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Woods EV, Saksena A, El-Zoka AA, Stephenson LT, Schwarz TM, Singh MP, Aota LS, Kim SH, Schneider J, Gault B. Nanoporous Gold Thin Films as Substrates to Analyze Liquids by Cryo-atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae041. [PMID: 38833315 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic atom probe tomography (cryo-APT) is being developed to enable nanoscale compositional analyses of frozen liquids. Yet, the availability of readily available substrates that allow for the fixation of liquids while providing sufficient strength to their interface is still an issue. Here, we propose the use of 1-2-µm-thick binary alloy film of gold-silver sputtered onto flat silicon, with sufficient adhesion without an additional layer. Through chemical dealloying, we successfully fabricate a nanoporous substrate, with an open-pore structure, which is mounted on a microarray of Si posts by lift-out in the focused-ion beam system, allowing for cryogenic fixation of liquids. We present cryo-APT results obtained after cryogenic sharpening, vacuum cryo-transfer, and analysis of pure water on the top and inside the nanoporous film. We demonstrate that this new substrate has the requisite characteristics for facilitating cryo-APT of frozen liquids, with a relatively lower volume of precious metals. This complete workflow represents an improved approach for frozen liquid analysis, from preparation of the films to the successful fixation of the liquid in the porous network, to cryo-APT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aparna Saksena
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jochen Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstrasse. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
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2
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Krämer M, Favelukis B, Sokol M, Rosen BA, Eliaz N, Kim SH, Gault B. Facilitating Atom Probe Tomography of 2D MXene Films by In Situ Sputtering. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae035. [PMID: 38767284 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are emerging as promising nanomaterials for applications in energy storage and catalysis. In the wet chemical synthesis of MXenes, these 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides are terminated with a variety of functional groups, and cations such as Li+ are often used to intercalate into the structure to obtain exfoliated nanosheets. Given the various elements involved in their synthesis, it is crucial to determine the detailed chemical composition of the final product, in order to better assess and understand the relationships between composition and properties of these materials. To facilitate atom probe tomography analysis of these materials, a revised specimen preparation method is presented in this study. A colloidal Ti3C2Tz MXene solution was processed into an additive-free free-standing film and specimens were prepared using a dual beam scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam. To mechanically stabilize the fragile specimens, they were coated using an in situ sputtering technique. As various 2D material inks can be processed into such free-standing films, the presented approach is pivotal for enabling atom probe analysis of other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Krämer
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Bar Favelukis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maxim Sokol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Brian A Rosen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Eliaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Jang K, Kim MY, Jung C, Kim SH, Choi D, Park SC, Scheu C, Choi PP. Direct Observation of Trace Elements in Barium Titanate of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Using Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae032. [PMID: 38702984 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Accurately controlling trace additives in dielectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) layers is important for optimizing the performance of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). However, characterizing the spatial distribution and local concentration of the additives, which strongly influence the MLCC performance, poses a significant challenge. Atom probe tomography (APT) is an ideal technique for obtaining this information, but the extremely low electrical conductivity and piezoelectricity of BaTiO3 render its analysis with existing sample preparation approaches difficult. In this study, we developed a new APT sample preparation method involving W coating and heat treatment to investigate the trace additives in the BaTiO3 layer of MLCCs. This method enables determination of the local concentration and distribution of all trace elements in the BaTiO3 layer, including additives and undesired impurities. The developed method is expected to pave the way for the further optimization and advancement of MLCC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuseon Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yang Kim
- Analysis and Interface Technology group, Corporate R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd., 150 Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16674, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwon Jung
- Department of Nanoanalytics and Interfaces, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Department of Nanoanalytics and Interfaces, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daechul Choi
- Analysis and Interface Technology group, Corporate R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd., 150 Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16674, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Park
- Analysis and Interface Technology group, Corporate R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd., 150 Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16674, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina Scheu
- Department of Nanoanalytics and Interfaces, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Lei YJ, Lu X, Yoshikawa H, Matsumura D, Fan Y, Zhao L, Li J, Wang S, Gu Q, Liu HK, Dou SX, Devaraj S, Rojo T, Lai WH, Armand M, Wang YX, Wang G. Understanding the charge transfer effects of single atoms for boosting the performance of Na-S batteries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3325. [PMID: 38637537 PMCID: PMC11026416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The effective flow of electrons through bulk electrodes is crucial for achieving high-performance batteries, although the poor conductivity of homocyclic sulfur molecules results in high barriers against the passage of electrons through electrode structures. This phenomenon causes incomplete reactions and the formation of metastable products. To enhance the performance of the electrode, it is important to place substitutable electrification units to accelerate the cleavage of sulfur molecules and increase the selectivity of stable products during charging and discharging. Herein, we develop a single-atom-charging strategy to address the electron transport issues in bulk sulfur electrodes. The establishment of the synergistic interaction between the adsorption model and electronic transfer helps us achieve a high level of selectivity towards the desirable short-chain sodium polysulfides during the practical battery test. These finding indicates that the atomic manganese sites have an enhanced ability to capture and donate electrons. Additionally, the charge transfer process facilitates the rearrangement of sodium ions, thereby accelerating the kinetics of the sodium ions through the electrostatic force. These combined effects improve pathway selectivity and conversion to stable products during the redox process, leading to superior electrochemical performance for room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jie Lei
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Daiju Matsumura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yameng Fan
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Shijian Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hua-Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shanmukaraj Devaraj
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Alava Technology Park Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Teofilo Rojo
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC EnergiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Alava Technology Park Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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5
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Khort A, Dahlström A, Roslyakov S, Odnevall I. Smallest unit of maximal entropy as novel experimental criterion for parametric characterization of middle- and high-entropy materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11271-11276. [PMID: 38563160 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Materials with multiple principal elements (middle- and high-entropy materials), are used in emerging applications in various fields due to their unique properties, driven by configuration entropy. Improved understanding and experimental investigations of the impact of the entropy of mixing on the properties of these materials are of large practical interest. Here we show a simplified limited area calculation approach for assessing the entropy of mixing using a CoCuFeNi model nanoalloy. Based on our calculations we propose a new parametric entropy-based criterion, which defines critical scale parameter transition from the maximal entropy state to the entropy-depleted state of the system. The criterion could be used for generalized mechanistic assessment of the effect of the entropy of mixing on the characteristics of the materials with multiple principal elements and for the development and characterization of existing and new middle- and high-entropy materials with both simple single-, and more complex, multiple-sublattice structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khort
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.
| | | | - Sergey Roslyakov
- University of Science and Technology ''MISIS'', Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Inger Odnevall
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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6
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An D, Zhang S, Zhai X, Yang W, Wu R, Zhang H, Fan W, Wang W, Chen S, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Zhang XM, Wuttig M, Yu Y. Metavalently bonded tellurides: the essence of improved thermoelectric performance in elemental Te. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3177. [PMID: 38609361 PMCID: PMC11014947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Elemental Te is important for semiconductor applications including thermoelectric energy conversion. Introducing dopants such as As, Sb, and Bi has been proven critical for improving its thermoelectric performance. However, the remarkably low solubility of these elements in Te raises questions about the mechanism with which these dopants can improve the thermoelectric properties. Indeed, these dopants overwhelmingly form precipitates rather than dissolve in the Te lattice. To distinguish the role of doping and precipitation on the properties, we have developed a correlative method to locally determine the structure-property relationship for an individual matrix or precipitate. We reveal that the conspicuous enhancement of electrical conductivity and power factor of bulk Te stems from the dopant-induced metavalently bonded telluride precipitates. These precipitates form electrically beneficial interfaces with the Te matrix. A quantum-mechanical-derived map uncovers more candidates for advancing Te thermoelectrics. This unconventional doping scenario adds another recipe to the design options for thermoelectrics and opens interesting pathways for microstructure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng An
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xin Zhai
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Wutao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Riga Wu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Huaide Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wenhao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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7
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Yamaguchi Y, Inaba Y, Arai R, Kanitani Y, Kudo Y, Shiomi M, Kasahara D, Yokozeki M, Fuutagawa N, Uzuhashi J, Ohkubo T, Hono K, Akahane K, Yamamoto N, Tomiya S. Atomic-Scale Multimodal Characterization of Self-Assembled InAs/InGaAlAs Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3772-3778. [PMID: 38552646 PMCID: PMC11017976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) are potential candidates for photoelectric and photovoltaic devices, because of their discrete energy levels. The characterization of QDs at the atomic level using a multimodal approach is crucial to improving device performance because QDs are nanostructures with highly correlated structural parameters. In this study, scanning transmission electron microscopy, geometric phase analysis, and atom probe tomography were employed to characterize structural parameters such as the shape, strain, and composition of self-assembled InAs-QDs with InGaAlAs spacer layers. The measurements revealed characteristic AlAs-rich regions above the QDs and InAs-rich regions surrounding the QD columns, which can be explained by the relationship between the effect of strain and surface curvature around the QD. The methodology described in this study accelerates the development of future QD devices because its multiple perspectives reveal phenomena such as atomic-scale segregations and allow for more detailed discussions of the mechanisms of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yamaguchi
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Yuta Inaba
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Ryoji Arai
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Yuya Kanitani
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kudo
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Michinori Shiomi
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Daiji Kasahara
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Yokozeki
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuutagawa
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Jun Uzuhashi
- National
Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Ohkubo
- National
Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hono
- National
Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kouichi Akahane
- National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Naokatsu Yamamoto
- National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Tomiya
- Sony
Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
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8
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Eriksson G, Hulander M, Thuvander M, Andersson M. Silica-embedded Gold Nanoparticles Analyzed by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae024. [PMID: 38525893 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are utilized in a multitude of applications due to their unique properties. Consequently, characterization of nanoparticles is crucial, and various methods have been employed in these pursuits. One such method is Atom Probe Tomography (APT). However, existing sample preparation techniques for APT generally involve embedding of the nanoparticles in a matrix different from their environment in solutions or at solid-liquid interfaces. In this work, we demonstrate a methodology based on silica embedding and explore how it can be utilized to form a matrix for nanoparticles suitable for APT analysis. Through chemisorption to a surface, gold nanoparticles were densely packed, ensuring a high probability of encountering at least one particle in the APT analyses. The nanoparticle-covered surface was embedded in a silica film, replacing the water and thus making this method suitable for studying nanoparticles in their hydrated state. The nanoparticle's silver content and its distribution, originating from the nanoparticle synthesis, could be identified in the APT analysis. Sodium clusters, possibly originating from the sodium citrate used to stabilize the particles in solution, were observed on the nanoparticle surfaces. This indicates the potential for silica embedding to be used for studying ligands on nanoparticles in their hydrated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Hulander
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Thuvander
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Uzuhashi J, Ohkubo T, Hono K. An Automated Site-Specific Tip Preparation Method for Atom Probe Tomography Using Script-Controlled Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae015. [PMID: 38442209 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The automation of the atom probe tomography (APT) tip preparation using a focused ion beam (FIB) with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dual-beam system will certainly contribute to systematic APT research with higher throughput and reliability. While our previous work established a method to prepare tips with a specified tip curvature and taper angle automatically, by using script-controlled FIB/SEM, the technique has been expanded to automated "site-specific" tip preparation in the current work. The improved procedure can automatically detect not only the tip shape but also the interface position in the tip; thus, the new function allows for control of the tip apex position. In other words, automated "site-specific" tip preparations are possible. The details of the automation procedure and some experimental demonstrations, that is, a Pt cap on Si, InGaN-based MQWs, and a p-n junction of GaAs, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uzuhashi
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Ohkubo
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hono
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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10
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Schwarz TM, Woods E, Singh MP, Chen X, Jung C, Aota LS, Jang K, Krämer M, Kim SH, McCarroll I, Gault B. In Situ Metallic Coating of Atom Probe Specimen for Enhanced Yield, Performance, and Increased Field-of-View. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024:ozae006. [PMID: 38366381 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography requires needle-shaped specimens with a diameter typically below 100 nm, making them both very fragile and reactive, and defects (notches at grain boundaries or precipitates) are known to affect the yield and data quality. The use of a conformal coating directly on the sharpened specimen has been proposed to increase yield and reduce background. However, to date, these coatings have been applied ex situ and mostly are not uniform. Here, we report on the controlled focused-ion beam in situ deposition of a thin metal film on specimens immediately after specimen preparation. Different metallic targets e.g. Cr were attached to a micromanipulator via a conventional lift-out method and sputtered using Ga or Xe ions. We showcase the many advantages of coating specimens from metallic to nonmetallic materials. We have identified an increase in data quality and yield, an improvement of the mass resolution, as well as an increase in the effective field-of-view. This wider field-of-view enables visualization of the entire original specimen, allowing to detect the complete surface oxide layer around the specimen. The ease of implementation of the approach makes it very attractive for generalizing its use across a very wide range of atom probe analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Schwarz
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Eric Woods
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xinren Chen
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Chanwon Jung
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Leonardo S Aota
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Kyuseon Jang
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathias Krämer
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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11
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Woods EV, Singh MP, Kim SH, Schwarz TM, Douglas JO, El-Zoka AA, Giulani F, Gault B. A Versatile and Reproducible Cryo-sample Preparation Methodology for Atom Probe Studies. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1992-2003. [PMID: 37856778 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Repeatable and reliable site-specific preparation of specimens for atom probe tomography (APT) at cryogenic temperatures has proven challenging. A generalized workflow is required for cryogenic specimen preparation including lift-out via focused ion beam and in situ deposition of capping layers, to strengthen specimens that will be exposed to high electric field and stresses during field evaporation in APT and protect them from environment during transfer into the atom probe. Here, we build on existing protocols and showcase preparation and analysis of a variety of metals, oxides, and supported frozen liquids and battery materials. We demonstrate reliable in situ deposition of a metallic capping layer that significantly improves the atom probe data quality for challenging material systems, particularly battery cathode materials which are subjected to delithiation during the atom probe analysis itself. Our workflow design is versatile and transferable widely to other instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Woods
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Mahander P Singh
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Finn Giulani
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Mikrostrukturphysik und Legierungsdesign, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
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12
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Zhu Y, Yu Y, Zhang H, Qin Y, Wang ZY, Zhan S, Liu D, Lin N, Tao Y, Hong T, Wang S, Ge ZH, Wuttig M, Zhao LD. Large Mobility Enables Higher Thermoelectric Cooling and Power Generation Performance in n-type AgPb 18+xSbTe 20 Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37922502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The room-temperature thermoelectric performance of materials underpins their thermoelectric cooling ability. Carrier mobility plays a significant role in the electronic transport property of materials, especially near room temperature, which can be optimized by proper composition control and growing crystals. Here, we grow Pb-compensated AgPb18+xSbTe20 crystals using a vertical Bridgman method. A large weighted mobility of ∼410 cm2 V-1 s-1 is achieved in the AgPb18.4SbTe20 crystal, which is almost 4 times higher than that of the polycrystalline counterpart due to the elimination of grain boundaries and Ag-rich dislocations verified by atom probe tomography, highlighting the significant benefit of growing crystals for low-temperature thermoelectrics. Due to the largely promoted weighted mobility, we achieve a high power factor of ∼37.8 μW cm-1 K-2 and a large figure of merit ZT of ∼0.6 in AgPb18.4SbTe20 crystal at 303 K. We further designed a 7-pair thermoelectric module using this n-type crystal and a commercial p-type (Bi, Sb)2Te3-based material. As a result, a high cooling temperature difference (ΔT) of ∼42.7 K and a power generation efficiency of ∼3.7% are achieved, revealing promising thermoelectric applications for PbTe-based materials near room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcai Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Huaide Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongxin Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shaoping Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongrui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yinghao Tao
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tao Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Ge
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Li-Dong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province (2021E10022), Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
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13
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Jung C, Zhang S, Jang K, Cheng N, Scheu C, Yi SH, Choi PP. Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Crystallization Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Amorphous NbCo 1.1Sn. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46064-46073. [PMID: 37738356 PMCID: PMC10561143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat treatment-induced nanocrystallization of amorphous precursors is a promising method for nanostructuring half-Heusler compounds as it holds significant potential in the fabrication of intricate and customizable nanostructured materials. To fully exploit these advantages, a comprehensive understanding of the crystallization behavior of amorphous precursors under different crystallization conditions is crucial. In this study, we investigated the crystallization behavior of the amorphous NbCo1.1Sn alloy at elevated temperatures (783 and 893 K) using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. As a result, heat treatment at 893 K resulted in a significantly finer grain structure than heat treatment at 783 K owing to the higher nucleation rate at 893 K. At both temperatures, the predominant phase was a half-Heusler phase, whereas the Heusler phase, associated with Co diffusion, was exclusively observed at the specimen annealed at 893 K. The Debye-Callaway model supports that the lower lattice thermal conductivity of NbCo1.1Sn annealed at 893 K is primarily attributed to the formation of Heusler nanoprecipitates rather than a finer grain size. The experimental findings of this study provide valuable insights into the nanocrystallization of amorphous alloys for enhancing thermoelectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwon Jung
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Kyuseon Jang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Seong-Hoon Yi
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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14
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Saxena A, Polin N, Kusampudi N, Katnagallu S, Molina-Luna L, Gutfleisch O, Berkels B, Gault B, Neugebauer J, Freysoldt C. A Machine Learning Framework for Quantifying Chemical Segregation and Microstructural Features in Atom Probe Tomography Data. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1658-1670. [PMID: 37639387 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) is ideally suited to characterize and understand the interplay of segregation and microstructure in modern multi-component materials. Yet, the quantitative analysis typically relies on human expertise to define regions of interest. We introduce a computationally efficient, multi-stage machine learning strategy to identify compositionally distinct domains in a semi-automated way, and subsequently quantify their geometric and compositional characteristics. In our algorithmic pipeline, we first coarse-grain the APT data into voxels, collect the composition statistics, and decompose it via clustering in composition space. The composition classification then enables the real-space segmentation via a density-based clustering algorithm, thus revealing the microstructure at voxel resolution. Our approach is demonstrated for a Sm-(Co,Fe)-Zr-Cu alloy. The alloy exhibits two precipitate phases with a plate-like, but intertwined morphology. The primary segmentation is further refined to disentangle these geometrically complex precipitates into individual plate-like parts by an unsupervised approach based on principle component analysis, or a U-Net-based semantic segmentation trained on the former. Following the composition and geometric analysis, detailed composition distribution and segregation effects relative to the predominant plate-like geometry can be readily mapped from the point cloud, without resorting to the voxel compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaukik Saxena
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikita Polin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Navyanth Kusampudi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shyam Katnagallu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Molina-Luna
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 16, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berkels
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Freysoldt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Allen FI, Blanchard PT, Lake R, Pappas D, Xia D, Notte JA, Zhang R, Minor AM, Sanford NA. Fabrication of Specimens for Atom Probe Tomography Using a Combined Gallium and Neon Focused Ion Beam Milling Approach. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1628-1638. [PMID: 37584510 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new focused ion beam sample preparation method for atom probe tomography. The key aspect of the new method is that we use a neon ion beam for the final tip-shaping after conventional annulus milling using gallium ions. This dual-ion approach combines the benefits of the faster milling capability of the higher current gallium ion beam with the chemically inert and higher precision milling capability of the noble gas neon ion beam. Using a titanium-aluminum alloy and a layered aluminum/aluminum-oxide tunnel junction sample as test cases, we show that atom probe tips prepared using the combined gallium and neon ion approach are free from the gallium contamination that typically frustrates composition analysis of these materials due to implantation, diffusion, and embrittlement effects. We propose that by using a focused ion beam from a noble gas species, such as the neon ions demonstrated here, atom probe tomography can be more reliably performed on a larger range of materials than is currently possible using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul T Blanchard
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Russell Lake
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - David Pappas
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Deying Xia
- Carl Zeiss SMT Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Norman A Sanford
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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16
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Pinc J, Školáková A, Hybášek V, Msallamová Š, Veřtát P, Ashcheulov P, Vondráček M, Duchoň J, McCarroll I, Hývl M, Banerjee S, Drahokoupil J, Kubásek J, Vojtěch D, Čapek J. A detailed mechanism of degradation behaviour of biodegradable as-ECAPed Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr with emphasis on localized corrosion attack. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:447-460. [PMID: 37168023 PMCID: PMC10164781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, advanced techniques such as atom probe tomography, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to determine the corrosion mechanism of the as-ECAPed Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy. The influence of microstructural and surface features on the corrosion mechanism was investigated. Despite its significance, the surface composition before exposure is often neglected by the scientific community. The analyses revealed the formation of thin ZnO, MgO, and MgCO3 layers on the surface of the material before exposure. These layers participated in the formation of corrosion products, leading to the predominant occurrence of hydrozincite. In addition, the layers possessed different resistance to the environment, resulting in localized corrosion attacks. The segregation of Mg on the Zn grain boundaries with lower potential compared with the Zn-matrix was revealed by atom probe tomography and atomic force microscopy. The degradation process was initiated by the activity of micro-galvanic cells, specifically Zn - Mg2Zn11/SrZn13. This process led to the activity of the crevice corrosion mechanism and subsequent attack to a depth of 250 μm. The corrosion rate of the alloy determined by the weight loss method was 0.36 mm·a-1. Based on this detailed study, the degradation mechanism of the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pinc
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author.
| | - Andrea Školáková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hybášek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Msallamová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Veřtát
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ashcheulov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vondráček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Duchoň
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matěj Hývl
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Swarnendu Banerjee
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Drahokoupil
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
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17
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Hunnestad KA, Schultheiß J, Mathisen AC, Ushakov IN, Hatzoglou C, van Helvoort ATJ, Meier D. Quantitative Mapping of Chemical Defects at Charged Grain Boundaries in a Ferroelectric Oxide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302543. [PMID: 37452718 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar discontinuities, as well as compositional and structural changes at oxide interfaces can give rise to a large variety of electronic and ionic phenomena. In contrast to earlier work focused on domain walls and epitaxial systems, this work investigates the relation between polar discontinuities and the local chemistry at grain boundaries in polycrystalline ferroelectric ErMnO3 . Using orientation mapping and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, the polycrystalline material is demonstrated to develop charged grain boundaries with enhanced electronic conductance. By performing atom probe tomography (APT) measurements, an enrichment of erbium and a depletion of oxygen at all grain boundaries are found. The observed compositional changes translate into a charge that exceeds possible polarization-driven effects, demonstrating that structural phenomena rather than electrostatics determine the local chemical composition and related changes in the electronic transport behavior. The study shows that the charged grain boundaries behave distinctly different from charged domain walls, giving additional opportunities for property engineering at polar oxide interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper A Hunnestad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jan Schultheiß
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Anders C Mathisen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Ivan N Ushakov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Antonius T J van Helvoort
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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18
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Sun JB, Peimyoo N, Douglas JO, Almquist BD. Doping density, not valency, influences catalytic metal-assisted plasma etching of silicon. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3393-3403. [PMID: 37350303 PMCID: PMC10463556 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal-assisted plasma etching (MAPE) of silicon (Si) is an etching technique driven by the catalytic activity of metals such as gold in fluorine-based plasma environments. In this work, the role of the Si substrate was investigated by examining the effects of the dopant concentration in both n- and p-type Si and the dopant atom type in n-type Si in SF6/O2 mixed gas plasma. At the highest dopant concentrations, both n- and p-type Si initially exhibit inhibition of the MAPE-enhanced etching. As the etch progresses, MAPE initiates, resulting in catalytic etching of the underlying Si at the metal-Si interface. Interestingly, MAPE-enhanced etching increases with decreasing doping concentrations for both n- and p-type Si substrates, distinct from results for the similar but divergent, metal-assisted chemical etching of silicon in liquid. Our findings show that the metal-Si interface remains essential to MAPE, and surface enrichment of the dopant atoms or other surface chemistries and the size of metal nanoparticles play roles in modulating catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Namphung Peimyoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin D Almquist
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Zand F, Hangx SJT, Spiers CJ, van den Brink PJ, Burns J, Boebinger MG, Poplawsky JD, Monai M, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating the Structure and Composition of Individual Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Supported Catalysts by Atom Probe Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17299-17308. [PMID: 37490556 PMCID: PMC10416302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the structure and composition of nanoparticles in supported metal catalysts are crucial to improve chemical processes. For this, atom probe tomography (APT) is a unique tool, as it allows for spatially resolved three-dimensional chemical imaging of materials with sub-nanometer resolution. However, thus far APT has not been applied for mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalyst materials, due to the size and number of pores resulting in sample fracture during experiments. To overcome these issues, we developed a high-pressure resin impregnation strategy and showcased the applicability to high-porous supported Pd-Ni-based catalyst materials, which are active in CO2 hydrogenation. Within the reconstructed volume of 3 × 105 nm3, we identified over 400 Pd-Ni clusters, with compositions ranging from 0 to 16 atom % Pd and a size distribution of 2.6 ± 1.6 nm. These results illustrate that APT is capable of quantitatively assessing the size, composition, and metal distribution for a large number of nanoparticles at the sub-nm scale in industrial catalysts. Furthermore, we showcase that metal segregation occurred predominately between nanoparticles, shedding light on the mechanism of metal segregation. We envision that the presented methodology expands the capabilities of APT to investigate porous functional nanomaterials, including but not limited to solid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zand
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J. T. Hangx
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Spiers
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - James Burns
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew G. Boebinger
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Ahmed AS, Müller DW, Bruyere S, Holtsch A, Müller F, Barrirero J, Brix K, Migot S, Kautenburger R, Jacobs K, Pierson JF, Mücklich F. Surface Modification of Brass via Ultrashort Pulsed Direct Laser Interference Patterning and Its Effect on Bacteria-Substrate Interaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37467050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become a crucial challenge for human health. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibacterial surfaces, i.e., copper and copper alloys. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of brass that underwent topographic surface functionalization via ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning. Periodic line-like patterns in the scale range of single bacterial cells were created on brass with a 37% zinc content to enhance the contact area for rod-shaped Escherichia coli (E. coli). Although the topography facilitates attachment of bacteria to the surface, reduced killing rates for E. coli are observed. In parallel, a high-resolution methodical approach was employed to explore the impact of laser-induced topographical and chemical modifications on the antibacterial properties. The findings reveal the underlying role of the chemical modification concerning the antimicrobial efficiency of the Cu-based alloy within the superficial layers of a few hundred nanometers. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the effect of alloy composition on targeted laser processing for antimicrobial Cu-surfaces, which facilitates the thorough development and optimization of the process concerning antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Saddiqa Ahmed
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Daniel Wyn Müller
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Anne Holtsch
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jenifer Barrirero
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Kristina Brix
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Sylvie Migot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Ralf Kautenburger
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Frank Mücklich
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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21
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Guitar MA, Nayak UP, Campo Schneider L, Schmauch J, Mücklich F. Analysis of the carbide precipitation and microstructural evolution in HCCI as a function of the heating rate and destabilization temperature. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9549. [PMID: 37308497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microstructural modification of high chromium cast irons (HCCI) through the precipitation of secondary carbides (SC) during destabilization treatments is essential for improving their tribological response. However, there is not a clear consensus about the first stages of the SC precipitation and how both the heating rate (HR) and destabilization temperature can affect the nucleation and growth of SC. The present work shows the microstructural evolution, with a special focus on the SC precipitation, in a HCCI (26 wt% Cr) during heating up to 800, 900, and 980 °C. It was seen that the HR is the most dominant factor influencing the SC precipitation as well as the matrix transformation in the studied experimental conditions. Finally, this work reports for first time in a systematic manner, the precipitation of SC during heating of the HCCI, providing a further understanding on the early stages of the SC precipitation and the associated microstructural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agustina Guitar
- Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - U Pranav Nayak
- Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lucía Campo Schneider
- Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmauch
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Campus D2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Mücklich
- Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Campus D3.3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Douglas JO, Conroy M, Giuliani F, Gault B. In Situ Sputtering From the Micromanipulator to Enable Cryogenic Preparation of Specimens for Atom Probe Tomography by Focused-Ion Beam. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1009-1017. [PMID: 37749683 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Workflows have been developed in the past decade to enable atom probe tomography analysis at cryogenic temperatures. The inability to control the local deposition of the metallic precursor from the gas-injection system (GIS) at cryogenic temperatures makes the preparation of site-specific specimens by using lift-out extremely challenging in the focused-ion beam. Schreiber et al. exploited redeposition to weld the lifted-out sample to a support. Here, we build on their approach to attach the region-of-interest and additionally strengthen the interface with locally sputtered metal from the micromanipulator. Following standard focused-ion beam annular milling, we demonstrate atom probe analysis of Si in both laser pulsing and voltage mode, with comparable analytical performance as a presharpened microtip coupon. Our welding approach is versatile, as various metals could be used for sputtering, and allows similar flexibility as the GIS in principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Douglas
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Kim SH, Stephenson LT, Schwarz T, Gault B. Chemical Analysis for Alkali Ion-exchanged Glass Using Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:890-899. [PMID: 37749684 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The developing flexible ultrathin glass for use in foldable displays has attracted widespread attention as an alternative to rigid electronic smartphones. However, the detailed compositional effects of chemically strengthened glass are not well understood. Moreover, the spatially resolved chemistry and depth of the compression layer of tempered glass are far from clear. In this study, commonly used X-ray spectroscopy techniques and atom probe tomography (APT) were used comparatively to investigate the distribution of constituent elements in two representative smartphone glass samples: non- and chemically tempered. APT has enabled sub-nanoscale analyses of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, and Ca) and this demonstrates that APT can be considered as an alternative technique for imaging the chemical distribution in glass for mobile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schwarz
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Gault B, Khanchandani H, Prithiv TS, Antonov S, Britton TB. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction Mapping Induces Structural Damage in Atom Probe Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1026-1036. [PMID: 37749672 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Measuring local chemistry of specific crystallographic features by atom probe tomography (APT) is facilitated by using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) to help position them sufficiently close to the apex of the needle-shaped specimen. However, possible structural damage associated to the energetic electrons used to perform TKD is rarely considered and is hence not well-understood. Here, in two case studies, we evidence damage in APT specimens from TKD mapping. First, we analyze a solid solution, metastable β-Ti-12Mo alloy, in which the Mo is expected to be homogenously distributed. Following TKD, APT reveals a planar segregation of Mo among other elements. Second, specimens were prepared near Σ3 twin boundaries in a high manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel, and subsequently charged with deuterium gas. Beyond a similar planar segregation, voids containing a high concentration of deuterium, i.e., bubbles, are detected in the specimen on which TKD was performed. Both examples showcase damage from TKD mapping leading to artefacts in the distribution of solutes. We propose that the structural damage is created by surface species, including H and C, subjected to recoil from incoming energetic electrons during mapping, thereby getting implanted and causing cascades of structural damage in the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BP London, UK
| | - Heena Khanchandani
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Thoudden Sukumar Prithiv
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Stoichko Antonov
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 1450 Queen Ave. SW, Albany, 97321 OR, USA
| | - T Ben Britton
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Frank Forward Building, Stores Road 309-6350, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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25
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Goetz IK, Pacheco V, Hassila CJ, Jansson U, Schneider JM, Hans M. Convective Flow Redistribution of Oxygen by Laser Melting of a Zr-Based Amorphous Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114113. [PMID: 37297246 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen impurities play a crucial role in the glass-forming ability and crystallisation behaviour of metallic glasses. In the present work, single laser tracks were produced on Zr59.3-xCu28.8 Al10.4Nb1.5Ox substrates (x = 0.3, 1.3) to study the redistribution of oxygen in the melt pool under laser melting, which provides the basis for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. Since such substrates are commercially not available, they were fabricated by arc melting and splat quenching. X-ray diffraction revealed that the substrate with 0.3 at.% oxygen was X-ray amorphous, while the substrate with 1.3 at.% oxygen was partially crystalline. Hence, it is evident that the oxygen content affects the crystallisation kinetics. Subsequently, single laser tracks were produced on the surface of these substrates, and the melt pools attained from the laser processing were characterised by atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy. Surface oxidation and subsequent convective flow redistribution of oxygen by laser melting were identified as causes of the presence of CuOx and crystalline ZrO nanoparticles in the melt pool. Bands of ZrO likely originate from surface oxides that were moved deeper into the melt pool by convective flow. The findings presented here highlight the influence of oxygen redistribution from the surface into the melt pool during laser processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Goetz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry-Angström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl J Hassila
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 35, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-Angström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Hans
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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26
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El Atwani O, Vo HT, Tunes MA, Lee C, Alvarado A, Krienke N, Poplawsky JD, Kohnert AA, Gigax J, Chen WY, Li M, Wang YQ, Wróbel JS, Nguyen-Manh D, Baldwin JKS, Tukac OU, Aydogan E, Fensin S, Martinez E. A quinary WTaCrVHf nanocrystalline refractory high-entropy alloy withholding extreme irradiation environments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2516. [PMID: 37130885 PMCID: PMC10154406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the quest of new materials that can withstand severe irradiation and mechanical extremes for advanced applications (e.g. fission & fusion reactors, space applications, etc.), design, prediction and control of advanced materials beyond current material designs become paramount. Here, through a combined experimental and simulation methodology, we design a nanocrystalline refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) system. Compositions assessed under extreme environments and in situ electron-microscopy reveal both high thermal stability and radiation resistance. We observe grain refinement under heavy ion irradiation and resistance to dual-beam irradiation and helium implantation in the form of low defect generation and evolution, as well as no detectable grain growth. The experimental and modeling results-showing a good agreement-can be applied to design and rapidly assess other alloys subjected to extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O El Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - H T Vo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - M A Tunes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - C Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - A Alvarado
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - N Krienke
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J D Poplawsky
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A A Kohnert
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J Gigax
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - W-Y Chen
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - M Li
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - Y Q Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J S Wróbel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Nguyen-Manh
- Culham Center for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - J K S Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - O U Tukac
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Aydogan
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Fensin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - E Martinez
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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27
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Uzuhashi J, Ohkubo T, Hono K. Development of automated tip preparation for atom probe tomography by using script-controlled FIB-SEM. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 247:113704. [PMID: 36822070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) has become a popular technique for microstructural analysis of a wide range of alloys and devices over the past two decades owing to the employment of laser-assisted field evaporation and the development of site-specific tip preparation using a focused ion beam (FIB) with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) system. In laser-assisted field evaporation, laser irradiation conditions largely influence mass resolution; therefore, recent commercial APT instruments allow strict control of the analysis conditions. However, the mass resolution is affected not only by the laser condition but also by the thermal conductivity of the material and the tip shape. In addition, it is also important to keep the tip shape constant in order to obtain tomography data with good reproducibility since the analytical volume highly depends on the tip shape. In this study, we have developed a method to fabricate the tip with the desired shape automatically by using a script-controlled FIB-SEM system, which has traditionally depended on the skill of the FIB-SEM operator. The tip shape was then intentionally changed by using this method, and its effect on the APT data is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uzuhashi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan.
| | - Tadakatsu Ohkubo
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hono
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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28
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Goetz IK, Sälker JA, Hans M, Hjörvarsson B, Schneider JM. Nanoscale Clustering in an Additively Manufactured Zr-Based Metallic Glass Evaluated by Atom Probe Tomography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1341. [PMID: 37110926 PMCID: PMC10143746 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Composition analysis at the nm-scale, marking the onset of clustering in bulk metallic glasses, can aid the understanding and further optimization of additive manufacturing processes. By atom probe tomography, it is challenging to differentiate nm-scale segregations from random fluctuations. This ambiguity is due to the limited spatial resolution and detection efficiency. Cu and Zr were selected as model systems since the spatial distributions of the isotopes therein constitute ideal solid solutions, as the mixing enthalpy is, by definition, zero. Close agreement is observed between the simulated and measured spatial distributions of the isotopes. Having established the signature of a random distribution of atoms, the elemental distribution in amorphous Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion is analyzed. By comparison with the length scales of spatial isotope distributions, the probed volume of the bulk metallic glass shows a random distribution of all constitutional elements, and no evidence for clustering is observed. However, heat-treated metallic glass samples clearly exhibit elemental segregation which increases in size with annealing time. Segregations in Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 > 1 nm can be observed and separated from random fluctuations, while accurate determination of segregations < 1 nm in size are limited by spatial resolution and detection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K. Goetz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Janis A. Sälker
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Hans
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björgvin Hjörvarsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jochen M. Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Waldl H, Hans M, Schiester M, Primetzhofer D, Burtscher M, Schalk N, Tkadletz M. Decomposition of CrN induced by laser-assisted atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 246:113673. [PMID: 36610317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that measurement parameters can significantly influence the elemental composition determined by atom probe tomography (APT). Especially results obtained by laser-assisted APT show a strong effect of the laser pulse energy on the apparent elemental composition. Within this study laser-assisted APT experiments were performed on Cr0.51N0.49 and thermally more stable (Cr0.47Al0.53)0.49N0.51, comparing two different base temperatures (i.e. 15 and 60 K), laser wavelengths (i.e. 532 and 355 nm) and systematically modified laser pulse energies. Absolute chemical compositions from laser-assisted APT were compared to data obtained from ion beam analysis. The deduced elemental composition of CrN exhibited a strong increase of the Cr content when the laser pulse energy was increased for both laser wavelengths. For low laser pulse energies Cr, CrN, N and N2 ions were identified, while the amount of detected Cr ions increased and the amount of N ions strongly decreased at higher laser pulse energies. Further, increased detection of more complex Cr-containing ions such as Cr2N at the expense of CrN was observed at higher pulse energies. At the highest pulse energy levels used within this work, the resulting Cr content was > 80 at%, dominated by the amount of detected elemental Cr ions. The change of the mass spectrum of the detected ions with increasing laser pulse energy provides evidence that high laser pulse energies initiate the decomposition of CrN during the APT measurement, consistent with the known thermal decomposition path into Cr2N and subsequently into Cr and gaseous N. In contrast, variation of the laser pulse energy for the thermally more stable CrAlN resulted only in a slight increase of Cr and a decrease of the resulting concentrations of Al and N with increasing laser pulse energy and no change in the type of detected ions. In conclusion, within the present study, the decomposition of a coating material with low thermal stability induced by laser-assisted APT was reported for the first time, emphasizing the importance of the selection of suitable measurement parameters for metastable materials, which are prone to thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Waldl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Coated Cutting Tools, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Marcus Hans
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstraße 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schiester
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Burtscher
- Department of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Nina Schalk
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Coated Cutting Tools, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Michael Tkadletz
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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Tkadletz M, Waldl H, Schiester M, Lechner A, Schusser G, Krause M, Schalk N. Efficient preparation of microtip arrays for atom probe tomography using fs-laser processing. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 246:113672. [PMID: 36586198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtip arrays, also called microtip coupons, are routinely used in atom probe tomography (APT) as specimen carriers. They are commercially available consumables, usually made of Si with high electrical conductivity, produced via dedicated shaping techniques. Their purpose is to act as a specimen mount after focused ion beam (FIB) based lift-out procedures. Within this work, an alternative approach to prefabricated microtip coupons is presented, by directly creating a microtip array on the sample to be investigated utilizing fs-laser processing. An exemplary array of microtip posts was fs-laser processed from a TiN coating on Si substrate and subjected to final preparation via annular FIB milling. Subsequently, APT specimen of the TiN coating as well as of the Si substrate were successfully measured in laser assisted mode, using a commercial local electrode APT system. To further emphasize the versatility of the proposed approach, additional voltage measurements of highly conductive B doped Si arrays as well as exemplarily fs-laser processed microtip arrays of various other materials are provided as supplementary material to this article. The presented methodology bypasses the lift-out and avoids the necessity of a Pt weld between specimens and coupon posts which is frequently considered to represent a weak spot. It reduces consumables consumption and provides a high number of specimens in short time, while it is applicable for a wide range of materials and has thus the potential to revolutionize APT specimen preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tkadletz
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, Leoben 8700, Austria.
| | - Helene Waldl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Coated Cutting Tools, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, Leoben 8700, Austria
| | - Maximilian Schiester
- Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Saale, Leoben 8700, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lechner
- Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Roseggerstraße 12, Saale, Leoben 8700, Austria
| | - Georg Schusser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Nina Schalk
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, Leoben 8700, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Coated Cutting Tools, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef-Straße 18, Leoben 8700, Austria
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31
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Iankevich G, Sarkar A, Katnagallu S, Chellali MR, Wang D, Velasco L, Singh R, Reisinger T, Kruk R, Hahn H. A New Class of Cluster-Matrix Nanocomposite Made of Fully Miscible Components. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208774. [PMID: 36434806 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials, consisting of two or more phases, at least one of which has a nanoscale dimension, play a distinctive role in materials science because of the multiple possibilities for tailoring their structural properties and, consequently, their functionalities. In addition to the challenges of controlling the size, size distribution, and volume fraction of nanometer phases, thermodynamic stability conditions limit the choice of constituent materials. This study goes beyond this limitation by showing the possibility of achieving nanocomposites from a bimetallic system, which exhibits complete miscibility under equilibrium conditions. A series of nanocomposite samples with different compositions are synthesized by the co-deposition of 2000-atom Ni-clusters and a flux of Cu-atoms using a novel cluster ion beam deposition system. The retention of the metastable nanostructure is ascertained from atom probe tomography (APT), magnetometry, and magnetotransport studies. APT confirms the presence of nanoscale regions with ≈100 at% Ni. Magnetometry and magnetotransport studies reveal superparamagnetic behavior and magnetoresistance stemming from the single-domain ferromagnetic Ni-clusters embedded in the Cu-matrix. Essentially, the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites can be tailored by the precise control of the Ni concentration. The initial results offer a promising direction for future research on nanocomposites consisting of fully miscible elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Iankevich
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sarkar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- KIT-TUD Joint Laboratory Nanomaterials, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Shyam Katnagallu
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Computational Materials Design, Max Planck Institut fÜr Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck- Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammed Reda Chellali
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leonardo Velasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Direccion Academica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede de La Paz, Km 9 via Valledupar-La Paz, Cesar, 202017, Colombia
| | - Ruby Singh
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Reisinger
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- KIT-TUD Joint Laboratory Nanomaterials, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Jiao M, Lei Z, Wu Y, Du J, Zhou XY, Li W, Yuan X, Liu X, Zhu X, Wang S, Zhu H, Cao P, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang H, Jiang S, Lu Z. Manipulating the ordered oxygen complexes to achieve high strength and ductility in medium-entropy alloys. Nat Commun 2023; 14:806. [PMID: 36781880 PMCID: PMC9925791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen solute strengthening is an effective strategy to harden alloys, yet, it often deteriorates the ductility. Ordered oxygen complexes (OOCs), a state between random interstitials and oxides, can simultaneously enhance strength and ductility in high-entropy alloys. However, whether this particular strengthening mechanism holds in other alloys and how these OOCs are tailored remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that OOCs can be obtained in bcc (body-centered-cubic) Ti-Zr-Nb medium-entropy alloys via adjusting the content of Nb and oxygen. Decreasing the phase stability enhances the degree of (Ti, Zr)-rich chemical short-range orderings, and then favors formation of OOCs after doping oxygen. Moreover, the number density of OOCs increases with oxygen contents in a given alloy, but adding excessive oxygen (>3.0 at.%) causes grain boundary segregation. Consequently, the tensile yield strength is enhanced by ~75% and ductility is substantially improved by ~164% with addition of 3.0 at.% O in the Ti-30Zr-14Nb MEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Jiao
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
| | - Yuan Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinlong Du
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Zhou
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yuan
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- grid.440669.90000 0001 0703 2206Institute of Metals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, 410114 Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Shudao Wang
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Cao
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiongjun Liu
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Suihe Jiang
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China.
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Strong charge carrier scattering at grain boundaries of PbTe caused by the collapse of metavalent bonding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:719. [PMID: 36759611 PMCID: PMC9911745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) play a significant role in controlling the transport of mass, heat and charge. To unravel the mechanisms underpinning the charge carrier scattering at GBs, correlative microscopy combined with local transport measurements is realized. For the PbTe material, the strength of carrier scattering at GBs depends on its misorientation angle. A concomitant change in the barrier height is observed, significantly increasing from low- to high-angle GBs. Atom probe tomography measurements reveal a disruption of metavalent bonding (MVB) at the dislocation cores of low-angle GBs, as evidenced by the abrupt change in bond-rupture behavior. In contrast, MVB is completely destroyed at high-angle GBs, presumably due to the increased Peierls distortion. The collapse of MVB is accompanied by a breakdown of the dielectric screening, which explains the enlarged GB barrier height. These findings correlate charge carrier scattering with bonding locally, promising new avenues for the design of advanced functional materials.
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Engineered mineralogical interfaces as radionuclide repositories. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2121. [PMID: 36746988 PMCID: PMC9902532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective capture of fugitive actinides and daughter radionuclides constitutes a major remediation challenge at legacy or nuclear accident sites globally. The ability of double-layered, anionic clay minerals known as hydrotalcites (HTC) to contemporaneously sequester a range of contaminants from solution offers a unique remedy. However, HTC do not provide a robust repository for actinide isolation over the long term. In this study, we formed HTC by in-situ precipitation in a barren lixiviant from a uranium mine and thermally transformed the resulting radionuclide-laden, nanoscale HTC. Atomic-scale forensic examination of the amorphized/recrystallised product reveals segregation of U to nanometre-wide mineral interfaces and the local formation of interface-hosted mineral grains. This U-phase is enriched in rare earth elements, a geochemical analogue of actinides such as Np and Pu, and represents a previously unreported radionuclide interfacial segregation. U-rich phases associated with the mineral interfaces record a U concentration factor of ~ 50,000 relative to the original solute demonstrating high extraction and concentration efficiencies. In addition, the co-existing host mineral suite of periclase, spinel-, and olivine-group minerals that equate to a lower mantle, high P-T mineral assemblage have geochemical and geotechnical properties suitable for disposal in a nuclear waste repository. Our results record the efficient sequestering of radionuclides from contaminated water and this novel, broad-spectrum, nanoscale HTC capture and concentration process constitutes a rapid solute decontamination pathway and solids containment option in perpetuity.
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Hong S, Abbas HG, Jang K, Patra KK, Kim B, Choi BU, Song H, Lee KS, Choi PP, Ringe S, Oh J. Tuning the C 1 /C 2 Selectivity of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Cu-CeO 2 Nanorods by Oxidation State Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208996. [PMID: 36470580 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ceria (CeO2 ) is one of the most extensively used rare earth oxides. Recently, it has been used as a support material for metal catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion. However, to date, the nature of metal/CeO2 interfaces and their impact on electrochemical processes remains unclear. Here, a Cu-CeO2 nanorod electrochemical CO2 reduction catalyst is presented. Using operando analysis and computational techniques, it is found that, on the application of a reductive electrochemical potential, Cu undergoes an abrupt change in solubility in the ceria matrix converting from less stable randomly dissolved single atomic Cu2+ ions to (Cu0 ,Cu1+ ) nanoclusters. Unlike single atomic Cu, which produces C1 products as the main product during electrochemical CO2 reduction, the coexistence of (Cu0 ,Cu1+ ) clusters lowers the energy barrier for C-C coupling and enables the selective production of C2+ hydrocarbons. As a result, the coexistence of (Cu0 ,Cu1+ ) in the clusters at the Cu-ceria interface results in a C2+ partial current density/unit Cu weight 27 times that of a corresponding Cu-carbon catalyst under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseon Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kshirodra Kumar Patra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomil Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyeon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Seung Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan Ringe
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Kombaiah B, Zhou Y, Jin K, Manzoor A, Poplawsky JD, Aguiar JA, Bei H, Aidhy DS, Edmondson PD, Zhang Y. Nanoprecipitates to Enhance Radiation Tolerance in High-Entropy Alloys. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3912-3924. [PMID: 36623205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of advanced energy technologies for power generation is enabled by the design, development, and integration of structural materials that can withstand extreme environments, such as high temperatures, radiation damage, and corrosion. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a class of structural materials in which suitable chemical elements in four or more numbers are mixed to typically produce single-phase concentrated solid solution alloys (CSAs). Many of these alloys exhibit good radiation tolerance like limited void swelling and hardening up to relatively medium radiation doses (tens of displacements per atom (dpa)); however, at higher radiation damage levels (>50 dpa), some HEAs suffer from considerable void swelling limiting their near-term acceptance for advanced nuclear reactor concepts. In this study, we developed a HEA containing a high density of Cu-rich nanoprecipitates distributed in the HEA matrix. The Cu-added HEA, NiCoFeCrCu0.12, shows excellent void swelling resistance and negligible radiation-induced hardening upon irradiation up to high radiation doses (i.e., higher than 100 dpa). The void swelling resistance of the alloy is measured to be significantly better than NiCoFeCr CSA and austenitic stainless steels. Density functional theory simulations predict lower vacancy and interstitial formation energies at the coherent interfaces between Cu-rich nanoprecipitates and the HEA matrix. The alloy maintained a high sink strength achieved via nanoprecipitates and the coherent interface with the matrix at a high radiation dose (∼50 dpa). From our experiments and simulations, the effective recombination of radiation-produced vacancies and interstitials at the coherent interfaces of the nanoprecipitates is suggested to be the critical mechanism responsible for the radiation tolerance of the alloy. The materials design strategy based on incorporating a high density of interfaces can be applied to high-entropy alloy systems to improve their radiation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Kombaiah
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Characterization and Post-Irradiation Examination Division, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho83415, United States
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Ke Jin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Anus Manzoor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Jeffery A Aguiar
- Nuclear Science and Technology Division, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho83415, United States
| | - Hongbin Bei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Dilpuneet S Aidhy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina29634, United States
| | - Philip D Edmondson
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester,Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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Luan C, Corva M, Hagemann U, Wang H, Heidelmann M, Tschulik K, Li T. Atomic-Scale Insights into Morphological, Structural, and Compositional Evolution of CoOOH during Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Luan
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Corva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Breen A, Day A, Lim B, Davids W, Ringer S. Revealing latent pole and zone line information in atom probe detector maps using crystallographically correlated metrics. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 243:113640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim K, Jung C, Yim K, Jeong I, Shin D, Hwang I, Song S, Ahn SK, Eo YJ, Cho A, Cho JS, Park JH, Choi PP, Yun JH, Gwak J. Atom-Scale Chemistry in Chalcopyrite-Based Photovoltaic Materials Visualized by Atom Probe Tomography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52825-52837. [PMID: 36346616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chalcopyrite-based materials for photovoltaic devices tend to exhibit complex structural imperfections originating from their polycrystalline nature; nevertheless, properly controlled devices are surprisingly irrelevant to them in terms of resulting device performances. The present work uses atom probe tomography to characterize co-evaporated high-quality Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films on flexible polyimide substrates either with or without doping with Na or doping with Na followed by K via a post-deposition treatment. The intent is to elucidate the unique characteristics of the grain boundaries (GBs) in CIGS, in particular the correlations/anti-correlations between matrix elements and the alkali dopants. Various compositional fluctuations are identified at GBs irrespective of the presence of alkali elements. However, [Cu-poor and Se/In,Ga-rich] GBs are significantly more common than [Cu-rich and Se/In,Ga-poor] ones. In addition, the anti-correlations between Cu and the other matrix elements are found to show not only regular trends among themselves but also the association with the degree of alkali segregation at GBs. The Na and K concentrations exhibited a correlation at the GBs but not in the intragrain regions. Density functional theory calculations are used to explain the compositional fluctuations and alkali segregation at the GBs. Our experimental and theoretical findings not only reveal the benign or beneficial characteristics of the GBs of CIGS but also provide a fundamental understanding of the GB chemistry in CIGS-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Kim
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanwon Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghoon Yim
- Computational Science and Engineering Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Jeong
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeop Shin
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Hwang
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Song
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyu Ahn
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Eo
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Cho
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Cho
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyung Park
- Photovoltaics Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Yun
- Institute for Energy Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Energy Technology, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do58339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Gwak
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon34113, Republic of Korea
- New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon34129, Republic of Korea
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Data-driven electron-diffraction approach reveals local short-range ordering in CrCoNi with ordering effects. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6651. [PMID: 36333312 PMCID: PMC9636235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptional mechanical strength of medium/high-entropy alloys has been attributed to hardening in random solid solutions. Here, we evidence non-random chemical mixing in a CrCoNi alloy, resulting from short-range ordering. A data-mining approach of electron nanodiffraction enabled the study, which is assisted by neutron scattering, atom probe tomography, and diffraction simulation using first-principles theory models. Two samples, one homogenized and one heat-treated, are observed. In both samples, results reveal two types of short-range-order inside nanoclusters that minimize the Cr–Cr nearest neighbors (L12) or segregate Cr on alternating close-packed planes (L11). The L11 is predominant in the homogenized sample, while the L12 formation is promoted by heat-treatment, with the latter being accompanied by a dramatic change in dislocation-slip behavior. These findings uncover short-range order and the resulted chemical heterogeneities behind the mechanical strength in CrCoNi, providing general opportunities for atomistic-structure study in concentrated alloys for the design of strong and ductile materials. Non-random chemical mixings that are intrinsic to medium- and high-entropy alloys are difficult to detect and quantify. Here the authors perform a diffraction data-mining analysis, revealing nanoclusters of short-range orders in a CrCoNi alloy, and their impacts on chemical homogeneity and dislocations slip.
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41
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Jung C, Jun H, Jang K, Kim SH, Choi PP. Tracking the Mn Diffusion in the Carbon-Supported Nanoparticles Through the Collaborative Analysis of Atom Probe and Evaporation Simulation. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 36250402 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported nanoparticles have been used widely as efficient catalysts due to their enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. To investigate their structure–property relationships, acquiring 3D elemental distribution is required. Here, carbon-supported Pt, PtMn alloy, and ordered Pt3Mn nanoparticles are synthesized and analyzed with atom probe tomography as model systems. A significant difference of Mn distribution after the heat-treatment was found. Finally, the field evaporation behavior of the carbon support was discussed and each acquired reconstruction was compared with computational results from an evaporation simulation. This paper provides a guideline for studies using atom probe tomography on the heterogeneous carbon-supported nanoparticle system that leads to insights toward a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwon Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Hosun Jun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseon Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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42
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Halpin JE, Jenkins B, Moody MP, Webster RW, Bos JWG, Bagot PA, MacLaren DA. A Correlative Study of Interfacial Segregation in a Cu-Doped TiNiSn Thermoelectric half-Heusler Alloy. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2022; 4:4446-4454. [PMID: 36185076 PMCID: PMC9520967 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of thermoelectric materials depends on both their atomic-scale chemistry and the nature of microstructural details such as grain boundaries and inclusions. Here, the elemental distribution throughout a TiNiCu0.1Sn thermoelectric material has been examined in a correlative study deploying atom-probe tomography (APT) and electron microscopies and spectroscopies. Elemental mapping and electron diffraction reveal two distinct types of grain boundary that are either topologically rough and meandering in profile or more regular and geometric. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that the Cu dopant segregates at both grain boundary types, attributed to extrusion from the bulk during hot-pressing. The geometric boundaries are found to have a degree of crystallographic coherence between neighboring grains; the rough boundaries are decorated with oxide impurity precipitates. APT was used to study the three-dimensional character of rough grain boundaries and reveals that Cu is present as discrete, elongated nanoprecipitates cosegregating alongside larger substoichiometric titanium oxide precipitates. Away from the grain boundary, the alloy microstructure is relatively homogeneous, and the atom-probe results suggest a statistical and uniform distribution of Cu with no evidence for segregation within grains. The extrusion suggests a solubility limit for Cu in the bulk material, with the potential to influence carrier and phonon transport properties across grain boundaries. These results underline the importance of fully understanding localized variations in chemistry that influence the functionality of materials, particularly at grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Halpin
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Department of Materials, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Moody
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Department of Materials, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Robert W.H. Webster
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Jan-Willem G. Bos
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Energy Storage and Recovery,
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Paul A.J. Bagot
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Department of Materials, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Donald A. MacLaren
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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43
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Yamaguchi Y, Kanitani Y, Kudo Y, Uzuhashi J, Ohkubo T, Hono K, Tomiya S. Atomic Diffusion of Indium through Threading Dislocations in InGaN Quantum Wells. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6930-6935. [PMID: 36048741 PMCID: PMC9480092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The compositional and structural investigations of threading dislocations (TDs) in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells were carried out using correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The correlative TEM/APT analysis on the same TD reveals that the indium atoms are diffused along the TD and its concentration decreases with distance from the InGaN layer. On the basis of the results, we directly observed that the indium atoms originating from the InGaN layer diffuse toward the epitaxial GaN surface through the TD, and it is considered to have occurred via the pipe diffusion mechanism induced by strain energy relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yamaguchi
- R&D
Center, Sony Group Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Yuya Kanitani
- R&D
Center, Sony Group Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kudo
- R&D
Center, Sony Group Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
| | - Jun Uzuhashi
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Ohkubo
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hono
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Tomiya
- R&D
Center, Sony Group Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-cho, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0014, Japan
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44
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Atomic-scale 3D imaging of individual dopant atoms in an oxide semiconductor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4783. [PMID: 35970843 PMCID: PMC9378652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties of semiconductors are controlled by chemical doping. In oxide semiconductors, small variations in the density of dopant atoms can completely change the local electric and magnetic responses caused by their strongly correlated electrons. In lightly doped systems, however, such variations are difficult to determine as quantitative 3D imaging of individual dopant atoms is a major challenge. We apply atom probe tomography to resolve the atomic sites that donors occupy in the small band gap semiconductor Er(Mn,Ti)O3 with a nominal Ti concentration of 0.04 at. %, map their 3D lattice positions, and quantify spatial variations. Our work enables atomic-level 3D studies of structure-property relations in lightly doped complex oxides, which is crucial to understand and control emergent dopant-driven quantum phenomena. Small variations in the density of dopants change the physical properties of complex oxides. Here, the authors resolve doping levels in three dimension, imaging the atomic sites that donors occupy in the small band gap semiconductor Er(Mn,Ti)O3.
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45
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Designing against phase and property heterogeneities in additively manufactured titanium alloys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4660. [PMID: 35945248 PMCID: PMC9363443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) creates digitally designed parts by successive addition of material. However, owing to intrinsic thermal cycling, metallic parts produced by AM almost inevitably suffer from spatially dependent heterogeneities in phases and mechanical properties, which may cause unpredictable service failures. Here, we demonstrate a synergistic alloy design approach to overcome this issue in titanium alloys manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. The key to our approach is in-situ alloying of Ti−6Al−4V (in weight per cent) with combined additions of pure titanium powders and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. This not only enables in-situ elimination of phase heterogeneity through diluting V concentration whilst introducing small amounts of Fe, but also compensates for the strength loss via oxygen solute strengthening. Our alloys achieve spatially uniform microstructures and mechanical properties which are superior to those of Ti−6Al−4V. This study may help to guide the design of other alloys, which not only overcomes the challenge inherent to the AM processes, but also takes advantage of the alloy design opportunities offered by AM. Additively manufactured Ti alloys exhibit spatially dependent microstructures and mechanical properties owing to the intrinsic thermal cycling. Here the authors develop new Ti alloys with uniform mechanical properties through a rational alloy design.
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46
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Revisiting stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement in 7xxx-Al alloys at the near-atomic-scale. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4290. [PMID: 35879282 PMCID: PMC9314352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-strength 7xxx series aluminium alloys can fulfil the need for light, high strength materials necessary to reduce carbon-emissions, and are extensively used in aerospace for weight reduction purposes. However, as all major high-strength materials, these alloys can be sensitive to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) through anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Here, we study at the near-atomic-scale the intra- and inter-granular microstructure ahead and in the wake of a propagating SCC crack. Moving away from model alloys and non-industry standard tests, we perform a double cantilever beam (DCB) crack growth test on an engineering 7xxx Al-alloy. H is found segregated to planar arrays of dislocations and to grain boundaries that we can associate to the combined effects of hydrogen-enhanced localised plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) mechanisms. We report on a Mg-rich amorphous hydroxide on the corroded crack surface and evidence of Mg-related diffusional processes leading to dissolution of the strengthening η-phase precipitates ahead of the crack.
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47
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Kim SH, Yoo SH, Shin S, El-Zoka AA, Kasian O, Lim J, Jeong J, Scheu C, Neugebauer J, Lee H, Todorova M, Gault B. Controlled Doping of Electrocatalysts through Engineering Impurities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203030. [PMID: 35514107 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fuel cells recombine water from H2 and O2 thereby can power, for example, cars or houses with no direct carbon emission. In anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), to reach high power densities, operating at high pH is an alternative to using large volumes of noble metals catalysts at the cathode, where the oxygen-reduction reaction occurs. However, the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen-oxidation reaction (HOR) hinders upscaling despite promising catalysts. Here, the authors observe an unexpected ingress of B into Pd nanocatalysts synthesized by wet-chemistry, gaining control over this B-doping, and report on its influence on the HOR activity in alkaline conditions. They rationalize their findings using ab initio calculations of both H- and OH-adsorption on B-doped Pd. Using this "impurity engineering" approach, they thus design Pt-free catalysts as required in electrochemical energy conversion devices, for example, next generations of AEMFCs, that satisfy the economic and environmental constraints, that is, reasonable operating costs and long-term stability, to enable the "hydrogen economy."
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Su-Hyun Yoo
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sangyong Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Helmholtz Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joohyun Lim
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24342, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Todorova
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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48
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Grandfield K, Micheletti C, Deering J, Arcuri G, Tang T, Langelier B. Atom Probe Tomography for Biomaterials and Biomineralization. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:44-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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49
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Microstructure Evolution of a New Precipitation-Strengthened Fe–Al–Ni–Ti Alloy down to Atomic Scale. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferritic materials consisting of a disordered matrix and a significant volume fraction of ordered intermetallic precipitates have recently gained attention due to their favorable properties regarding high-temperature applicability. Alloys strengthened by Heusler-type precipitates turned out to show promising properties at elevated temperatures, e.g., creep resistance. The present work aims at developing a fundamental understanding of the microstructure of an alloy with a nominal composition of 60Fe–20Al–10Ni–10Ti (in at. %). In order to determine the microstructural evolution, prevailing phases and corresponding phase transformation temperatures are investigated. Differential thermal analysis, high-temperature X-ray diffraction, and special heat treatments were performed. The final microstructures are characterized by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy along with hardness measurements. Atom probe tomography conducted on alloys of selected heat-treated conditions allows for evaluating the chemical composition and spatial arrangement of the constituent phases. All investigated sample conditions showed microstructures consisting of two phases with crystal structures A2 and L21. The L21 precipitates grew within a continuous A2 matrix. Due to a rather small lattice mismatch, matrix–precipitate interfaces are either coherent or semicoherent depending on the cooling condition after heat treatment.
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50
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Chen Y, Rice KP, Prosa TJ, Reed RC, Marquis EA. Al 2O 3 Grain Boundary Segregation in a Thermal Barrier Coating on a Ni-Based Superalloy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 35549785 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The segregation of reactive elements (REs) along thermally grown oxide (TGO) grain boundaries has been associated to slower oxide growth kinetics and improved creep properties. However, the incorporation and diffusion of these elements into the TGO during oxidation of Ni alloys remains an open question. In this work, electron backscatter diffraction in transmission mode (t-EBSD) was used to investigate the microstructure of TGO within the thermal barrier coating on a Ni-based superalloy, and atom probe tomography (APT) was used to quantify the segregation behavior of REs to α-Al2O3 grain boundaries. Integrating the two techniques enables a higher level of site-specific analysis compared to the routine focused ion beam lift-out sample preparation method without t-EBSD. Needle-shaped APT specimens readily meet the thickness criterion for electron diffraction analysis. Transmission EBSD provides an immediate feedback on grain orientation and grain boundary location within the APT specimens to help target grain boundaries in the TGO. Segregation behavior of REs is discussed in terms of the grain boundary character and relative location in TGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Chen
- CAMECA Instruments, Inc., Madison, WI53711, USA
| | | | - Ty J Prosa
- CAMECA Instruments, Inc., Madison, WI53711, USA
| | - Roger C Reed
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Emmanuelle A Marquis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
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