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Rout M, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Acharya R, Samanta R, Biswal JK, Mohapatra JK, Singh RP. Complete coding region sequence analyses and antigenic characterization of emerging lineage G-IX of foot- and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-10. [PMID: 38903046 PMCID: PMC11195457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2367215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 is prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, with only G-III and G-VIII reported in India until 2020. However, in 2019, a novel genetic group within serotype Asia1, designated as G-IX, emerged in Bangladesh, followed by its detection in India in 2020. This report presents analyses of the complete coding region sequences of the G-IX lineage isolates. The length of the open reading frame (ORF) of the two G-IX isolates was 6990 nucleotides without any deletion or insertion. The G-IX isolates showed the highest sequence similarity with an isolate of G-III at the ORF, L, P2, and P3 regions, and with an isolate of G-VIII at the P1 region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the capsid region (P1) supports the hypothesis that G-VIII and G-IX originated from a common ancestor, as speculated earlier. Further, VP1 region-based phylogenetic analyses revealed the re-emergence of G-VIII after a gap of 3 years. One isolate of G-VIII collected during 2023 revealed a codon insertion in the G-H loop of VP1. The vaccine matching studies support the suitability of the currently used Indian vaccine strain IND63/1972 to contain outbreaks due to viruses belonging to G-IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Rout
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ramakant Acharya
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Reshama Samanta
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, India
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2
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Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Exhibits Phenomenal Genetic Lineage Diversity in India during 2018-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1529. [PMID: 37515215 PMCID: PMC10384687 DOI: 10.3390/v15071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In India, widespread foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks occurred in 2021. The objective of this study was to identify genetic lineages and evaluate the antigenic relationships of FMD virus (FMDV) isolates gathered from outbreaks reported between 2019 and 2022. Our study shows that the lineages O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and the O/ME-SA/Cluster-2018 were both responsible for the FMD outbreaks on an epidemic scale during 2021. This observation is in contrast to earlier findings that suggested epidemic-scale FMD outbreaks in India are often connected to a single genetic lineage. Additionally, we report here the identification of the O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2/ANT10 sub-lineage in India for the first time, which was connected to two intermittent outbreaks in Jammu and Kashmir. The current study demonstrates that the O/ME-SA/ind2001e lineage has a strong presence outside of the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, the O/ME-SA/Cluster-2018 was observed to have a wider geographic distribution than previously, and like the O/ME-SA/Ind2001d and O/ME-SA/Ind2001e lineages in the past, it may eventually spread outside of its geographic niche. For O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and O/ME-SA/Cluster-2018, the predicted substitution rate for the VP1 region was 6.737 × 10-3 and 8.257 × 10-3 nt substitutions per site per year, respectively. The time of the most recent common ancestor of the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and O/ME-SA/Cluster-2018 strains suggests that the viruses possibly emerged during 2003-2011 and 2009-2017, respectively. Recent sightings of the O/ME-SA/PanAsia2/ANT10 virus in India and the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e virus in Pakistan point to possible cross-border transit of the viruses. The results of a two-dimensional viral neutralization test revealed that all of the field isolates were antigenically matched to the currently used Indian vaccine strain O INDR2/1975. These results suggest that the serotype O vaccine strain can protect against outbreaks brought on by all three circulating lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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3
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Khulape SA, Biswal JK, Jana C, Subramaniam S, Singh RP. Novel pan-lineage VP1 specific degenerate primers for precise genetic characterization of serotype O foot and mouth disease virus circulating in India. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e40. [PMID: 37271508 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the VP1 gene sequence of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is critical to understanding viral evolution and disease epidemiology. A standard set of primers have been used for the detection and sequence analysis of the VP1 gene of FMDV directly from suspected clinical samples with limited success. The study validated VP1-specific degenerate primer-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the qualitative detection and sequencing of serotype O FMDV lineages circulating in India. The novel degenerate primer-based RT-PCR amplifying the VP1 gene can circumvent the genetic heterogeneity observed in viruses after cell culture adaptation and facilitate precise viral gene sequence analysis from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ashok Khulape
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar (Kumaon), Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubneshwar 752505, India.
| | - Chandrakanta Jana
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar (Kumaon), Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- National Seromonitoring Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubneshwar 752505, India
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4
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Zainuddin N, Susila EB, Wibawa H, Daulay RSD, Wijayanti PE, Fitriani D, Hidayati DN, Idris S, Wadsworth J, Polo N, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Knowles NJ, King DP. Genome Sequence of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detected in Indonesia in 2022. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0108122. [PMID: 36622181 PMCID: PMC9933659 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01081-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2022, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were reported across the islands of Indonesia, a country that had previously maintained an FMD-free (without vaccination) status since 1990. This report describes the near-complete genome sequence of a representative FMD virus collected from these cases belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuryani Zainuddin
- Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edy Budi Susila
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Balai Besar Veteriner Wates, Disease Investigation Center, Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dini Fitriani
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Noor Hidayati
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Syafrison Idris
- Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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5
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Biswal JK, Sreenivasa BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Jumanal V, Basagoudanavar SH, Dhanesh VV, Hosamani M, Tamil Selvan RP, Krishnaswamy N, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B, Singh RK, Mishra BP, Sanyal A. A single amino acid substitution in the VP2 protein of Indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O vaccine strain confers thermostability and protective immunity in cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3651-3663. [PMID: 36219528 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a significant threat to animal health globally. Prophylactic vaccination using inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) antigen is being practised for the control in endemic countries. A major limitation of the current vaccine is its susceptibility to high environmental temperature causing loss of immunogenicity, thus necessitating the cold chain for maintenance of its efficacy. Hence, the FMD vaccine with thermostable virus particles will be highly useful in sustaining the integrity of whole virus particle (146S) during storage at 4°C. In this study, 12 recombinant mutants of Indian vaccine strain of FMDV serotype O (O/IND/R2/1975) were generated through reverse genetics approach and evaluated for thermostability. One of the mutant viruses, VP2_Y98F was more thermostable than other mutants and the parent FMDV. The oil-adjuvanted vaccine formulated with the inactivated VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was stable up to 8 months when stored at 4°C and induced protective antibody response till dpv 180 after primary vaccination. It is concluded that the VP2_Y98F mutant FMDV was thermostable and has the potential to replace the parent vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Veena Jumanal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Institute of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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6
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Gunasekera U, Biswal JK, Machado G, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Mohapatra JK, Pattnaik B, Singh RP, Arzt J, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Impact of mass vaccination on the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks in India, 2008-2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1936-e1950. [PMID: 35306749 PMCID: PMC9790522 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and Asia1 is frequent. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass vaccination programs in regard to post-vaccination monitoring and outbreak occurrence. The objective of this study was assessing the contribution of mass vaccination campaigns in reducing the risk of FMD in India from 2008 to 2016 by evaluating sero-monitoring data and modelling the spatiotemporal dynamics of reported outbreaks. Through analyzing antibody titre data from >1 million animals sampled as part of pre- and post-vaccination monitoring, we show that the percent of animals with inferred immunological protection (based on ELISA) was highly variable across states but generally increased through time. In addition, the number of outbreaks in a state was negatively correlated with the percent of animals with inferred protection. We then analyzed the distribution of reported FMD outbreaks across states using a Bayesian space-time model. This approach provides better acuity to disentangle the effect of mass vaccination programs on outbreak occurrence, while accounting for other factors that contribute to spatiotemporal variability in outbreak counts, notably proximity to international borders and inherent spatiotemporal correlations in incidence. This model demonstrated a ∼50% reduction in the risk of outbreaks in states that were part of the vaccination program. In addition, after controlling for spatial autocorrelation in the data, states that had international borders experienced heightened risk of FMD outbreaks. These findings help inform risk-based control strategies for India as the country progresses towards reducing reported clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umanga Gunasekera
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR‐Directorate of Foot and Mouth DiseaseMukteswarNainitalUttarakhandIndia
| | | | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR‐Directorate of Foot and Mouth DiseaseMukteswarNainitalUttarakhandIndia
| | | | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR‐Directorate of Foot and Mouth DiseaseMukteswarNainitalUttarakhandIndia
| | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA‐ARSPlum Island Animal Disease CenterGreenportNew YorkUSA
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesotaUSA
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7
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Pezzoni G, Calzolari M, Foglia EA, Bregoli A, Nardo AD, Sghaier S, Madani H, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Relmy A, Bakkali Kassimi L, Brocchi E. Characterization of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2641-e2652. [PMID: 35686649 PMCID: PMC9796625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has been the main foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole-genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind-2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - M. Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - E. A. Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, PirbrightWokingSurreyUK
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de TunisieRue Djebel Lakhdhar – TunisTunisia
| | - H. Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El HarrachAlgerAlgeria
| | - C. Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Relmy
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - L. Bakkali Kassimi
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
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8
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Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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9
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Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Biswal JK, Das B, Prusty BR, Ali SZ, Khulape SA, Mohapatra JK, Singh RK. Genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O isolates collected during 2014-2018 revealed dominance of O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and the emergence of a novel lineage in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3498-3508. [PMID: 33305514 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India with a preponderance of outbreaks caused by FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O. Out of the 11 global topotypes of serotype O, only ME-SA topotype has been reported in the country so far. Lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001 and O/ME-SA/PanAsia are documented as the most dominant ones in terms of the number of outbreaks caused by them. To understand the distribution of topotype/lineages in India and their antigenic behaviour during the year 2014-2018, a total of 286 FMDV serotype O viral isolates were sequence determined at the VP1 region, and 109 isolates were characterized antigenically. All the isolates grouped in the ME-SA topotype, being distributed in lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001 (within sub-lineages O/ME-SA/Ind2001d and O/ME-SA/Ind2001e), and a new group designated here as O/ME-SA/2018 cluster. The sub-lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001e reported for the first time in India during the year 2015, replaced sub-lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001d gradually, which was dominating since 2008. During the years 2014-2018, the sub-lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001e was found to be the most predominant one whose mean evolutionary rate was observed to be faster than that of the sub-lineage O/ME-SA/Ind2001d. The codon sites 45 and 85 of VP1 were found to be under diversifying selection in a large proportion of trees. The common ancestor predicted for sub-lineages O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and O/ME-SA/2018 dates back to 2012 and 2016, respectively. The sustenance and spread of the new O/ME-SA/2018 cluster need to be assessed by continued surveillance. The Indian vaccine strain O/INDR2/1975 was found to provide adequate antigenic coverage to the emerging and prevalent serotype O lineages. The trait association tests showed frequent virus exchange among different states, which could be an important confounder in the region-specific assessment of effectiveness of FMD control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Syed Zeeshan Ali
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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10
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Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Strains Isolated in Pakistan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/18/e00165-20. [PMID: 32354972 PMCID: PMC7193927 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00165-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequences of two foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses isolated from outbreaks of disease in cattle in Pakistan in 2019 are described. They were identified as belonging to serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype, Ind-2001 lineage, and e sublineage and represent the first identification of this lineage in Pakistan. The genome sequences of two foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses isolated from outbreaks of disease in cattle in Pakistan in 2019 are described. They were identified as belonging to serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype, Ind-2001 lineage, and e sublineage and represent the first identification of this lineage in Pakistan.
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11
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Genome Sequences of Seven Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Isolates Reveal Diversity in the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 Lineage in India between 1997 and 2009. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/16/e00287-20. [PMID: 32299883 PMCID: PMC7163021 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00287-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genome sequences of seven foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) isolates collected in India between 1997 and 2009. The strains represented four sublineages within the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. These viruses provide insights into FMDV diversity and evolution in India and may influence future control measures, including vaccine selections.
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El-Rhman MMA, Abo El-Hassan DG, Awad WS, Salem SAH. Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1-9. [PMID: 32158144 PMCID: PMC7020118 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA. RESULTS The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4% and 23.7% positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3% and buffaloes 28.8%. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2%, 17.4%, and 30.4% in cattle and 31.8%, 27.3%, and 40.9% in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8% in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5% in buffaloes, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M. Abd El-Rhman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Diea G. Abo El-Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid S. Awad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sayed A. H. Salem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Ababneh MM, Hananeh W, Bani Ismail Z, Hawawsheh M, Al-Zghoul M, Knowles NJ, van Maanen K. First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/ Ind2001e sublineage in Jordan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:455-460. [PMID: 31549490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). This disease affects both wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals, and the latter of which includes cattle, swine, sheep and goats. FMD is endemic to Jordan and has a severe impact on the productivity of domestic livestock. In January 2017, FMD outbreaks were detected in different animal species across Jordan, resulting in high mortality rates among young lamb and goat populations as well as causing classic FMD symptoms in cattle. In this study, clinical specimens were collected from animals affected by FMD. The results obtained from sequencing the VP1 gene place the studied FMDV isolate within the FMDV O/ME-SA/ Ind2001e sublineage. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 suggests that the O/JOR/1/2017 isolate is very similar to that of viruses isolated from Saudi Arabia in 2016. The possible introduction of this strain to Jordan might occur through transboundary animal movement or other transmission routes from Saudi Arabia, a neighbouring country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Wael Hananeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Majid Hawawsheh
- Animal Health Division, Ministry of Agriculture in Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Kees van Maanen
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Immunobiology, Advances in Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies Addressing Vaccine Failures-An Indian Perspective. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030090. [PMID: 31426368 PMCID: PMC6789522 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass vaccination campaign in India seeks to control and eventually eradicate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Biosanitary measures along with FMD monitoring are being conducted along with vaccination. The implementation of the FMD control program has drastically reduced the incidence of FMD. However, cases are still reported, even in regions where vaccination is carried out regularly. Control of FMD outbreaks is difficult when the virus remains in circulation in the vaccinated population. Various FMD risk factors have been identified that are responsible for FMD in vaccinated areas. The factors are discussed along with strategies to address these challenges. The current chemically inactivated trivalent vaccine formulation containing strains of serotype O, A, and Asia 1 has limitations including thermolability and induction of only short-term immunity. Advantages and disadvantages of several new-generation alternate vaccine formulations are discussed. It is unfeasible to study every incidence of FMD in vaccinated animals/areas in such a big country as India with its huge livestock population. However, at the same time, it is absolutely necessary to identify the precise reason for vaccination failure. Failure to vaccinate is one reason for the occurrence of FMD in vaccinated areas. FMD epidemiology, emerging and re-emerging virus strains, and serological status over the past 10 years are discussed to understand the impact of vaccination and incidences of vaccination failure in India. Other factors that are important in vaccination failure that we discuss include disrupted herd immunity, health status of animals, FMD carrier status, and FMD prevalence in other species. Recommendations to boost the search of alternate vaccine formulation, strengthen the veterinary infrastructure, bolster the real-time monitoring of FMD, as well as a detailed investigation and documentation of every case of vaccination failure are provided with the goal of refining the control program.
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Genome Sequences of 18 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Outbreak Strains of Serotype O Sublineage Ind2001d from India, 2013 to 2014. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/33/e00776-19. [PMID: 31416875 PMCID: PMC6696650 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00776-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the full polyprotein-coding sequences and partial untranslated regions (UTRs) of 18 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses from 4 outbreaks in India in 2013 and 2014. All strains grouped within the O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage. These genomes update knowledge of FMD virus (FMDV) diversity in South Asia and may contribute to molecular epidemiology studies and vaccine selections.
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Patidar S, Sharma MK, Bertram MR, Brito B, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214832. [PMID: 31226113 PMCID: PMC6588224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) persistently infected ruminants in initiating new outbreaks remains controversial, and the perceived threat posed by such animals hinders international trade in FMD-endemic countries. In this study we report longitudinal analyses of genetic and antigenic variations of FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage during naturally occurring, persistent infection in cattle and buffalo at an organised dairy farm in India. The proportion of animals from which FMDV RNA was recovered was not significantly different between convalescent (post-clinical) and sub-clinically infected animals or between cattle and buffalo across the sampling period. However, infectious virus was isolated from a higher proportion of buffalo samples and for a longer duration compared to cattle. Analysis of the P1 sequences from recovered viruses indicated fixation of mutations at the rate of 1.816 x 10-2substitution/site/year (s/s/y) (95% CI 1.362-2.31 x 10-2 s/s/y). However, the majority of point mutations were transitional substitutions. Within individual animals, the mean dN/dS (ω) value for the P1 region varied from 0.076 to 0.357, suggesting the selection pressure acting on viral genomes differed substantially across individual animals. Statistical parsimony analysis indicated that all of the virus isolates from carrier animals originated from the outbreak virus. The antigenic relationship value as determined by 2D-VNT assay revealed fluctuation of antigenic variants within and between carrier animals during the carrier state which suggested that some carrier viruses had diverged substantially from the protection provided by the vaccine strain. This study contributes to understanding the extent of within-host and within-herd evolution that occurs during the carrier state of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K. Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
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Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses of Serotype O Lineages Mya-98 and Ind-2001d Isolated from Cattle and Buffalo in Myanmar. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01737-18. [PMID: 30834375 PMCID: PMC6386576 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01737-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report whole-genome sequences and partial genome sequences of eight foot-and-mouth disease viruses obtained from outbreak samples in Myanmar in 2016 and 2017. These viruses are classified into O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d and O/SEA/Mya-98 lineages. We report whole-genome sequences and partial genome sequences of eight foot-and-mouth disease viruses obtained from outbreak samples in Myanmar in 2016 and 2017. These viruses are classified into O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d and O/SEA/Mya-98 lineages.
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Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: the impact of recombination within the emerging O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14693. [PMID: 30279570 PMCID: PMC6168464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock affecting animal production and trade throughout Asia and Africa. Understanding FMD virus (FMDV) global movements and evolution can help to reconstruct the disease spread between endemic regions and predict the risks of incursion into FMD-free countries. Global expansion of a single FMDV lineage is rare but can result in severe economic consequences. Using extensive sequence data we have reconstructed the global space-time transmission history of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage (which normally circulates in the Indian sub-continent) providing evidence of at least 15 independent escapes during 2013–2017 that have led to outbreaks in North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the Far East and the FMD-free islands of Mauritius. We demonstrated that sequence heterogeneity of this emerging FMDV lineage is accommodated within two co-evolving divergent sublineages and that recombination by exchange of capsid-coding sequences can impact upon the reconstructed evolutionary histories. Thus, we recommend that only sequences encoding the outer capsid proteins should be used for broad-scale phylogeographical reconstruction. These data emphasise the importance of the Indian subcontinent as a source of FMDV that can spread across large distances and illustrates the impact of FMDV genome recombination on FMDV molecular epidemiology.
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Mahapatra M, Parida S. Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:577-591. [PMID: 29950121 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1492378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the application of vaccine in the field. Further, the emergence of new variant FMD viruses periodically makes the existing vaccine inefficient. Consequently, periodical vaccine strain selection either by in vivo methods or in vitro methods become an essential requirement to enable utilization of appropriate and efficient vaccines. AREAS COVERED Here we describe the cross reactivity of the existing vaccines with the global pool of circulating viruses and the putative selected vaccine strains for targeting protection against the two major circulating serotype O and A FMD viruses for East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although in vivo cross protection studies are more appropriate methods for vaccine matching and selection than in vitro neutralization test or ELISA, in the face of an outbreak both in vivo and in vitro methods of vaccine matching are not easy, and time consuming. The FMDV capsid contains all the immunogenic epitopes, and therefore vaccine strain prediction models using both capsid sequence and serology data will likely replace existing tools in the future.
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Zhu Z, Yang F, He J, Li J, Cao W, Li J, Xia Y, Guo J, Jin Y, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind2001 in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:2027-2031. [PMID: 29745040 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in China and is predominantly due to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O Mya-98 lineage. In recent years, FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage has spread from the Indian subcontinent to South-East Asia, Middle East and Africa, which may pose potential threats for future trans-regional livestock movements. In this study, we identified the appearance of FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind2001 in China; the first time that this virus lineage has been found there. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences revealed that this newly determined strain belongs to O/ME-SA/Ind2001 sublineage d and is closely related to strains that have caused recent outbreaks of FMD in Nepal, Myanmar, Russia and South Korea. The results suggest extensive movements of the current O/ME-SA/Ind2001 sublineage d viruses and provide essential information for an effective national FMDV control programme in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - F Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - J He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - W Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical College, Universities of Shandong, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Y Xia
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Y Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - K Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - H Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - X Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Abeyratne SAE, Amarasekera SSC, Ranaweera LT, Salpadoru TB, Thilakarathne SMNK, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Puvanendiran S, Kothalawala H, Jayathilake BK, Wijithasiri HA, Chandrasena MMPSK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 genomic region in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O isolates in Sri Lanka reveals the existence of 'Srl-97', a newly named endemic lineage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194077. [PMID: 29570746 PMCID: PMC5865751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has devastated the cattle industry in Sri Lanka many times in the past. Despite its seriousness, limited attempts have been made to understand the disease to ameliorate its effects–current recommendation for vaccines being based solely on immunological assessments rather than on molecular identification. The general belief is that the cattle population in Sri Lanka acquired the FMD virus (FMDV) strains via introductions from India. However, there could be endemic FMDV lineages circulating in Sri Lanka. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of the FMDV strains in the island, we sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the virus isolates collected during the 2014 outbreak together with a few reported cases in 2012 and 1997 and compared them to VP1 sequences from South Asia. The FMDV strains collected in the 2014 outbreak belonged to the lineage, Ind-2001d, of the topotype, ME-SA. The strains collected in 2012 and 1997 belonged to another lineage called 'unnamed' by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease (WRLFMD). Based on the present analysis, we designate the lineage 'unnamed' as Srl-97 which we found endemic to Sri Lanka. The evolutionary rates of Srl-97 and Ind-2001d in Sri Lanka were estimated to be 0.0004 and 0.0046 substitutions/site/year, respectively, suggesting that Srl-97 evolves slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. E. Abeyratne
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. S. C. Amarasekera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T. B. Salpadoru
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. M. N. K. Thilakarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - S. Puvanendiran
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. Kothalawala
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - B. K. Jayathilake
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. A. Wijithasiri
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
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Siddique MA, Ali MR, Alam ASMRU, Ullah H, Rahman A, Chakrabarty RP, Amin MA, Hoque SA, Nandi SP, Sultana M, Hossain M. Emergence of two novel sublineages Ind2001BD1 and Ind2001BD2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1009-1023. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Siddique
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M. R. Ali
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - H. Ullah
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - A. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - M. A. Amin
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - S. A. Hoque
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - S. P. Nandi
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M. Sultana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - M.A. Hossain
- Department of Microbiology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:84-98. [PMID: 29412184 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
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Qiu Y, Abila R, Rodtian P, King DP, Knowles NJ, Ngo LT, Le VT, Khounsy S, Bounma P, Lwin S, Verin BC, Widders P. Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:e104-e112. [PMID: 28856846 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The O/Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA)/Ind-2001 lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is endemic in the Indian subcontinent and has been reported in the Middle East and North Africa, but it had not been detected in South-East Asia (SEA) before 2015. This study reports the recent incursions of this viral lineage into SEA, which caused outbreaks in Vientiane Capital of Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) in April 2015, in Dak Nong, Dak Lak and Ninh Thuan Provinces of Vietnam from May to October 2015, and in Rakhine State of Myanmar in October 2015. Disease investigations were conducted during the outbreaks and followed up after laboratory results confirmed the involvement of FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 sublineage d (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d). Affected host species included cattle, buffalo and pig, and all the outbreaks resolved within 2 months. Animals with clinical signs were separated, and affected premises were disinfected. However, strict movement restrictions were not enforced, and emergency vaccinations were only implemented in Vientiane Capital of Lao PDR and Dak Nong and Ninh Thuan Provinces of Vietnam. Clinical samples were collected from each outbreak and examined by nucleotide sequencing of the FMDV viral protein 1 coding region. Sequence analysis revealed that the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d isolates from Lao PDR and Vietnam were closely related to each other and similar to viruses previously circulating in India in 2013. Viruses collected from Myanmar were divergent from viruses of the same sublineage recovered from Lao PDR and Vietnam but were closely related to viruses present in Bangladesh in 2015. These findings imply that at least two independent introductions of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d into SEA have occurred. Our study highlights the transboundary nature of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and reinforces the importance of improved FMD surveillance and promotion of safer cross-border trade in SEA to control the risk of introduction and spread of exotic FMDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Rodtian
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/Regional FMD Reference Laboratory for South-East Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | - D P King
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/FAO World FMD Reference Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/FAO World FMD Reference Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - L T Ngo
- Regional Animal Health Office No.6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - V T Le
- Regional Animal Health Office No.6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - S Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - P Bounma
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - S Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - B C Verin
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Widders
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Mahapatra M, Upadhyaya S, Aviso S, Babu A, Hutchings G, Parida S. Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007-2012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East. Vaccine 2017; 35:7147-7153. [PMID: 29157957 PMCID: PMC5720463 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Southeast Asia (SEA) and East Asia with circulation of multiple serotypes and multiple genotypes within each serotype of the virus. Although countries like Japan and South Korea in the Far East were free of FMD, in 2010 FMD serotype O (O/Mya-98) outbreaks were recorded and since then South Korea has experienced several FMD outbreaks despite regular vaccination. In this study a total of 85 serotype O FMD viruses (FMDV) isolated from 2007 to 2012 from SEA, East Asia and Far East were characterized by virus neutralisation tests using antisera to four existing (O/HKN/6/83, O/IND/R2/75, O/SKR/2010 and O/PanAsia-2) and one putative (O/MYA/2009) vaccine strains, and by full capsid sequencing. Serological studies revealed broad cross-reactivity with the vaccine strains; O/PanAsia-2 exhibited a good match with 95.3%, O/HKN/6/83 with 91.8%, O/IND/R2/75 with 80%, and the putative strain O/MYA/2009 with 89.4% isolates employed in this study. Similarly O/PanAsia-2 and O/IND/R2/75 vaccines showed a good match with all eight viruses belonging to O-Ind-2001d sublineage whereas the vaccines of O/Mya-98 lineage, O/MYA/2009 and O/SKR/2010 exhibited the lowest match indicating their unsuitability to protect infections from O-Ind-2001d viruses. A Bayesian analysis of the capsid sequence data indicated these circulating viruses (n = 85) to be of either SEA or Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype. The ME-SA topotype viruses were mainly detected in Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand reflecting the trade links with the Indian subcontinent, and also within the SEA countries. Implications of these results in the context of FMD control in SEA and East Asian countries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Sharie Aviso
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - Aravindh Babu
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Geoff Hutchings
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK; School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia.
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26
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Brito BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, Rodriguez LL, Moore BR, Perez AM. Dynamics of widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia-1 in southern Asia: A Bayesian phylogenetic perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:696-710. [PMID: 29250910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is, arguably, the animal disease with the most devastating global economic impact owing in part, to the severe trade restrictions imposed upon affected countries and regions. South Asia is one of the regions where widespread lineages of the FMDV virus (FMDV) have emerged. Here, we performed an integrative phylogenetic analysis of all FMDV serotypes (A, O and Asia-1) circulating in southern Asia, including viral sequences collected until 2013. Our results describe the occurrence of FMD caused by different serotypes and lineages, focusing in the cycles where a specific lineage predominates within a region for a protracted period and then are rapidly or progressively replaced by an emergent or re-emergent strain that is introduced from an adjacent region. Transmission between the two main regions in southern Asia (the Indian subcontinent and the region comprised by Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) has been limited. Results of time divergence estimation of lineages that currently circulate in this region indicate that the most recent common ancestor of endemic lineages are: 1992 [1989-1995] for lineage O/PanAsia; 1997 [1995-1999] for PanAsia2; 2001 [1998-2004] for O/Ind2001; 2001 [2000-2002] for A/Iran-05; 1990 [1988-1991] for A/G-18 (G-VII); 2003 [2000-2006] for Asia-1 Sindh08 and 2002 [1999-2004] for Asia-1 G-VIII. We estimated the mean of the overall substitution rate of the VP1 coding region (substitution/site/year) for serotype O (5.95 × 10-3 ), serotype A (1.19 × 10-2 ) and serotype Asia-1 (3.08 × 10-3 ). The potential factors driving the lineage turnover are discussed. Our results provide insights into the ecological and evolutionary factors driving the emergence of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Brito
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J K Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Pattnaik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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27
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Hayer SS, VanderWaal K, Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Dash BB, Das B, Prusty BR, Sharma AK, Stenfeldt C, Perez A, Delgado AH, Sharma MK, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission dynamics and persistence in a herd of vaccinated dairy cattle in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e404-e415. [PMID: 29205858 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease with substantial economic impacts. Although between-herd transmission of the disease has been well studied, studies focusing on within-herd transmission using farm-level outbreak data are rare. The aim of this study was to estimate parameters associated with within-herd transmission, host physiological factors and FMD virus (FMDV) persistence using data collected from an outbreak that occurred at a large, organized dairy farm in India. Of 1,836 regularly vaccinated, adult dairy cattle, 222 had clinical signs of FMD over a 39-day period. Assuming homogenous mixing, a frequency-dependent compartmental model of disease transmission was built. The transmission coefficient and basic reproductive number were estimated to be between 16.2-18.4 and 67-88, respectively. Non-pregnant animals were more likely to manifest clinical signs of FMD as compared to pregnant cattle. Based on oropharyngeal fluid (probang) sampling and FMDV-specific RT-PCR, four of 36 longitudinally sampled animals (14%) were persistently infected carriers 10.5 months post-outbreak. There was no statistical difference between subclinical and clinically infected animals in the duration of the carrier state. However, prevalence of NSP-ELISA antibodies differed significantly between subclinical and clinically infected animals 12 months after the outbreak with 83% seroprevalence amongst clinically infected cattle compared to 69% of subclinical animals. This study further elucidates within-herd FMD transmission dynamics during the acute-phase and characterizes duration of FMDV persistence and seroprevalence of FMD under natural conditions in an endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayer
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - K VanderWaal
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B R Prusty
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Stenfeldt
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - A Perez
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - A H Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M K Sharma
- ABIS Dairy, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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28
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Genome Sequence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus of Serotype O Lineage Ind-2001d Isolated from Cattle in Mongolia in 2015. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/45/e01244-17. [PMID: 29122876 PMCID: PMC5679809 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01244-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the whole-genome sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 isolated in Mongolia in 2015. This virus is closely related to isolates identified in Southeast Asia in 2015 and is classified under the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage. This is the first detection of an FMDV of this lineage in Mongolia.
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29
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Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Uncleaved 2A-peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus can display foreign epitope-tag at the virion surface. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 54:324-329. [PMID: 28734763 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid precursor protein P1-2A is cleaved by viral-encoded 3C protease (3Cpro) to generate VP0, VP3, VP1 and 2A proteins. It was reported earlier that substitution of a single amino acid residue within the 2A peptide sequence (L2P) blocked the 3Cpro mediated VP1/2A cleavage and produced 'self-tagged' FMDV particles containing uncleaved 2A-peptide. To determine whether the uncleaved 2A-peptide can function as a target structure to harbour and display exogenous epitope on FMDV particles, a full-length FMDV cDNA clone containing a HA-tag within the uncleaved 2A-peptide sequence was constructed. Subsequently, chimeric marker FMDV, displaying a HA-tag on the viral surface was rescued through reverse genetics approach. The 2A-HA epitope tag-inserted recombinant chimeric FMDV serotype O was genetically stable through up to ten serial passages in cell culture and exhibited growth properties similar to the parental virus. Furthermore the surface displayed HA-epitope tag was able to react with anti-HA antibodies as determined by various immuno-assays. The results from our study suggest that the uncleaved 2A-peptide of FMDV is suitable to present foreign antigenic epitopes on the surface of FMD virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, India.
| | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, India
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30
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Subramaniam S, Das B, Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O during serial cytolytic passage. Virus Genes 2017; 53:931-934. [PMID: 28718047 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and disappearance of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) during a field outbreak occurs periodically due to the volatile nature of its genome. In the present analysis, change in antigenic behavior of serotype O FMDV during the serial cytolytic passage in the absence of immune pressure was observed. Initially, the isolate showed a poor antigenic match (relationship value <0.3) with the serotype O vaccine strain and upon serial passage increase in relationship value was observed. Comparison of capsid sequence revealed substitution at four positions (VP3:K58 → E and P158 → S, VP1:E83 → K and R172 → Q) acquired during the serial passage. Examination of passage level and amino acid substitution revealed the critical role of position VP3-58 that was identified earlier as crucial for antigenic site IV, in the observed antigenic variability. The role of position VP3-58 was further confirmed using reverse genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, 263138, India.
| | - Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, 263138, India
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31
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Vu LT, Long NT, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Phuong NT, Hoang BH, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Vu PP, Quang LTV, Hung VV, Tho ND, Dong PV, Minh PQ, Bertram M, Fish IH, Rodriguez LL, Dung DH, Arzt J. First detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/Ind-2001d in Vietnam. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177361. [PMID: 28599321 PMCID: PMC5466432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, topotype Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA), lineage Ind-2001d has spread from the Indian subcontinent to the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. In the current report, we describe the first detection of this lineage in Vietnam in May, 2015 in Đắk Nông province. Three subsequent outbreaks caused by genetically related viruses occurred between May–October, 2015 after which the virus was not detected in clinical outbreaks for at least 15 subsequent months. The observed outbreaks affected (in chronological order): cattle in Đắk Nông province, pigs in Đắk Lắk province and Đắk Nông province, and cattle in Ninh Thuận province. The clinical syndromes associated with these outbreaks were consistent with typical FMD in the affected species. Overall attack rate on affected premises was 0.85 in pigs and 0.93 in cattle over the course of the outbreak. Amongst 378 pigs at risk on affected premises, 85 pigs died during the outbreaks; there were no deaths among cattle. The manner in which FMDV/O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d was introduced into Vietnam remains undetermined; however, movement of live cattle is the suspected route. This incursion has substantial implications for epidemiology and control of FMD in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le T. Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo T. Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Nguyen T. Phuong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bui H. Hoang
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
| | - Ethan J. Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
| | - George R. Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
| | - Pham P. Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le T. V. Quang
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vo V. Hung
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen D. Tho
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham V. Dong
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Q. Minh
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Miranda Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
| | - Do H. Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail: (JA); (DHD)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (DHD)
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32
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Genome Sequence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Lineage Ind-2001d Collected in Vietnam in 2015. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/18/e00223-17. [PMID: 28473375 PMCID: PMC5477183 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00223-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus lineage Ind-2001 was detected for the first time in Southeast Asia. This report contains the first near-complete genome sequence of a viral isolate from this lineage collected from an outbreak in Vietnam. This novel incursion has substantial implications for regional FMD control measures.
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33
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Brito B, Pauszek SJ, Eschbaumer M, Stenfeldt C, de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Vu LT, Phuong NT, Hoang BH, Tho ND, Dong PV, Minh PQ, Long NT, King DP, Knowles NJ, Dung DH, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Phylodynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/PanAsia in Vietnam 2010-2014. Vet Res 2017; 48:24. [PMID: 28403902 PMCID: PMC5390394 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is endemic in Vietnam, a country that plays an important role in livestock trade within Southeast Asia. The large populations of FMDV-susceptible species in Vietnam are important components of food production and of the national livelihood. In this study, we investigated the phylogeny of FMDV O/PanAsia in Vietnam, reconstructing the virus' ancestral host species (pig, cattle or buffalo), clinical stage (subclinical carrier or clinically affected) and geographical location. Phylogenetic divergence time estimation and character state reconstruction analyses suggest that movement of viruses between species differ. While inferred transmissions from cattle to buffalo and pigs and from pigs to cattle are well supported, transmission from buffalo to other species, and from pigs to buffalo may be less frequent. Geographical movements of FMDV O/PanAsia virus appears to occur in all directions within the country, with the South Central Coast and the Northeast regions playing a more important role in FMDV O/PanAsia spread. Genetic selection of variants with changes at specific sites within FMDV VP1 coding region was different depending on host groups analyzed. The overall ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide changes was greater in pigs compared to cattle and buffalo, whereas a higher number of individual amino acid sites under positive selection were detected in persistently infected, subclinical animals compared to viruses collected from clinically diseased animals. These results provide novel insights to understand FMDV evolution and its association with viral spread within endemic countries. These findings may support animal health organizations in their endeavor to design animal disease control strategies in response to outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Helena C de Carvalho Ferreira
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Le T Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T Phuong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bui H Hoang
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen D Tho
- National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham V Dong
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Q Minh
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo T Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Do H Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA.
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34
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Hayer SS, Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Dash BB, Das B, Prusty BR, Sharma AK, Stenfeldt C, Perez A, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, VanderWaal K, Arzt J. Quantitative characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease carrier state under natural conditions in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:253-260. [PMID: 28251837 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the properties and duration of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state and associated serological responses subsequent to vaccination and naturally occurring infection at two farms in northern India. Despite previous vaccination of cattle in these herds, clinical signs of FMD occurred in October 2013 within a subset of animals at the farms containing juvenile-yearling heifers and steers (Farm A) and adult dairy cattle (Farm B). Subsequent to the outbreak, FMD virus (FMDV) asymptomatic carriers were identified in both herds by seroreactivity to FMDV non-structural proteins and detection of FMDV genomic RNA in oropharyngeal fluid. Carriers' seroreactivity and FMDV genome detection status were subsequently monitored monthly for 23 months. The mean extinction time of the carrier state was 13.1 ± 0.2 months, with extinction having occurred significantly faster amongst adult dairy cattle at Farm B compared to younger animals at Farm A. The rate of decrease in the proportion of carrier animals was calculated to be 0.07 per month. Seroprevalence against FMDV non-structural proteins decreased over the course of the study period, but was found to increase transiently following repeated vaccinations. These data provide novel insights into viral and host factors associated with the FMDV carrier state under natural conditions. The findings reported herein may be relevant to field veterinarians and governmental regulatory entities engaged in FMD response and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayer
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B R Prusty
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A Perez
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - K VanderWaal
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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35
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Nishi T, Yamada M, Fukai K, Shimada N, Morioka K, Yoshida K, Sakamoto K, Kanno T, Yamakawa M. Genome variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus during the short period of the 2010 epidemic in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2017; 199:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Das B, Mohapatra JK, Pande V, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid coding (P1) region on a timescale of three decades in an endemic context. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:36-46. [PMID: 27020544 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three decades-long (1977-2013) evolutionary trend of the capsid coding (P1) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A isolated in India was analysed. The exclusive presence of genotype 18 since 2001 and the dominance of the VP3(59)-deletion group of genotype 18 was evident in the recent years. Clade 18c was found to be currently the only active one among the three clades (18a, 18b and 18c) identified in the deletion group. The rate of evolution of the Indian isolates at the capsid region was found to be 4.96×10(-3)substitutions/site/year. The timescale analysis predicted the most recent common ancestor to have existed during 1962 for Indian FMDV serotype A and around 1998 for the deletion group. The evolutionary pattern of serotype A in India appears to be homogeneous as no spatial or temporal structure was observed. Bayesian skyline plots indicate a sharp decline in the effective number of infections after 2008, which might be a result of mass vaccination or inherent loss of virus fitness. Analyses of variability at 38 known antigenically critical positions in a countrywide longitudinal data set suggested that the substitutions neither followed any specific trend nor remained fixed for a long period since frequent reversions and convergence was noticed. A maximum of 6 different amino acid residues was seen in the gene pool at any antigenically critical site over the decades, suggesting a limited combination of residues being responsible for the observed antigenic variation. Evidence of positive selection at some of the antigenically critical residues and the structurally proximal positions suggest a possible role of pre-existing immunity in the host population in driving evolution. The VP1 C-terminus neither revealed variability nor positive selection, suggesting the possibility that this stretch does not contribute to the antigenic variation and adaptation under immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
| | - Veena Pande
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
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