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Zanfagnini LG, Reis Junior JL, Rocha VN, Souza SF, Hitara KY, Marcondes M, Pacheco AD. Ehrlichia spp. infection worsens cardiac damage in dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e018223. [PMID: 38836809 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), the occurrence of coinfection with other pathogens, such as Ehrlichia spp., has been associated with worsening of the clinical condition. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of histological changes in the myocardia of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi with or without coinfection with Ehrlichia spp.. We evaluated paraffin-embedded myocardial sections from 31 dogs, affected by either L. chagasi alone or coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp., to compare the extent and degree of cardiac damage. The blocks were divided into two groups. G1 (dogs infected only by L. chagasi) and G2 (dogs coinfected with L. chagasi and Ehrlichia spp.). The right atrium free wall, right ventricle free wall, left ventricle, and interventricular septum of all groups were evaluated. Cardiac alterations were observed in 41.93% (52/124) of the fragments evaluated and inflammatory infiltrate was the most common pattern found. The G2 group showed a higher incidence of myocarditis, with 61.53% (32/52), compared to the G1 group, in which 20 out of 72 cases (27.7%) exhibited histopathological changes (p <0.05). These findings confirmed that coinfection can potentiate cardiac damage in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janildo Ludolf Reis Junior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Novaes Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Karina Yukie Hitara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, da Silva-Junior EB, Gemieski LP, da Silva Dias Lima B, Diniz-Lima I, de Carvalho Vivarini A, Lopes UG, Freire-de-Lima L, Morrot A, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Pinto-da-Silva LH, Freire-de-Lima CG, Decote-Ricardo D. Inhibition of Microbicidal Activity of Canine Macrophages DH82 Cell Line by Capsular Polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:339. [PMID: 38786693 PMCID: PMC11122219 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a lethal fungus that primarily affects the respiratory system and the central nervous system. One of the main virulence factors is the capsule, constituted by the polysaccharides glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and glucuronoxylomanogalactan (GXMGal). Polysaccharides are immunomodulators. One of the target cell populations for modulation are macrophages, which are part of the first line of defense and important for innate and adaptive immunity. It has been reported that macrophages can be modulated to act as a "Trojan horse," taking phagocytosed yeasts to strategic sites or having their machinery activation compromised. The scarcity of information on canine cryptococcosis led us to assess whether the purified capsular polysaccharides from C. neoformans would be able to modulate the microbicidal action of macrophages. In the present study, we observed that the capsular polysaccharides, GXM, GXMGal, or capsule total did not induce apoptosis in the DH82 macrophage cell line. However, it was possible to demonstrate that the phagocytic activity was decreased after treatment with polysaccharides. In addition, recovered yeasts from macrophages treated with polysaccharides after phagocytosis could be cultured, showing that their viability was not altered. The polysaccharides led to a reduction in ROS production and the mRNA expression of IL-12 and IL-6. We observed that GXMGal inhibits MHC class II expression and GXM reduces ERK phosphorylation. In contrast, GXMGal and GXM were able to increase the PPAR-γ expression. Furthermore, our data suggest that capsular polysaccharides can reduce the microbicidal activity of canine macrophages DH82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel F. LaRocque-de-Freitas
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-900, Brazil; (I.F.L.-d.-F.); (L.P.G.); (B.d.S.D.L.); (L.H.P.-d.-S.)
| | - Elias Barbosa da Silva-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Leticia Paixão Gemieski
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-900, Brazil; (I.F.L.-d.-F.); (L.P.G.); (B.d.S.D.L.); (L.H.P.-d.-S.)
| | - Beatriz da Silva Dias Lima
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-900, Brazil; (I.F.L.-d.-F.); (L.P.G.); (B.d.S.D.L.); (L.H.P.-d.-S.)
| | - Israel Diniz-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | | | - Ulisses G. Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-900, Brazil
| | - José Osvaldo Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Lucia Helena Pinto-da-Silva
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-900, Brazil; (I.F.L.-d.-F.); (L.P.G.); (B.d.S.D.L.); (L.H.P.-d.-S.)
| | - Celio G. Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (E.B.d.S.-J.); (I.D.-L.); (U.G.L.); (L.F.-d.-L.); (J.O.P.); (L.M.-P.)
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-900, Brazil; (I.F.L.-d.-F.); (L.P.G.); (B.d.S.D.L.); (L.H.P.-d.-S.)
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Moreira G, Maia R, Soares N, Ostolin T, Coura-Vital W, Aguiar-Soares R, Ruiz J, Resende D, de Brito R, Reis A, Roatt B. Synthetic Peptides Selected by Immunoinformatics as Potential Tools for the Specific Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:906. [PMID: 38792746 PMCID: PMC11123790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil faces challenges due to the limitations regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the current diagnostic protocol. Therefore, it is urgent to map new antigens or enhance the existing ones for future diagnostic techniques. Immunoinformatic tools are promising in the identification of new potential epitopes or antigen candidates. In this study, we evaluated peptides selected by epitope prediction for CVL serodiagnosis in ELISA assays. Ten B-cell epitopes were immunogenic in silico, but two peptides (peptides No. 45 and No. 48) showed the best performance in vitro. The selected peptides, both individually and in combination, were highly diagnostically accurate, with sensitivities ranging from 86.4% to 100% and with a specificity of approximately 90%. We observed that the combination of peptides showed better performance when compared to peptide alone, by detecting all asymptomatic dogs, showing lower cross-reactivity in sera from dogs with other canine infections, and did not detect vaccinated animals. Moreover, our data indicate the potential use of immunoinformatic tools associated with ELISA assays for the selection and evaluation of potential new targets, such as peptides, applied to the diagnosis of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Nathália Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Thais Ostolin
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Ruiz
- Grupo de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil; (J.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Resende
- Grupo de Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil; (J.R.); (D.R.)
| | - Rory de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandre Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil; (G.M.); (R.M.); (N.S.); (T.O.); (R.A.-S.); (R.d.B.); (A.R.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
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Manchester AC, Chow L, Wheat W, Dow S. Modulation of In Vitro Macrophage Responses via Primary and Secondary Bile Acids in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3714. [PMID: 38067065 PMCID: PMC10705343 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are important metabolites secreted into the intestinal lumen and impacted by luminal microbes and dietary intake. Prior studies in humans and rodents have shown that BAs are immunologically active and that primary and secondary BAs have distinct immune properties. Therefore, the composition of the gut BA pool may influence GI inflammatory responses. The current study investigated the relative immune modulatory properties of primary (cholic acid, CA) and secondary BAs (lithocholic acid, LCA) by assessing their effects on canine macrophage cytokine secretion and BA receptor (TGR5) expression. In addition, RNA sequencing was used to further interrogate how CA and LCA differentially modulated macrophage responses to LPS (lipopolysaccharide). We found that exposure to either CA or LCA influenced LPS-induced cytokine production via macrophages similarly, with suppression of TNF-α secretion and enhancement of IL-10 secretion. Neither BA altered the expression of the BA receptor TGR5. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that CA activated inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages involving type II interferon signaling and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, whereas LCA activated pathways related to nitric oxide signaling and cell cycle regulation. Thus, we concluded that both primary and secondary BAs are active modulators of macrophage responses in dogs, with differential and shared effects evident with sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Manchester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (S.D.)
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (S.D.)
| | - William Wheat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA (S.D.)
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Castro MBD, Szabó MPJ, Aquino LPCTD, Dagnoni AS, Alessi AC, Costa MT, Nakaghi ACH, Santi MD, Calchi AC, André MR, Machado RZ. Immunophenotypical and pathological changes in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e021621. [PMID: 35416862 PMCID: PMC9901872 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is one of the most important tick-borne diseases worldwide, with multisystemic presentations. Immune dysregulation has been proposed as the primary mechanism involved in its pathogenesis and in tissue injury in dogs with CME. Experimental infection of German Shepherd dogs in the present study demonstrated that CME caused marked pathological changes in their lymph nodes and spleen, and also gave rise to mononuclear infiltration in organs and tissues. Immunophenotyping of cells in lymph nodes, spleen and injured tissues highlighted differences in lymphocyte subsets, local expression of immunoglobulin subclasses and MHCII molecules between infected and control dogs. These findings suggest that the immunophenotypic and immunopathological changes in dogs with acute experimental CME are related to Th1 bias and compartmentalized immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matias Pablo Juan Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Antonio Carlos Alessi
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Mirela Tinucci Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Mariele De Santi
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Claúdia Calchi
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Beasley EA, Pessôa-Pereira D, Scorza BM, Petersen CA. Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113206. [PMID: 34827938 PMCID: PMC8614518 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), the most severe, visceralizing form of disease caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. CanL is frequently diagnosed in the Mediterranean basin and South America, although it is also found in other regions, including the United States (U.S.). Dogs in these regions are at risk for co-infections, prominently tick-borne diseases. Our review examines epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic mechanisms found during the most common eight CanL co-infections reported in published literature. Co-infections alter immunologic processes and disease progression impacting CanL diagnosis, therapeutic responses, and prognosis. Abstract Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne, parasitic disease. CanL is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and South America but also found in Northern Africa, Asia, and the U.S. Regions with both competent sand fly vectors and L. infantum parasites are also endemic for additional infectious diseases that could cause co-infections in dogs. Growing evidence indicates that co-infections can impact immunologic responses and thus the clinical course of both CanL and the comorbid disease(s). The aim for this review is to summarize epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic factors contributing to eight primary co-infections reported with CanL: Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis. Co-infection causes mechanistic differences in immunity which can alter diagnostics, therapeutic management, and prognosis of dogs with CanL. More research is needed to further explore immunomodulation during CanL co-infection(s) and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle Pessôa-Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christine A. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (E.A.B.); (D.P.-P.); (B.M.S.)
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sweeny AR, Albery GF, Becker DJ, Eskew EA, Carlson CJ. Synzootics. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2744-2754. [PMID: 34546566 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists increasingly recognise coinfection as an important component of emergent epidemiological patterns, connecting aspects of ecoimmunology, behaviour, ecosystem function and even extinction risk. Building on syndemic theory in medical anthropology, we propose the term 'synzootics' to describe co-occurring enzootic or epizootic processes that produce worse health outcomes in wild animals. Using framing from syndemic theory, we describe how the synzootic concept offers new insights into the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. We then recommend a set of empirical criteria and lines of evidence that can be used to identify synzootics in nature. We conclude by exploring how synzootics could indirectly drive the emergence of novel pathogens in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Sweeny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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8
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Attipa C, Solano-Gallego L, Papasouliotis K, Soutter F, Morris D, Helps C, Carver S, Tasker S. Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:184. [PMID: 29554932 PMCID: PMC5859779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is a major cause of disease in dogs, which are frequently co-infected with other vector-borne pathogens (VBP). However, the associations between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL) and VBP co-infections have not been studied. We assessed the risk of VBP infections in dogs with ClinL and healthy controls. Methods We conducted a prospective case-control study of dogs with ClinL (positive qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) and clinically healthy, ideally breed-, sex- and age-matched, control dogs (negative qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) from Paphos, Cyprus. We obtained demographic data and all dogs underwent PCR on EDTA-blood extracted DNA for haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp., with DNA sequencing to identify infecting species. We used logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the risk of VBP infections between ClinL cases and controls. Results From the 50 enrolled dogs with ClinL, DNA was detected in 24 (48%) for Hepatozoon spp., 14 (28%) for Mycoplasma haemocanis, 6 (12%) for Ehrlichia canis and 2 (4%) for Anaplasma platys. In the 92 enrolled control dogs, DNA was detected in 41 (45%) for Hepatozoon spp., 18 (20%) for M. haemocanis, 1 (1%) for E. canis and 3 (3%) for A. platys. No Babesia spp. or “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” DNA was detected in any dog. No statistical differences were found between the ClinL and controls regarding age, sex, breed, lifestyle and use of ectoparasitic prevention. A significant association between ClinL and E. canis infection (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.5–106.0, P = 0.022) was found compared to controls by multivariate logistic regression. This association was confirmed using SEM, which further identified that younger dogs were more likely to be infected with each of Hepatozoon spp. and M. haemocanis, and dogs with Hepatozoon spp. were more likely to be co-infected with M. haemocanis. Conclusions Dogs with ClinL are at a higher risk of co-infection with E. canis than clinically healthy dogs. We recommend that dogs diagnosed with ClinL should be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Attipa
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Cyvets Veterinary Center, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Papasouliotis
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.,IDEXX Laboratories Ltd, Wetherby, UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David Morris
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK. .,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
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9
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Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175588. [PMID: 28419136 PMCID: PMC5395170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and little is known about the occurrence and pathogenesis of this parasite in the CNS. The aims of this study were to evaluate the occurrence, viability and load of L. infantum in the CNS, and to identify the neurological histological alterations associated with this protozoan and its co-infections in naturally infected dogs. Forty-eight Leishmania-seropositive dogs from which L. infantum was isolated after necropsy were examined. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed by parasitological culture, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the rapid immunochromatographic Dual Path Platform test. Brain, spinal cord and spleen samples were submitted to parasitological culture, qPCR, and histological techniques. Additionally, anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies in serum and distemper virus antigens in CSF were investigated. None of the dogs showed neurological signs. All dogs tested positive for L. infantum in the CNS. Viable forms of L. infantum were isolated from CSF, brain and spinal cord in 25% of the dogs. Anti-L. infantum antibodies were detected in CSF in 61% of 36 dogs. Inflammatory histological alterations were observed in the CNS of 31% of the animals; of these, 66% were seropositive for E. canis and/or T. gondii. Amastigote forms were associated with granulomatous non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in a dog without evidence of co-infections. The highest frequency of L. infantum DNA was observed in the brain (98%), followed by the spinal cord (96%), spleen (95%), and CSF (50%). The highest L. infantum load in CNS was found in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that L. infantum can cross the blood-brain barrier, spread through CSF, and cause active infection in the entire CNS of dogs. Additionally, L. infantum can cause inflammation in the CNS that can lead to neurological signs with progression of the disease.
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10
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Michaels DL, Leibowitz JA, Azaiza MT, Shil PK, Shama SM, Kutish GF, Distelhorst SL, Balish MF, May MA, Brown DR. Cellular Microbiology of Mycoplasma canis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1785-1795. [PMID: 27045036 PMCID: PMC4907131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the void of basic knowledge about the organism's candidate virulence factors, the host responses that it elicits, and its potential roles in pathogenesis. Secretion of reactive oxygen species and sialidase varied quantitatively (P < 0.01) among strains of M. canis isolated from canine brain tissue or mucosal surfaces. All strains colonized the surface of canine MDCK epithelial and DH82 histiocyte cells and murine C8-D1A astrocytes. Transit through MDCK and DH82 cells was demonstrated by gentamicin protection assays and three-dimensional immunofluorescence imaging. Strains further varied (P < 0.01) in the extents to which they influenced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the neuroendocrine regulatory peptide endothelin-1 by DH82 cells. Inoculation with M. canis also decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen expression by DH82 cells (P < 0.01), while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and complement factor H was unaffected. The basis for differences in the responses elicited by these strains was not obvious in their genome sequences. No acute cytopathic effects on any homogeneous cell line, or consistent patterns of M. canis polyvalent antigen distribution in canine meningoencephalitis case brain tissues, were apparent. Thus, while it is not likely a primary neuropathogen, M. canis has the capacity to influence meningoencephalitis through complex interactions within the multicellular and neurochemical in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina L Michaels
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Leibowitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed T Azaiza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne M Shama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan A May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Cardinot CB, Silva JES, Yamatogi RS, Nunes CM, Biondo AW, Vieira RFC, Junior JPA, Marcondes M. Detection ofEhrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, andToxoplasma gondiiDNA in the Brain of Dogs Naturally Infected withLeishmania infantum. J Parasitol 2016; 102:275-9. [DOI: 10.1645/15-821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Andrade GB, Barreto WTG, Santos LLD, Ribeiro LRR, Macedo GCD, Sousa KCMD, André MR, Machado RZ, Herrera HM. Pathology of dogs in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil naturally co-infected with Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:509-15. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different parasites that commonly occur concomitantly can influence one another, sometimes with unpredictable effects. We evaluated pathological aspects of dogs naturally co-infected with Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis. The health status of the dogs was investigated based on histopathological, hematological and biochemical analyses of 21 animals infected solely with L. infantum and 22 dogs co- infected with L. infantum and E. canis. The skin of both groups showed chronic, predominantly lymphohistioplasmacytic inflammatory reaction. The plasmacytosis in the lymphoid tissues was likely related with the hypergammaglobulinemia detected in all the dogs. The disorganization of extracellular matrix found in the reticular dermis of the inguinal region and ear, characterized by the substitution of thick collagen fibers for thin fibers, was attributed to the degree of inflammatory reaction, irrespective of the presence of parasites. In addition, the histopathological analysis revealed that twice as many dogs in the co-infected group presented Leishmania amastigotes in the ear skin than those infected solely with Leishmania, increasing the possibility of becoming infected through sand fly vectors. Our findings highlight the fact that the health of dogs infected concomitantly with L. infantum and E. canis is severely compromised due to their high levels of total plasma protein, globulins, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase, and severe anemia.
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13
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Passage-dependent morphological and phenotypical changes of a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82 cells). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:86-92. [PMID: 25534080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DH82 cells represent a permanent macrophage cell line isolated from a dog with histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and are commonly used in various fields of research upon infection and cancer, respectively. Despite its frequent use, data on cell surface antigen expression of this cell line are fragmentary and in part inconsistent. We therefore aimed at a detailed morphological and antigenic characterization of DH82 cells with respect to passage-dependent differences. Cellular morphology of early (≤ 13) and late (≥ 66) passages of DH82 cells was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, cells were labelled with 10 monoclonal antibodies directed against CD11c, CD14, CD18, CD44, CD45, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, MHC-II, and ICAM-1 for flow cytometric analysis. Early passage cells were characterized by round cell bodies with abundant small cytoplasmic projections whereas later passages exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology with large processes. The percentage of CD11c-, CD14-, CD18-, CD45-, and CD80 positive cells significantly decreased in late passages whereas the expression of CD44, CD86, MHC-I, MHC-II and ICAM-1 remained unchanged. DH82 cells represent a remarkably heterogeneous cell line with divergent antigenic and morphologic properties. The present findings have important implications for future studies, which should consider distinct characteristics with regard to the used passage.
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14
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Daneshvar H, Namazi MJ, Kamiabi H, Burchmore R, Cleaveland S, Phillips S. Gentamicin-attenuated Leishmania infantum vaccine: protection of dogs against canine visceral leishmaniosis in endemic area of southeast of Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2757. [PMID: 24743691 PMCID: PMC3990512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An attenuated line of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum H-line) has been established by culturing promastigotes in vitro under gentamicin pressure. A vaccine trial was conducted using 103 naive dogs from a leishmaniosis non-endemic area (55 vaccinated and 48 unvaccinated) brought into an endemic area of southeast Iran. No local and/or general indications of disease were observed in the vaccinated dogs immediately after vaccination. The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated after 24 months (4 sandfly transmission seasons) by serological, parasitological analyses and clinical examination. In western blot analysis of antibodies to L. infantum antigens, sera from 10 out of 31 (32.2%) unvaccinated dogs, but none of the sera from vaccinated dogs which were seropositive at >100, recognized the 21 kDa antigen of L. infantum wild-type (WT). Nine out of 31 (29%) unvaccinated dogs, but none of vaccinated dogs, were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA. One out of 46 (2.2%) vaccinated dogs and 9 out of 31 (29%) unvaccinated dogs developed clinical signs of disease. These results suggest that gentamicin-attenuated L. infantum induced a significant and strong protective effect against canine visceral leishmaniosis in the endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Daneshvar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hossein Kamiabi
- Parasitology Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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15
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Tajima T, Wada M. Inhibitory effect of interferon gamma on frequency of Ehrlichia canis-infected cells in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:200-4. [PMID: 24148826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichia canis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects the macrophage-monocyte cells of dogs, causing canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), along with other cytokines, mediates the immune response to such intracellular bacterial invasions. To determine the role of IFN-γ in the immunity of dogs to E. canis infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and white blood cells (WBC) were collected from E. canis-infected dogs and added to a culture of E. canis in DH82 cells. The number of E. canis inclusion-positive cells was significantly reduced in cultures containing PBMC and WBC from E. canis-infected dogs compared to uninfected dogs. However, this resistance was inhibited by the addition of an anti-dog IFN-γ antibody. Resistance was also observed when PBMC were added to the Cell Culture Inserts, which prohibited contact of PBMC to DH82 cells, while allowed the diffusion of soluble cell products. The results of this study indicate that resistance was not dependent on cell to cell contact, but was associated with soluble cell products, such as IFN-γ. The addition of recombinant canine IFN-γ to the E. canis culture also reduced the number of infected cells. A commercial recombinant canine IFN-γ, which is sold in Japan, was also effective at reducing E. canis-infected cell number. These results indicate that IFN-γ has an inhibitory effect on the frequency of E. canis-infected cells in vitro and that contact between effector and target cells is not necessary for the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-orai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
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16
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De Tommasi AS, Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Capelli G, Breitschwerdt EB, de Caprariis D. Are vector-borne pathogen co-infections complicating the clinical presentation in dogs? Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:97. [PMID: 23587324 PMCID: PMC3637325 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection by two or more canine vector-borne disease (CVBD)-causing pathogens is common in subtropical and tropical regions where vectors are plentiful. Co-infections may potentiate disease pathogenesis, thereby altering clinical manifestations typically associated with singular infections. These factors complicate diagnosis, treatment and can adversely influence prognosis if the practitioner fails to suspect, document, and treat each concurrent infection. The spectrum of pathogens co-infecting dogs may change over time in a given practice location due to the rapid expansion of arthropods and their associated vectored agents, and international transit among pets and wild animals. This applies, for example, to Dirofilaria immitis and Leishmania infantum, the distributions of which have expanded from northern to southern Italy, and vice versa, respectively. Indeed, mixed infections by D. immitis and L. infantum have only been reported once in Italy, probably due to the fact that competent vectors for these infections do not usually occur in the same geographical areas. Thus, information that would help practitioners to identify clinical presentations in dogs co-infected by D. immitis and L. infantum and other CVBD-causing pathogens is scant. Findings This manuscript describes the clinical history and physical examination of findings for 7 CVBD co-infected dogs that were examined because of a spectrum of clinical signs. Five dogs were co-infected with L. infantum and Ehrlichia canis, one dog with L. infantum, E. canis and D. immitis and the remaining dog with L. infantum and D. immitis. Conclusions The clinical signs and haematological abnormalities associated with the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of these dogs is discussed. Also, the usefulness of bone marrow specimens for the molecular diagnosis of CVBDs and for the enhanced monitoring of treatment response is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sara De Tommasi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
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17
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Otranto D, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa MS, Diniz PPVDP, de Caprariis D, Lia RP, Mencke N, Stanneck D, Capelli G, Breitschwerdt EB. Diagnosis of canine vector-borne diseases in young dogs: a longitudinal study. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3316-24. [PMID: 20660218 PMCID: PMC2937705 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00379-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) pose a diagnostic challenge, particularly when a dog is coinfected with more than one pathogen. The purpose of this study was to generate information about the diagnosis of CVBDs in young dogs following their first exposure to flea, tick, sand fly, louse, and mosquito vectors. From March 2008 to May 2009, 10 purpose-bred young naive beagle dogs and a cohort of 48 mixed-breed dogs living in an area to which CVBD is endemic in southern Italy were monitored using different diagnostic tests (cytology, serology, and PCR). Overall, PCR detected the highest number of dogs infected with Anaplasma platys, Babesia vogeli, and Ehrlichia canis, whereas seroconversion was a more sensitive indicator of exposure to Leishmania infantum. For A. platys infection, combining blood and buffy coat cytology in parallel enhanced the relative sensitivity (SE(rel)) (87.3%). For B. vogeli, the best diagnostic combination was buffy coat cytology and serology used in parallel (SE(rel), 67.5%), whereas serology and PCR used in parallel (SE(rel), 100%) was the best combination for L. infantum. Overall, 12 (20.7%) dogs were coinfected; however, the percentage of new coinfections decreased from baseline (50%) to the first (33.3%) and second (16.6%) follow-up time points. Numbers of coinfections with A. platys and B. vogeli were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than coinfections with other pathogen combinations. The data generated in this study provide insights on the incidence of certain pathogens infecting young dogs in southern Italy, highlight important diagnostic testing limitations, and support the use of multiple diagnostic modalities when attempting to confirm a tick-borne infection in an individual dog or in a canine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:157-63. [PMID: 19269898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) comprise a group of globally distributed and rapidly spreading illnesses that are caused by a range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods including ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. In addition to their veterinary importance, some CVBD-causing pathogens are of major zoonotic concern. Recent studies using sophisticated and advanced methodologies and technologies have provided new insights into the epidemiology of many CVBDs. This review is the first of two articles and focuses on the zoonotic relevance of CVBDs, the significance of co-infection and the role of infected but clinically healthy dogs in spreading different pathogens among human and canine populations.
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Toward diagnosing Leishmania infantum infection in asymptomatic dogs in an area where leishmaniasis is endemic. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:337-43. [PMID: 19129471 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00268-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently used diagnostic methods were compared in a longitudinal survey with Leishmania infantum-infected asymptomatic dogs from an area of Italy where leishmaniasis is endemic. In February and March 2005, 845 asymptomatic dogs were tested by an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), a dipstick assay (DS), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for L. infantum and by IFAT for Ehrlichia canis. Dogs seronegative for L. infantum were further parasitologically evaluated by microscopic examination of lymph node tissues and PCR of skin samples. A total of 204 animals both serologically and parasitologically negative for L. infantum at the first sampling were enrolled in the trial and were further examined for canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in November 2005 (i.e., the end of the first sandfly season) and March 2006 and 2007 (1- and 2-year follow-ups, respectively). At the initial screening, the overall rates of L. infantum seroprevalence were 9.5% by IFAT, 17.1% by ELISA, and 9.8% by DS and the overall rate of E. canis seroprevalence was 15%. The rates of concordance between the results of IFAT and DS were almost equal, whereas the rate of concordance between the results of IFAT and DS and those of the ELISA was lower. The results of the annual incidence of Leishmania infection were variable, depending on the test employed, with the highest values registered for PCR (i.e., 5.7% and 11.4% at the 1- and 2-year follow-ups, respectively), followed by ELISA, IFAT, and DS. Over the 2 years of observation, 55 animals (i.e., 26.9%) became positive for L. infantum by one or more diagnostic tests at different follow-up times, with 12.7% showing clinical signs related to CanL, while the remaining 87.3% were asymptomatic. A diagnostic scheme for assessment of the L. infantum infection status in asymptomatic dogs is suggested.
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Abstract
The role of dogs as the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis has led to an increased interest in the immune responses and in Leishmania antigens implicated in protective cellular immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis. The primary goal is to control the prevalence of human disease. Immune responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis are reviewed. Cellular immune responses toward a Th1 subset mediated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha predominate in asymptomatic dogs exhibiting apparent resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. On the other hand, while the role of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, in symptomatic animals is still controversial, there is increasing evidence for a correlation of these cytokines with progressive disease. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells seem also likely to be involved in resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. Several Leishmania antigens implicated in protective immune responses are described and some pivotal points for development of an effective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Barbiéri
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ismail N, Stevenson HL, Walker DH. Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 in the pathogenesis of severe murine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis: increased resistance of TNF receptor p55- and p75-deficient mice to fatal ehrlichial infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1846-56. [PMID: 16495559 PMCID: PMC1418656 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1846-1856.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with a high dose of a highly virulent Ehrlichia strain (IOE) results in a toxic shock-like syndrome characterized by severe liver injury and systemic overproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by CD8+ T cells. We examined the role of TNF-alpha and TNF receptors in high-dose-IOE-induced shock/liver injury. TNF receptor (TNFR) I/II-/- mice lacking both the p55 and p75 receptors for this cytokine were more resistant to IOE-induced liver injury than their wild-type background controls. TNFR I/II-/- mice survived longer, dying between 15 and 18 days, with evidence of mild liver necrosis/apoptosis. In contrast, wild-type mice were not rescued from the lethal effect of IOE by TNF-alpha neutralization. TNF-alpha-depleted mice developed severe liver injury and succumbed to disease between days 9 and 11 postinfection, similar to sham-treated, infected wild-type mice. Although IFN-gamma production in the spleens of IOE-infected TNFR I/II-/- and TNF-alpha-depleted mice was higher than that detected in wild-type controls, these mice had higher bacterial burdens than infected controls. Following high-dose IOE challenge, TNFR I/II-/- and TNF-alpha-depleted mice have an early increase in IL-10 levels in sera and spleens, which was produced mainly by adherent spleen cells. In contrast, a late burst of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was observed in control mice. Nonadherent spleen cells were the major source of IL-10 in IOE-infected wild-type mice. We conclude that TNFR I/II and TNF-alpha participate in Ehrlichia-induced shock and host defense by regulating liver injury and controlling ehrlichial burden. Our data suggest that fatal ehrlichiosis could be a multistep process, where TNF-alpha is not solely responsible for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Hess PR, English RV, Hegarty BC, Brown GD, Breitschwerdt EB. Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection in the dog does not cause immunosuppression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 109:117-25. [PMID: 16169601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A carrier state develops in some Ehrlichia canis-infected dogs due to ineffective host defenses. The subsequent development of immune-mediated diseases or opportunistic infections in chronic ehrlichiosis suggests dysregulation of immunity; however, the immunobiology of this infection has not been well characterized. In this study, eight dogs were infected with E. canis, and changes in seroreactivity, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations, peripheral blood T cell subsets, lymphocyte blastogenesis (LBT), and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity were evaluated over 4 months. Infection, which was documented by seroconversion, polymerase chain reaction, and blood culture, caused self-limiting fever and thrombocytopenia. Infected dogs developed an anti-E. canis antibody response but were not immune to re-infection. Serum IgM, IgG, and IgA concentrations were unaffected by E. canis. The percentage of circulating CD4(+) T cells was similar in uninfected and infected dogs at all points. Infected dogs developed a CD8(+) lymphocytosis 6 weeks after inoculation that subsequently subsided, despite organism persistence. Functional defects of cell-mediated immunity, measured as suppression of LAK activity or mitogen-driven LBT, were not observed. These results suggest that immune responses are not grossly impaired in young dogs during the first several months following experimental E. canis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Gradoni L, Foglia Manzillo V, Pagano A, Piantedosi D, De Luna R, Gramiccia M, Scalone A, Di Muccio T, Oliva G. Failure of a multi-subunit recombinant leishmanial vaccine (MML) to protect dogs from Leishmania infantum infection and to prevent disease progression in infected animals. Vaccine 2005; 23:5245-51. [PMID: 16054272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report results of a Phase III trial of the multi-subunit recombinant Leishmania polyprotein MML for the protection of dogs against infection by Leishmania infantum. The antigen, also known as Leish-111f, is the first antileishmanial human vaccine entered Phase I clinical testing. The study was performed in a leishmaniasis endemic area of southern Italy. Three groups of 15 Leishmania-free beagle dogs each, received 3 monthly injections with vaccines A (MML+MPL-SE adjuvant), B (sterile saline = control) and C (MML+Adjuprime adjuvant), respectively, before transmission season 2002. The surviving dogs received a second three-dose vaccine course 1 year later. The dogs were naturally exposed to sandfly bites for 2.5 months in 2002, and for 5 months in 2003. Every 2 months post vaccination, dogs were examined by clinical and immunological evaluation, and by specific serology, microscopy, culture and PCR. A weak lymphoproliferative response to MML was seen in A and C groups throughout the study period. One year after the first vaccine course, the cumulative incidence of leishmanial infections was 40% in group A, 43% in group B and 36% in group C. Two-year post-vaccination (1 year after the second vaccine course) the cumulative incidence was 87% in group A (with three symptomatic cases), 100% in group B (with no symptomatic cases) and 100% in group C (with two symptomatic cases). The efficacy of the MML vaccine as an immunotherapeutic agent for the prevention of disease progression (subpatent infection-->asymptomatic patent infection-->symptomatic patent infection) was evaluated through follow-up of dogs found infected prior to the second vaccination. Among 15 infected animals, progression to a subsequent stage of infection was found in 5/6 dogs of group A, 3/6 of group B and 2/3 of group C. We conclude that vaccination with MML is not effective to prevent leishmaniasis infection and disease progression in dogs under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gradoni
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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