificity were determined and feasibility to be used as a screening tool investigated. Results for algal/cyanobacterial cultures (n = 12) and seawater samples (n = 33) were compared to conventional analytical methods, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Detection limits for the 15 min assay were 0.37, 0.44, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.40 ng/mL for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively. The correlation of data obtained from the microarray compared to conventional analysis for the 12 cultures was r(2) = 0.83. Analysis of seawater samples showed that 82, 82, 70, 82, and 12% of samples were positive (>IC20) compared to 67, 55, 36, 0, and 0% for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively, for conventional analytical methods. The discrepancies in results can be attributed to the enhanced sensitivity and cross-reactivity profiles of the antibodies in the MBio microarray. The feasibility of the microarray as a rapid, easy to use, and highly sensitive screening tool has been illustrated for the five-plex detection of biotoxins. The research demonstrates an early warning screening assay to support national monitoring agencies by providing a faster and more accurate means of identifying and quantifying harmful toxins in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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