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The C-Terminal 300 Amino Acid Residues of the G Protein and Putative Open Reading Frame X of the G Gene of Tailam Paramyxovirus (TlmPV) Are Not Required for Replication in Tissue Culture Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0180222. [PMID: 36521070 PMCID: PMC9888184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailam paramyxovirus (TlmPV) was identified in Sikkim Rats in Hong Kong, China in 2011. Its negative sense RNA genome is similar to J paramyxovirus (JPV) and Beilong paramyxovirus (BeiPV), the prototypes of the recently established genus Jeilongvirus. TlmPV genome is predicted to have eight genes in the order 3'-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G/X-L-5'. The predicted size of the TlmPV G protein is 1,052 amino acid (aa) residues and much larger than G proteins of typical paramyxoviruses, which are often less than 800 aa. In addition to G open reading frame (ORF) in the G gene, another ORF, termed ORF-X exists in the G gene transcript. Similar ORF-X exists in JPV and BeiPV G gene, but their expression in virus-infected cells has not been confirmed. In this study, we generated infectious TlmPV using a newly developed reverse genetics system. We have found that the G protein of TlmPV is truncated in cultured cells: stop codons emerged in the G open reading frame, resulting in deletions of amino acid residues beyond residue 732. We have obtained infectious TlmPV lacking the C-terminal 307 aa (rTlmPV-G745) and TlmPV lacking the C-terminal 306 aa and the ORF-X (rTlmPV-GΔ746-X). The recombinant TlmPVs lacking the C-terminal 300 aa reach a higher peak viral titer and have improved genome stability in tissue cultured cells. The work indicates that the C-terminal of the G protein of TlmPV and ORF-X are not required for replication in tissue culture cells, and the deletion of the C-terminal confers a growth advantage in tissue culture cells. IMPORTANCE TlmPV is a member of the recently established genus Jeilongvirus. TlmPV encodes a large G protein and its G gene contains ORF-X. In this work, infectious TlmPV was recovered using reverse genetics. Using this system, we have demonstrated that 300 aa of C-terminal of G and the ORF-X are not required for viral replication in tissue culture cells.
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Isolation and Characterization of a Discrete Genetically Homogeneous Viral Subpopulation of Mumps Virus RS-12 Strain with Superior Oncolytic Potency Compared to Its Progenitor Virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-122781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oncolytic virotherapy can serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in oncology. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the oncolytic activity of the mumps virus RS-12 strain after its adaptation to cancer cells via serial passaging. Methods: To adapt the RS-12 strain-based vaccine to cancer cells, it was passaged eight times in the HT1080 cell line and was isolated via two terminal endpoint dilutions. The genetic homogeneity of isolated cancer cell-adapted RS-12 variant was confirmed by direct sequencing of regions, encompassing four known heterogeneous genomic positions. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of viruses was assessed in two different cancer cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis-inducing effects of the cancer cell-adapted variant and its parental virus on cancer cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Results: According to the chromatograms, the RS-12 strain vaccine seed exhibited two peaks at the genomic nucleotide positions 1591, 2417, 3774, and 12977. On the contrary, cancer cell-adapted RS-12, isolated by terminal endpoint serial dilutions, contained no viral subpopulations in these positions. A significant improvement was observed in the oncolytic potency of our cancer cell-adapted variant compared to its parental virus vaccine seed in vitro. Besides, the variant efficiently induced apoptosis in the human fibrosarcoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Considering the increased oncolytic potency and apoptosis-inducing capacity of this variant in cancer cells, it can be a promising option for future experiments.
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Immunogenicity of Mumps Virus Genotype G Vaccine Candidates in Jeryl Lynn-Immunized Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0198321. [PMID: 35389265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01983-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) causes a highly contagious human disease characterized by the enlargement of the parotid glands. In severe cases, mumps can lead to neurological complications such as aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Vaccination with the attenuated Jeryl Lynn (JL) MuV vaccine has dramatically reduced the incidence of MuV infection. Recently, large outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. The vaccine strain JL was generated from genotype A, while most current circulating strains belong to genotype G. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and longevity of genotype G-based vaccines. We found that our recombinant genotype G-based vaccines provide robust neutralizing titers toward genotype G for up to 1 year in mice. In addition, we demonstrated that a third dose of a genotype G-based vaccine following two doses of JL immunization significantly increases neutralizing titers toward the genotype G strain. Our data suggest that after two doses of JL vaccination, which most people have received, a third dose of a genotype G-based vaccine can generate immunity against a genotype G strain. IMPORTANCE At present, most individuals have received two doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, which contains genotype A mumps vaccine. One hurdle in developing a new mumps vaccine against circulating genotype G virus is whether the new genotype G vaccine can generate immunity in humans that are immunized against genotype A virus. This work demonstrates that a novel genotype G-based vaccine can be effective in animals which received two doses of genotype A-based vaccine, suggesting that the lead genotype G vaccine may induce anti-G immunity in humans who have received two doses of the current vaccine, providing support for testing this vaccine in humans.
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Slović A, Košutić-Gulija T, Forčić D, Šantak M, Jagušić M, Jurković M, Pali D, Ivančić-Jelečki J. Population Variability Generated during Rescue Process and Passaging of Recombinant Mumps Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2550. [PMID: 34960819 PMCID: PMC8707793 DOI: 10.3390/v13122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant mumps viruses (MuVs) based on established vaccine strains represent attractive vector candidates as they have known track records for high efficacy and the viral genome does not integrate in the host cells. We developed a rescue system based on the consensus sequence of the L-Zagreb vaccine and generated seven different recombinant MuVs by (a) insertion of one or two additional transcription units (ATUs), (b) lengthening of a noncoding region to the extent that the longest noncoding region in MuV genome is created, or (c) replacement of original L-Zagreb sequences with sequences rich in CG and AT dinucleotides. All viruses were successfully rescued and faithfully matched sequences of input plasmids. In primary rescued stocks, low percentages of heterogeneous positions were found (maximum 0.12%) and substitutions were predominantly obtained in minor variants, with maximally four substitutions seen in consensus. ATUs did not accumulate more mutations than the natural MuV genes. Six substitutions characteristic for recombinant viruses generated in our system were defined, as they repetitively occurred during rescue processes. In subsequent passaging of primary rescue stocks in Vero cells, different inconsistencies within quasispecies structures were observed. In order to assure that unwanted mutations did not emerge and accumulate, sub-consensus variability should be closely monitored. As we show for Pro408Leu mutation in L gene and a stop codon in one of ATUs, positively selected variants can rise to frequencies over 85% in only few passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Slović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Tanja Košutić-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Maja Šantak
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maja Jagušić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Mirna Jurković
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Dorotea Pali
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
| | - Jelena Ivančić-Jelečki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (T.K.-G.); (D.F.); (M.J.); (M.J.); (D.P.)
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Piontkivska H, Wales-McGrath B, Miyamoto M, Wayne ML. ADAR Editing in Viruses: An Evolutionary Force to Reckon with. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab240. [PMID: 34694399 PMCID: PMC8586724 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA editing enzymes that play a dynamic and nuanced role in regulating transcriptome and proteome diversity. This editing can be highly selective, affecting a specific site within a transcript, or nonselective, resulting in hyperediting. ADAR editing is important for regulating neural functions and autoimmunity, and has a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections, where editing can have a range of pro- or antiviral effects and can contribute to viral evolution. Here we examine the role of ADAR editing across a broad range of viral groups. We propose that the effect of ADAR editing on viral replication, whether pro- or antiviral, is better viewed as an axis rather than a binary, and that the specific position of a given virus on this axis is highly dependent on virus- and host-specific factors, and can change over the course of infection. However, more research needs to be devoted to understanding these dynamic factors and how they affect virus-ADAR interactions and viral evolution. Another area that warrants significant attention is the effect of virus-ADAR interactions on host-ADAR interactions, particularly in light of the crucial role of ADAR in regulating neural functions. Answering these questions will be essential to developing our understanding of the relationship between ADAR editing and viral infection. In turn, this will further our understanding of the effects of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, as well as many others, and thereby influence our approach to treating these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Miyamoto
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marta L Wayne
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Lo MK, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Chatterjee P, Flint M, Beadle JR, Valiaeva N, Schooley RT, Hostetler KY, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou C. Broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn: an orally-available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34401879 PMCID: PMC8366795 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.06.455494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intravenous administration of remdesivir for COVID-19 confines its utility to hospitalized patients. We evaluated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn, an orally available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of the remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524) against viruses that cause diseases of human public health concern, including SARS-CoV-2. ODBG-P-RVn showed 20-fold greater antiviral activity than GS-441524 and had near-equivalent activity to remdesivir in primary-like human small airway epithelial cells. Our results warrant investigation of ODBG-P-RVn efficacy in vivo.
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Development of Improved Mumps Vaccine Candidates by Mutating Viral mRNA Cap Methyltransferase Sites in the Large Polymerase Protein. Virol Sin 2020; 36:521-536. [PMID: 33284397 PMCID: PMC7719854 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a live attenuated vaccine is available for controlling mumps virus (MuV), mumps still outbreaks frequently worldwide. The attenuated MuV vaccine strain S79 is widely used in mumps vaccination in China, but still with many shortcomings, among which the most prominent are the side effects and decreased immunity. Therefore, there is a need to further improve the safety and efficacy of the current MuV vaccine. In the present study, we further attenuated MuV S79 vaccine strain by inhibiting viral mRNA methyltransferase (MTase). We generated a panel of eight recombinant MuVs (rMuVs) carrying mutations in the MTase catalytic site or S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding site in the large (L) polymerase protein. These rMuVs are genetically stable and seven rMuVs are more attenuated in replication in cell culture and five rMuVs are more attenuated in replication in lungs of cotton rats compared with the parental vaccine strain S79. Importantly, cotton rats vaccinated with these seven rMuV mutants produced high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies and were completely protected against challenge with a wild-type MuV strain (genotype F). Therefore, our results demonstrate that alteration in the MTase catalytic site or SAM binding site in MuV L protein improves the safety or the immunogenicity of the MuV vaccine and thus mRNA cap MTase may be an effective target for the development of new vaccine candidates for MuV.
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Functional Characterization of Circulating Mumps Viruses with Stop Codon Mutations in the Small Hydrophobic Protein. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e00840-20. [PMID: 33208518 PMCID: PMC7677008 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00840-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) outbreaks occur in the United States despite high coverage with measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine. Routine genotyping of laboratory-confirmed mumps cases has been practiced in the United States since 2006 to enhance mumps surveillance. This study reports the detection of unusual mutations in the small hydrophobic (SH) protein of contemporary laboratory-confirmed mumps cases and is the first to describe the impact of such mutations on SH protein function. These mutations are predicted to profoundly alter the amino acid sequence of the SH protein, which has been shown to antagonize host innate immune responses; however, they were neither associated with defects in virus replication nor attenuated protein function in vitro, consistent with detection in clinical specimens. A better understanding of the forces governing mumps virus sequence diversity and of the functional consequences of mutations in viral proteins is important for maintaining robust capacity for mumps detection and disease control. Between 2015 and 2017, routine molecular surveillance in the United States detected multiple mumps viruses (MuVs) with mutations in the small hydrophobic (SH) gene compared to a reference virus of the same genotype. These mutations include an unusual pattern of uracil-to-cytosine hypermutations and other mutations resulting in the generation of premature stop codons or disruption of the canonical stop codon. The mumps virus SH protein may serve as a virulence factor, based on evidence that it inhibits apoptosis and innate immune signaling in vitro and that recombinant viruses that do not express the SH protein are attenuated in an animal model. In this study, mumps viruses bearing variant SH sequences were isolated from contemporary outbreak samples to evaluate the impact of the observed mutations on SH protein function. All isolates with variant SH sequences replicated in interferon-competent cells with no evidence of attenuation. Furthermore, all SH-variant viruses retained the ability to abrogate induction of NF-κB-mediated innate immune signaling in infected cells. Ectopic expression of variant mumps SH genes is consistent with findings from infection experiments, indicating that the observed abrogation of signaling was not mediated by other viral factors that may modulate innate immune signaling. Molecular surveillance is an important public health tool for monitoring the diversity of circulating mumps viruses and can provide insights into determinants of disease. These findings, in turn, will inform studies employing reverse genetics to elucidate the specific mechanisms of MuV pathogenesis and potential impacts of observed sequence variants on infectivity, fitness, and virulence. IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV) outbreaks occur in the United States despite high coverage with measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine. Routine genotyping of laboratory-confirmed mumps cases has been practiced in the United States since 2006 to enhance mumps surveillance. This study reports the detection of unusual mutations in the small hydrophobic (SH) protein of contemporary laboratory-confirmed mumps cases and is the first to describe the impact of such mutations on SH protein function. These mutations are predicted to profoundly alter the amino acid sequence of the SH protein, which has been shown to antagonize host innate immune responses; however, they were neither associated with defects in virus replication nor attenuated protein function in vitro, consistent with detection in clinical specimens. A better understanding of the forces governing mumps virus sequence diversity and of the functional consequences of mutations in viral proteins is important for maintaining robust capacity for mumps detection and disease control.
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Almansour I. Mumps Vaccines: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1999. [PMID: 32973721 PMCID: PMC7468195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Five decades have passed since the first mumps vaccine was licensed. Over this period, a resurgence of mumps infections has been recorded worldwide. Although global mumps infections have been controlled through vaccination, outbreaks are still on the rise, including in populations with high vaccination coverage. Several epidemiological studies suggest that this infectious virus continues to be a worldwide public health threat. The development and deployment of an improved, prophylactic mumps vaccine that provides long-lasting protection is indeed a priority. The purpose of this review is to provide an immuno-biological perspective on mumps vaccines. Here, we review the virology of mumps, licensed mumps vaccines, and the typical immune responses elicited following mumps vaccination. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations and challenges of the currently licensed mumps vaccines and provide strategies for the development of an improved mumps vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Almansour
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Lo MK, Spengler JR, Krumpe LRH, Welch SR, Chattopadhyay A, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Scholte FEM, Hotard AL, Fuqua JL, Rose JK, Nichol ST, Palmer KE, O'Keefe BR, Spiropoulou CF. Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S480-S492. [PMID: 32037447 PMCID: PMC7199786 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. There is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against NiV infection. Griffithsin (GRFT) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer (3mG) against NiV and other viruses from 4 virus families. The 3mG had comparatively greater potency than GRFT against NiV due to its enhanced ability to block NiV glycoprotein-induced syncytia formation. Our initial in vivo prophylactic evaluation of an oxidation-resistant GRFT (Q-GRFT) showed significant protection against lethal NiV challenge in Syrian golden hamsters. Our results warrant further development of Q-GRFT and 3mG as potential NiV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren R H Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne L Hotard
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua L Fuqua
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John K Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lawson B, Suppiah S, Rota PA, Hickman CJ, Latner DR. In vitro inhibition of mumps virus replication by favipiravir (T-705). Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104849. [PMID: 32553844 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade multiple mumps outbreaks have occurred in the U.S. despite high two dose MMR coverage with most cases detected among two dose MMR vaccine recipients. Waning immunity, the evolution of wild-type virus strains, and settings with intense exposure have contributed to the resurgence of mumps. Typically, mumps virus infections resolve without serious clinical sequelae; however, serious complications may occur among unvaccinated or severely immunocompromised individuals. Favipiravir (T-705) has been shown to have in vitro anti-viral activity against a broad range of positive and negative strand RNA viruses. Here, we demonstrate that T-705 inhibits the growth of wildtype and vaccine strains of mumps virus in vitro at low micro-molar concentrations (EC50 8-10μM). We did not observe the development of resistance after five subsequent passages at low concentrations of drug. Both viral RNA and protein synthesis were selectively reduced compared to host mRNA and protein synthesis. Antiviral treatment options for mumps virus infection may be valuable, especially for areas with a high disease burden or for cases with severe complications. These results presented here suggest that further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton Lawson
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suganthi Suppiah
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carole J Hickman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donald R Latner
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Briggs K, Wang L, Nagashima K, Zengel J, Tripp RA, He B. Regulation of Mumps Virus Replication and Transcription by Kinase RPS6KB1. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00387-20. [PMID: 32295907 PMCID: PMC7307103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00387-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) caused the most viral meningitis before mass immunization. Unfortunately, MuV has reemerged in the United States in the past several years. MuV is a member of the genus Rubulavirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, and has a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRdRp) of MuV consists of the large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P), while the nucleocapsid protein (NP) encapsulates the viral RNA genome. These proteins make up the replication and transcription machinery of MuV. The P protein is phosphorylated by host kinases, and its phosphorylation is important for its function. In this study, we performed a large-scale small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen targeting host kinases that regulated MuV replication. The human kinase ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (RPS6KB1) was shown to play a role in MuV replication and transcription. We have validated the role of RPS6KB1 in regulating MuV using siRNA knockdown, an inhibitor, and RPS6KB1 knockout cells. We found that MuV grows better in cells lacking RPS6KB1, indicating that it downregulates viral growth. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between the MuV P protein and RPS6KB1, suggesting that RPS6KB1 directly regulates MuV replication and transcription.IMPORTANCE Mumps virus is an important human pathogen. In recent years, MuV has reemerged in the United State, with outbreaks occurring in young adults who have been vaccinated. Our work provides insight into a previously unknown mumps virus-host interaction. RPS6KB1 negatively regulates MuV replication, likely through its interaction with the P protein. Understanding virus-host interactions can lead to novel antiviral drugs and enhanced vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Briggs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaito Nagashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Zengel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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McNall RJ, Wharton AK, Anderson R, Clemmons N, Lopareva EN, Gonzalez C, Espinosa A, Probert WS, Hacker JK, Liu G, Garfin J, Strain AK, Boxrud D, Bryant PW, George KS, Davis T, Griesser RH, Shult P, Bankamp B, Hickman CJ, Wroblewski K, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of mumps viruses associated with the resurgence of mumps in the United States: 2015-2017. Virus Res 2020; 281:197935. [PMID: 32194138 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite high coverage with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in the United States, outbreaks of mumps occur in close contact settings such as schools, colleges, and camps. Starting in late 2015, outbreaks were reported from several universities, and by the end of 2017, greater than 13,800 cases had been reported nation-wide. In 2013, the CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories contracted four Vaccine Preventable Diseases Reference Centers (VPD-RCs) to perform real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect mumps RNA in clinical samples and to determine the genotype. Twelve genotypes of mumps virus are currently recognized by the World Health Organization, and the standard protocol for genotyping requires sequencing the entire gene coding for the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the 1862 mumps samples genotyped from 2015 through 2017 showed that the overall diversity of genotypes detected was low. Only 0.8 % of the sequences were identified as genotypes C, H, J, or K, and 0.5 % were identified as vaccine strains in genotypes A or N, while most sequences (98.7 %) were genotype G. The majority of the genotype G sequences could be included into one of two large groups with identical SH sequences. Within genotype G, a small number of phylogenetically significant outlier sequences were associated with epidemiologically distinct chains of transmission. These results demonstrate that molecular and epidemiologic data can be used to track transmission pathways of mumps virus; however, the limited diversity of the SH sequences may be insufficient for resolving transmission in all outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J McNall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam K Wharton
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raydel Anderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nakia Clemmons
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elena N Lopareva
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alex Espinosa
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Jill K Hacker
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Gongping Liu
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacob Garfin
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - David Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Patrick W Bryant
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten St George
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Davis
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Richard H Griesser
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Peter Shult
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carole J Hickman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Wroblewski
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Entry, Replication, Immune Evasion, and Neurotoxicity of Synthetically Engineered Bat-Borne Mumps Virus. Cell Rep 2019; 25:312-320.e7. [PMID: 30304672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor a plethora of viruses with an unknown zoonotic potential. In-depth functional characterization of such viruses is often hampered by a lack of virus isolates. The genome of a virus closely related to human mumps viruses (hMuV) was detected in African fruit bats, batMuV. Efforts to characterize batMuV were based on directed expression of the batMuV glycoproteins or use of recombinant chimeric hMuVs harboring batMuV glycoprotein. Although these studies provided initial insights into the functionality of batMuV glycoproteins, the host range, replication competence, immunomodulatory functions, virulence, and zoonotic potential of batMuV remained elusive. Here, we report the successful rescue of recombinant batMuV. BatMuV infects human cells, is largely resistant to the host interferon response, blocks interferon induction and TNF-α activation, and is neurotoxic in rats. Anti-hMuV antibodies efficiently neutralize batMuV. The striking similarities between hMuV and batMuV point at the putative zoonotic potential of batMuV.
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15
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Establishment of an efficient reverse genetic system of Mumps virus S79 from cloned DNA. World J Pediatr 2019; 15:499-505. [PMID: 31456156 PMCID: PMC6785654 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is a common type of respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV), and can be effectively prevented by vaccination. In this study, a reverse genetic system of MuV that can facilitate the rational design of safer, more efficient mumps vaccine candidates is established. METHODS MuV-S79 cDNA clone was assembled into a full-length plasmid by means of the GeneArt™ High-Order Genetic Assembly System, and was rescued via reverse genetic technology. RT-PCR, sequencing, and immunofluorescence assays were used for rMuV-S79 authentication. Viral replication kinetics and in vivo experimental models were used to evaluate the replication, safety, and immunogenicity of rMuV-S79. RESULTS A full-length cDNA clone of MuV-S79 in the assembly process was generated by a novel plasmid assemble strategy, and a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 was successfully established. The established rMuV-S79 strain could reach a high virus titer in vitro. The average viral titer of rMuV-S79 in the lung tissues was 2.68 ± 0.14 log10PFU/g lung tissue, and rMuV-S79 group did not induce inflammation in the lung tissues in cotton rats. Neutralizing antibody titers induced by rMuV-S79 were high, long-lasting and could provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge. CONCLUSION We have established a robust reverse genetic system of MuV-S79 which can facilitate the optimization of mumps vaccines. rMuV-S79 rescued could reach a high virus titer and the safety was proven in vivo. It could also provide complete protection against MuV wild strain challenge.
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Role of Small Hydrophobic Protein of J Paramyxovirus in Virulence. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00653-18. [PMID: 30068647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00653-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. It is a paramyxovirus classified under the newly proposed genus Jeilongvirus JPV has a genome of 18,954 nucleotides, consisting of eight genes in the order 3'-N-P/V/C-M-F-SH-TM-G-L-5'. JPV causes little cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture cells but severe disease in mice. The small hydrophobic (SH) protein is an integral membrane protein encoded by many paramyxoviruses, such as mumps virus (MuV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, the function of SH has not been defined in a suitable animal model. In this work, the functions of SH of JPV, MuV, and RSV have been examined by generating recombinant JPV lacking the SH protein (rJPV-ΔSH) or replacing SH of JPV with MuV SH (rJPV-MuVSH) or RSV SH (rJPV-RSVSH). rJPV-ΔSH, rJPV-MuVSH, and rJPV-RSVSH were viable and had no growth defect in tissue culture cells. However, more tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was produced during rJPV-ΔSH infection, confirming the role of SH in inhibiting TNF-α production. rJPV-ΔSH induced more apoptosis in tissue culture cells than rJPV, rJPV-MuVSH, and rJPV-RSVSH, suggesting that SH plays a role in blocking apoptosis. Furthermore, rJPV-ΔSH was attenuated in mice compared to rJPV, rJPV-MuVSH, and rJPV-RSVSH, indicating that the SH protein plays an essential role in virulence. The results indicate that the functions of MuV SH and RSV SH are similar to that of JPV SH even though they have no sequence homology.IMPORTANCE Paramyxoviruses are associated with many devastating diseases in animals and humans. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was isolated from moribund mice in Australia in 1972. Newly isolated viruses, such as Beilong virus (BeiPV) and Tailam virus (TlmPV), have genome structures similar to that of JPV. A new paramyxovirus genus, Jeilongvirus, which contains JPV, BeiPV, and TlmPV, has been proposed. Small hydrophobic (SH) protein is present in many paramyxoviruses. Our present study investigates the role of SH protein of JPV in pathogenesis in its natural host. Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of Jeilongvirus is important to control and prevent potential diseases that may emerge from this group of viruses.
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Wang Y, Liu R, Lu M, Yang Y, Zhou D, Hao X, Zhou D, Wang B, Li J, Huang YW, Zhao Z. Enhancement of safety and immunogenicity of the Chinese Hu191 measles virus vaccine by alteration of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding site in the large polymerase protein. Virology 2018. [PMID: 29525671 PMCID: PMC6413878 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine based on the Hu191 strain has played a significant role in controlling measles in China. However, it has considerable adverse effects that may cause public health burden. We hypothesize that the safety and efficacy of MV vaccine can be improved by altering the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding site in the conserved region VI of the large polymerase protein. To test this hypothesis, we established an efficient reverse genetics system for the rMV-Hu191 strain and generated two recombinant MV-Hu191 carrying mutations in the SAM binding site. These two mutants grew to high titer in Vero cells, were genetically stable, and were significantly more attenuated in vitro and in vivo compared to the parental rMV-Hu191 vaccine strain. Importantly, both MV-Hu191 mutants triggered a higher neutralizing antibody than rMV-Hu191 vaccine and provided complete protection against MV challenge. These results demonstrate its potential for an improved MV vaccine candidate. An efficient reverse genetics system for Chinese MV-Hu191 strain was developed. rMV-Hu191 mutants in SAM binding site are attenuated in vitro and in vivo. rMV-Hu191 mutants in SAM binding site enhance the safety and immunogenicity of MV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongxian Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yingzhi Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Duo Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Hao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhengyan Zhao
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Mumps Virus SH Protein Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Interacting with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1, Interleukin-1 Receptor 1, and Toll-Like Receptor 3 Complexes. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01037-17. [PMID: 28659487 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01037-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mumps virus (MuV) small hydrophobic protein (SH) is a type I membrane protein expressed in infected cells. SH has been reported to interfere with innate immunity by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis and NF-κB activation. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we generated recombinant MuVs (rMuVs) expressing the SH protein with an N-terminal FLAG epitope or lacking SH expression due to the insertion of three stop codons into the SH gene. Using these viruses, we were able to show that SH reduces the phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 as well as the translocation of p65 into the nucleus of infected A549 cells. Reporter gene assays revealed that SH interferes not only with TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation but also with IL-1β- and poly(I·C)-mediated NF-κB activation, and that this inhibition occurs upstream of the NF-κB pathway components TRAF2, TRAF6, and TAK1. Since SH coimmunoprecipitated with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), RIP1, and IRAK1, we hypothesize that SH exerts its inhibitory function by interacting with TNFR1, interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), and TLR3 complexes in the plasma membrane of infected cells.IMPORTANCE The MuV SH has been shown to impede TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation and is therefore thought to contribute to viral immune evasion. However, the mechanisms by which SH mediates NF-κB inhibition remained largely unknown. In this study, we show that SH interacts with TNFR1, IL-1R1, and TLR3 complexes in infected cells. We thereby not only shed light on the mechanisms of SH-mediated NF-κB inhibition but also reveal that SH interferes with NF-κB activation induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and double-stranded RNA.
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19
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Three Complete Genome Sequences of Genotype G Mumps Virus from the 2016 Outbreak in Arkansas, USA. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/32/e00555-17. [PMID: 28798162 PMCID: PMC5552971 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00555-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We present here the complete genome sequences of three mumps virus (MuV) strains isolated from patients who tested positive for the mumps virus during a mumps outbreak in Springdale, AR (USA), in 2016. The virus genomes, sequenced with Oxford Nanopore technology, belong to genotype G and have an average length of 15,342 nucleotides (nt).
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20
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Zengel J, Phan SI, Pickar A, Xu P, He B. Immunogenicity of mumps virus vaccine candidates matching circulating genotypes in the United States and China. Vaccine 2017; 35:3988-3994. [PMID: 28623030 PMCID: PMC5785236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) causes acute infection in humans with characteristic swelling of the parotid gland. While vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of MuV infection, there have been multiple large outbreaks of mumps virus (MuV) in highly vaccinated populations. The most common vaccine strain, Jeryl Lynn, belongs to genotype A, which is no longer a circulating genotype. We have developed two vaccine candidates that match the circulating genotypes in the United States (genotype G) and China (genotype F). We found that there was a significant decrease in the ability of the Jeryl Lynn vaccine to produce neutralizing antibody responses to non-matched viruses, when compared to either of our vaccine candidates. Our data suggests that an updated vaccine may allow for better immunity against the circulating MuV genotypes G and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Zengel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shannon I Phan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Adrian Pickar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States; Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Labs, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States.
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21
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Hotard AL, He B, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Lo MK. 4'-Azidocytidine (R1479) inhibits henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses with high potency. Antiviral Res 2017. [PMID: 28629988 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The henipaviruses Nipah virus and Hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses which have caused fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. Despite the availability of a licensed equine Hendra virus vaccine and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody shown to be efficacious against henipavirus infections in non-human primates, there remains no approved therapeutics or vaccines for human use. To explore the possibility of developing small-molecule nucleoside inhibitors against henipaviruses, we evaluated the antiviral activity of 4'-azidocytidine (R1479), a drug previously identified to inhibit flaviviruses, against henipaviruses along with other representative members of the family Paramyxoviridae. We observed similar levels of R1479 antiviral activity across the family, regardless of virus genus. Our brief study expands the documented range of viruses susceptible to R1479, and provides the basis for future investigation and development of 4'-modified nucleoside analogs as potential broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics across both positive and negative-sense RNA virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Hotard
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Establishing a small animal model for evaluating protective immunity against mumps virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174444. [PMID: 28362871 PMCID: PMC5375130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mumps vaccines have been used for several decades, protective immune correlates have not been defined. Recently, mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. To better understand the causes of the outbreaks and to develop means to control outbreaks in mumps vaccine immunized populations, defining protective immune correlates will be critical. Unfortunately, no small animal model for assessing mumps immunity exists. In this study, we evaluated use of type I interferon (IFN) alpha/beta receptor knockout mice (IFN-α/βR−/−) for such a model. We found these mice to be susceptible to mumps virus administered intranasally and intracranially. Passive transfer of purified IgG from immunized mice protected naïve mice from mumps virus infection, confirming the role of antibody in protection and demonstrating the potential for this model to evaluate mumps immunity.
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23
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GS-5734 and its parent nucleoside analog inhibit Filo-, Pneumo-, and Paramyxoviruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43395. [PMID: 28262699 PMCID: PMC5338263 DOI: 10.1038/srep43395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-5734 is a monophosphate prodrug of an adenosine nucleoside analog that showed therapeutic efficacy in a non-human primate model of Ebola virus infection. It has been administered under compassionate use to two Ebola patients, both of whom survived, and is currently in Phase 2 clinical development for treatment of Ebola virus disease. Here we report the antiviral activities of GS-5734 and the parent nucleoside analog across multiple virus families, providing evidence to support new indications for this compound against human viruses of significant public health concern.
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24
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Releasing the Genomic RNA Sequestered in the Mumps Virus Nucleocapsid. J Virol 2016; 90:10113-10119. [PMID: 27581981 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a negative-strand RNA virus, the genomic RNA is sequestered inside the nucleocapsid when the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase uses it as the template for viral RNA synthesis. It must require a conformational change in the nucleocapsid protein (N) to make the RNA accessible to the viral polymerase during this process. The structure of an empty mumps virus (MuV) nucleocapsid-like particle was determined to 10.4-Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image reconstruction. By modeling the crystal structure of parainfluenza virus 5 into the density, it was shown that the α-helix close to the RNA became flexible when RNA was removed. Point mutations in this helix resulted in loss of polymerase activities. Since the core of N is rigid in the nucleocapsid, we suggest that interactions between this region of the mumps virus N and its polymerase, instead of large N domain rotations, lead to exposure of the sequestered genomic RNA. IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV) infection may cause serious diseases, including hearing loss, orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, and pancreatitis. MuV is a negative-strand RNA virus, similar to rabies virus or Ebola virus, that has a unique mechanism of viral RNA synthesis. They all make their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The viral RdRp uses the genomic RNA inside the viral nucleocapsid as the template to synthesize viral RNAs. Since the template RNA is always sequestered in the nucleocapsid, the viral RdRp must find a way to open it up in order to gain access to the covered template. Our work reported here shows that a helix structural element in the MuV nucleocapsid protein becomes open when the sequestered RNA is released. The amino acids related to this helix are required for RdRp to synthesize viral RNA. We propose that the viral RdRp pulls this helix open to release the genomic RNA.
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25
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Evidence that a polyhexameric genome length is preferred, but not strictly required, for efficient mumps virus replication. Virology 2016; 493:173-88. [PMID: 27058764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is postulated to adhere to the "rule of six" for efficient replication. To examine the requirement for MuV, minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length (6n-1 and 6n+1) were analyzed. Expression of the reporter gene CAT was significantly reduced with minigenomes of nonpolyhexameric length compared to the wild type 6n genome, and reduction was more pronounced for the 6n-1 than for the 6n+1 minigenome. That 6n-1 genomes are impacted by nonconformance with the rule of six to a greater degree as compared to 6n+1 genomes was also suggested with MuV derived from cDNA coding for 6n+1 or 6n-1 genomes. While viruses recovered from 6n+1 cDNAs maintained a nonpolyhexameric genome length over multiple replication cycles, viruses rescued from the 6n-1 cDNAs acquired length correcting mutations rapidly following rescue. Our data indicate that polyhexameric genomes are the preferred template for the MuV RNA polymerase, but that this requirement is not absolute.
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26
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Pickar A, Zengel J, Xu P, Li Z, He B. Mumps Virus Nucleoprotein Enhances Phosphorylation of the Phosphoprotein by Polo-Like Kinase 1. J Virol 2016; 90:1588-98. [PMID: 26608325 PMCID: PMC4719615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02160-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (vRdRps) of nonsegmented, negative-sense viruses (NNSVs) consist of the enzymatic large protein (L) and the phosphoprotein (P). P is heavily phosphorylated, and its phosphorylation plays a critical role in viral RNA synthesis. Since NNSVs do not encode kinases, P is phosphorylated by host kinases. In this study, we investigate the roles that viral proteins play in the phosphorylation of mumps virus (MuV) P. We found that nucleoprotein (NP) enhances the phosphorylation of P. We have identified the serine/threonine kinase Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a host kinase that phosphorylates P and have found that phosphorylation of P by PLK1 is enhanced by NP. The PLK1 binding site in MuV P was mapped to residues 146 to 148 within the S(pS/T)P motif, and the phosphorylation site was identified as residues S292 and S294. IMPORTANCE It has previously been shown that P acts as a chaperone for NP, which encapsidates viral genomic RNA to form the NP-RNA complex, the functional template for viral RNA synthesis. Thus, it is assumed that phosphorylation of P may regulate NP's ability to form the NP-RNA complex, thereby regulating viral RNA synthesis. Our work demonstrates that MuV NP affects phosphorylation of P, suggesting that NP can regulate viral RNA synthesis by regulating phosphorylation of P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pickar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James Zengel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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27
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Stobart CC, Moore ML. Development of next-generation respiratory virus vaccines through targeted modifications to viral immunomodulatory genes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1563-72. [PMID: 26434947 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1095096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the greatest contributions of the scientific community to global health. Yet, many pathogens remain either unchallenged or inadequately hindered by commercially available vaccines. Respiratory viruses pose distinct and difficult challenges due to their ability to rapidly spread, adapt, and modify the host immune response. Considerable research has been directed to understand the role of respiratory virus immunomodulatory proteins and how they influence the host immune response. We review here efforts to develop next-generation vaccines through targeting these key immunomodulatory genes in influenza virus, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, and mumps virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Stobart
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Moore
- a 1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,b 2 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Oligomerization of Mumps Virus Phosphoprotein. J Virol 2015; 89:11002-10. [PMID: 26311887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01719-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mumps virus (MuV) genome encodes a phosphoprotein (P) that is important for viral RNA synthesis. P forms the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with the large protein (L). P also interacts with the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and self-associates to form a homotetramer. The P protein consists of three domains, the N-terminal domain (P(N)), the oligomerization domain (P(O)), and the C-terminal domain (P(C)). While P(N) is known to relax the NP-bound RNA genome, the roles of P(O) and P(C) are not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of P(O) and P(C) in viral RNA synthesis using mutational analysis and a minigenome system. We found that P(N) and P(C) functions can be trans-complemented. However, this complementation requires P(O), indicating that P(O) is essential for P function. Using this trans-complementation system, we found that P forms parallel dimers (P(N) to P(N) and P(C) to P(C)). Furthermore, we found that residues R231, K238, K253, and K260 in P(O) are critical for P's functions. We identified P(C) to be the domain that interacts with L. These results provide structure-function insights into the role of MuV P. IMPORTANCE MuV, a paramyxovirus, is an important human pathogen. The P protein of MuV is critical for viral RNA synthesis. In this work, we established a novel minigenome system that allows the domains of P to be complemented in trans. Using this system, we confirmed that MuV P forms parallel dimers. An understanding of viral RNA synthesis will allow the design of better vaccines and the development of antivirals.
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Roles of Phosphorylation of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Mumps Virus in Regulating Viral RNA Transcription and Replication. J Virol 2015; 89:7338-47. [PMID: 25948749 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00686-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mumps virus (MuV) is a paramyxovirus with a negative-sense nonsegmented RNA genome. The viral RNA genome is encapsidated by the nucleocapsid protein (NP) to form the ribonucleoprotein (RNP), which serves as a template for transcription and replication. In this study, we investigated the roles of phosphorylation sites of NP in MuV RNA synthesis. Using radioactive labeling, we first demonstrated that NP was phosphorylated in MuV-infected cells. Using both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and in silico modeling, we identified nine putative phosphorylated residues within NP. We mutated these nine residues to alanine. Mutation of the serine residue at position 439 to alanine (S439A) was found to reduce the phosphorylation of NP in transfected cells by over 90%. The effects of these mutations on the MuV minigenome system were examined. The S439A mutant was found to have higher activity, four mutants had lower activity, and four mutants had similar activity compared to wild-type NP. MuV containing the S439A mutation had 90% reduced phosphorylation of NP and enhanced viral RNA synthesis and viral protein expression at early time points after infection, indicating that S439 is the major phosphorylation site of NP and its phosphorylation plays an important role in downregulating viral RNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV), a paramyxovirus, is an important human pathogen that is reemerging in human populations. Nucleocapsid protein (NP) of MuV is essential for viral RNA synthesis. We have identified the major phosphorylation site of NP. We have found that phosphorylation of NP plays a critical role in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The work will lead to a better understanding of viral RNA synthesis and possible novel targets for antiviral drug development.
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Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CGG, Duprex WP. Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus. J Pathol 2015; 235:242-52. [PMID: 25229387 PMCID: PMC4268314 DOI: 10.1002/path.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is caused by the mumps virus (MuV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses. Mumps is characterized by painful inflammatory symptoms, such as parotitis and orchitis. The virus is highly neurotropic, with laboratory evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection in approximately half of cases. Symptomatic CNS infection occurs less frequently; nonetheless, prior to the introduction of routine vaccination, MuV was a leading cause of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in many developed countries. Despite being one of the oldest recognized diseases, with a worldwide distribution, surprisingly little attention has been given to its study. Cases of aseptic meningitis associated with some vaccine strains and a global resurgence of cases, including in highly vaccinated populations, has renewed interest in the virus, particularly in its pathogenesis and the need for development of clinically relevant models of disease. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on the virus, its pathogenesis and its clinical and pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | | | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
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Hukic M, Hajdarpasic A, Ravlija J, Ler Z, Baljic R, Dedeic Ljubovic A, Moro A, Salimović-Besic I, Sausy A, Muller CP, Hübschen JM. Mumps outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with large cohorts of susceptibles and genetically diverse strains of genotype G, Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 2010 to September 2012. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.33.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mumps outbreak reported from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina involved 7,895 cases between December 2010 and September 2012. This was the largest outbreak in the country since the introduction of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine in 1980. The highest disease incidence was found among 15 to 19 year-olds. About 39% (3,050/7,895) of cases reported to be unvaccinated; the vaccination status of 31% (2,426/7,895) was unknown. A seroprevalence study among 150 asymptomatic contacts to mumps cases showed that about one third (45/150) were susceptible to mumps. Among 105 clinically suspected mumps patients hospitalised at the Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, orchitis (60% of all males: 51/85) and meningitis (9%: 9/105) were the most common complications. Among 57 outbreak sequences obtained for the small hydrophobic gene, eight different variants of genotype G viruses were identified. The outbreak affected mainly age groups comprising individuals who were not vaccinated during or after the Bosnian war, as well as cantons with single dose immunisation policies until 2001. In addition to issues related to vaccination of individuals, differential responses to vaccines and vaccine strains, waning of antibodies and potentially also the genetically diverse variants of genotype G may have compounded the size and duration of the outbreak. Our report emphasizes the need for supplementary immunisation programmes in particular for adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hukic
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Hajdarpasic
- Centre for Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - J Ravlija
- Institute of Public Health of Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Z Ler
- Institute of Public Health of Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - R Baljic
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Dedeic Ljubovic
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Moro
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - I Salimović-Besic
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - A Sausy
- Institute of Immunology, World Health Organization European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé /Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - C P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, World Health Organization European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé /Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - J M Hübschen
- Institute of Immunology, World Health Organization European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé /Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Gouma S, Sane J, Gijselaar D, Cremer J, Hahné S, Koopmans M, van Binnendijk R. Two major mumps genotype G variants dominated recent mumps outbreaks in the Netherlands (2009–2012). J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1074-1082. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During three seasons of mumps outbreaks in the Netherlands (September 2009–August 2012), 822 mumps cases were laboratory-confirmed at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Most patients were vaccinated young adults. Given the protracted endemic circulation, we studied the genetic diversity and changes of mumps virus over a period of 3 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene (316 bp) was performed on a representative set of 808 specimens that tested positive for mumps via PCR. Additionally, the haemagglutinin/neuraminidase (HN) gene (1749 bp) and fusion (F) gene (1617 bp) were sequenced for a subset of samples (n = 17). Correlations between different sequence types and epidemiological and clinical data were investigated. The outbreaks in the Netherlands were dominated by two SH gene sequence types within genotype G, termed MuVs/Delft.NLD/03.10 (variant 1) and MuVs/Scheemda.NLD/12.10 (variant 2). Sequence analysis of the HN and F genes indicated that the outbreaks were initiated by separately introduced genetic lineages. The predominance of variant 2 by the end of the first outbreak season could not be explained by any of the epidemiological factors investigated. Orchitis was more frequently reported in males infected with variant 2, irrespective of age and vaccination status. These findings illustrate genetic heterogeneity of an emerging mumps genotype, and raise questions about the mechanisms driving mumps epidemiology and immunity in relation to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Virology Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jussi Sane
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Gijselaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Virology Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Kumari S, Crim RL, Kulkarni A, Audet SA, Mdluli T, Murata H, Beeler JA. Development of a luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay to detect IgG antibodies against human respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:383-90. [PMID: 24403526 PMCID: PMC3957679 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00594-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-N) is immunogenic and elicits an IgG response following infection. The RSV-N gene was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pREN2, and the expressed luciferase-tagged protein (Ruc-N) detected anti-RSV-N-specific IgG antibodies using a high-throughput immunoprecipitation method (the luciferase immunoprecipitation system [LIPS]-N(RSV) assay). The specificity of the assay was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and monospecific pre- and postimmunization rabbit antisera. Blood serum samples from chimpanzees and humans with proven/probable RSV infection were also tested. The pre- and postimmunization serum samples from rabbits given human metapneumovirus (HMPV) or measles virus were negative when tested by the LIPS-N(RSV) assay, while antisera obtained after immunization with either the RSV-A or RSV-B strain gave positive signals in a dose-dependent manner. RSV-N MAb 858-3 gave a positive signal in the LIPS-N(RSV) assay, while MAbs against other paramyxovirus nucleoproteins or RSV-F or RSV-G did not. Serum samples from chimpanzees simultaneously immunized with vaccinia-RSV-F and vaccinia-RSV-G recombinant viruses were negative in the LIPS-N(RSV) assay; however, anti-RSV-N IgG responses were detected following subsequent RSV challenge. Seven of the 12 infants who were seronegative at 9 months of age had detectable anti-RSV-N antibodies when they were retested at 15 to 18 months of age. The LIPS-N(RSV) assay detects specific anti-RSV-N IgG responses that may be used as a biomarker of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Kumari
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roberta Lynne Crim
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susette A. Audet
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thembi Mdluli
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haruhiko Murata
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Judy A. Beeler
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Virus Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Roles of serine and threonine residues of mumps virus P protein in viral transcription and replication. J Virol 2014; 88:4414-22. [PMID: 24501400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03673-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mumps virus (MuV), a paramyxovirus containing a negative-sense nonsegmented RNA genome, is a human pathogen that causes an acute infection with symptoms ranging from parotitis to mild meningitis and severe encephalitis. Vaccination against mumps virus has been effective in reducing mumps cases. However, recently large outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. There is no anti-MuV drug. Understanding replication of MuV may lead to novel antiviral strategies. MuV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase minimally consists of the phosphoprotein (P) and the large protein (L). The P protein is heavily phosphorylated. To investigate the roles of serine (S) and threonine (T) residues of P in viral RNA transcription and replication, P was subjected to mass spectrometry and mutational analysis. P, a 392-amino acid residue protein, has 64 S and T residues. We have found that mutating nine S/T residues significantly reduced and mutating residue T at 101 to A (T101A) significantly enhanced activity in a minigenome system. A recombinant virus containing the P-T101A mutation (rMuV-P-T101A) was recovered and analyzed. rMuV-P-T101A grew to higher titers and had increased protein expression at early time points. Together, these results suggest that phosphorylation of MuV-P-T101 plays a negative role in viral RNA synthesis. This is the first time that the P protein of a paramyxovirus has been systematically analyzed for S/T residues that are critical for viral RNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Mumps virus (MuV) is a reemerging paramyxovirus that caused large outbreaks in the United States, where vaccination coverage is very high. There is no anti-MuV drug. In this work, we have systematically analyzed roles of Ser/Thr residues of MuV P in viral RNA synthesis. We have identified S/T residues of P critical for MuV RNA synthesis and phosphorylation sites that are important for viral RNA synthesis. This work leads to a better understanding of viral RNA synthesis as well as to potential novel strategies to control mumps.
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Immunogenicity of novel mumps vaccine candidates generated by genetic modification. J Virol 2013; 88:2600-10. [PMID: 24352450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02778-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a highly contagious human disease, characterized by lateral or bilateral nonsuppurative swelling of the parotid glands and neurological complications that can result in aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. A mumps vaccination program implemented since the 1960s reduced mumps incidence by more than 99% and kept the mumps case numbers as low as hundreds of cases per year in the United States before 2006. However, a large mumps outbreak occurred in vaccinated populations in 2006 and again in 2009 in the United States, raising concerns about the efficacy of the vaccination program. Previously, we have shown that clinical isolate-based recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of either the V protein (rMuVΔV) or the SH protein (rMuVΔSH) are attenuated in a neurovirulence test using newborn rat brains (P. Xu et al., Virology 417:126-136, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.003; P. Xu et al., J. Virol. 86:1768-1776, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06019-11) and may be good candidates for vaccine development. In this study, we examined immunity induced by rMuVΔSH and rMuVΔV in mice. Furthermore, we generated recombinant mumps viruses lacking expression of both the V protein and the SH protein (rMuVΔSHΔV). Analysis of rMuVΔSHΔV indicated that it was stable in tissue culture cell lines. Importantly, rMuVΔSHΔV was immunogenic in mice, indicating that it is a promising candidate for mumps vaccine development.
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Paramyxovirus activation and inhibition of innate immune responses. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4872-92. [PMID: 24056173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses represent a remarkably diverse family of enveloped nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, some of which are the most ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. This review focuses on paramyxovirus activation of innate immune pathways, the mechanisms by which these RNA viruses counteract these pathways, and the innate response to paramyxovirus infection of dendritic cells (DC). Paramyxoviruses are potent activators of extracellular complement pathways, a first line of defense that viruses must face during natural infections. We discuss mechanisms by which these viruses activate and combat complement to delay neutralization. Once cells are infected, virus replication drives type I interferon (IFN) synthesis that has the potential to induce a large number of antiviral genes. Here we describe four approaches by which paramyxoviruses limit IFN induction: by limiting synthesis of IFN-inducing aberrant viral RNAs, through targeted inhibition of RNA sensors, by providing viral decoy substrates for cellular kinase complexes, and through direct blocking of the IFN promoter. In addition, paramyxoviruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to disrupt IFN signaling pathways. We describe three general mechanisms, including targeted proteolysis of signaling factors, sequestering cellular factors, and upregulation of cellular inhibitors. DC are exceptional cells with the capacity to generate adaptive immunity through the coupling of innate immune signals and T cell activation. We discuss the importance of innate responses in DC following paramyxovirus infection and their consequences for the ability to mount and maintain antiviral T cells.
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Xu P, Huang Z, Gao X, Michel FJ, Hirsch G, Hogan RJ, Sakamoto K, Ho W, Wu J, He B. Infection of mice, ferrets, and rhesus macaques with a clinical mumps virus isolate. J Virol 2013; 87:8158-68. [PMID: 23678169 PMCID: PMC3700206 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations worldwide. The reasons for these outbreaks are not clear. Animal models are needed to investigate the causes of outbreaks and to understand the pathogenesis of mumps virus (MuV). In this study, we have examined the infection of three animal models with an isolate of mumps virus from a recent outbreak (MuV-IA). We have found that while both ferrets and mice generated humoral and cellular immune responses to MuV-IA infection, no obvious signs of illness were observed in these animals; rhesus macaques were the most susceptible to MuV-IA infection. Infection of rhesus macaques via both intranasal and intratracheal routes with MuV-IA led to the typical clinical signs of mumps 2 weeks to 4 weeks postinfection. However, none of the infected macaques showed any fever or neurologic signs during the experimental period. Mumps viral antigen was detected in parotid glands by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Rhesus macaques represent the best animal model for the study of mumps virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- The Center for Animal Experiment ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Frank J. Michel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gwen Hirsch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang, People's Republic of China
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Kolli D, Bao X, Casola A. Human metapneumovirus antagonism of innate immune responses. Viruses 2012; 4:3551-71. [PMID: 23223197 PMCID: PMC3528279 DOI: 10.3390/v4123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently identified RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes several major human and animal pathogens. Epidemiological studies indicate that hMPV is a significant human respiratory pathogen with worldwide distribution. It is associated with respiratory illnesses in children, adults, and immunocompromised patients, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Interferon (IFN) represents a major line of defense against virus infection, and in response, viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit IFN production as well as IFN signaling. Although the strategies of IFN evasion are similar, the specific mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses inhibit IFN responses are quite diverse. In this review, we will present an overview of the strategies that hMPV uses to subvert cellular signaling in airway epithelial cells, the major target of infection, as well as in primary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Kolli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA; E-Mail: (D.K.); (X.B.)
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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Chen Z, Xu P, Salyards GW, Harvey SB, Rada B, Fu ZF, He B. Evaluating a parainfluenza virus 5-based vaccine in a host with pre-existing immunity against parainfluenza virus 5. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185558 PMCID: PMC3502407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), formerly known as simian virus 5 (SV5), is a paramyxovirus often referred to as canine parainfluenza virus (CPI) in the veterinary field. PIV5 is thought to be a contributing factor to kennel cough. Kennel cough vaccines containing live PIV5 have been used in dogs for many decades. PIV5 is not known to cause any diseases in humans or other animals. PIV5 has been used as a vector for vaccine development for humans and animals. One critical question concerning the use of PIV5 as a vector is whether prior exposure to PIV5 would prevent the use of PIV5-based vaccines. In this work, we have examined immunogenicity of a recombinant PIV5 expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus subtype 3 (rPIV5-H3) in dogs that were immunized against PIV5. We found that vaccination of the dogs containing neutralizing antibodies against PIV5 with rPIV5-H3 generated immunity against influenza A virus, indicting that PIV5-based vaccine is immunogenic in dogs with prior exposure. Furthermore, we have examined exposure of PIV5 in human populations. We have detected neutralizing antibody (nAb) against PIV5 in 13 out of 45 human serum samples (about 29 percent). The nAb titers in humans were lower than that in vaccinated dogs, suggesting that nAb in humans is unlikely to prevent PIV5 from being an efficacious vector in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory W. Salyards
- University Research Animal Resources and the Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Harvey
- University Research Animal Resources and the Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Balazs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) causes an acute infection in humans characterized by a wide array of symptoms ranging from relatively mild manifestations, such as parotitis, to more-severe complications, such as meningitis and encephalitis. Widespread mumps vaccination has reduced mumps incidence dramatically; however, outbreaks still occur in vaccinated populations. The V protein of MuV, when expressed in cell culture, blocks interferon (IFN) expression and signaling and interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling. In this work, we generated a recombinant MuV incapable of expressing the V protein (rMuVΔV). The rescued MuV was derived from a clinical wild-type isolate from a recent outbreak in the United States (MuV(Iowa/US/06), G genotype). Analysis of the virus confirmed the roles of V protein in blocking IFN expression and signaling and IL-6 signaling. We also found that the rMuV(Iowa/US/06)ΔV virus induced high levels of IL-6 expression in vitro, suggesting that V plays a role in reducing IL-6 expression. In vivo, the rMuV(Iowa/US/06)ΔV virus was highly attenuated, indicating that the V protein plays an essential role in viral virulence.
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