1
|
Laforce E, Dejaeger K, Vanoppen M, Cornelissen E, De Clercq J, Vermeir P. Thorough Validation of Optimized Size Exclusion Chromatography-Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Natural Organic Matter in Fresh Waters. Molecules 2024; 29:2075. [PMID: 38731566 PMCID: PMC11085112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography with total organic carbon detection (HPSEC-TOC) is a widely employed technique for characterizing aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) into high, medium, and low molecular weight fractions. This study validates the suitability of HPSEC-TOC for a simplified yet efficient routine analysis of freshwater and its application within drinking water treatment plants. The investigation highlights key procedural considerations for optimal results and shows the importance of sample preservation by refrigeration with a maximum storage duration of two weeks. Prior to analysis, the removal of inorganic carbon is essential, which is achieved without altering the NOM composition through sample acidification to pH 6 and subsequent N2-purging. The chromatographic separation employs a preparative TSK HW-50S column to achieve a limit of detection of 19.0 µgC dm-3 with an injection volume of 1350 mm-3. The method demonstrates linearity up to 10,000 µgC dm-3. Precision, trueness and recovery assessments are conducted using certified reference materials, model compounds, and real water samples. The relative measurement uncertainty in routine analysis ranges from 3.22% to 5.17%, while the measurement uncertainty on the bias is 8.73%. Overall, the HPSEC-TOC represents a reliable tool for NOM fractions analysis in both treated and untreated ground and surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elien Laforce
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Dejaeger
- PaInT, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- CNRS, UMR 8516—LASIRE—Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l’Environnement, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Marjolein Vanoppen
- PaInT, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- PaInT, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory for Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schreiber F, Donato FF, Kemmerich M, Zanella R, Camargo ER, Avila LAD. Efficiency of home water filters on pesticide removal from drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122936. [PMID: 37979648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution via natural and anthropogenic activities has become a global problem, which can lead to short and long-term impacts on humans' health and the ecosystems. Substantial amounts of individual or mixtures of organic pollutants move into the surface water via point and non-point source contamination. Some of these compounds are known to be toxic and difficult to remove from water sources, thus affecting their quality. Moreover, environmental regulations in high-income countries have become very strict for drinking water treatment over the past decades, especially regarding pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different residential water treatments to remove 13 pesticides with distinct physicochemical characteristics from the drinking water. Nine water treatments were used: four membrane filters, an activated carbon filter, ultraviolet radiation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange resins, and ozonation. The trial was performed with tap water contaminated with an environmental concentration of 13 pesticides. According to the results, activated carbon and reverse osmosis were 100% efficient for pesticide removal, followed by ion exchange resins and ultraviolet radiation. Membrane filters, in general, showed low efficiency and should, therefore, not be used for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Schreiber
- Laboratory of Environmental Fate of Herbicide, Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil; F.S. Farm Limited, Itaí District, Ijuí, RS, 98717-000, Brazil
| | - Filipe Fagan Donato
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-000, Brazil; Education Department of the Polytechnic College, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-000, Brazil
| | - Magali Kemmerich
- Laboratory of Environmental Fate of Herbicide, Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Pesticides Residues Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-000, Brazil; Federal University of Pampa, Chromatography and Food Analysis Research Group, Itaqui, RS, 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-000, Brazil
| | - Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo
- Laboratory of Environmental Fate of Herbicide, Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio de Avila
- Laboratory of Environmental Fate of Herbicide, Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Zhang L, Hao J, Li Y, Yu X, Zhang B. Sustainable recovery of melanoidins from thermal hydrolyzed sludge by macroporous resin and properties characterization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117277. [PMID: 36640649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanoidins, the dark-color recalcitrant Maillard reaction by-products in thermal hydrolyzed sludge (THS), cause significant adverse effects on wastewater treatment. This study aimed to develop an efficient adsorption method for recovering melanoidins from THS by macroporous resin. The adsorptive characteristics of six macroporous resins (XAD761, XAD8, XAD16HP, FPX66, HPD-600 and IRA958Cl) showed that XAD761, not yet reported for melanoidins extraction, was the most appropriate with the highest recovery ratio. The adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption process was confirmed to be physical, spontaneous, and exothermic, without changing the structure of the adsorbed melanoidins. In the dynamic adsorption, the breakthrough point increased with a decreasing flow rate. After five consecutive regeneration cycles, XAD761 resin maintained stable adsorption efficiency and thus had a good potential for reuse. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of the extracted THS melanoidins were compared with model melanoidins to lay the foundation for their management, in terms of morphology, molecular weight (MW), and spectrophotometric properties. These results demonstrate that XAD761 resin extraction is a promising sustainable method for practical application in the recovery of melanoidins from THS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leshi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiuxiao Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yingying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xintian Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu S, Yan Y, Shuang C, Zhou Q, Ji R, Li A. Biological magnetic ion exchange resin on advanced treatment of synthetic wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 372:128613. [PMID: 36640820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three biological ion exchange systems and one biological activated carbon (BAC) system were established by employing magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX), non-magnetic resin (NIEX), polystyrenic resin (DIEX) and granular activated carbon as the biocarrier for advanced treatment of wastewater. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of four systems all stabilized at about 84% due to biodegradation. The start-up period of bio-MIEX (nearly 40 d) was greatly shorter than that of others (nearly 190 d). Ibuprofen removal was ascribed to adsorption in the initial stage, which subsequently changed to the effect of biodegradation. After the start-up period, ibuprofen removal was nearly 100% (bio-MIEX), 60% (bio-NIEX), 61% (bio-DIEX) and 89% (BAC). According to the surface observation, ATP and protein measurement and metagenomic analysis, the superior performance of bio-MIEX could be attributed to its highest biological activity resulted from the presence of Fe3O4 rather than polymer matrix and surface roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunbao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chendong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun L, Xu G, Tu Y, Zhang W, Hu X, Yang P, Wu D, Liang Y, Wei D, Li A, Xie X. Multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer for water purification. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118917. [PMID: 35961197 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Keeping water clean is of vital significance for human health and environmental protection. In order to remove organic micro-pollutants and natural organic substances in water bodies and kill pathogenic microorganisms simultaneously, this study synthesized a multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer with a high specific surface area by introducing quaternary ammonium groups and rigid benzene rings, respectively, which was then polymerized with crosslinking agent-4,4'-bis (chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) in an ionic liquid system. The grafting of quaternary ammonium groups was beneficial for the removal of negative-charged humic acid (HA) and sterilization. The introduction of numerous rigid structures during benzylation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction could significantly improve the porosity and specific surface area of the polymer, conducive to the exposure of cyclodextrin binding sites and contaminant adsorption. By changing the proportions of quaternization and benzylation, the structure and surface properties of the polymer could be adjusted, thus further regulating the adsorption performance. Compared with activated carbon, the polymer named BQCD-BP with a huge surface area of 1133 m2 g-1 prepared under optimized conditions showed outstanding adsorption performance and sterilization ability. The pseudo-second-order kinetic constant of BQCD-BP reached 1.2058 g·mg-1·min-1, which was approximately 50 times greater than that of activated carbon (0.0256 g·mg-1·min-1) under the same experimental condition. The adsorption capacity of BQCD-BP to HA was twice as high as that to AC, and the antibacterial ability of BQCD-BP was significant, achieving 90% at the dosage of 1g L-1. Moreover, the adsorption process was hardly affected by the hydrochemical conditions, and the polymer was easy to regenerate. In addition, the excellent adsorption and antibacterial performance of the polymer were also identified by natural water treatment. COD was almost completely removed, and the removal efficiency of TP reached 92% after contact with BQCD-BP. The sterilization rate of BQCD-BP to viable bacteria in complex water bodies reached 82%. Undoubtedly, BQCD-BP is a potential multifunctional water treatment material with reasonable design in the actual water purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Nanjing Huachuang Institute of Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Dongyang Wei
- Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Huachuang Institute of Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330300, China; Nanjing University and Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330300, China; Nanjing University and Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Warner M, Li K, Hawkins GL, Huang Q. Assessing explicit models of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances adsorption on anion exchange resins by rapid small-scale column tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134547. [PMID: 35405197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Managing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination has gained worldwide attention due to their ubiquitous occurrence in water systems. Anion exchange resins (AERs) have been proven effective in removing both long-chain and short-chain PFASs. In this study, an explicit model was developed to describe the breakthrough behavior of an individual PFAS as a single solute onto anion exchange resin in a column filtration process. The model was further modified to predict the breakthrough curve of co-existing PFASs on AER in multi-solute systems by incorporating a separation factor describing the competitive adsorption and a blockage factor describing the loss of adsorption sites. Rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) were performed with six AERs of various properties and three model PFASs in both single- and multi-solutes systems. The breakthrough behaviors of RSSCTs for both single- and multi-solute systems were found adequately described by the models developed in this study. The experiments and accompanied model simulations reveal some important relationships between the AER performance and the properties of both the AERs and the PFASs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Max Warner
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA
| | - Ke Li
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary L Hawkins
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Qingguo Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ersan MS, Dickenson ERV. Pretreatment strategies for ion exchange to control brominated disinfection byproducts in potable reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134068. [PMID: 35202669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of ion exchange (IX) resins to remove disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in wastewater effluents is challenging due to relatively high concentrations of competing anions. This study examined various pretreatment strategies to target competing ions to improve IX removal of DBP precursors, bromide and dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potentials (THMFP and HAAFP). IX batch experiments were performed with four commercial anion exchange (AIX) resins selective for bromide (BrP), DOM (A860), sulfate (MTA) and PFOA/PFOS (PFA), and one cation exchange (CIX) resin selective for iodide (CT). For single AIX treatments the bromide removal ranking was the following: PFA (58%) > MTA (51%) > BrP (43%) > A860 (16%), which corresponded with decreasing brominated THMFP removals and increasing bromine incorporation factors. For dual AIX combinations (PFA and BrP, MTA and BrP), either simultaneous or sequential treatments had the highest bromide (PFA + BrP [69%], MTA + BrP [67%], (PFA→BrP [77%], MTA→BrP [74%]) and Br-THMFP (THMFP [∼80%]) and Br-HAAFP (HAAFP [∼77%]) removals, and therefore the lowest fractions of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs). Despite ozone (O3), biological active carbon (BAC), and granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatments reducing the overall DOM concentration (33%), these pretreatment steps did not improve the bromide removals of the resins, although it did increase the Br-THMFP and Br-HAAFP removals by 2-38% and 13-20%, respectively. Nanofiltration (NF) pretreatment significantly removed sulfate (97%) resulting in an increased bromide removal of 19% by the AIX resins, which led to increased removal of Br-THMFP and Br-HAAFP by 93% and 96%, respectively. Among all the IX resins the CT resin had the highest bromide removal (83%) and lowest fraction of Br-DBPs. The results reveal pretreatment with existing technologies including AIX, O3/BAC/GAC, or NF can potentially enhance the removal of brominated DBP precursors by IX resins during potable reuse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Humic Substances from Peat: Assessment of Process Efficiency and Products' Quality. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113413. [PMID: 35684351 PMCID: PMC9182150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Results of efficiency of obtaining humic substances (HSs) from peat in traditional alkaline extraction (TAE) and ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (UAAE) are presented. The influence of the duration of the process and ultrasound intensity on the efficiency of extraction of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) extraction was determined. The composition of the fulvic acid fraction was examined depending on the type of eluent used. Fulvic acids were divided into fractions using columns packed with DAX-8 resin. For this process, 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M NH3∙H2O were used as eluents. For the quality assessment of specific fulvic acids fractions, spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis and FTIR) were used. Ultrasound had a positive effect on HS extraction efficiency, especially in increasing the amount of a desired hydrophobic fraction of fulvic acids (HPO). However, a negative effect of the excessive prolongation and ultrasound intensity (approximately 400 mW∙cm-2) on the extraction efficiency of HPO eluted with 0.1 M NaOH solution was observed. Using peat as a raw carbon material for the HS extraction process can be used as an alternative industrial application of peat. UAAE may be considered as an alternative method to TAE, which provides a higher efficiency in HS isolation from peat.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dixit F, Dutta R, Barbeau B, Berube P, Mohseni M. PFAS removal by ion exchange resins: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129777. [PMID: 33582507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a large family of anthropogenic organic compounds with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. PFAS have become a global concern due to their toxicity and bio-accumulative properties. PFAS species have been ubiquitously detected in natural waters, wastewaters, sludge, and aquatic and terrestrial species which are anionic, zwitterionic and neutral. The ion exchange (IX) process for PFAS removal is an efficient technology for the remediation of PFAS-laden surface, ground and effluent wastewaters. This approach is more effective towards eliminating emerging short-chain PFAS which are not removed by carbon-based adsorption processes. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of PFAS removal from water via IX process. The evaluation and comparison of various IX resins in terms of kinetics and isotherms is presented. Literature data indicates that IX isotherm uptake capacity for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can range up to 5 mmol/g on commercially available IX resins such as IRA 958 and IRA 67. The mechanism involved in the PFAS uptake process, such as diffusion, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effects are discussed. The effects of the eluent variability on the regeneration efficacy are also highlighted and the effect of single-use vs reuse for newly developed PFAS-specific IX resins are also examined based on the reviewed literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Berube
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khettaf S, Boumaraf R, Benmahdi F, Bouhidel KE, Bouhelassa M. Removal of the Neutral Dissolved Organic Matter (NDOM) from Surface Water by Coagulation/Flocculation and Nanofiltration. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1885040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Khettaf
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry LCEE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Material Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Roumaissa Boumaraf
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry LCEE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Material Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Benmahdi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry LCEE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Material Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Kamel-Eddine Bouhidel
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry LCEE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Material Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Bouhelassa
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Edgar M, Boyer TH. Removal of natural organic matter by ion exchange: Comparing regenerated and non-regenerated columns. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116661. [PMID: 33254071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water has adverse impacts on the water treatment process and is effectively removed by ion exchange (IEX). Some researchers have proposed the term biological ion exchange (BIEX) for the process of continuous DOM removal by ion exchange without the need for chemical regeneration that results in brine waste. Surface water with moderate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (4-6 mg/L) and high sulfate concentrations (80 - 120 mg/L) was fed to two regenerated and two non-regenerated columns for 12,500 bed volumes (9 months) with the goal of investigating the effects of chemical and possibly biological regeneration on long-term IEX operation. Chemically regenerated columns achieved between 60 and 80% DOC removal for the entirety of the experiment, while non-regenerated columns achieved steady DOC removal of ~50%. Inorganic ion analysis showed that biological activity had minimal impact on DOC removal, and the main mechanism of removal was secondary IEX between sulfate (SO42-) and fractions of DOC with high affinities for ion exchange. Fluorescence and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA 254) data showed that fractions of DOC with higher SUVA 254 values (terrestrial-like fractions) were better removed by secondary IEX than those with lower SUVA 254 values (aquatic/microbial-like fractions). Scanning electron microscopy showed that biofilms on non-regenerated resins covered 5-15% of the resin surface and are composed of numerous species of bacteria with varying functions, with some protozoa present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edgar
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE) Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA.
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE) Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Li A, Li Z, Sun H, Shi P, Zhou Q, Shuang C. Organic micropollutants and disinfection byproducts removal from drinking water using concurrent anion exchange and chlorination process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141470. [PMID: 32889255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many traditional drinking water treatment processes have limited removal efficiencies on natural organic matter (NOM) and organic micropollutants (OMPs), and thus may lead to the production of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). We examined four kinds of anion exchange resins (D205, D213, NDMP-3, and M80) in conjunction with chlorination in the treatment of drinking water. Five categories including 40 OMPs at environmentally relevant concentrations were analyzed. M80 showed the best performance to remove OMPs in water. However, it was vulnerable to the presence of humic acid (HA), indicating its limitation on removing OMPs and NOM at the same time. In contrast, D205, D213, NDMP-3 resins were less affected by HA. Besides, D205, D213 and NDMP-3 provided higher efficiencies on the reduction of DBPs than M80. The amount of trihalomethanes (THMs) lowered by 42.7%, 37.6%, 32.1%, and 0%, whereas haloacetic acids (HAAs) were decreased by 34.0%, 31.2%, 23.0%, and 17.9% by D205, D312, NDMP-3, and M80. Notably, D205 showed the highest removal effects on the bromide ion, brominated THMs, and HAAs, supporting that D205 can be a selective resin for the treatment of drinking water in high bromide-containing areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zekai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
| | - Chendong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, 362000, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin B, Zhang Y, Shen F, Zhang L, Wang D, Tang X, Zhou Y, Nie X, Lv L, Zhang W, Hua M, Pan B. New insights into the fractionation of effluent organic matter on diagnosis of key composition affecting advanced phosphate removal by Zr-based nanocomposite. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116299. [PMID: 32846378 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of effluent organic matter (EfOM) on phosphate removal by adsorption plays an important role in evaluating the applicability of adsorbents. Currently, molecular understanding of EfOM regarding its impact on adsorption is insufficient due to a lack of appropriate EfOM fractionation/characterization protocols, as associated with the specific structure-function property of adsorbents. In this work, a combined method coupling DEAE/XAD fractionation with molecular characterization was proposed, targeting the versatile structure-function characters of nanocomposite, to reveal the composition of EfOM as well as its impact on phosphate removal by nanocomposite during long-term adsorption/regeneration runs. Zirconium-based polystyrene anion exchanger (HZO-201) was selected as a representative nanocomposite, featuring with porous networking matrix, positively charged surface and multiple adsorptive sites. The EfOM samples from three biologically treated sewage effluent sources were separated into fractions of negatively charged organic acid (OA) and hydrophobic-, transphilic-, hydrophilic-neutral/base (HPO-n/b, TPI-n/b and HPI-n/b). The combined method enables effective differentiation of the charge, aromaticity, molecular weight and functionalities of the fractions, matching the multiple structural/surface characteristics of HZO-201 and favoring the evaluation on the impact of the EfOM fractions. The interference sequence of the EfOM fractions on phosphate removal followed an order of OA > HPO-n/b > TPI-n/b > HPI-n/b. The OA fraction, characterized by negatively charged, aromatic functionalities and broad molecular weight distribution (1-5 kDa and 14 kDa), was recognized as the key interfering fraction, presumably due to its multiple adsorption pathways (i.e., ion exchange, π-π interactions and pore filling). Particularly, the low-molecular-weight OA moieties (1-4 kDa) progressively accumulated onto the nanocomposite via irreversible adsorption, causing a continuous phosphate-capacity loss by 32.70% over multiple cycles. We believe the combined fractionation/characterization method may be extended to other complex water systems to identify key influential organic matters in polishing treatment of various pollutants by adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Yanyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feifan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Wuxi high tech Zone Water Co., Ltd., 214028, China
| | - Xiaobo Tang
- Wuxi high tech Zone Water Co., Ltd., 214028, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Wuxi high tech Zone Water Co., Ltd., 214028, China
| | - Xinyu Nie
- Wuxi high tech Zone Water Co., Ltd., 214028, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ming Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Laura Del Moral L, Choi YJ, Boyer TH. Comparative removal of Suwannee River natural organic matter and perfluoroalkyl acids by anion exchange: Impact of polymer composition and mobile counterion. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115846. [PMID: 32375112 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange resin (AER) adsorption is an established technology for water treatment and groundwater remediation. Two contaminants amenable to AER treatment are natural organic matter (NOM) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), specifically anionic perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). NOM is ubiquitous in natural waters and is often targeted for removal. PFAS occurrence in water resources is a human health concern. Accordingly, the goal of this research was to provide new insights on the use of AER for water treatment considering separate and combined removal of NOM and PFAAs. Batch experiments were conducted comparing polystyrene and polyacrylic AER in both chloride- and sulfate-forms using natural groundwater spiked with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) and/or six PFAAs. The polymer composition of the AER had a significant impact on contaminant removal with polystyrene resin more effective for PFAA removal and polyacrylic resin more effective for SRNOM removal. Both resins had type I quaternary ammonium functional groups; however, the polyacrylic resin had trimethyl ammonium whereas the polystyrene resin had triethyl ammonium. Therefore, the influence of polymer composition could not be isolated conclusively from functional group chemistry. Polystyrene AER showed greater removal of PFAAs with sulfonate than carboxylate head group and 8-carbon than 4-carbon chain length. Removal of SRNOM and PFAAs by both resin polymer compositions were greater when sulfate was the mobile counterion ion than chloride. The results of this research have important implications for using AER for water treatment and remediation. Foremost, polymer composition and mobile counterion form of the resin can be selected to target specific contaminants and maximize contaminant removal. When contaminants have unique interactions with AER such as SRNOM and polyacrylic resin and PFAAs and polystyrene resin, the presence of one contaminant does not impact removal of the other contaminant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lerys Laura Del Moral
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University, P.O. Box 873005, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee JJ, Park J, Kim BH, Lee S. Ultra-low concentration of total organic carbon in ultrapure water using ion-exchange resin embedding silanized magnetic nanoparticles. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 92:11-17. [PMID: 32430114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of pure water is an important issue not only for the healthy life but also for the fine control of precise processes in various industries. One important issue in ultra-high purified water is to reduce the amount of total organic carbon (TOC). Herein, we introduce a new approach to reduce the TOC using the surface silanized nanoparticles, in which the magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) are silanized and then complexed with ion exchange resin (IER) beads. The Fe3O4 mNPs are surface modified by using high concentrated vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and then adhered on the surface of IER beads. The surface modified mNPs have a thick-shell of polysiloxane layer varying from 5 to 22 nm depending on the amount of VTMS used, which leads the significant increase of specific surface area. The IER beads embedding VTMS-silanized mNPs achieves about 7 μg/L of the TOC level in ultrapure water system, which is two orders less than 228 μg/L of the feeding water and one order less than 96 μg/L from the system using pristine IER beads. This result is mainly attributed to the polysiloxane layer forming broccoli-like surface structure and some part by the vinyl group of VTMS exposed to the amines in the water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Joon Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jihyeon Park
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, South Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, South Korea.
| | - Sunjong Lee
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si 31056, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hata A, Furumai H, Katayama H. Sequential treatment using a hydrophobic resin and gel filtration to improve viral gene quantification from highly complex environmental concentrates. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115652. [PMID: 32135428 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are widely applied to quantify enteric viruses in aquatic environments to study their fates and potential infection risks. However, inhibitory substances enriched by virus concentration processes can result in inaccurate quantification. This study aimed to find a method for improving virus quantification by mitigating the effects of inhibitory environmental concentrates, using previous knowledge of the properties of the inhibitory substances. Performances of anion exchange resins, gel filtration, and a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8) were comparatively evaluated using poliovirus and its extracted RNA spiked into humic acid solutions. These solutions served as good representatives of the inhibitory environmental concentrates. A sequential treatment using DAX-8 resin and gel filtration produced the most favorable results, i.e., low virus losses that were stable and a reduced inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the sequential treatment was applied to another set of 15 environmental concentrates. Without the sequential treatment, serious underestimation (>4.0 log10 to 1.1 log10) of a molecular process control (murine norovirus) was measured for eight samples. With the treatment, the control was detected with <1.0 log10 underestimation for all samples. The treatment improved the quantification of seven types of indigenous viruses. In summary, the sequential treatment is effective in improving the viral quantification in various of environmental concentrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mostafavi SG, Mohseni M. Efficient removal of GenX (HFPO-DA) and other perfluorinated ether acids from drinking and recycled waters using anion exchange resins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121261. [PMID: 31574386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic GenX chemicals, heptafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (HFPO-DA), have been recently detected in surface, ground and recycled water sources worldwide. However, GenX removals under the influence of variable characteristics of the organic and inorganic compounds present in the natural water sources, have often been overlooked in scientific literature. This is critically important given that the ionic composition and characteristics of organic matter in natural waters are spatially and seasonally variable. A strongly basic anion exchange (IX) resin was used to remove GenX and two other perfluorinated ether acids (PFEAS) from natural surface and recycled water sources. Factors influencing the uptake behavior included the PFEAS concentrations, resin dosage, and background anion characteristics. The equivalent background compound was employed to evaluate the competitive uptake between natural organic matter (NOM), inorganic ions and PFEAS in natural water matrices. Experimental data were compared with different mathematical and physical models and it was depicted that approximately 4-6% of the initial NOM competed with PFEAS for active exchange sites. Further, IX was able to achieve complete PFEAS removal (Cfinal<10 ng/L) with simultaneous removal of>60% NOM and >80% inorganic ions. Results of this study indicate that IX exhibits great potential for PFEAS removal from natural drinking water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shadan Ghavam Mostafavi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yin T, Wu Y, Shi P, Li A, Xu B, Chu W, Pan Y. Anion-exchange resin adsorption followed by electrolysis: A new disinfection approach to control halogenated disinfection byproducts in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115144. [PMID: 31605830 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bromide and natural organic matter (NOM) are both precursors of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. During drinking water treatment process, chloride-form anion-exchange resin adsorption is expected to be capable of removing these DBP precursors and in the meantime releasing chloride ions. The released chloride as well as the chloride initially present in source water could be oxidized through electrolysis to generate free chlorine for disinfection. Based on the above assumptions, we developed a new disinfection approach using chloride-form anion-exchange resin adsorption followed by electrolysis to control halogenated DBPs. Parameter setup and optimization were performed for resin adsorption and electrolysis processes. Results showed that 93.7% of NOM and 90% of bromide could be removed at a resin dose of 20 mL per 2 L of simulated source water sample with a contact time of 1 h. Meanwhile, 49.5 mg/L of chloride was released from the resin to the water sample via anion-exchange, and the released chloride was further oxidized by electrolysis (Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anode and graphite cathode, current intensity of 0.4 A) to generate free chlorine (5 mg/L as Cl2) within 192 s. With this new approach, formation of total organic halogen, four trihalomethanes, and five haloacetic acids was reduced by 86.4%, 98.5%, and 93.2%, respectively, compared with chemical chlorination alone. Although the new approach might enhance the formation of some phenolic DBPs by decreasing bromide levels in source water, the overall cytotoxicity of the water samples treated with the new approach was significantly decreased by 68.8% according to a human hepatoma cell cytotoxicity assay. Notably, disinfection ability evaluation showed that the new approach achieved 3.36-log10 reductions of three seeded bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) in 19 s, suggesting that it was not only effective to E. coli but also effective to the chlorine-resistant bacteria (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soyluoglu M, Ersan MS, Ateia M, Karanfil T. Removal of bromide from natural waters: Bromide-selective vs. conventional ion exchange resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124583. [PMID: 31425865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bromide (Br-) in water results in the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) after chlorination, which are much more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogs. Given that conventional water treatment processes (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation) fail to remove Br- effectively, in this study, we systematically tested and compared the performance of different anion exchange resins, particularly two novel Br-selective resins, for the removal of Br-. The resins performance was evaluated under both typical and challenging background water conditions by varying the concentrations of anions and organic matter. The overall Br- removal results followed the trend of Purolite-Br ≥ MIEX-Br > IRA910 ≥ IRA900 > MIEX-Gold > MIEX-DOC. Further evaluation of Purolite-Br resin showed Br- removal efficiencies of 93.5 ± 4.5% for the initial Br- concentration of 0.25 mg/L in the presence of competing anions (i.e., Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, and a mixture of all five), alkalinity and organic matter. In addition, experiments under challenging background water conditions confirmed the selectivity of the resins (i.e. Purolite-Br and MIEX-Br) in removing Br-, with SO42- and Cl- exhibiting the greatest influence upon the resin performance followed by NOM concentration, regardless of the NOM characteristic. After Br- removal, both the subsequent formation of brominated DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles), and the total organic halogens (TOX), decreased by ∼90% under the uniform formation conditions. Overall, Br-selective resins represent a promising alternative for the efficient control of Br-DBPs in water treatment plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Soyluoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Science, Clemson University, SC, 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cruz H, Law YY, Guest JS, Rabaey K, Batstone D, Laycock B, Verstraete W, Pikaar I. Mainstream Ammonium Recovery to Advance Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11066-11079. [PMID: 31483625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the 20th century, the prevailing approach toward nitrogen management in municipal wastewater treatment was to remove ammonium by transforming it into dinitrogen (N2) using biological processes such as conventional activated sludge. While this has been a very successful strategy for safeguarding human health and protecting aquatic ecosystems, the conversion of ammonium into its elemental form is incompatible with the developing circular economy of the 21st century. Equally important, the activated sludge process and other emerging ammonium removal pathways have several environmental and technological limitations. Here, we assess that the theoretical energy embedded in ammonium in domestic wastewater represents roughly 38-48% of the embedded chemical energy available in the whole of the discharged bodily waste. The current routes for ammonium removal not only neglect the energy embedded in ammonium, but they can also produce N2O, a very strong greenhouse gas, with such emissions comprising the equivalent of 14-26% of the overall carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants. N2O emissions often exceed the carbon emissions related to the electricity consumption for the process requirements of WWTPs. Considering these limitations, there is a need to develop alternative ammonium management approaches that center around recovery of ammonium from domestic wastewater rather than deal with its "destruction" into elemental dinitrogen. Current ammonium recovery techniques are applicable only at orders of magnitude above domestic wastewater strength, and so new techniques based on physicochemical adsorption are of particular interest. A new pathway is proposed that allows for mainstream ammonium recovery from wastewater based on physicochemical adsorption through development of polymer-based adsorbents. Provided adequate adsorbents corresponding to characteristics outlined in this paper are designed and brought to industrial production, this adsorption-based approach opens perspectives for mainstream continuous adsorption coupled with side-stream recovery of ammonium with minimal chemical requirements. This proposed pathway can bring forward an effective resource-oriented approach to upgrade the fate of ammonium in urban water management without generating hidden externalized environmental costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidy Cruz
- School of Civil Engineering , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Ying Yu Law
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637551 , Singapore
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET) , Ghent University , Coupure Links 653 , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Damien Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET) , Ghent University , Coupure Links 653 , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Ilje Pikaar
- School of Civil Engineering , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Finkbeiner P, Moore G, Tseka T, Nkambule TTI, Kock LD, Jefferson B, Jarvis P. Interactions between Organic Model Compounds and Ion Exchange Resins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9734-9743. [PMID: 31329424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange (IEX) can successfully remove natural organic matter (NOM) from surface water. However, the removal mechanism is not well understood due to the complexity and variability of NOM in real source waters as well as the influence of multiple parameters on the removal behavior. For example, this includes the physicochemical properties of the NOM and IEX resin, and the presence of competing anions. Model compounds with a range of physical and chemical characteristics were therefore used to determine the mechanisms of NOM removal by IEX resins. Fifteen model compounds were selected to evaluate the influence of hydrophobicity, size, and charge of organic molecules on the removal by ion exchange, both individually and in mixtures. Three different resins, comprising polystyrene and polyacrylic resin of macroporous and gellular structure, showed that charge density (CD) was the most important characteristic that controlled the removal, with CD of >5 mequiv mgDOC-1 resulting in high removal (≥89%). Size exclusion of compounds with high MW (≥8 kDa) was evident. The hydrophobicity of the resin and model compound was particularly important for removal of neutral molecules such as resorcinol, which was best removed by the more hydrophobic polystyrene resin. Relationships were identified that provided explanations of the interactions observed between NOM and IEX resin in real waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Finkbeiner
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Moore
- Scottish Water , Castle House, 6 Castle Drive , Dunfermline KY11 8GG , United Kingdom
| | - Tebogo Tseka
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Lueta De Kock
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Bruce Jefferson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jarvis
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vaudevire E, Radmanesh F, Kolkman A, Vughs D, Cornelissen E, Post J, van der Meer W. Fate and removal of trace pollutants from an anion exchange spent brine during the recovery process of natural organic matter and salts. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:34-44. [PMID: 30771705 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The results of this sampling campaign on pilot scale processes aim to evaluate the occurrence and behavior of trace organic micro-pollutants and metal elements during anion exchange treatment of surface water and the subsequent treatment of generated spent brine with two types of electrodialysis membrane pairs. This knowledge is relevant to assess the quality and reusability of secondary products created during brine treatment; specifically the excess of sodium chloride to be recycled onsite and the natural organic matter, mostly consisting of humic substances, which find multiple applications in the agricultural industry. This study highlights that (1) the attachment mechanism of organic micro-pollutants to anion exchange resin occurs through electrostatic interaction and the subsequent transfer through ion exchange membranes is restricted by size exclusion; and (2) the complexation of trace metals compounds with the natural organic matter partly explains their removal by anion exchange. Complexes remain stable during treatment of the brine with electrodialysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Vaudevire
- PWN Technologies, Dijkweg 1, 1916HA, Andijk, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnologies, TU Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Farzaneh Radmanesh
- University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, De Horst 2, 7522LW, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jan Post
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology, De Horst 2, 7522LW, Enschede, the Netherlands; Oasen NV, Nieuwe Gouwe O.Z. 3, 2801 SB, Gouda, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brezinski K, Gorczyca B. An overview of the uses of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) in potable water, and ion-exchange applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:122-139. [PMID: 30414544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) constitutes the terrestrial and aquatic sources of organic plant like material found in water bodies. As of recently, an ever-increasing amount of effort is being put towards developing better ways of unraveling the heterogeneous nature of NOM. This is important as NOM is responsible for a wide variety of both direct and indirect effects: ranging from aesthetic concerns related to taste and odor, to issues related to disinfection by-product formation and metal mobility. A better understanding of NOM can also provide a better appreciation for treatment design; lending a further understanding of potable water treatment impacts on specific fractions and constituents of NOM. The use of high performance size-exclusion chromatography has shown a growing promise in its various applications for NOM characterization, through the ability to partition ultraviolet absorbing moieties into ill-defined groups of humic acids, hydrolysates of humics, and low molecular weight acids. HPSEC also has the ability of simultaneously measuring absorbance in the UV-visible range (200-350 nm); further providing a spectroscopic fingerprint that is simply unavailable using surrogate measurements of NOM, such as total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), excitation-emission matrices (EEM), and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254). This review mainly focuses on the use of HPSEC in the characterization of NOM in a potable water setting, with an additional focus on strong-base ion-exchangers specifically targeted for NOM constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Brezinski
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Beata Gorczyca
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Esteves T, Vicente AI, Ferreira FA, Afonso CA, Ferreira FC. Mimicking DNA alkylation: Removing genotoxin impurities from API streams with a solvent stable polybenzimidazole-adenine polymer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Poe TN, White FD, Proust V, Villa EM, Polinski MJ. [Ag2M(Te2O5)2]SO4 (M = CeIV or ThIV): A New Purely Inorganic d/f-Heterometallic Cationic Material. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4816-4819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd N. Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 400 East Second Street, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815, United States
| | - Frankie D. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Vanessa Proust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Eric M. Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States
| | - Matthew J. Polinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 400 East Second Street, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Imbrogno A, Tiraferri A, Abbenante S, Weyand S, Schwaiger R, Luxbacher T, Schäfer AI. Organic fouling control through magnetic ion exchange‐nanofiltration (MIEX‐NF) in water treatment. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
27
|
De Meyer E, Peeters B, Vanoppen M, Verbeken K, Verliefde ARD. Organic Matter Composition More Important than Concentration in Ion Exchange Demineralization of Different Water Qualities for the Production of Steam. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn De Meyer
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Peeters
- Environmental Department, Monsanto Europe N.V., Scheldelaan 460, 2040 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Vanoppen
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Verbeken
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Arne R. D. Verliefde
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Levchuk I, Rueda Márquez JJ, Sillanpää M. Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water by ion exchange - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:90-104. [PMID: 29100126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is present in underground and surface waters. The main constituents of NOM are humic substances, with a major fraction of refractory anionic macromolecules of various molecular weights. The NOM concentration in drinking water is typically 2-10 ppm. Both aromatic and aliphatic components with carboxylic and phenolic functional groups can be found in NOM, leading to negatively charged humic substances at the pH of natural water. The presence of NOM in drinking water causes difficulties in conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation. Problems also arise when applying alternative treatment techniques for NOM removal. For example, the most significant challenge in nanofiltration (NF) is membrane fouling. The ion exchange process for NOM removal is an efficient technology that is recommended for the beginning of the treatment process. This approach allows for a significant decrease in the concentration of NOM and prevents the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs). This article provides a state-of-the-art review of NOM removal from water by ion exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Levchuk
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Juan José Rueda Márquez
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Cadiz University, Poligono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mohseni M. Simultaneous uptake of NOM and Microcystin-LR by anion exchange resins: Effect of inorganic ions and resin regeneration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:113-121. [PMID: 29100119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of a strongly basic macroporous anion exchange resin for the co-removal of Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and natural organic matter (NOM) in waters affected by toxic algal blooms. Environmental factors influencing the uptake behavior included MCLR and resin concentrations, NOM and anionic species, specifically nitrate, sulphate and bicarbonate. A860 resin exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity of 3800 μg/g; more than 60% of the MCLR removal was achieved within 10 min with a resin dosage of 200 mg/L (∼1 mL/L). Further, kinetic studies revealed that the overall removal of MCLR is influenced by both external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Increasing NOM concentration resulted in a significant reduction of MCLR uptake, especially at lower resin dosages, where a competitive uptake between the charged NOM fractions and MCLR was observed due to limited active sites. In addition, MCLR uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of sulphate and nitrate in the water matrix. Moreover, performance of the resin proved to be stable from one regeneration cycle to another. Approximately 80% of MCLR and 50% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recovered in the regenerated brine. Evidences of resin saturation and site reduction were also observed after 2000 bed volumes (BV) of operation. For all the investigated water matrices, a resin dosage of 1000 mg/L (∼4.5 mL/L) was sufficient to lower MCLR concentration from 100 μg/L to below the World Health Organization guideline of 1 μg/L, while simultaneously providing more than 80% NOM removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sillanpää M, Ncibi MC, Matilainen A, Vepsäläinen M. Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:54-71. [PMID: 28985537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of organic substances produced in (or channeled to) aquatic ecosystems via various biological, geological and hydrological cycles. Such variability is posing a serious challenge to most water treatment technologies, especially the ones designed to treat drinking water supplies. Lately, in addition to the fluctuating composition of NOM, a substantial increase of its concentration in fresh waters, and also municipal wastewater effluents, has been reported worldwide, which justifies the urgent need to develop highly efficient and versatile water treatment processes. Coagulation is among the most applied processes for water and wastewater treatment. The application of coagulation to remove NOM from drinking water supplies has received a great deal of attention from researchers around the world because it was efficient and helped avoiding the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). Nonetheless, with the increased fluctuation of NOM in water (concentration and composition), the efficiency of conventional coagulation was substantially reduced, hence the need to develop enhanced coagulation processes by optimizing the operating conditions (mainly the amount coagulants and pH), developing more efficient inorganic or organic coagulants, as well as coupling coagulation with other water treatment technologies. In the present review, recent research studies dealing with the application of coagulation for NOM removal from drinking water supplies are presented and compared. In addition, integration schemes combining coagulation and other water treatment processes are presented, including membrane filtration, oxidation, adsorption and others processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami FL, 33174, USA
| | - Mohamed Chaker Ncibi
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Anu Matilainen
- Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, Kalevantie 2, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Vepsäläinen
- CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beita-Sandí W, Karanfil T. Removal of both N-nitrosodimethylamine and trihalomethanes precursors in a single treatment using ion exchange resins. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:20-28. [PMID: 28734959 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water utilities are relying more than ever on water sources impacted by wastewater effluents. Disinfection/oxidation of these waters during water treatment may lead to the formation of several disinfection by-products, including the probable human carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and the regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). In this study, the potential of ion exchange resins to control both NDMA and THMs precursors in a single treatment is presented. Two ion exchange resins were examined, a cation exchange resin (Plus) to target NDMA precursors and an anion exchange resin (MIEX) for THMs precursors control. We applied the resins, individually and combined, in the treatment of surface and wastewater effluent samples. The treatment with both resins removed simultaneously NDMA (43-85%) and THMs (39-65%) precursors. However, no removal of NDMA precursors was observed in the surface water with low initial NDMA FP (14 ng/L). The removals of NDMA FP and THMs FP with Plus and MIEX resins applied alone were (49-90%) and (41-69%), respectively. These results suggest no interaction between the resins, and thus the feasibility of effectively controlling NDMA and THMs precursors concomitantly. Additionally, the effects of the wastewater impact and the natural attenuation of precursors were studied. The results showed that neither the wastewater content nor the attenuation of the precursor affected the removals of NDMA and THMs precursors. Finally, experiments using a wastewater effluent sample showed that an increase in the calcium concentration resulted in a reduction in the removal of NDMA precursors of about 50%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA; Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pankratov DA, Anuchina MM, Borisova EM, Volikov AB, Konstantinov AI, Perminova IV. Sorption of humic substances on a weakly basic anion-exchange resin: Relationship with the adsorbate structure. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and its constituents from water by adsorption - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:497-510. [PMID: 27710885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is produced through metabolic reactions in water supply in drinking water sources and has been reported to cause several problems including objectionable taste and color of water, formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen in water. The removal of NOM and its constituents from water is a challenging issue worldwide. Many technologies have been examined for this purpose. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In the present work, an overview of the recent research studies dealing with adsorption method for the removal of NOM and related compounds from water is presented. A wide variety of conventional and non-conventional adsorbents have been reviewed for their potential in NOM removal from water. As revealed from the literature reviewed, modified adsorbents, composite materials and few nanomaterials have shown promising results for NOM removal from water. The main findings obtained for the removal of NOM using different adsorbents have been discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Effect of humic acid on ciprofloxacin removal by magnetic multifunctional resins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30331. [PMID: 27464502 PMCID: PMC4964575 DOI: 10.1038/srep30331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background organic matter significantly influences the removal of emerging contaminants in natural water. In this work, the adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CPX) onto a series of magnetic multifunctional resins (GMA10-GMA90) in the presence and absence of humic acid (HA) was conducted to demonstrate the effect of HA. Both hydrophobic and ion exchange interactions contributed to CPX adsorption. Negative charge-assisted hydrogen bonds also participated in the adsorption process, resulting in the high adsorption amount of anionic CPX onto the negatively charged GMA30 under basic solutions. HA could impact CPX adsorption not only as a competitive adsorbate but also as an additional adsorbent. At pH 5.6, the additional adsorption sites provided by adsorbed HA molecules on the resins dominated and thus facilitated the adsorption process. While at pH 10, HA inhibited the adsorption of CPX by directly competing for ion exchange sites and coexisting with CPX in the solution. The ratio of the amount of CPX adsorbed by dissolved HA to that by the resin reached as high as 1.61 for GMA90. The adsorbed HA molecules onto the resins could provide additional adsorption sites for CPX as proven by the enhanced CPX adsorption in HA-preloading systems at pH 5.6.
Collapse
|
35
|
Johnson BR, Eldred TB, Nguyen AT, Payne WM, Schmidt EE, Alansari AY, Amburgey JE, Poler JC. High-Capacity and Rapid Removal of Refractory NOM Using Nanoscale Anion Exchange Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18540-18549. [PMID: 27348616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As human health concerns over disinfection byproducts (DBP) in drinking water increase, so does the need to develop new materials that remove them rapidly and at high capacity. Ion exchange (IEX) is an effective method for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM), especially anion exchange resins (AERs) with quaternary ammonium functional groups. However, capacity is limited in existing commercial resin materials because adsorbates can only interact with the outermost surface area, which makes these products inefficient on a mass basis. We have synthesized a novel "NanoResin" exploiting the enhanced NOM removal of the quaternary ammonium resin while utilizing the vast surface area of SWCNTs, which act as scaffolding for the resin. Our nanomaterials show increased adsorption capacity compared to commercially available adsorbents, in a fraction of the time. This NanoResin requires only about 10 s to reach ion-exchange equilibrium. Comparatively, commercial AERs only achieved partial removal after more than 30 min. High capacity adsorption of a low molecular weight (MW) surrogate has been measured. NOM removal was demonstrated in solutions of both low and high specific UV absorbance (SUVA) composition with these nanomaterials. Additionally, the NanoResin showed enhanced removal of a NOM concentrate sample taken from Myrtle Beach, SC, demonstrating NanoResin is an effective method of removal for refractory NOM in a natural aqueous environment. Synthesis and characterization of the polymers and nanomaterials are presented below. Adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, and the regeneration and reusability of these new materials for NOM removal are described. The open matrix microstructure precludes any intraparticle diffusion of adsorbates; thus, these nanomaterials act as a "contact resin".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Tim B Eldred
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Andy T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - William M Payne
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Emily E Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Amir Y Alansari
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - James E Amburgey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Jordan C Poler
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu Z, Xie J, Zhang M, Zhou Q, Liu F. Insight into the adsorption of PPCPs by porous adsorbents: Effect of the properties of adsorbents and adsorbates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:524-531. [PMID: 27131811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is an efficient method for removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Magnetic resins are efficient adsorbents for water treatment and exhibit potential for PPCP removal. In this study, the magnetic hypercrosslinked resin Q100 was used for adsorption of PPCPs. The adsorption behavior of this resin was compared with those of two activated carbons, namely, Norit and F400D. Norit exhibited the fastest adsorption kinetics, followed by Q100. Norit featured a honeycomb shape and long-range ordered pore channels, which facilitated the diffusion of PPCPs. Moreover, the large average pore size of Q100 reduced diffusion resistance. The adsorbed amounts of 11 PPCPs on the three adsorbents increased with increasing adsorbate hydrophobicity. For Q100, a significant linear correlation was observed between the adsorption performance for PPCPs and hydrophobicity (logD value) of adsorbates (R(2) = 0.8951); as such, PPCPs with high logD values (>1.69) could be efficiently removed. Compared with those of Norit and F400D, the adsorption performance of Q100 was less affected by humic acid because of the dominant hydrophobic interaction. Furthermore, Q100 showed improved regeneration performance, which renders it promising for PPCP removal in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, PR China
| | - Jiawen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mancheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, PR China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jutaporn P, Singer PC, Cory RM, Coronell O. Minimization of short-term low-pressure membrane fouling using a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX(®)) resin. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:225-234. [PMID: 27107140 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two challenges to low-pressure membrane (LPM) filtration are limited rejection of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and membrane fouling by DOM. The magnetic ion exchange resin MIEX(®) (Ixom Watercare Inc.) has been demonstrated to remove substantial amounts of DOM from many source waters, suggesting that MIEX can both reduce DOM content in membrane feed waters and minimize LPM fouling. We tested the effect of MIEX pretreatment on the reduction of short-term LPM fouling potential using feed waters varying in DOM concentration and composition. Four natural and two synthetic waters were studied and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane was used in membrane fouling tests. To evaluate whether MIEX removes the fractions of DOM that cause LPM fouling, the DOM in raw, MIEX-treated, and membrane feed and backwash waters was characterized in terms of DOM concentration and composition. Results showed that: (i) the efficacy of MIEX to reduce LPM fouling varies broadly with source water; (ii) MIEX preferentially removes terrestrial DOM over microbial DOM; (iii) microbial DOM is a more important contributor to LPM fouling than terrestrial DOM, relative to their respective concentrations in source waters; and (iv) the fluorescence intensity of microbial DOM in source waters can be used as a quantitative indicator of the ability of MIEX to reduce their membrane fouling potential. Thus, when ion exchange resin processes are used for DOM removal towards membrane fouling reduction, it is advisable to use a resin that has been designed to effectively remove microbial DOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panitan Jutaporn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip C Singer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rose M Cory
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li WT, Jin J, Li Q, Wu CF, Lu H, Zhou Q, Li AM. Developing LED UV fluorescence sensors for online monitoring DOM and predicting DBPs formation potential during water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:1-9. [PMID: 26874469 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Online monitoring dissolved organic matter (DOM) is urgent for water treatment management. In this study, high performance size exclusion chromatography with multi-UV absorbance and multi-emission fluorescence scans were applied to spectrally characterize samples from 16 drinking water sources across Yangzi River and Huai River Watersheds. The UV absorbance indices at 254 nm and 280 nm referred to the same DOM components and concentration, and the 280 nm UV light could excite both protein-like and humic-like fluorescence. Hence a novel UV fluorescence sensor was developed out using only one UV280 light-emitting diode (LED) as light source. For all samples, enhanced coagulation was mainly effective for large molecular weight biopolymers; while anion exchange further substantially removed humic substances. During chlorination tests, UVA280 and UVA254 showed similar correlations with yields of disinfection byproducts (DBPs); the humic-like fluorescence obtained from LED sensors correlated well with both trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids yields, while the correlation between protein-like fluorescence and trihalomethanes was relatively poor. Anion exchange exhibited more reduction of DBPs yields as well as UV absorbance and fluorescence signals than enhanced coagulation. The results suggest that the LED UV fluorescence sensors are very promising for online monitoring DOM and predicting DBPs formation potential during water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Fei Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Photon & Electronic Material, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Photon & Electronic Material, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li WT, Xu ZX, Shuang CD, Zhou Q, Li HB, Li AM. Removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in biologically treated textile effluents by NDMP anion exchange process: efficiency and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5635-5643. [PMID: 26578375 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and mechanism of anion exchange resin Nanda Magnetic Polymer (NDMP) for removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in biologically treated textile effluents were studied. The bench-scale experiments showed that as well as activated carbon, anion exchange resin could efficiently remove both aniline-like and humic-like fluorescent components, which can be up to 40 % of dissolved organic matter. The humic-like fluorescent component HS-Em460-Ex3 was more hydrophilic than HS-Em430-Ex2 and contained fewer alkyl chains but more acid groups. As a result, HS-Em460-Ex3 was eliminated more preferentially by NDMP anion exchange. However, compared with adsorption resins, the polarity of fluorescent components had a relatively small effect on the performance of anion exchange resin. The long-term pilot-scale experiments showed that the NDMP anion exchange process could remove approximately 30 % of the chemical oxygen demand and about 90 % of color from the biologically treated textile effluents. Once the issue of waste brine from resin desorption is solved, the NDMP anion exchange process could be a promising alternative for the advanced treatment of textile effluents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zi-Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Dong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Water Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dong B, Xu Y, Shen D, Dai X, Lin S. Characterizing the interactions between humic matter and calcium ions during water softening by cation-exchange resins. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22113k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reusing wastewater can enormously reduce environmental pollution and save water. Removing calcium ions and humic matter simultaneously from wastewater can reduce the resistance of the reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Danni Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Phetrak A, Lohwacharin J, Takizawa S. Analysis of trihalomethane precursor removal from sub-tropical reservoir waters by a magnetic ion exchange resin using a combined method of chloride concentration variation and surrogate organic molecules. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:165-174. [PMID: 26360458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In small reservoirs in tropical islands in Japan, the disinfection by-product formation potential is high due to elevated concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide. We employed a combined method of variation of chloride concentrations and the use of DOM surrogates to investigate removal mechanisms of bromide and different fractions of DOM by chloride-based magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin. The DOM in reservoir waters was fractionated by resins based on their hydrophobicity, and characterized by size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrophotometry. The hydrophobic acid (HPO acid) fraction was found to be the largest contributor of the trihalomethane (THM) precursors, while hydrophilic acid (HPI acid) was the most reactive precursors of all the four THM species. Bromide and DOM with a molecular weight (MW) greater than 1kDa, representing HPO acid (MW 1-3kDa) and HPI acid (MW 1-2kDa), were effectively removed by MIEX® resin; however, DOM with a MW lower than 1kDa, representing HPI non-acid, was only moderately removed. The removal of THM precursors by MIEX® resin was interfered by high chloride concentrations, which was similar to the removal of glutamic acid (HPI acid surrogate) and bromide. However, elevated chloride concentrations had only a minor effect on tannic acid (HPO acid surrogate) removal, indicating that HPO acid fraction was removed by a combination of ion exchange and physical adsorption on MIEX® resin. Our study demonstrated that the combined use of DOM surrogates and elevated chloride concentrations is an effective method to estimate the removal mechanisms of various DOM fractions by MIEX® resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athit Phetrak
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Jenyuk Lohwacharin
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Metcalfe D, Rockey C, Jefferson B, Judd S, Jarvis P. Removal of disinfection by-product precursors by coagulation and an innovative suspended ion exchange process. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:20-28. [PMID: 26378728 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPFPs) of three UK surface waters (1 upland reservoir and 2 lowland rivers) with differing characteristics treated by (a) a full scale conventional process and (b) pilot scale processes using a novel suspended ion exchange (SIX) process and inline coagulation (ILCA) followed by ceramic membrane filtration (CMF). Liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection analysis highlighted clear differences between the organic fractions removed by coagulation and suspended ion exchange. Pretreatments which combined SIX and coagulation resulted in significant reductions in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance (UVA), trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potential (THMFP, HAAFP), in comparison with the SIX or coagulation process alone. Further experiments showed that in addition to greater overall DOC removal, the processes also reduced the concentration of brominated DBPs and selectively removed organic compounds with high DBPFP. The SIX/ILCA/CMF process resulted in additional removals of DOC, UVA, THMFP, HAAFP and brominated DBPs of 50, 62, 62, 62% and 47% respectively compared with conventional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Metcalfe
- Science and Water Quality Department, South West Water, Exeter, EX27HY, England, UK
| | - Chris Rockey
- Science and Water Quality Department, South West Water, Exeter, EX27HY, England, UK
| | - Bruce Jefferson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Simon Judd
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Peter Jarvis
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sun J, Li X, Quan Y, Yin Y, Zheng S. Effect of long-term organic removal on ion exchange properties and performance during sewage tertiary treatment by conventional anion exchange resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 136:181-189. [PMID: 25996990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the long-term dissolved organic matter (DOM), phosphorus and nitrogen removal performance of a commercially available conventional anion exchange resin (AER) from actual secondary effluent (SE) in a sewage treatment plant based on a pilot-scale operation (2.2 m(3) d(-1), 185 cycles, 37,000 bed volume, 1.5 years). Particular emphasis was given to the potential effect of DOM fouling on the ion exchange properties and performance during the long-term operation. Despite the large range of COD (15.6-33.5 mg L(-1)), BOD5 (3.0-5.6 mg L(-1)), DOC (6.5-24.2 mg L(-1)), and UV254 (UV absorption at 254 nm) (0.108-0.229 cm(-1)) levels in the SE, the removal efficiencies of the AER for the aforementioned parameters were 43±12%, 46±15%, 45±9%, and 72±4%, respectively. Based on three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix data, i.e., the fluorescence intensities of four regions (peaks A-D), all organic components of the SE were effectively removed (peak A 74%, peak B 48%, peak C 55%, and peak D 45%) following the adsorption. The AER effluent still has considerable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' ecological hazard on freshwater fishes when they were significantly removed from SE. The obvious DOM fouling on the AER, identified by color change, had no significant influence on the long-term removal of the representative inorganic anions (averaging 95±4% phosphate, 100±0% SO4(2-), and 62±17% NO3(-)) and AER properties (including total exchange capacity, moisture content, and true density). The conventional AER can produce high quality reclaimed water from SE at a low operational cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Quan
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunjun Yin
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sergo KM, Han CS, Bresler MR, Citrak SC, Abdollahian Y, Fei H, Oliver SRJ. Erbium hydroxide ethanedisulfonate: a cationic layered material with organic anion exchange capability. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3883-8. [PMID: 25849160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a cationic erbium-based material [Er12(OH)29(H2O)5][O3SCH2CH2SO3]3.5·5H2O. As synthesized, the material is water stable and capable of complete organic anion exchange for a variety of α,ω-alkanedicarboxylates. We chose these anions as initial examples of exchange and as an analog for pharmaceutical waste, some of which have a carboxylate functionality at neutral pH range. Free-floating and partially anchored organosulfonate anions reside between the cationic corrugated layers and allow for exchange. The structure also displays a reversible hydration event above 100 °C. Both the as-synthesized and the exchanged materials are characterized by a variety of analytical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Sergo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Cari S Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Marc R Bresler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Susan C Citrak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Yashar Abdollahian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Honghan Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Scott R J Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim HC. High-rate MIEX filtration for simultaneous removal of phosphorus and membrane foulants from secondary effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 69:40-50. [PMID: 25463930 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin under the best possible conditions, passage through a fixed-bed of resin as opposed to the alternative of directly adding resin into a flowing stream. The possibility of using a very small amount of alum in addition to MIEX treatment was also investigated not only to adsorb residual EfOM in the effluent from a bed of MIEX but also to produce a porous cake layer that would keep away foulants from the surface of membrane or its pore walls. The MIEX treatment alone reduced fouling, but to a much lesser extent than for MIEX combined with an under-dosing coagulation (which uses a considerably low amount of alum). Almost all of colloids and organic acids were removed and the nearly complete removal of phosphorus was achieved by MIEX in a fixed-bed even for an extremely short hydraulic retention time of wastewater in the resin bed. MIEX resin removed phosphorus, but organic acids in EfOM were preferentially removed and the effects of competing anions on the removal of EfOM were insignificant. The MIEX treatment with added alum (only 0.5 mg Al L(-1)) dramatically improved the performance of MF and UF membranes and the subsequent membrane filtration also achieved ≤0.01 mg L(-1) of residual phosphorous. This condition also allowed good flux recovery after hydraulic flushing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Watson K, Farré MJ, Knight N. Enhanced coagulation with powdered activated carbon or MIEX secondary treatment: a comparison of disinfection by-product formation and precursor removal. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:454-466. [PMID: 25462752 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The removal of both organic and inorganic disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors prior to disinfection is important in mitigating DBP formation, with halide removal being particularly important in salinity-impacted water sources. A matrix of waters of variable alkalinity, halide concentration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were treated with enhanced coagulation (EC) followed by anion exchange (MIEX resin) or powdered activated carbon (PAC) and the subsequent disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBP-FPs) assessed and compared to DBP-FPs for untreated samples. Halide and DOC removal were also monitored for both treatment processes. Bromide and iodide adsorption by MIEX treatment ranged from 0 to 53% and 4-78%, respectively. As expected, EC and PAC treatments did not remove halides. DOC removal by EC/PAC was 70 ± 10%, while EC/MIEX enabled a DOC removal of 66 ± 12%. Despite the halide removals achieved by MIEX, increases in brominated disinfection by-product (Br-DBP) formation were observed relative to untreated samples, when favourable Br:DOC ratios were created by the treatment. However, the increases in formation were less than what was observed for the EC/PAC treated waters, which caused large increases in Br-DBP formation when high Br-DBP-forming water quality conditions occurred. The formation potential of fully chlorinated DBPs decreased after treatment in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalinda Watson
- Griffith University, Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lin P, Zhang X, Wang J, Zeng Y, Liu S, Chen C. Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 27:51-58. [PMID: 25597662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO4 pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3+activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yani Zeng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shuang C, Wang J, Li H, Li A, Zhou Q. Effect of the chemical structure of anion exchange resin on the adsorption of humic acid: Behavior and mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 437:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Song H, Yao Z, Shuang C, Li A. Accelerated removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by utilizing polyacrylic anion exchange resin with magnetic separation performance. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
50
|
Phetrak A, Lohwacharin J, Sakai H, Murakami M, Oguma K, Takizawa S. Simultaneous removal of dissolved organic matter and bromide from drinking water source by anion exchange resins for controlling disinfection by-products. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1294-1300. [PMID: 25079839 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange resins (AERs) with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX®) showed faster dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency. MIEX® showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 min, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athit Phetrak
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Jenyuk Lohwacharin
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakai
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Michio Murakami
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|