Exotoxins and endotoxins: Inducers of inflammatory cytokines

Scaffold hopping-based structural modification of tranilast led to the identification of HNW005 as a promising NLRP3 inflammasome and URAT1 dual inhibitor for the treatment of gouty arthritis

Hyperuricemia and monosodium urate induced nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is the major pathogenesis for gouty arthritis, and urate transporter 1 (URAT1) is a proven target for hyperuricemia. In this study, scaffold hopping modification with tranilast led to the identification of HNW005, an NLRP3 inflammasome and URAT1 dual-target inhibitor, which exhibited notable inhibitory potency against NLRP3 inflammasome activation (KD = 204.6 nM, IC50 = 1.7 μM) and uric acid transmembrane transportation (IC50 = 6.4 μM). Importantly, HNW005 displayed significant in vivo efficacy with respect to anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and uric acid-lowering effects (decreasing rate = 64.8 % at 2 mg/kg). In addition, HNW005 also displayed an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile (F = 41.37 %, t1/2 = 3.07 h). Collectively, the results showed that developing dual-target inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasomes and URAT1 is a feasible strategy for the treatment of gouty arthritis, and HNW005 is worthy of further investigation.

Nano-selenium alleviated immunoresponse, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Leydig cells of yak

Nano-selenium(SENP) plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and serves as an antioxidant in cell culture medium. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of SENP against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced toxicity in yak Leydig cells. In this research, in vitro cultured Leydig cells were exposed to LPS to simulate Gram-negative bacterial infection. Following LPS induction, the cell apoptosis rate reached 28 %, with significant increases in inflammation and oxidative stress markers including IL-6, IL-8, MDA, and ROS. Concurrently, testosterone concentration decreased by nearly 60 %. Subsequently, SENP was introduced into the culture medium. We then evaluated apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response, and testosterone concentration in Leydig cells. The results demonstrated that SENP effectively protected Leydig cells from LPS-induced damage.

Linarin Relieves Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Modulating COX2

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical disease with a rapid decline of renal function. Linarin (LIN) is a flavonoid compound with wide application in different diseases. However, the role and relevant mechanism of LIN in AKI are not fully clear. This study aimed to investigate the function of LIN in modulating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI models and further focused on the interaction between LIN and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2).

METHODS

AKI model in vivo was established in mice with 10 mg/kg LPS and 60 mg/kg/day LIN. Also, the AKI model in vitro was constructed in HK2 cells with 10 μg/mL LPS and 40 μM LIN. The TUNEL assay was used for apoptosis detection in tissues. Cell viability and apoptosis were examined using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Inflammatory factors and oxidative indicators were determined via ELISA and commercial kits. Target screening was carried out using the PPI network and molecular docking. Expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR and western blot.

RESULTS

LIN protected kidney tissues from LPS-induced kidney dysfunction and pathological damage in mice. Apoptosis, inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in LPS-induced mice were restored by LIN. LIN treatment also mitigated kidney cell apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative injury caused by LPS. COX2 (PTGS2) was selected as a hub gene for LIN and AKI through PPI network, and its interaction with LIN was proved by molecular docking. LIN could decrease the COX2 protein expression in LPS-treated HK2 cells. The protective function of LIN from LPS-induced cell injury was achieved by downregulating COX2 level.

CONCLUSION

These evidences demonstrated that LIN alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-stimulated AKI through reducing COX2 protein level.

Sodium butyrate alleviates colitis by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS mediated macrophage pyroptosis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unclear causes and limited treatment options. Sodium butyrate (NaB), a byproduct of dietary fiber in the intestine, has demonstrated efficacy in treating inflammation. However, the precise anti-inflammatory mechanisms of NaB in colon inflammation remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of NaB on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. The findings indicate that oral administration of NaB effectively prevent colitis and reduce levels of serum or colon inflammatory factors. Additionally, NaB demonstrated in vitro inhibition of RAW264.7 inflammation cytokines induced by LPS, along with suppression of the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Moreover, NaB mitigated LPS and Nigericin-induced RAW264.7 pyroptosis by reducing indicators of mitochondrial damage, including increased mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) levels and decreased Mito-ROS production. NaB increases ZO-1 and Occludin expression in CaCo2 cells by inhibiting RAW264.7 pyroptosis. These results suggest that NaB could be utilized as a therapeutic agent or dietary supplement to alleviate colitis.

Engineered cell membrane-based nano therapies fight infectious diseases

Infectious diseases continue to present significant global public health challenges, with pathogens such as bacteria and viruses posing substantial threats to human health. Conventional therapeutic approaches face several limitations, including the rising prevalence of drug resistance, suboptimal targeting, and adverse side effects, which collectively complicate clinical management. Cell membrane vesicles (MVs), characterized by their natural biocompatibility and outstanding drug delivery capabilities, have emerged as a promising platform for addressing these challenges in the treatment of infectious diseases. To further augment the therapeutic potential of MVs, engineering modifications have been extensively employed to enhance their functionality and efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the production and modification techniques associated with MVs, emphasizing recent advancements in the development of engineered membrane vesicles (EMVs) as versatile nanoplatforms for combating infectious diseases. Additionally, the clinical prospects and existing challenges of EMVs are critically analyzed, and recommendations are proposed to guide future research and facilitate their clinical translation into practical applications in combating infectious disease.

Self-Powered Oxygen Microbubble Generator for Decontamination of Anaerobic Biofilm-Fouled Bioimplants

Biomedical devices often feature a microgap: confined, minuscule spaces that foster bacterial infiltration and biofilm formation. For instance, peri-implantitis with prevalence rates of 4.7-45% at the patient level is a major complication driven by biofilm infections, characterized by chronic inflammation and implant failure. Anaerobic biofilm residing within the microgap serves as a major source of the peri-implantitis, but tools that remove the biofilm are lacking. Therefore, this study presents a novel preventive strategy employing self-powered microbubbler (SM) for targeted decontamination of micrographs in dental implants. SMs are assembled by doping diatoms with MnO2 nanosheets. These particles are activated to generate O2 microbubbles in H2O2 solution via catalase-mimetic activity and can penetrate the biofilm structures. The resulting oxygen bubbles induce effective mechanical disruption and oxygenation within biofilm-mimicking gelatin hydrogels and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms found in the peri-implantitis-affected implants. Such biofilm removal from the microgap restored mechanical stability at implant abutment-fixture connections and reduced bacterial leakage. Multispecies biofilms from patient-derived implants were similarly decontaminated with the mixture of SM-H2O2 outperforming conventional antiseptics like 0.2% chlorhexidine and 3% H2O2 alone. This innovative approach extends beyond dental implants to address biofilm-associated challenges in various biomedical devices with microgap vulnerabilities. Overall, SM-based treatments will offer an efficient and nondamaging solution to enhance the sterility and longevity of various bioimplants with intricated and confined structure.

The role of gut microbiota on skeletal muscle strength in LDLR knockdown aging mice

To investigate the role of gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism on skeletal muscle strength in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockdown aging mice. Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were employed in the experiment, twelve adult mice and twelve old mice were separately knocked down skeletal muscle LDLR (ALKd group, OLKd group). Other adult mice and old mice were injected with empty vectors as control (Acon group, Ocon group). After eight weeks of injection, each mouse was tested for skeletal muscle strength. The serum glycolipid biomarkers, the gut microbiota composition, the ileum apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), and gastrocnemius fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) were detected. When compared to the Ocon group, increased grip strength, and the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Ileibacterium were found in the OLKd group. The FGF15 protein of the ileum and FGFR4 protein of the gastrocnemius were found to increase in the OLKd group than those of the Ocon group. The gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism both play an important role in the partially improved skeletal muscle strength of LDLR knockdown aging mice.

Is there a relationship between periodontal conditions and asprosin levels in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and serum?

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the presence of asprosin hormone in the biological fluids of patients with periodontal inflammation and compare it to those with periodontal healthy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-five individuals between the ages of 18 to 45, 25 periodontal healthy, 25 with gingivitis, and 25 with periodontitis, were included in the study. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), blood serum and saliva were obtained from individuals in each group. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and asprosin levels in these fluids were determined using the ELISA. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded and body mass index was calculated. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were performed for statistical analysis. Spearman test was used to evaluate correlations. The significance level was determined as p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Body mass index values were not different between the groups (p = 0.446). Clinical periodontal measurements were significantly higher in the periodontitis group. Concentrations of TNF-α in GCF, serum and saliva increased significantly in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis (p < 0.001). The higher TNF-α levels were obtained in patients with periodontitis than in individuals with gingivitis (p = 0.001). While asprosin levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis (p < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between both groups (p > 0.05). GCF-asprosin levels were positively correlated with the concentrations in serum and saliva in all individuals included in the study (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The periodontal inflammation caused an increase in asprosin hormone in gingival crevicular fluid independently of the type of periodontal disease.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study is registered with number of "NCT06627972" in ClinicalTrials.gov website from the date of October 3, 2024.

Genome-wide association study and transcriptomic analysis reveal the crucial role of sting1 in resistance to visceral white-nodules disease in Larimichthys polyactis

Introduction

Larimichthys polyactis is a promising marine fishery species, but visceral white-nodules disease (VWND) caused by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida causes significant losses. However, genetic resistance mechanisms to VWND remain elusive in this species.

Methods

This study combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analysis to unravel resistance loci and transcriptional regulation in L. polyactis.

Results

As a result, GWAS on 946 infected fish genotyped by 100 K lipid chips identified 22 suggestive significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), annotated 60 candidate genes, where DNA-sensing pathway were enriched. RNA-seq on liver tissues of resistant, sensitive, and control groups found immune-related pathways enriched in the comparisons of RL vs CL and RL vs SL, and autophagy-related pathways enriched in the comparisons of SL vs CL and RL vs SL. Then, the integration of GWAS and transcriptome analysis identified seven key genes associated with resistance to VWND. Among the genes, the expression levels of mRNA for genes related to the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, as well as the protein levels of STING1, were significantly upregulated in RL. Collectively, integrating KEGG pathway analysis, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the importance of STING1 for VWND resistance.

Discussion

These findings deepen the available knowledge on molecular mechanisms of host genetic resistance to VWND and provide an important foundation for the selection and breeding of VWND-resistant L. polyactis.

Vibrio MARTX toxin binding of biantennary N-glycans at host cell surfaces

Multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins are a diverse effector delivery platform of many Gram-negative bacteria that infect mammals, insects, and aquatic animal hosts. The mechanisms by which these toxins recognize host cell surfaces have remained elusive. Here, we map a surface interaction domain of a MARTX toxin from the highly lethal foodborne pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. This domain corresponds to a 273-amino acid sequence with predicted symmetrical immunoglobulin-like folds. We demonstrate that this domain binds internal N-acetylglucosamine on complex biantennary N-glycans with select preference for L1CAM and other N-glycoproteins with multiple N-glycans on host cell surfaces. This domain is also essential for V. vulnificus pathogenesis during intestinal infection. The identification of a highly conserved motif universally present as part of all N-glycans correlates with the V. vulnificus MARTX toxin having broad specificity and targeting nearly all cell types.

Revisiting therapeutic options against resistant klebsiella pneumoniae infection: Phage therapy is key

Multi-drug resistant and carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are spreading globally at an alarming rate, emerging as one of the most serious threats to global public health. The formidable challenges posed by the current arsenal of antimicrobials highlight the urgent need for novel strategies to combat K. pneumoniae infections. This review begins with a comprehensive analysis of the global dissemination of virulence factors and critical resistance profiles in K. pneumoniae, followed by an evaluation of the accessibility of novel therapeutic approaches for treating K. pneumoniae in clinical settings. Among these, phage therapy stands out for its considerable potential in addressing life-threatening K. pneumoniae infections. We critically examine the existing preclinical and clinical evidence supporting phage therapy, identifying key limitations that impede its broader clinical adoption. Additionally, we rigorously explore the role of genetic engineering in expanding the host range of K. pneumoniae phages, and discuss the future trajectory of this technology. In light of the 'Bad Bugs, No Drugs' era, we advocate leveraging artificial intelligence and deep learning to optimize and expand the application of phage therapy, representing a crucial advancement in the fight against the escalating threat of K. pneumoniae infections.

Chinese yam polysaccharide induces the differentiation and natural antibody secretion of IgM+ B cells to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in grass carp

Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) is an effective immunostimulant, however, its efficacy in grass carp, an important commercial fish species in Asia, remains untested. Here, our study evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of CYP on IgM+ B cells in vitro and on humoral immunity and immune defense against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in vivo. In vitro stimulation experiments showed that CYP could induce the secretion of IgM antibodies, because it could stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of head kidney IgM+ B cells. Moreover, CYP could also enhance the phagocytic activity of IgM+ B cells. When grass carp were intragastrically administrated (i.g.) with CYP, the serum IgM level increased, as did the capacity of serum IgM to bind to peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating that CYP induced natural IgM production in grass carp. Correspondingly, the serum bactericidal ability to A. hydrophila enhanced. Immune protection experiments showed that CYP could protect grass carp from A. hydrophila infection in vivo, because the mortality rate and gut Aeromonas load of grass carp significantly decreased after CYP administration. Taken together, our study reveals immunostimulatory effects of CYP in grass carp, laying important foundation for the usage of CYP to control diseases in grass carp aquaculture.

Selenium Yeast Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Porcine Mammary Epithelial Cells by Modulating MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Mastitis, a prevalent inflammatory disease in mammals, disrupts mammary gland function, compromises milk quality, and can contribute to increased offspring morbidity and mortality. Maintaining the health of porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs), the primary cell type in the mammary gland, is crucial for minimizing the adverse effects of this disease. Selenium yeast (SeY), an organic selenium compound known for its antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties, has yet to be fully understood in its role in modulating inflammation in mammary gland. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 µg/mL, 24 h) significantly upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with 1 µM SeY significantly attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory response by reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β (p < 0.05). Additionally, SeY enhanced cellular antioxidant defenses by increasing total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) levels, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, while concurrently decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation (p < 0.05). SeY also restored both intracellular and extracellular triglyceride levels and rescued lipid droplet formation, which were disrupted by LPS treatment. Furthermore, SeY upregulated key regulators involved in milk synthesis (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that SeY effectively mitigates LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress while preserving critical pathways for milk fat and protein synthesis in PMECs.

Effects of bcsE, luxS and rfaG genes on the physiology and pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium

In this study, rfaG, luxS, and bcsE gene mutants of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 wild-type strain were generated, and their effects on bacterial physiology and pathogenicity were investigated. Biofilm production capacity and mobility of mutant strains were found to be significantly reduced. Immune response stimulation of 6-8 week-old BALB/c mice infected with wild-type and mutants was evaluated on days 0 and 21 for IL-6, IFN-γ, and IgG, and then systemic infection in mice was determined by the amount of Salmonella recovered from the cecum, spleen, and liver organs. The specific IgG antibody level and the expression level of the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 were found to be significantly reduced in mice inoculated with mutant strains compared to the control group. The highest level of colonization in the organs was found in the cecum, and the lowest level of colonization was detected in the liver. In the wild-type-infected group, splenomegaly and staining of the liver were detected. In the groups of mice infected with bcsE and luxS mutants, these symptoms were at a low level. In the groups infected with the rfaG mutant, no significant lesions were detected in the organs.

Myocarditis and neutrophil-mediated vascular leakage but not cytokine storm associated with fatal murine leptospirosis

BACKGROUND

Leptospirosis is a globally neglected re-emerging zoonosis affecting all mammals, albeit with variable outcomes. Humans are susceptible to leptospirosis; infection with Leptospira interrogans species can cause severe disease in humans, with multi-organ failure, mainly affecting kidney, lung and liver function, leading to death in 10% of cases. Mice and rats are more resistant to acute disease and can carry leptospires asymptomatically in the kidneys and act as reservoirs, shedding leptospires into the environment. The incidence of leptospirosis is higher in tropical countries, and countries with poor sanitation, where heavy rainfall and flooding favour infection. Diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult because of the many different serovars and the variety of clinical symptoms that can be confused with viral infections. The physiopathology is poorly understood, and leptospirosis is often regarded as an inflammatory disease, like sepsis.

METHODS

To investigate the causes of death in lethal leptospirosis, we compared intraperitoneal infection of male and female C57BL6/J mice with 108Leptospira of two strains of pathogenic L. interrogans. One strain, L. interrogans Manilae L495, killed the mice 4 days after infection, whereas the other strain, L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae Verdun, did not induce any major symptoms in the mice. On day 3 post infection, the mice were humanely euthanised and blood and organs were collected. Bacterial load, biochemical parameters, cytokine production and leucocyte population were assessed by qPCR, ELISA, cytometry and immunohistochemistry.

FINDINGS

Neither lung, liver, pancreas or kidney damage nor massive necroptosis or cytokine storm could explain the lethality. Although we did not find pro-inflammatory cytokines, we did find elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the chemokine RANTES in the serum and organs of Leptospira-infected mice. In contrast, severe leptospirosis was associated with neutrophilia and vascular permeability, unexpectedly due to neutrophils and not only due to Leptospira infection. Strikingly, the main cause of death was myocarditis, an overlooked complication of human leptospirosis.

INTERPRETATION

Despite clinical similarities between bacterial sepsis and leptospirosis, striking differences were observed, in particular a lack of cytokine storm in acute leptospirosis. The fact that IL-10 was increased in infected mice may explain the lack of pro-inflammatory cytokines, emphasising the covert nature of Leptospira infections. Neutrophilia is a hallmark of human leptospirosis. Our findings confirm the ineffective control of infection by neutrophils and highlight their deleterious role in vascular permeability, previously only attributed to the ability of leptospires to damage and cross endothelial junctions. Finally, the identification of death due to myocarditis rather than kidney, liver or liver failure may reflect an overlooked but common symptom associated with poor prognosis in human leptospirosis. These features of neutrophilia and myocarditis are also seen in patients, making this mouse model a paradigm for better understanding human leptospirosis and designing new therapeutic strategies.

FUNDING

The Boneca laboratory was supported by the following programmes: Investissement d'Avenir program, Laboratoire d'Excellence "Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases" (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and by R&D grants from Danone and MEIJI. CW received an ICRAD/ANR grant (S-CR23012-ANR 22 ICRD 0004 01). SP received a scholarship by Université Paris Cité (formerly Université Paris V - Descartes) through Doctoral School BioSPC (ED562, BioSPC). SP has additionally received a scholarship "Fin de Thèse de Science" number FDT202404018322 granted by "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM)". The funders had no implication in the design, analysis and reporting of the study.

Isolation, characterization and liposome-loaded encapsulation of a novel virulent Salmonella phage vB-SeS-01

Introduction

Salmonella is a common foodborne pathogenic bacterium, displaying facultative intracellular parasitic behavior, which can help the escape against antibiotics treatment. Bacteriophages have the potential to control both intracellular and facultative intracellular bacteria and can be developed as antibiotic alternatives.

Methods

This study isolated and characterized vB-SeS-01, a novel Guernseyvirinae phage preying on Salmonella enterica, whose genome is closely related to those of phages SHWT1 and vB-SenS-EnJE1. Furthermore, nine phage-carrying liposome formulations were developed by film hydration method and via liposome extruder.

Results and Discussion

Phage vB-SeS-01 displays strong lysis ability against 9 out of 24 tested S. enterica strains (including the pathogenic "Sendai" and "Enteritidis" serovars), high replicability with a burst size of 111 ± 15 PFU/ cell and a titre up to 2.1 × 1011 PFU/mL, and broad pH (4.0 ~ 13.0) and temperature (4 ~ 80°C) stabilities. Among the nine vB-SeS-01 liposome-carrying formulations, the one encapsulated with PC:Chol:T80:SA = 9:1:2:0.5 without sonication displayed the optimal features. This formulation carried up to 1011 PFU/mL, with an encapsulation rate of 80%, an average size of 172.8 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.087. It remained stable at 4°C and 23°C for at least 21 days and at 37°C for 7 days. Both vB-SeS-01 and vB-SeS-01-loaded liposomes displayed intracellular antimicrobial effects and could reduce the transcription level of some tested intracellular inflammatory factors caused by the infected S. enterica sv. Sendai 16,226 and Enteritidis 50041CMCC.

Screening of cytokines-cytokine receptor-associated genes in childhood asthma based on bioinformatics

PURPOSE

To develop efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches, gaining an in-depth knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and potential targets causing childhood asthma is of utmost significance.

METHODS

Childhood asthma datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between asthmatic child and healthy people were screened by the Limma package. DEGs were subjected to further analyses utilizing GO, KEGG and GSEA analysis. The hub genes associated with childhood asthma were discovered by PPI analysis. The drugs target hub genes were accessed from the DrugBank database. Autodock vina was used to explore the binding ability of targeted drugs to hub genes.

RESULTS

Total 80 DEGs were selected from GSE152004 and GSE65204 datasets. The cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the key pathway identified by functional enrichment analysis of shared DEGs. A total of 4 hub genes (CCL26, CXCR6, IL18RAP and CCL20) were identified by the constructed PPI network, among which CXCR6, IL18RAP and CCL20 were significantly decreased in childhood asthma datasets. Whereas, the CCL26 was significantly increased in childhood asthma datasets. Additionally, the extra dataset GSE19187 and GSE240567 were employed for validation. Ultimately, drugs (Cimetidine, Cefaclor and Propofol) that target hub genes have favorable combination ability.

CONCLUSIONS

We have determined that CCL26, CXCR6, IL18RAP and CCL20 might have crucial involvement in the advancement of childhood asthma, thus having the potential to be targeted therapeutically in order to enhance treatment choices for childhood asthma. Statement of Integration, Innovation and Insight: The cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction is a key pathway in the occurrence of childhood asthma. The hub genes (CCL26, CXCR6, IL18RAP and CCL20) affect the development of childhood asthma. The drugs (Cimetidine, Cefaclor and Propofol) that target hub genes have favorable combination ability.

Evaluating antibacterial and antioxidant properties of sericin recovered from cocoons of Bombyx mori, Gonometa postica and Samia ricini in Kenya

Microbial infections and excessive reactive oxygen species are the primary contributors to delays in wound healing with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as the common wound infection causing bacteria. In fact, wound management has become more challenging since most of these microbes have developed resistance against commonly used conventional antibiotics thus making it necessary to develop natural products with both antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Increasing attention has been paid to silk sericin in the last decade, with limited research focus in Africa. Therefore, this work focus on evaluating antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of sericin recovered from cocoons of domesticated (Bombyx mori, Samia ricini) and wild (Gonometa postica) silkworms in Kenya. Sericin recovery was achieved using high temperature-high pressure method. Results revealed significance interspecies variation in all the parameters. Total flavonoid content ranged between 270±60.1 and 603.3±44.1 mg GAE/100g with S. ricini demonstrating the highest whereas G. postica exhibited the least content. Moreover, S. ricini showed the highest total phenolic content at 780.0±67.6 mg QE/100g while G. postica had the least phenolic content at 330.6±14.6 mg QE/100g. Samia ricini revealed the highest radical scavenging capacity at 40.47 ± 3.76% whereas B. mori sericin extract showed the least radical scavenging ability at 24.6± 2.96%. Furthermore, S. ricini silk sericin extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia which translated to 70.79 ± 11.28%, 93.86 ± 1.92%, 94.77 ± 7.07% when compared to streptomycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline respectively. Bombyx mori and Gonometa postica showed the highest inhibitory activity against S. pyogene and E. coli respectively. These findings uncovered sufficient antibacterial efficacy of all three silk sericin extracts against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria, however, in depth research is still required to guarantee the aforementioned bioactivities to boost the therapeutic potential of silk sericin-based biomaterials.

Broadly Accessible 3D In Vitro Skin Model as a Comprehensive Platform for Antibacterial Therapy Screening

Skin infections are currently a worldwide emergency as antibiotic-resistant bacteria are spreading, leading to the ineffectiveness of most antibiotics and antibacterial strategies. Consequently, there is an urgency of developing and testing innovative antibacterial therapies. As traditional 2D cell culture and planktonic bacteria culture can be obsolete due to their incapability of resembling the complex infection environment, 3D in vitro skin models can be a powerful tool to test and validate therapies. In this article, a 3D in vitro epidermis-dermis skin model has been developed and biofabricated to be broadly available, reaching a balance between the simplicity and reproducibility of the model and its complexity in terms of wound, infection, and treatment response. The results are really promising, as the skin model developed a comprehensive physical barrier. To further investigate the skin model, controlled wounding, infection, and antibiotic treatments were performed. The results were remarkable: Not only was the unwounded epidermal barrier able to partially stop the bacterial proliferation, but the entire system reacted to both wound and infection in a complex and complete way. Extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling, inflammatory response, antimicrobial peptide production, and change in cellular behaviors, from epithelial to mesenchymal and from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, were witnessed, with different extents depending on the bacterial strain. In addition, the inflammatory response to the antibiotic administration was opposite for the two bacterial infections, probably revealing the release of inflammatory endotoxins during Escherichia coli death. In conclusion, the presented 3D in vitro skin model has all the characteristics to be a future landmark as a platform for antibacterial strategy therapy testing.

Alleviation of Helicobacter pylori- or aspirin-induced gastritis and neuroinflammation in mice by Lactococcus lactis and Bifidobacterium longum

Helicobacter pylori (HP) causes gastritis and peptic ulcer. Therefore, we examined whether probiotics Lactococcus lactis P135 and Bifidobacterium longum P142, which inhibited HP growth by 37.9% and 35.3%, respectively, and HP-induced IL-8 expression in KATO III cells by 68.6% and 63.1%, respectively, compared to those of normal controls, could mitigate HP-induced gastritis and psychiatric disorder in mice. Oral administration of P135 and/or P142 alleviated HP- or aspirin-induced gastritis, colitis, neuroinflammation, and depression/cognitive impairment-like behavior. They also suppressed HP infection, neutrophil infiltration, and NF-κB activation in the stomach and TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation in the colon and hippocampus. of P135 and/or P142 alleviated HP- or aspirin-induced gut dysbiosis: they decreased Lachnospiracease, Helicobacteriaceae, and Akkermansiaceae populations and increased Bacteroidaceae and Muribaculaceae populations. These findings suggest that HP growth/inflammation-inhibitory P135 and/or P142 may alleviate gut inflammation (gastritis and colitis) and neuroinflammation through the suppression of neutrophil infiltration, NF-κB activation, and HP growth, thereby leading to the attenuation of systemic inflammation and psychiatric disorder.

Weizmannia coagulans BC99 affects valeric acid production via regulating gut microbiota to ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress responses in Helicobacter pylori mice

Helicobacter pylori is a highly prevalent pathogen in human gastric mucosa epithelial cells with strong colonization ability. Weizmannia coagulans is a kind of active microorganism that is beneficial to the improvement of host gut microbiota balance and can prevent and treat intestinal diseases. We investigated the beneficial effects of W. coagulans BC99 in H. pylori infected mice and measured inflammation response, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota. Results showed that BC99 could alleviate the gastric inflammation, inhibit the increasing of inflammation parameters endotoxin, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, and interferon-γ and oxidative stress myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, promote the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that BC99 reversed the change of gut microbiota by reducing the abundance of Olsenella, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Monoglobus, and increasing the abundance of Tyzzerella. Meanwhile, BC99 caused elevated levels of Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus. In view of the beneficial effect of BC99 on the content of short-chain fatty acid, valeric acid with sodium valerate interfered with H. pylori infection in mice found that valeric acid had a good restorative effect of H. pylori infection relating inflammation and oxidative stress responses. These results suggest that W. coagulans BC99 can be used as a potential probiotic to prevent and treat H. pylori infection by regulating the inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota.

Multifunctional SEBS/AgNWs Nanocomposite Films with Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Promote Infected Wound Healing

Wound healing is a complex biological process that can trigger inflammation and oxidative stress and impair myofibrillogenesis and angiogenesis. Several advanced wound-dressing nanocomposite materials have been designed to address these issues. Here, we designed a new multifunctional styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene/silver nanowire (SEBS/AgNWs)-based nanocomposite film with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties to promote wound healing. The porous morphological structure of SEBS/AgNWs enhances their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. SEBS/AgNWs significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli strains, effectively wiping out ABTS•+, DPPH•, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, showing their effective ROS-scavenging properties. It further showed significant antioxidant properties by increasing the levels of enzyme-like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), while decreasing malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, SEBS/AgNWs reduced the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), while increasing levels of transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), and CD31 in wound healing. This suggests that applying a multifunctional nanoplatform based on SEBS/AgNWs could enhance wound healing and improve patient outcomes in wound care management.

Yeast supplementation potentiates fluoxetine's anti-depressant effect in mice via modulation of oxido-inflammatory, CREB, and MAPK signaling pathways

Introduction

The therapeutic potential of yeast in the management of depression is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the modulatory effect of nutritional yeast supplementation on antidepressant activity of fluoxetine in mice models of depressive-like behaviors (DLB).

Methods

A total of 112 mice were divided into 16 groups (n = 7 each) for a 3-stage study. Stage I (non-DLB study) had groups Ia (10 mL/kg vehicle), Ib (20 mg/kg fluoxetine), Ic - If (2% yeast diet for all, but Id - If additionally received 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg fluoxetine respectively). Stage II (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] model of DLB) had groups IIa - IIb (10 mL/kg vehicle), IIc (20 mg/kg fluoxetine), IId (yeast) and IIe (yeast + 20 mg/kg fluoxetine). After these treatments for 24 days, animals in IIb - IIe received 0.83 mg/kg of LPS on the 25th day. Except for group IIIa (10 mL/kg vehicle), animals in other groups of stage III (unpredictable chronic mild stress [UCMS] model) were exposed to UCMS for 24 days along with 10 mL/kg vehicle (IIIb), 20 mg/kg fluoxetine (IIIc), yeast (IIId), or yeast + fluoxetine (IIIe).

Results

Yeast and fluoxetine attenuated LPS- and UCMS-induced immobility, derangement of oxido-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, NO, MDA, SOD, GSH, CAT, and AChE) and CREB/MAPK pathways. While fluoxetine had more potent effect than yeast when used separately, pre-treatment of mice with their combination had more pronounced effect than either of them.

Conclusion

Yeast supplementation improves the antidepressant activity of fluoxetine in mice by modulating oxido-inflammatory, CREB, and MAPK pathways.

The extracellular vesicle of depressive patient-derived Escherichia fergusonii induces vagus nerve-mediated neuroinflammation in mice

BACKGROUND

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety (DA). In our preliminary study, fecal microbiota transplantation from volunteers with psychological stress and subclinical symptoms of depression (Vsd) induced DA-like behaviors in mice. Escherichia fergusonii (Esf) was found to be more abundant in the feces of Vsd compared to healthy volunteers. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Esf on DA-like behavior and neuroinflammation in mice with and without celiac vagotomy.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Orally gavaged Esf increased DA-like behaviors, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) expression, and NF-κB+Iba1+ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+Iba1+ cell populations, while decreasing serotonin, 5-HT1A receptor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. However, celiac vagotomy attenuated Esf-induced DA-like behavior and neuroinflammation. Orally gavaged extracellular vesicle (EV) from Vsd feces (vfEV) or Esf culture (esEV) induced DA-like behavior and inflammation in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and colon. However, celiac vagotomy attenuated vfEV- or esEV-induced DA-like behaviors and inflammation in the brain alone, while vfEV- or esEV-induced blood LPS and TNF-α levels, colonic TNF-α expression and NF-κB-positive cell number, and fecal LPS level were not. Although orally gavaged fluorescence isothiocyanate-labeled esEV was translocated into the blood and hippocampus, celiac vagotomy decreased its translocation into the hippocampus alone.

CONCLUSIONS

esEVs may be translocated into the brain via the vagus nerve and bloodstream, subsequently inducing TNF-α expression and suppressing serotonin, its receptor, and BDNF expression through the activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling, thereby contributing to DA pathogenesis.

Biantennary N-glycans As Receptors for MARTX Toxins in Vibrio Pathogenesis

Multifunctional Autoprocessing Repeats-in-Toxin (MARTX) toxins are a diverse effector delivery platform of many Gram-negative bacteria that infect mammals, insects, and aquatic animal hosts. The mechanisms by which these toxins recognize host cell receptors for translocation of toxic effectors into the cell have remained elusive. Here, we map the first surface receptor-binding domain of a MARTX toxin from the highly lethal foodborne pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. This domain corresponds to a 273-amino acid sequence with predicted symmetrical immunoglobulin-like folds. We demonstrate that this domain binds internal N-acetylglucosamine on complex biantennary N-glycans with select preference for L1CAM and other N-glycoproteins with multiple N-glycans on host cell surfaces. This receptor binding domain is essential for V. vulnificus pathogenesis during intestinal infection. The identification of a highly conserved motif universally present as part of all N-glycans correlates with the V. vulnificus MARTX toxin boasting broad specificity and targeting nearly all cell types.

N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine protects against irradiation-induced damage to hematopoiesis and intestines

BACKGROUND

Ionizing radiation (IR), including radiotherapy, can exert lasting harm on living organisms. While liposaccharide (LPS) offers resistance to radiation damage, it also induces toxic responses. Thankfully, an LPS analogue called N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) holds the potential to mitigate this toxicity, offering hope for radiation protection.

METHODS

Survival of C57BL/6 mice exposed to IR after administration with fMLP/LPS/WR-2721 or saline was recorded. Cell viability and apoptosis assay of bone marrow (BMC), spleen and small intestinal epithelial (HIECs) cells were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry assay. Tissue damage was evaluated by Hematoxilin and Eosin (H&E), Ki-67, and TUNEL staining. RNA sequencing was performed to reveal potential mechanisms of fMLP-mediated radiation protection. Flow cytometry and western blot were performed to verify the radiation protection mechanism of fMLP on the cell cycle.

RESULTS

The survival rates of C57BL/6 mice exposed to ionizing radiation after administering fMLP increased. fMLP demonstrated low toxicity in vitro and in vivo, maintaining cell viability and mitigating radiation-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it protected against tissue damage in the hematopoietic and intestinal system. RNA sequencing shed light on fMLP's potential mechanism, suggesting its role in modulating innate immunity and cell cycling. This was evidenced by its ability to reverse radiation-induced G2/M phase arrests in HIECs.

CONCLUSION

fMLP serves as a promising radioprotective agent, preserving cells and radiosensitive tissues from IR. Through its influence on the cell cycle, particularly reversing radiation-induced arrest in G2/M phases, fMLP offers protection against IR's detrimental effects.

The efficacy and safety of probiotics in the adjuvant treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

It has been reported that the imbalance of gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We retrieved randomized placebo-controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotic administration in the treatment of psoriasis.

Methods

The outcomes were changes in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and serum inflammatory indicators after treatment, and adverse events (AEs). Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated using random or fixed effects model.

Results

Seven qualified studies were identified in our study. The pooled percentage of patients with ≥75% reduction from baseline in PASI was higher in the probiotic group than that in the placebo group (33.57% vs. 23.61%; RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.98-1.98, p = 0.06). Compared with the placebo group, the PASI (MD -3.09, 95% CI -5.04 to -0.74, p = 0.01) and CRP level (MD -2.36, 95% CI -2.77 to -1.95, p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced in the probiotic group. There was no significant difference in DLQI (MD -1.45, 95% CI -6.72 to 3.82, p = 0.59) and AEs (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.37-1.25, p = 0.22) between the two groups.

Conclusion

Oral administration of probiotics can improve psoriasis; however, large randomized controlled trials are needed to support this conclusion.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO, identifier CRD42024506286, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024506286.

New aspects of redox signaling mediated by supersulfides in health and disease

Oxygen molecules accept electrons from the respiratory chain in the mitochondria and are responsible for energy production in aerobic organisms. The reactive oxygen species formed via these oxygen reduction processes undergo complicated electron transfer reactions with other biological substances, which leads to alterations in their physiological functions and cause diverse biological and pathophysiological consequences (e.g., oxidative stress). Oxygen accounts for only a small proportion of the redox reactions in organisms, especially under aerobic or hypoxic conditions but not under anaerobic and hypoxic conditions. This article discusses a completely new concept of redox biology, which is governed by redox-active supersulfides, i.e., sulfur-catenated molecular species. These species are present in abundance in all organisms but remain largely unexplored in terms of redox biology and life science research. In fact, accumulating evidence shows that supersulfides have extensive redox chemical properties and that they can be readily ionized or radicalized to participate in energy metabolism, redox signaling, and oxidative stress responses in cells and in vivo. Thus, pharmacological intervention and medicinal modulation of supersulfide activities have been shown to benefit the regulation of disease pathogenesis as well as disease control.

Bile acids promote lipopolysaccharide clearance via the hepato-biliary pathway in broiler chickens

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts as a trigger that disrupts metabolic functions and the immune system. While bile acids (BA) have detoxification and anti-inflammatory effects, their role in promoting LPS excretion in broiler chickens remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential of exogenous BA to enhance hepatic clearance of LPS and thereby potentially alleviate LPS-induced liver injury in broiler chickens. Forty-five 21-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group, which received daily intraperitoneal injections of a solvent for LPS treatment and a gavage solvent for BA treatment; the LPS group, which received daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mg/kg body weight LPS and a gavage solvent for BA treatment; the LPS + BA group, which received daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mg/kg body weight LPS and 60 mg/kg body weight BA by gavage. BA administered by gavage protected the broiler chickens from increases in liver and spleen indices, systemic inflammatory response, and hepatic damage induced by LPS. Hepatic clearance of LPS was enhanced, as evidenced by decreased serum LPS levels and accelerated excretion into the gallbladder. Additionally, the LPS-induced downregulation of detoxification genes, including those for the lipoprotein receptor and bile acids export pump, was reversed by BA administered by gavage. Furthermore, nuclear transcription factors such as the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Liver X receptor α (LXRα) were enhanced in BA-treated broiler chickens. These findings suggest that BA administration via gavage enhances hepatic LPS clearance through the upregulation of hepatic uptake and efflux proteins, likely mediated by the activation of nuclear transcription factors FXR and LXRα.

Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound: A Physical Stimulus with Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Potential

Ultrasound has expanded into the therapeutic field as a medical imaging and diagnostic technique. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a kind of therapeutic ultrasound that plays a vital role in promoting fracture healing, wound repair, immunomodulation, and reducing inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory effects are manifested by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accelerated regression of immune cell invasion, and accelerated damage repair. Although the anti-inflammatory mechanism of LIPUS is not very clear, many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that LIPUS may play its anti-inflammatory role by activating signaling pathways such as integrin/Focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Serine threonine kinase (Akt), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), or inhibiting signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs)/Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and p38-Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). As a non-invasive physical therapy, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of LIPUS deserve further exploration.

Increased alpha-synuclein and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra triggered by systemic inflammation are reversed by targeted inhibition of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily capable of regulating inflammation. Considering the role of this receptor in the initiation and establishment of neuroinflammation, and the limited understanding of the function of RAGE in the maintenance of this condition, this study describes the effects of RAGE inhibition in the brain, through an intranasal treatment with the antagonist FPS-ZM1, in an animal model of chronic neuroinflammation induced by acute intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Seventy days after LPS administration (2 mg/kg, i.p.), Wistar rats received, intranasally, 1.2 mg of FPS-ZM1 over 14 days. On days 88 and 89, the animals were submitted to the open-field test and were killed on day 90 after the intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Our results indicate that blockade of encephalic RAGE attenuates LPS-induced chronic neuroinflammation in different brain regions. Furthermore, we found that intranasal FPS-ZM1 administration reduced levels of gliosis markers, RAGE ligands, and α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Additionally, the treatment also reversed the increase in S100 calcium-binding protein B (RAGE ligand) in the cerebrospinal fluid and the cognitive-behavioral deficits promoted by LPS-less time spent in the central zone of the open-field arena (more time in the lateral zones), decreased total distance traveled, and increased number of freezing episodes. In summary, our study demonstrates the prominent role of RAGE in the maintenance of a chronic neuroinflammatory state triggered by a single episode of systemic inflammation and also points to possible future RAGE-based therapeutic approaches to treat conditions in which chronic neuroinflammation and increased α-synuclein levels could play a relevant role, such as in Parkinson's disease.

Pharmacological validation of a novel exopolysaccharide from Streptomyces sp. 139 to effectively inhibit cytokine storms

With the rapid development of immunotherapy in recent years, cytokine storm has been recognized as a common adverse effect of immunotherapy. The emergence of COVID-19 has renewed global attention to it. The cytokine storm's inflammatory response results in infiltration of large amounts of monocytes/macrophages in the lungs, heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. This infiltration leads to secondary tissue damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organismal damage, and even death. However, there is currently no designated treatment for cytokine storm and the resulting ARDS. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify a pharmaceutical agent that can effectively mitigate cytokine storms. Ebosin is a new exopolysaccharide generated by Streptomyces sp.139 and pharmacological activity for cytokine storm is investigated in vivo. The results show that Ebosin significantly augments the survival rates of mice, and its effectiveness increases with higher doses. It significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines IL-5, IL-6, IL-9 and chemokine Eotaxin in serum and lung tissues. Ebosin can alleviate the pathological damage in the lungs, liver, and spleen caused by LPS. Additionally, it can inhibit the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, Stat3 and NF-κB p65 upon LPS stimulation in vitro. We hypothesized that Ebosin may decrease cytokine release by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, Stat3, and NF-κB p65, neutrophil infiltration in animals. The article preliminarily elucidated the activity and mechanism of Ebosin against cytokine storm, which provides a reference for the study of anti-cytokine storm activity of microbial natural products.

Understanding the impact of in vitro transcription byproducts and contaminants

The success of messenger (m)RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid growth and innovation in the field of mRNA-based therapeutics. However, mRNA production, whether in small amounts for research or large-scale GMP-grade for biopharmaceutics, is still based on the In Vitro Transcription (IVT) reaction developed in the early 1980s. The IVT reaction exploits phage RNA polymerase to catalyze the formation of an engineered mRNA that depends on a linearized DNA template, nucleotide building blocks, as well as pH, temperature, and reaction time. But depending on the IVT conditions and subsequent purification steps, diverse byproducts such as dsRNA, abortive RNAs and RNA:DNA hybrids might form. Unwanted byproducts, if not removed, could be formulated together with the full-length mRNA and cause an immune response in cells by activating host pattern recognition receptors. In this review, we summarize the potential types of IVT byproducts, their known biological activity, and how they can impact the efficacy and safety of mRNA therapeutics. In addition, we briefly overview non-nucleotide-based contaminants such as RNases, endotoxin and metal ions that, when present in the IVT reaction, can also influence the activity of mRNA-based drugs. We further discuss current approaches aimed at adjusting the IVT reaction conditions or improving mRNA purification to achieve optimal performance for medical applications.

Pereskia sacharosa Griseb. (Cactaceae) Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Rodents via Down-Regulating TLR4/CD14 Pathway and GABAA γ2 Activity

Pereskia sacharosa Griseb. is a plant used in traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation. We analyzed the phenolic content of P. sacharosa leaves (EEPs) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of EEPs and its flavonoid fraction (F10) in animal models subjected to acute neuroinflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Coronal brain sections of C57BL/6JN male mice or Wistar male rats administered with EEPs or F10 before LPS were subjected to in situ hybridization to determine c-fos and CD14 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus or GABAA γ2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Theta oscillations were recorded every 6 h in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. In total, five flavonoids and eight phenolic acids were identified and quantified in P. sacharosa leaves. Either EEPs or F10 crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain and reduced the mRNA expression of c-fos, CD14, and GABAA γ2. A decrease in theta oscillation was observed in the hippocampus of the LPS group, while the F10 + LPS group overrode the LPS effect on theta activity. We conclude that the bioactive compounds of P. sacharosa reduce the central response to inflammation, allowing the early return of ambulatory activity and well-being of the animal.

Recent Advances of Engineered Cell Membrane-Based Nanotherapeutics to Combat Inflammatory Diseases

An immune reaction known as inflammation serves as a shield from external danger signals, but an overactive immune system may additionally lead to tissue damage and even a variety of inflammatory disorders. By inheriting biological functionalities and serving as both a therapeutic medication and a drug carrier, cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics offer the potential to treat inflammatory disorders. To further strengthen the anti-inflammatory benefits of natural cell membranes, researchers alter and optimize the membranes using engineering methods. This review focuses on engineered cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics (ECMNs) and their application in treating inflammation-related diseases. Specifically, this article discusses the methods of engineering cell membranes for inflammatory diseases and examines the progress of ECMNs in inflammation-targeted therapy, inflammation-neutralizing therapy, and inflammation-immunomodulatory therapy. Additionally, the article looks into the perspectives and challenges of ECMNs in inflammatory treatment and offers suggestions as well as guidance to encourage further investigations and implementations in this area.

Slit2-Robo4 signal pathway and tight junction in intestine mediate LPS-induced inflammation in mice

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is one of the most common clinical diseases, which is characterized by a serious and uncontrollable inflammatory response. LPS-induced inflammation is a critical pathological event in sepsis, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated.

METHODS

The animal model was established for two batches. In the first batch of experiments, Adult C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group and LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.)group . In the second batch of experiments, mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, and LPS+VX765(10 mg/kg, i.p., an inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome) group. After 24 hours, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, blood and intestinal tissue were collected for tissue immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and ELISA assays.

RESULTS

The C57BL/6J mice injected with LPS for twenty-four hours could exhibit severe inflammatory reaction including an increased IL-1β, IL-18 in serum and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in intestine. The injection of VX765 could reverse these effects induced by LPS. These results indicated that the increased level of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum induced by LPS is related to the increased intestinal permeability and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In the second batch of experiments, results of western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that Slit2 and Robo4 were significant decreased in intestine of LPS group, while the expression of VEGF was significant increased. Meanwhile, the protein level of tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 were significantly lower than in control group, which could also be reversed by VX765 injection.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we revealed that Slit2-Robo4 signaling pathway and tight junction in intestine may be involved in LPS-induced inflammation in mice, which may account for the molecular mechanism of sepsis.

Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in C. elegans: Lessons Learned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection

Infections, such as that by the multiresistant opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may pose a serious health risk, especially on vulnerable patient populations. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides a simple organismal model to investigate both pathogenic mechanisms and the emerging role of innate immunity in host protection. Here, we review the virulence and infection strategies of P. aeruginosa and host defenses of C. elegans. We summarize the recognition mechanisms of patterns of pathogenesis, including novel pathogen-associated molecular patterns and surveillance immunity of translation, mitochondria, and lysosome-related organelles. We also review the regulation of antimicrobial and behavioral defenses by the worm's neuroendocrine system. We focus on how discoveries in this rich field align with well-characterized evolutionary conserved protective pathways, as well as on potential crossovers to human pathogenesis and innate immune responses.

Is an Elevated Preoperative CRP Level a Predictive Factor for Wound Healing Disorders following Lumbar Spine Surgery?

Postoperative wound infections are a prevalent concern among the hospital-associated infections in Europe, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and substantial patient burdens. Addressing the root causes of this complication is crucial, especially given the rising number of spine surgeries due to aging populations.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 3019 patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery over a decade in our department. The study aimed to assess the predictors of wound healing disorders, focusing on laboratory values, particularly inflammatory parameters.

RESULTS

Of the 3019 patients, 2.5% (N = 74) experienced deep or superficial wound healing disorders, showing the significant correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and these disorders (p = 0.004). A multivariate analysis identified several factors, including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, cardiac comorbidity, surgical duration, dural injury, and blood loss, as being correlated with wound healing disorders.

CONCLUSION

Demographic factors, pre-existing conditions, and perioperative variables play a role in the occurrence of adverse effects related to wound healing disorders. Elevated CRP levels serve as an indicator of increased infection risk, though they are not a definitive diagnostic tool for wound healing disorders.

Silk Sericin and Its Composite Materials with Antibacterial Properties to Enhance Wound Healing: A Review

Wound infections may disrupt the normal wound-healing process. Large amounts of antibiotics are frequently used to prevent pathogenic infections; however, this can lead to resistance development. Biomaterials possessing antimicrobial properties have promising applications for reducing antibiotic usage and promoting wound healing. Silk sericin (SS) has been increasingly explored for skin wound healing applications owing to its excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and ultraviolet-resistant properties. In recent years, SS-based composite biomaterials with a broader antimicrobial spectrum have been extensively investigated and demonstrated favorable efficacy in promoting wound healing. This review summarizes various antimicrobial agents, including metal nanoparticles, natural extracts, and antibiotics, that have been incorporated into SS composites for wound healing and elucidates their mechanisms of action. It has been revealed that SS-based biomaterials can achieve sustained antimicrobial activity by slow-release-loaded antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial-loaded SS composites may promote wound healing through anti-infection, anti-inflammation, hemostasis, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. The manufacturing methods, benefits, and limitations of antimicrobial-loaded SS materials are briefly discussed. This review aims to enhance the understanding of new advances and directions in SS-based antimicrobial composites and guide future biomedical research.

Soluble CD14 produced by bovine mammary epithelial cells modulates their response to full length LPS

Bovine mastitis remains a major disease in cattle world-wide. In the mammary gland, mammary epithelial cells (MEC) are sentinels equipped with receptors allowing them to detect and respond to the invasion by bacterial pathogens, in particular Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major E. coli motif recognized by MEC through its interaction with the TLR4 receptor and the CD14 co-receptor. Previous studies have highlighted the role of soluble CD14 (sCD14) in the efficient recognition of LPS molecules possessing a full-length O-antigen (LPSS). We demonstrate here that MEC are able to secrete CD14 and are likely to contribute to the presence of sCD14 in milk. We then investigated how sCD14 modulates and is required for the response of MEC to LPSS. This study highlights the key role of sCD14 for the full activation of the Myd88-independent pathway by LPSS. We also identified several lncRNA that are activated in MEC in response to LPS, including one lncRNA showing homologies with the mir-99a-let-7c gene (MIR99AHG). Altogether, our results show that a full response to LPS by mammary epithelial cells requires sCD14 and provide detailed information on how milk sCD14 can contribute to an efficient recognition of LPS from coliform pathogens.

Sivelestat Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Injury Induced by Inflammatory Response and Improves the Prognosis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Children: An Ambispective Cohort Study

Background

In Asia, Hanta virus (HTNV) results in severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The efficacy of sivelestat in treating children with HTNV-induced HFRS remains unclear.

Methods

An ambispective cohort study was performed on children diagnosed with HFRS and hospitalized at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University from August 2018 to 2023. Patients who received neutrophil elastin-inhibitor infusion between August 2019 and August 2023 were assigned to the sivelestat group, while patients who did not were assigned to the control group. The independent sample t test was used for inter-group analysis. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability test were used for categorical variables. Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between two sets of continuous variables. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log -Rank test was used to evaluate the difference in cumulative probability of survival between the two groups.

Results

No significant differences were observed between the two groups in gender, age, contact history, body mass index, HFRS severity, clinical indexes at admission. Compared to the control group, the sivelestat group exhibited a significant decrease in the interleukin-8 level at 48 h (28.5±3 vs 34.5±3.5) and 72 h (21.3±4.5 vs 31.5±5.6) (P<0.05), as well as the ICAM-1 level at 48 h (553±122 vs 784±187) and 72 h (452±130 vs 623±85) (P<0.05). The concentration of VCAM-1 in the sivelestat group exhibited a consistent downward trend. Moreover, the level of VCAM-1 was significantly lower than that in the control group at 24 h (1760±289 vs 2180±445), 48 h (1450±441 vs 1890±267), and 72 h (1149±338 vs 1500±396) (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the cumulative probability of survival between two groups (P = 0.041). In the secondary outcomes, the sivelestat group demonstrated a decrease in the utilization rate of mechanical ventilation and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).

Conclusion

Sivelestat may suppress neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response to reduce endothelial and organ damage, and improve clinical outcomes in children with severe hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome.

Prenatal Immune Challenge Differentiates the Effect of Aripiprazole and Risperidone on CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Dyads and Microglial Polarization: A Study in Organotypic Cortical Cultures

Microglia are the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system and extensively contribute to brain homeostasis. Dysfunctional or excessive activity of microglia may be associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, we examined whether aripiprazole and risperidone could influence the expression of the Cd200-Cd200r and Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 axes, which are crucial for the regulation of microglial activity and interactions of these cells with neurons. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of these drugs on microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory markers (Cd40, Il-1β, Il-6, Cebpb, Cd206, Arg1, Il-10 and Tgf-β) and cytokine release (IL-6, IL-10). The research was executed in organotypic cortical cultures (OCCs) prepared from the offspring of control rats (control OCCs) or those exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA OCCs), which allows for the exploration of schizophrenia-like disturbances in animals. All experiments were performed under basal conditions and after additional stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), following the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. We found that MIA diminished the mRNA level of Cd200r and affected the OCCs' response to additional LPS exposure in terms of this parameter. LPS downregulated the Cx3cr1 expression and profoundly changed the mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial markers in both types of OCCs. Risperidone increased Cd200 expression in MIA OCCs, while aripiprazole treatment elevated the gene levels of the Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 dyad in control OCCs. The antipsychotics limited the LPS-generated increase in the expression of proinflammatory factors (Il-1β and Il-6) and enhanced the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory components (Cd206 and Tgf-β) of microglial polarization, mostly in the absence of the MIA procedure. Finally, we observed a more pronounced modulating impact of aripiprazole on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines when compared to risperidone in MIA OCCs. In conclusion, our data suggest that MIA might influence microglial activation and crosstalk of microglial cells with neurons, whereas aripiprazole and risperidone could beneficially affect these changes in OCCs.

Exposure to structurally unique β-d-glucans differentially affects inflammatory responses in male mouse lungs

Pro-inflammatory fungal β-d-glucan (BDG) polysaccharides cause respiratory pathology. However, specific immunological effects of unique BDG structures on pulmonary inflammation are understudied. We characterized the effect of four unique fungal BDGs with unique branching patterns, solubility, and molecular weights in murine airways. Scleroglucan (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-highly branched BDG, laminarin (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-branched BDG, curdlan (1 → 3)-linear BDG, and pustulan (1 → 6)-linear BDG were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each BDG was tested by inhalation model with C3HeB/FeJ mice and compared to saline-exposed control mice and unexposed sentinels (n = 3-19). Studies were performed ±heat-inactivation (1 h autoclave) to increase BDG solubility. Outcomes included bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts (macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils), cytokines, serum IgE, and IgG2a (multiplex and ELISA). Ex vivo primary cells removed from lungs and plated at monolayer were stimulated (BDG, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-CD3), and cytokines compared to unstimulated cells. Right lung histology was performed. Inhalation of BDGs with distinct branching patterns exhibited varying inflammatory potency and immunogenicity. Lichen-derived (1 → 6)-linear pustulan was the most pro-inflammatory BDG, increasing inflammatory infiltrate (BAL), serum IgE and IgG2a, and cytokine production. Primed lung cells responded to secondary LPS stimulation with a T-cell-specific response to pustulan. Glucan source and solubility should be considered in exposure and toxicological studies.

Biochanin A mitigates ulcerative colitis and intestinal inflammation in mice by inhibiting MAPK/NF-kB (p65) axis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic problem of the intestine and relapsing in nature. Biochanin A is a nature-derived isoflavonoid and has numerous bioactivities. However, its role against UC and intestinal inflammation remains obscure. We aimed to comprehensively explore the pharmacological effect of biochanin A in alleviating colitis and to evaluate the potential mechanisms. Initially, we explored the anti-inflammatory action of biochanin A (15, 30, and 60 μM) by employing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. In RAW 264.7 cells under LPS stimulation, biochanin A inhibited the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.0001), interleukin (IL)-1β (p < 0.0001), IL-18 (p < 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.01) release, nitrite production (p < 0.0001), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. Next, we studied the effectiveness of biochanin A (20 and 40 mg/kg) in mouse colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) by assessing colon length, disease activity index (DAI) scoring, and performing colonoscopy and histological analysis. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were estimated using ELISA. Western blot studies were performed to assess underlying mechanisms. In mice, biochanin A treatment alleviated DAI score (p < 0.0001), restored colon length (p < 0.05) and morphology, and re-established colon histopathology. Biochanin A affects the phosphorylation of proteins associated with NF-κB (p65) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) axis and regulates colonic inflammation by reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Altogether, our findings support the idea that the anticolitis potential of biochanin A is allied with anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB (p65) axis. Hence, biochanin A may be an alternative option to alleviate the risk of colitis.

YL-109 attenuates sepsis-associated multiple organ injury through inhibiting the ERK/AP-1 axis and pyroptosis by upregulating CHIP

Sepsis is a severe inflammatory disorder that can lead to life-threatening multiple organ injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is the leading cause of multiple organ failure in sepsis. This study aimed to explore the effect of a novel agent, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-benzothiazole (YL-109), on LPS-induced multiple organ injury and the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. The results showed that YL-109 protected against LPS-induced high mortality, cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary and intestinal injury through inhibiting the proinflammatory response, NLRP3 expression and pyroptosis-associated indicators in mouse tissues. YL-109 suppressed LPS-initiated cytokine release, pyroptosis and pyroptosis-related protein expression in HL-1, IEC-6 and MLE-12 cells, which was consistent with the results of the in vivo experiments. Mechanistically, YL-109 reduces phosphorylated ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) levels and NF-κB activation, which are achieved through upregulating CHIP (carboxy terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) expression, thereby inhibiting c-Jun and c-Fos activation as well as NLRP3 expression. As an E3 ligase, CHIP overexpression obviously promoted the degradation of phosphorylated ERK and inhibited the expression of NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 in cells stimulated with LPS. The protective effects of YL-109 against cardiac, pulmonary and intestinal damage, inflammation and pyroptosis caused by LPS were eliminated in CHIP knockout mice. Our results not only reveal the protective effect and molecular mechanism of YL-109 against LPS-mediated organs damage but also provide additional insights into the effect of CHIP on negatively regulating pyroptosis and inflammatory pathways.

Recent advances in cell membrane camouflaged nanotherapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infection

Infectious diseases caused by bacterial infections are common in clinical practice. Cell membrane coating nanotechnology represents a pioneering approach for the delivery of therapeutic agents without being cleared by the immune system in the meantime. And the mechanism of infection treatment should be divided into two parts: suppression of pathogenic bacteria and suppression of excessive immune response. The membrane-coated nanoparticles exert anti-bacterial function by neutralizing exotoxins and endotoxins, and some other bacterial proteins. Inflammation, the second procedure of bacterial infection, can also be suppressed through targeting the inflamed site, neutralization of toxins, and the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. And platelet membrane can affect the complement process to suppress inflammation. Membrane-coated nanoparticles treat bacterial infections through the combined action of membranes and nanoparticles, and diagnose by imaging, forming a theranostic system. Several strategies have been discovered to enhance the anti-bacterial/anti-inflammatory capability, such as synthesizing the material through electroporation, pretreating with the corresponding pathogen, membrane hybridization, or incorporating with genetic modification, lipid insertion, and click chemistry. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the application of membrane-coated nanoparticles in preventing bacterial infections as well as addressing existing uncertainties and misconceptions.

Keratinocytes Present Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins and Promote Malignant and Nonmalignant T Cell Proliferation in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is characterized by malignant T cells proliferating in a unique tumor microenvironment dominated by keratinocytes (KCs). Skin colonization and infection by Staphylococcus aureus are a common cause of morbidity and are suspected of fueling disease activity. In this study, we show that expression of HLA-DRs, high-affinity receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), by KCs correlates with IFN-γ expression in the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, IFN-γ induces HLA-DR, SE binding, and SE presentation by KCs to malignant T cells from patients with Sézary syndrome and malignant and nonmalignant T-cell lines derived from patients with Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Likewise, preincubation of KCs with supernatant from patient-derived SE-producing S aureus triggers proliferation in malignant T cells and cytokine release (including IL-2), when cultured with nonmalignant T cells. This is inhibited by pretreatment with engineered bacteriophage S aureus-specific endolysins. Furthermore, alteration in the HLA-DR-binding sites of SE type A and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Jak3 and IL-2Rγ block induction of malignant T-cell proliferation. In conclusion, we show that upon exposure to patient-derived S aureus and SE, KCs stimulate IL-2Rγ/Jak3-dependent proliferation of malignant and nonmalignant T cells in an environment with nonmalignant T cells. These findings suggest that KCs in the tumor microenvironment play a key role in S aureus-mediated disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Ultrasmall copper nanoclusters as an efficient antibacterial agent for primary peritonitis therapy

The urgent need to develop biocompatible, non-resistant antibacterial agents to effectively combat Gram-negative bacterial infections, particularly for the treatment of peritonitis, presents a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce our water-soluble Cu30 nanoclusters (NCs) as a potent and versatile antibacterial agent tailored for addressing peritonitis. The as-synthesized atomically precise Cu30 NCs demonstrate exceptional broad-spectrum antibacterial performance, and especially outstanding bactericidal activity of 100% against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). Our in vivo experimental findings indicate that the Cu30 NCs exhibit remarkable therapeutic efficacy against primary peritonitis caused by E. coli infection. Specifically, the treatment leads to a profound reduction of drug-resistant bacteria in the peritoneal cavity of mice with peritonitis by more than 5 orders of magnitude, along with the resolution of pathological features in the peritoneum and spleen. Additionally, comprehensive in vivo biosafety assessment underscores the remarkable biocompatibility, low biotoxicity, as well as efficient hepatic and renal clearance of Cu30 NCs, emphasizing their potential for in vivo application. This investigation is poised to advance the development of novel Cu NC-based antibacterial agents for in vivo antibacterial treatment and the elimination of abdominal inflammation.

Severe neurological impairment and immune function: altered neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes, and inflammasome activation

BACKGROUND

Infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in children with Severe Neurological Impairment (SNI). Alterations in immune cell numbers and function in children with neurodisability have been reported. We aimed to characterise neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte proportions and activation, at baseline and in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, in children with SNI compared to healthy controls.

METHODS

Whole blood samples of children with SNI and controls were incubated in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml). Monocyte and neutrophil function (Cluster of Differentiation (CD)11b, (TLR)-4 and CD66b expression) and lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry. Expression of genes involved in the inflammasome (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing(NLRP)-3, Apoptosis-Associated Speck-like protein (ASC) and Interleukin(IL)1β) were assessed by PCR.

RESULTS

Monocytes and CD8+ T cells were lower in children with SNI (n = 14). CD66b, was hyporesponsive and monocyte TLR4 was hyperresponsive to lipopolysaccharide in children with SNI compared to controls (n = 14). NLRP3 expression was higher at baseline and IL1β expression was not upregulated in response to lipopolysaccharide in children with SNI in contrast to controls.

CONCLUSION

We have found significant differences in immune regulation in children with SNI compared to controls which may provide a useful therapeutic target in the future.

IMPACT

Children with SNI have reduced monocyte and CD8+ T cells. Neutrophils and monocytes in children with SNI show altered markers of activation in response to lipopolysaccharide. Expression of NLRP3 at the RNA level was higher at baseline in children with SNI. This study adds to the existing literature that children with neurological impairment have altered inflammatory and immune cell responses. This may provide a useful therapeutic target to reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality, and tertiary neurological injury in the future.

Tongfu Lifei Decoction Attenuated Sepsis-Related Intestinal Mucosal Injury Through Regulating Th17/Treg Balance and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Intestinal damage and secondary bacterial translocation are caused by the inflammatory response induced by sepsis. Tongfu Lifei (TLF) decoction has a protective effect on sepsis-related gastrointestinal function injury. However, the relation between gut microbiota, immune barrier, and sepsis under the treatment of TLF have not been well clarified yet. Here, rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to create a sepsis model. Subsequently, the TLF decoction was given to CLP rats by gavage, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and antibiotic were used as positive control. TLF suppressed the inflammatory response and improved the pathological changes in the intestines of CLP rats. Besides, TLF promoted the balance of the percentage of the Th17 and Treg cells. Intestinal barrier function was also improved by TLF through enhancing ZO-1, and Occludin and Claudin 1 expression, preventing the secondary translocation of other gut microbiota. TLF dramatically boosted the gut microbiota's alpha- and beta-diversity in CLP rats. Moreover, it increased the relative abundance of anti-inflammatory gut microbiota and changed the progress of the glucose metabolism. In short, TLF regulated the gut microbiota to balance the ratio of Th17/Treg cells, reducing the inflammation in serum and intestinal mucosal injury in rats.