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Bernal-Conde LD, Peña-Martínez V, Morato-Torres CA, Ramos-Acevedo R, Arias-Carrión Ó, Padilla-Godínez FJ, Delgado-González A, Palomero-Rivero M, Collazo-Navarrete O, Soto-Rojas LO, Gómez-Chavarín M, Schüle B, Guerra-Crespo M. Alpha-Synuclein Gene Alterations Modulate Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons in a Parkinson's Disease Animal Model. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:728. [PMID: 38929711 PMCID: PMC11204703 DOI: 10.3390/life14060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) caused by SNCA gene triplication (3XSNCA) leads to early onset, rapid progression, and often dementia. Understanding the impact of 3XSNCA and its absence is crucial. This study investigates the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived floor-plate progenitors into dopaminergic neurons. Three different genotypes were evaluated in this study: patient-derived hiPSCs with 3XSNCA, a gene-edited isogenic line with a frame-shift mutation on all SNCA alleles (SNCA 4KO), and a normal wild-type control. Our aim was to assess how the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) microenvironment, damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), influences tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (Th+) neuron differentiation in these genetic variations. This study confirms successful in vitro differentiation into neuronal lineage in all cell lines. However, the SNCA 4KO line showed unusual LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 alpha (Lmx1a) extranuclear distribution. Crucially, both 3XSNCA and SNCA 4KO lines had reduced Th+ neuron expression, despite initial successful neuronal differentiation after two months post-transplantation. This indicates that while the SNpc environment supports early neuronal survival, SNCA gene alterations-either amplification or knock-out-negatively impact Th+ dopaminergic neuron maturation. These findings highlight SNCA's critical role in PD and underscore the value of hiPSC models in studying neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Bernal-Conde
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Verónica Peña-Martínez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - C. Alejandra Morato-Torres
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Óscar Arias-Carrión
- Movement and Sleep Disorders Unit, Dr. Manuel Gea González General Hospital, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Padilla-Godínez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alexa Delgado-González
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marcela Palomero-Rivero
- Neurodevelopment and Physiology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Omar Collazo-Navarrete
- National Laboratory of Genomic Resources, Institute of Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Laboratory 4, Building A4, Medical Surgeon Career, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Margarita Gómez-Chavarín
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.D.B.-C.); (V.P.-M.); (C.A.M.-T.); (R.R.-A.); (F.J.P.-G.); (A.D.-G.); (M.G.-C.)
- Molecular Neuropathology Department, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Cardo LF, Monzón-Sandoval J, Li Z, Webber C, Li M. Single-Cell Transcriptomics and In Vitro Lineage Tracing Reveals Differential Susceptibility of Human iPSC-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2860. [PMID: 38132179 PMCID: PMC10741976 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technologies open up new avenues for modelling development and diseases. The success of these pursuits, however, relies on the use of cells most relevant to those targeted by the disease of interest, for example, midbrain dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we report the generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line capable of purifying and tracing nascent midbrain dopaminergic progenitors and their differentiated progeny via the expression of a Blue Fluorescent Protein (BFP). This was achieved by CRISPR/Cas9-assisted knock-in of BFP and Cre into the safe harbour locus AAVS1 and an early midbrain dopaminergic lineage marker gene LMX1A, respectively. Immunocytochemical analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived neural cultures confirm developmental recapitulation of the human fetal midbrain and high-quality midbrain cells. By modelling Parkinson's disease-related drug toxicity using 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), we showed a preferential reduction of BFP+ cells, a finding demonstrated independently by cell death assays and single-cell transcriptomic analysis of MPP+ treated neural cultures. Together, these results highlight the importance of disease-relevant cell types in stem cell modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia F. Cardo
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (L.F.C.); (J.M.-S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jimena Monzón-Sandoval
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (L.F.C.); (J.M.-S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zongze Li
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (L.F.C.); (J.M.-S.); (Z.L.)
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (L.F.C.); (J.M.-S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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Bouarab C, Wynalda M, Thompson BV, Khurana A, Cody CR, Kisner A, Polter AM. Sex-specific adaptations to VTA circuits following subchronic stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551665. [PMID: 37577542 PMCID: PMC10418168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mesolimbic reward circuitry is implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses such as depression and anxiety. These disorders are more frequently diagnosed in females, and sex differences in the response to stress are likely to be one factor that leads to enhanced vulnerability of females. In this study, we use subchronic variable stress (SCVS), a model in which females are uniquely vulnerable to behavioral disturbances, to investigate sexually divergent mechanisms of regulation of the ventral tegmental area by stress. Using slice electrophysiology, we find that female, but not male mice have a reduction in the ex vivo firing rate of VTA dopaminergic neurons following SCVS. Surprisingly, both male and female animals show an increase in inhibitory tone onto VTA dopaminergic neurons and an increase in the firing rate of VTA GABAergic neurons. In males, however, this is accompanied by a robust increase in excitatory synaptic tone onto VTA dopamine neurons. This supports a model by which SCVS recruits VTA GABA neurons to inhibit dopaminergic neurons in both male and female mice, but males are protected from diminished functioning of the dopaminergic system by a compensatory upregulation of excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bouarab
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
- Current address: Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris
| | - Megan Wynalda
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Brittney V. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
- Current address: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahasse, FL, 32306
| | - Ambika Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Caitlyn R. Cody
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
- Current address: Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Alexandre Kisner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
- Current address: Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC 20016
| | - Abigail M. Polter
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037
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Wang X, Chen X, Liu G, Cai H, Le W. The Crucial Roles of Pitx3 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development and Parkinson's Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108614. [PMID: 37239960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), is one of the most prominent pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). To uncover the pathogenic mechanisms of mDA neuronal death during PD may provide therapeutic targets to prevent mDA neuronal loss and slow down the disease's progression. Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3 (Pitx3) is selectively expressed in the mDA neurons as early as embryonic day 11.5 and plays a critical role in mDA neuron terminal differentiation and subset specification. Moreover, Pitx3-deficient mice exhibit some canonical PD-related features, including the profound loss of SNc mDA neurons, a dramatic decrease in striatal dopamine (DA) levels, and motor abnormalities. However, the precise role of Pitx3 in progressive PD and how this gene contributes to mDA neuronal specification during early stages remains unclear. In this review, we updated the latest findings on Pitx3 by summarizing the crosstalk between Pitx3 and its associated transcription factors in mDA neuron development. We further explored the potential benefits of Pitx3 as a therapeutic target for PD in the future. To better understand the transcriptional network of Pitx3 in mDA neuron development may provide insights into Pitx3-related clinical drug-targeting research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 611731, China
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Abstract
The midbrain dopamine (mDA) system is composed of molecularly and functionally distinct neuron subtypes that mediate specific behaviours and are linked to various brain diseases. Considerable progress has been made in identifying mDA neuron subtypes, and recent work has begun to unveil how these neuronal subtypes develop and organize into functional brain structures. This progress is important for further understanding the disparate physiological functions of mDA neurons and their selective vulnerability in disease, and will ultimately accelerate therapy development. This Review discusses recent advances in our understanding of molecularly defined mDA neuron subtypes and their circuits, ranging from early developmental events, such as neuron migration and axon guidance, to their wiring and function, and future implications for therapeutic strategies.
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Martinez Damonte V, Pomrenze MB, Manning CE, Casper C, Wolfden AL, Malenka RC, Kauer JA. Somatodendritic Release of Cholecystokinin Potentiates GABAergic Synapses Onto Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Cells. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:197-208. [PMID: 35961792 PMCID: PMC9976994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides are contained in nearly every neuron in the central nervous system and can be released not only from nerve terminals but also from somatodendritic sites. Cholecystokinin (CCK), among the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, is expressed in the majority of midbrain dopamine neurons. Despite this high expression, CCK function within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is not well understood. METHODS We confirmed CCK expression in VTA dopamine neurons through immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization and detected optogenetically induced CCK release using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To investigate whether CCK modulates VTA circuit activity, we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings in mouse brain slices. We infused CCK locally in vivo and tested food intake and locomotion in fasted mice. We also used in vivo fiber photometry to measure Ca2+ transients in dopamine neurons during feeding. RESULTS Here we report that VTA dopamine neurons release CCK from somatodendritic regions, where it triggers long-term potentiation of GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) synapses. The somatodendritic release occurs during trains of optogenetic stimuli or prolonged but modest depolarization and is dependent on synaptotagmin-7 and T-type Ca2+ channels. Depolarization-induced long-term potentiation is blocked by a CCK2 receptor antagonist and mimicked by exogenous CCK. Local infusion of CCK in vivo inhibits food consumption and decreases distance traveled in an open field test. Furthermore, intra-VTA-infused CCK reduced dopamine cell Ca2+ signals during food consumption after an overnight fast and was correlated with reduced food intake. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments introduce somatodendritic neuropeptide release as a previously unknown feedback regulator of VTA dopamine cell excitability and dopamine-related behaviors.
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Itokazu Y, Fuchigami T, Yu RK. Functional Impairment of the Nervous System with Glycolipid Deficiencies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:419-448. [PMID: 36255683 PMCID: PMC9793801 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with nervous system disorders suffer from impaired cognitive, sensory and motor functions that greatly inconvenience their daily life and usually burdens their family and society. It is difficult to achieve functional recovery for the damaged central nervous system (CNS) because of its limited ability to regenerate. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are abundant in the CNS and are known to play essential roles in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, signal transduction, and cellular migration, that are crucial in all phases of neurogenesis. Despite intense investigation of CNS regeneration, the roles of GSLs in neural regeneration remain unclear. Here we focus on the respective potentials of glycolipids to promote regeneration and repair of the CNS. Mice lacking glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide or gangliosides show lethal phenotypes. More importantly, patients with ganglioside deficiencies exhibit severe clinical phenotypes. Further, neurodegenerative diseases and mental health disorders are associated with altered GSL expression. Accumulating studies demonstrate that GSLs not only delimit physical regions but also play central roles in the maintenance of the biological functions of neurons and glia. We anticipate that the ability of GSLs to modulate behavior of a variety of molecules will enable them to ameliorate biochemical and neurobiological defects in patients. The use of GSLs to treat such defects in the human CNS will be a paradigm-shift in approach since GSL-replacement therapy has not yet been achieved in this manner clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Takahiro Fuchigami
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Sheta R, Teixeira M, Idi W, Pierre M, de Rus Jacquet A, Emond V, Zorca CE, Vanderperre B, Durcan TM, Fon EA, Calon F, Chahine M, Oueslati A. Combining NGN2 programming and dopaminergic patterning for a rapid and efficient generation of hiPSC-derived midbrain neurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17176. [PMID: 36229560 PMCID: PMC9562300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of human derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated to dopaminergic (DA) neurons offers a valuable experimental model to decorticate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, the existing approaches present with several limitations, notably the lengthy time course of the protocols and the high variability in the yield of DA neurons. Here we report on the development of an improved approach that combines neurogenin-2 programming with the use of commercially available midbrain differentiation kits for a rapid, efficient, and reproducible directed differentiation of hiPSCs to mature and functional induced DA (iDA) neurons, with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. Gene expression analysis, associated with functional characterization examining neurotransmitter release and electrical recordings, support the functional identity of the iDA neurons to A9 midbrain neurons. iDA neurons showed selective vulnerability when exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine, thus providing a viable in vitro approach for modeling PD and for the screening of small molecules with neuroprotective proprieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Sheta
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Maxime Teixeira
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Walid Idi
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marion Pierre
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601, rue de La Canardière, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Aurelie de Rus Jacquet
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Cornelia E. Zorca
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada ,Centre d’Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines – Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edward A. Fon
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601, rue de La Canardière, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Abid Oueslati
- grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794CHU de Québec Research Center, Axe Neurosciences, Quebec City, Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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Chen X, Yang Z, Shao Y, Kim K, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu X, Le W. Pitx3 deficiency promotes age-dependent alterations in striatal medium spiny neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:960479. [PMID: 36158557 PMCID: PMC9490232 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.960479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classical motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are tightly linked to the gradual loss of dopamine within the striatum. Concomitantly, medium spiny neurons (MSNs) also experience morphological changes, such as reduced dendritic complexity and spine density, which may be potentially associated with motor dysfunction as well. Thus, MSNs may serve as the emerging targets for PD therapy besides the midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Results To comprehensively examine pathological alterations of MSNs longitudinally, we established a TH Cre/ Pitx3 fl/fl (Pitx3cKO ) mouse model that developed canonical PD features, including a significant loss of SNc DAergic neurons and motor deficits. During aging, the targeted neurotransmitter, MSNs morphology and DNA methylation profile were significantly altered upon Pitx3 deficiency. Specifically, dopamine, GABA and glutamate decreased in the model at the early stage. While nuclear, soma and dendritic atrophy, as well as nuclear invaginations increased in the aged MSNs of Pitx3cko mice. Furthermore, more nuclear DNA damages were characterized in MSNs during aging, and Pitx3 deficiency aggravated this phenomenon, together with alterations of DNA methylation profiling associated with lipoprotein and nucleus pathway at the late stage. Conclusion The early perturbations of the neurotransmitters within MSNs may potentially contribute to the alterations of metabolism, morphology and epigenetics within the striatum at the late stage, which may provide new perspectives on the diagnosis and pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaofei Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaping Shao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kunhyok Kim
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolan Xu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Liu J, Yang L, Li H, Cai Y, Feng J, Hu Z. Conditional ablation of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor U in midbrain dopaminergic neurons results in reduced neuronal size. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Coelho P, Fão L, Mota S, Rego AC. Mitochondrial function and dynamics in neural stem cells and neurogenesis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101667. [PMID: 35714855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been largely described as the powerhouse of the cell and recent findings demonstrate that this organelle is fundamental for neurogenesis. The mechanisms underlying neural stem cells (NSCs) maintenance and differentiation are highly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mitochondrial-mediated switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial remodeling and dynamics are vital to NSCs fate. Deregulation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial DNA, function, fission/fusion and metabolism underly several neurodegenerative diseases; data show that these impairments are already present in early developmental stages and NSC fate decisions. However, little is known about mitochondrial role in neurogenesis. In this Review, we describe the recent evidence covering mitochondrial role in neurogenesis, its impact in selected neurodegenerative diseases, for which aging is the major risk factor, and the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies that may alleviate neurodegenerative disorders-related neuronal deregulation through improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Coelho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Fão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Mota
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; III, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Li X, Hu X, Jiang Y, Wang D, Wang T, Li B. Autonomic behavioral impairment induced by simazine exposure during early life of male mouse is mediated by Lmx1a/Wnt1 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:776-788. [PMID: 34936186 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Simazine is a widely used herbicide and known as an environmental estrogen. Multiple studies have proved simazine can induced the degeneration of dopaminergic neuron resulting in a degenerative disease-like syndrome. Herein, we explored the neurotoxicity of simazine on the dopaminergic nervous system of embryos and weaned offspring during the maternal gestation period or the maternal gestation and lactation periods. We found that simazine disturbed the crucial components expression involved in Lmx1a/Wnt1 pathway of dopaminergic neuron in embryonic and weaned offspring. Furthermore, morphological and behavioral tests performed on weaned male offspring treated by simazine suggested that the grip strength, autonomic exploring, and the space sense ability were weakened, as well as the pathological damage of dopaminergic neuron was clearly observed. But, the same neurotoxicity of simazine is less significantly observed in female offspring. Our findings will provide reliable reference for the determination of environmental limits and new insight into the pathogenesis of nonfamilial neurodegenerative diseases related to environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Kalló I, Omrani A, Meye FJ, de Jong H, Liposits Z, Adan RAH. Characterization of orexin input to dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex and shell of nucleus accumbens. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1083-1098. [PMID: 35029758 PMCID: PMC8930802 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin neurons are involved in homeostatic regulatory processes, including arousal and feeding, and provide a major input from the hypothalamus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. VTA neurons are a central hub processing reward and motivation and target the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the shell part of nucleus accumbens (NAcs). We investigated whether subpopulations of dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA projecting either to the mPFC or the medial division of shell part of nucleus accumbens (mNAcs) receive differential input from orexin neurons and whether orexin exerts differential electrophysiological effects upon these cells. VTA neurons projecting to the mPFC or the mNAcs were traced retrogradely by Cav2-Cre virus and identified by expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Immunocytochemical analysis showed that a higher proportion of all orexin-innervated DA neurons projected to the mNAcs (34.5%) than to the mPFC (5.2%). Of all sampled VTA neurons projecting either to the mPFC or mNAcs, the dopaminergic (68.3 vs. 79.6%) and orexin-innervated DA neurons (68.9 vs. 64.4%) represented the major phenotype. Whole-cell current clamp recordings were obtained from fluorescently labeled neurons in slices during baseline periods and bath application of orexin A. Orexin similarly increased the firing rate of VTA dopamine neurons projecting to mNAcs (1.99 ± 0.61 Hz to 2.53 ± 0.72 Hz) and mPFC (0.40 ± 0.22 Hz to 1.45 ± 0.56 Hz). Thus, the hypothalamic orexin system targets mNAcs and to a lesser extent mPFC-projecting dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and exerts facilitatory effects on both clusters of dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Azar Omrani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Meye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han de Jong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Goteborg, Sweden.
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14
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Roles of Transcription Factors in the Development and Reprogramming of the Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020845. [PMID: 35055043 PMCID: PMC8775916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons regulate various critical processes in the mammalian nervous system, including voluntary movement and a wide range of behaviors such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. mdDA neuronal loss is linked with one of the most prominent human movement neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease (PD). How these cells die and regenerate are two of the most hotly debated PD research topics. As for the latter, it has been long known that a series of transcription factors (TFs) involves the development of mdDA neurons, specifying cell types and controlling developmental patterns. In vitro and in vivo, TFs regulate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, all of which are critical for dopamine synthesis and transport in dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons). In this review, we encapsulate the molecular mechanism of TFs underlying embryonic growth and maturation of mdDA neurons and update achievements on dopaminergic cell therapy dependent on knowledge of TFs in mdDA neuronal development. We believe that a deeper understanding of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence DA neurons’ fate and development in the midbrain could lead to a better strategy for PD cell therapy.
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15
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Identification of Novel Neurocircuitry Through Which Leptin Targets Multiple Inputs to the Dopamine System to Reduce Food Reward Seeking. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:843-852. [PMID: 33867112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin reduces the motivation to obtain food by modulating activity of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system upon presentation of cues that predict a food reward. Although leptin directly reduces the activity of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons, the majority of leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing DA neurons do not project to the nucleus accumbens, the projection implicated in driving food reward seeking. Therefore, the precise locus of leptin action to modulate motivation for a food reward is unresolved. METHODS We used transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the LepR promoter, anatomical tracing, optogenetics-assisted patch-clamp electrophysiology, in vivo optogenetics with fiber photometric calcium measurements, and chemogenetics to unravel how leptin-targeted neurocircuitry inhibits food reward seeking. RESULTS A large number of DA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens are innervated by local VTA LepR-expressing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurons. Leptin enhances the activity of these GABA neurons and thereby inhibits nucleus accumbens-projecting DA neurons. In addition, we find that lateral hypothalamic LepR-expressing neurons projecting to the VTA are inhibited by leptin and that these neurons modulate DA neurons indirectly via inhibition of VTA GABA neurons. In accordance with such a disinhibitory function, optogenetically stimulating lateral hypothalamic LepR projections to the VTA potently activates DA neurons in vivo. Moreover, we found that chemogenetic activation of lateral hypothalamic LepR neurons increases the motivation to obtain a food reward only when mice are in a positive energy balance. CONCLUSIONS We identify neurocircuitry through which leptin targets multiple inputs to the DA system to reduce food reward seeking.
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Mesa-Infante V, Afonso-Oramas D, Salas-Hernández J, Rodríguez-Núñez J, Barroso-Chinea P. Long-term exposure to GDNF induces dephosphorylation of Ret, AKT, and ERK1/2, and is ineffective at protecting midbrain dopaminergic neurons in cellular models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 118:103684. [PMID: 34826608 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes differentiation, proliferation, and survival in different cell types, including dopaminergic neurons. Thus, GDNF has been proposed as a promising neuroprotective therapy in Parkinson's disease. Although findings from cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease were encouraging, results emerging from clinical trials were not as good as expected, probably due to the inappropriate administration protocols. Despite the growing information on GDNF action mechanisms, many aspects of its pharmacological effects are still unclear and data from different studies are still contradictory. Considering that GDNF action mechanisms are mediated by its receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, which activates PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, we aimed to investigate Ret activation and its effect over both signaling pathways in midbrain cell cultures treated with GDNF at different doses (0.3, 1, and 10 ng/ml) and times (15 min, 24 h, 24 h (7 days), and 7 continuous days). The results showed that short-term or acute (15 min, 24 h, and 24 h (7 days)) GDNF treatment in rat midbrain neurons increases Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and the phosphorylation levels of Ret (Tyr 1062), AKT (Ser 473), ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), S6 (Ser 235/236), and GSK3-β (Ser 9). However, the phosphorylation level of these kinases, TH expression, and dopamine uptake, decreased below basal levels after long-term or prolonged treatment with 1 and 10 ng/ml GDNF (7 continuous days). Our data suggest that long-term GDNF treatment inactivates the receptor by an unknown mechanism, affecting its neuroprotective capacity against degeneration caused by 6-OHDA or rotenone, while short-term exposure to GDNF promoted dopaminergic cell survival. These findings highlight the need to find new and more effective long-acting therapeutic approaches for disorders in which GDNF plays a beneficial role, including Parkinson's disease. In this regard, it is necessary to propose new GDNF treatment guidelines to regulate and control its long-term expression levels and optimize the clinical use of this trophic factor in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mesa-Infante
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - D Afonso-Oramas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - J Salas-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Núñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - P Barroso-Chinea
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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17
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Griffin SM, Pickard MR, Hawkins CP, Williams AC, Fricker RA. Nicotinamide restricts neural precursor proliferation to enhance catecholaminergic neuronal subtype differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233477. [PMID: 32925933 PMCID: PMC7489539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that a strong relationship exists between brain regenerative therapies and nutrition. Early life nutrition plays an important role during embryonic brain development, and there are clear consequences to an imbalance in nutritional factors on both the production and survival of mature neuronal populations and the infant’s risk of diseases in later life. Our research and that of others suggest that vitamins play a fundamental role in the formation of neurons and their survival. There is a growing body of evidence that nicotinamide, the water-soluble amide form of vitamin B3, is implicated in the conversion of pluripotent stem cells to clinically relevant cells for regenerative therapies. This study investigated the ability of nicotinamide to promote the development of mature catecholaminergic neuronal populations (associated with Parkinson’s disease) from mouse embryonic stem cells, as well as investigating the underlying mechanisms of nicotinamide’s action. Nicotinamide selectively enhanced the production of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons and serotonergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem cell cultures (Sox1GFP knock-in 46C cell line). A 5-Ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay ascertained that nicotinamide, when added in the initial phase, reduced cell proliferation. Nicotinamide drove tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neuron differentiation as effectively as an established cocktail of signalling factors, reducing the proliferation of neural progenitors and accelerating neuronal maturation, neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter expression. These novel findings show that nicotinamide enhanced and enriched catecholaminergic differentiation and inhibited cell proliferation by directing cell cycle arrest in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures, thus driving a critical neural proliferation-to-differentiation switch from neural progenitors to neurons. Further research into the role of vitamin metabolites in embryogenesis will significantly advance cell-based regenerative medicine, and help realize their role as crucial developmental signalling molecules in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Síle M. Griffin
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark R. Pickard
- Chester Medical School, University Centre Shrewsbury, University of Chester, Shrewsbury, England, United Kingdom
| | - Clive P. Hawkins
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Fricker
- Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
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Tejchman A, Znój A, Chlebanowska P, Frączek-Szczypta A, Majka M. Carbon Fibers as a New Type of Scaffold for Midbrain Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5959. [PMID: 32825046 PMCID: PMC7504539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and 3D cell culture creates a unique possibility for the generation of organoids that mimic human organs in in vitro cultures. The use of iPS cells in organoid cultures enables the differentiation of cells into dopaminergic neurons, also found in the human midbrain. However, long-lasting organoid cultures often cause necrosis within organoids. In this work, we present carbon fibers (CFs) for medical use as a new type of scaffold for organoid culture, comparing them to a previously tested copolymer poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold. We verified the physicochemical properties of CF scaffolds compared to PLGA in improving the efficiency of iPSC differentiation within organoids. The physicochemical properties of carbon scaffolds such as porosity, microstructure, or stability in the cellular environment make them a convenient material for creating in vitro organoid models. Through screening several genes expressed during the differentiation of organoids at crucial brain stages of development, we found that there is a correlation between PITX3, one of the key regulators of terminal differentiation, and the survival of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression. This makes organoids formed on carbon scaffolds an improved model containing mDA neurons convenient for studying midbrain-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tejchman
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Znój
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Paula Chlebanowska
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Aneta Frączek-Szczypta
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
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19
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Mesman S, Smidt MP. Acquisition of the Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuronal Identity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134638. [PMID: 32629812 PMCID: PMC7369932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) group of neurons comprises molecularly distinct subgroups, of which the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are the best known, due to the selective degeneration of the SN during Parkinson’s disease. However, although significant research has been conducted on the molecular build-up of these subsets, much is still unknown about how these subsets develop and which factors are involved in this process. In this review, we aim to describe the life of an mdDA neuron, from specification in the floor plate to differentiation into the different subsets. All mdDA neurons are born in the mesodiencephalic floor plate under the influence of both SHH-signaling, important for floor plate patterning, and WNT-signaling, involved in establishing the progenitor pool and the start of the specification of mdDA neurons. Furthermore, transcription factors, like Ngn2, Ascl1, Lmx1a, and En1, and epigenetic factors, like Ezh2, are important in the correct specification of dopamine (DA) progenitors. Later during development, mdDA neurons are further subdivided into different molecular subsets by, amongst others, Otx2, involved in the specification of subsets in the VTA, and En1, Pitx3, Lmx1a, and WNT-signaling, involved in the specification of subsets in the SN. Interestingly, factors involved in early specification in the floor plate can serve a dual function and can also be involved in subset specification. Besides the mdDA group of neurons, other systems in the embryo contain different subsets, like the immune system. Interestingly, many factors involved in the development of mdDA neurons are similarly involved in immune system development and vice versa. This indicates that similar mechanisms are used in the development of these systems, and that knowledge about the development of the immune system may hold clues for the factors involved in the development of mdDA neurons, which may be used in culture protocols for cell replacement therapies.
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Ásgrímsdóttir ES, Arenas E. Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Development at the Single Cell Level: In vivo and in Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:463. [PMID: 32733875 PMCID: PMC7357704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra. Current treatment options for PD are symptomatic and typically involve the replacement of DA neurotransmission by DA drugs, which relieve the patients of some of their motor symptoms. However, by the time of diagnosis, patients have already lost about 70% of their substantia nigra DA neurons and these drugs offer only temporary relief. Therefore, cell replacement therapy has garnered much interest as a potential treatment option for PD. Early studies using human fetal tissue for transplantation in PD patients provided proof of principle for cell replacement therapy, but they also highlighted the ethical and practical difficulties associated with using human fetal tissue as a cell source. In recent years, advancements in stem cell research have made human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) an attractive source of material for cell replacement therapy. Studies on how DA neurons are specified and differentiated in the developing mouse midbrain have allowed us to recapitulate many of the positional and temporal cues needed to generate DA neurons in vitro. However, little is known about the developmental programs that govern human DA neuron development. With the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bioinformatics, it has become possible to analyze precious human samples with unprecedented detail and extract valuable high-quality information from large data sets. This technology has allowed the systematic classification of cell types present in the human developing midbrain along with their gene expression patterns. By studying human development in such an unbiased manner, we can begin to elucidate human DA neuron development and determine how much it differs from our knowledge of the rodent brain. Importantly, this molecular description of the function of human cells has become and will increasingly be a reference to define, evaluate, and engineer cell types for PD cell replacement therapy and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Development and Differentiation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron: From Bench to Bedside. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061489. [PMID: 32570916 PMCID: PMC7349799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor system. It is primarily due to substantial loss of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to decreased innervation to the striatum. Although existing drug therapy available can relieve the symptoms in early-stage PD patients, it cannot reverse the pathogenic progression of PD. Thus, regenerating functional mDA neurons in PD patients may be a cure to the disease. The proof-of-principle clinical trials showed that human fetal graft-derived mDA neurons could restore the release of dopamine neurotransmitters, could reinnervate the striatum, and could alleviate clinical symptoms in PD patients. The invention of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), autologous source of neural progenitors with less ethical consideration, and risk of graft rejection can now be generated in vitro. This advancement also prompts extensive research to decipher important developmental signaling in differentiation, which is key to successful in vitro production of functional mDA neurons and the enabler of mass manufacturing of the cells required for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the biology and signaling involved in the development of mDA neurons and the current progress and methodology in driving efficient mDA neuron differentiation from pluripotent stem cells.
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22
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St Laurent R, Martinez Damonte V, Tsuda AC, Kauer JA. Periaqueductal Gray and Rostromedial Tegmental Inhibitory Afferents to VTA Have Distinct Synaptic Plasticity and Opiate Sensitivity. Neuron 2020; 106:624-636.e4. [PMID: 32191871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a major target of addictive drugs and receives multiple GABAergic projections originating outside the VTA. We describe differences in synaptic plasticity and behavior when optogenetically driving two opiate-sensitive GABAergic inputs to the VTA, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Activation of GABAergic RMTg terminals in the VTA in vivo is aversive, and low-frequency stimulation induces long-term depression in vitro. Low-frequency stimulation of PAG afferents in vitro unexpectedly causes long-term potentiation. Opioid receptor activation profoundly depresses PAG and RMTg inhibitory synapses but prevents synaptic plasticity only at PAG synapses. Activation of the GABAergic PAG terminals in the VTA promotes immobility, and optogenetically-driven immobility is blocked by morphine. Our data reveal the PAG as a source of highly opioid-sensitive GABAergic afferents and support the idea that different GABAergic pathways to the VTA control distinct behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn St Laurent
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Valentina Martinez Damonte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Ayumi C Tsuda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Julie A Kauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.
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23
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Faghih H, Javeri A, Amini H, Taha MF. Directed differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells to dopaminergic neurons in low-serum and serum-free conditions. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134353. [PMID: 31251959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Directing the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to dopaminergic neurons has great importance in both biomedical studies and cell therapy of Parkinson's disease. We recently generated dopamine-secreting cells from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) by exposing the cells to a growth factor cocktail composed of SHH, bFGF, FGF8 and BDNF in low-serum condition. In the current study, we induced the cells by the same dopaminergic inducing cocktail in serum-free B27-supplemented Neurobasal medium. ADSCs differentiated in both conditions expressed several neuronal and dopaminergic markers. However, there were higher gene expression levels under the serum-free condition. Higher levels of TUJ1 and TH proteins were also detected in the cells exposed to the dopaminergic-inducing cocktail under serum-free Neurobasal condition. TH protein was expressed in about 28% and 60% of the cells differentiated in the low-serum and serum-free Neurobasal media, respectively. Moreover, the cells exposed to the dopaminergic-inducing cocktail in the serum-free Neurobasal condition released a more significant amount of dopamine in response to KCl-induced depolarization. Altogether, these findings show a greater efficiency of the serum-free Neurobasal condition for growth factor-directed differentiation of hADSCs to functional dopamine-secreting cells which may be valuable for transplantation therapy of Parkinson's disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Faghih
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Javeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Amini
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fakhr Taha
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Huguet G, Temel Y, Kádár E, Pol S, Casaca-Carreira J, Segura-Torres P, Jahanshahi A. Altered expression of dopaminergic cell fate regulating genes prior to manifestation of symptoms in a transgenic rat model of Huntington's disease. Brain Res 2019; 1712:101-108. [PMID: 30711400 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity of the dopaminergic pathway is thought to contribute to clinical symptoms in the early stages of Huntington's disease (HD). It is suggested to be result of a reduced dopaminergic inhibition by degeneration of medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Previously, we have shown that the number of dopaminergic cells is increased in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of HD patients and transgenic HD (tgHD) rats during the manifestation phase of the disease; as well as in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of tgHD rats. To address whether these changes are secondary to neurodegeneration or take place in the pre-manifest phase of the disease, we examined the expression of genes controlling neuronal cell fate and genes that define dopaminergic cell phenotype. In the SNc-VTA of tgHD rats, Msx1 was upregulated, which correlated with an altered expression of transcription factors Zbtb16 and Tcf12. Zbtb16 was upregulated in the DRN and it was the only gene that showed a correlated expression in the tgHD rats between SNc-VTA and DRN. Zbtb16 may be a candidate for regionally tuning its cell populations, resulting in the increase in dopaminergic cells observed in our previous studies. Here, we demonstrated an altered expression of genes related to dopaminergic cell fate regulation in the brainstem of 6 months-old tgHD rats. This suggests that changes in dopaminergic system in HD precede the manifestation of clinical symptoms, contradicting the theory that hyperdopaminergic status in HD is a consequence of neurodegeneration in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Huguet
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabet Kádár
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Sylvana Pol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joao Casaca-Carreira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pilar Segura-Torres
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Wever I, Wagemans CMRJ, Smidt MP. EZH2 Is Essential for Fate Determination in the Mammalian Isthmic Area. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:76. [PMID: 31024250 PMCID: PMC6465967 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycomb group proteins (PcGs) are a group of epigenetic factors associated with gene silencing. They are found in several families of multiprotein complexes, including polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). EZH2, EED and SUZ12 form the core components of the PRC2 complex, which is responsible for the mono, di- and trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27Me3), the chromatin mark associated with gene silencing. Loss-of-function studies of Ezh2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, have shown that PRC2 plays a role in regulating developmental transitions of neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs); from self-renewal to differentiation and the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate switch. To further address the function of EZH2 and H3K27me3 during neuronal development, we generated a conditional mutant in which Ezh2 was removed in the mammalian isthmic (mid-hindbrain) region from E10.5 onward. Loss of Ezh2 changed the molecular coding of the anterior ventral hindbrain leading to a fate switch and the appearance of ectopic dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The correct specification of the isthmic region is dependent on the signaling factors produced by the Isthmic organizer (IsO), located at the border of the mid- and hindbrain. We propose that the change of cellular fate is a result of the presence of Otx2 in the hindbrain of Ezh2 conditional knock-outs (cKOs) and a dysfunctional IsO, as represented by the loss of Fgf8 and Wnt1. Our work implies that next to controlling developmental transitions, EZH2 mediated gene silencing is important for specification of the isthmic region by influencing IsO functioning and repressing Otx2 in the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wever
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cindy M R J Wagemans
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Lillehaug S, Yetman MJ, Puchades MA, Checinska MM, Kleven H, Jankowsky JL, Bjaalie JG, Leergaard TB. Brain-wide distribution of reporter expression in five transgenic tetracycline-transactivator mouse lines. Sci Data 2019; 6:190028. [PMID: 30806643 PMCID: PMC6390708 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial pattern of transgene expression in tetracycline-controlled mouse models is governed primarily by the driver line used to introduce the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA). Detailed maps showing where each tTA driver activates expression are therefore essential for designing and using tet-regulated models, particularly in brain research where cell type and regional specificity determine the circuits affected by conditional gene expression. We have compiled a comprehensive online repository of serial microscopic images showing brain-wide reporter expression for five commonly used tTA driver lines. We have spatially registered all images to a common three-dimensional mouse brain anatomical reference atlas for direct comparison of spatial distribution across lines. The high-resolution images and associated metadata are shared via the web page of the EU Human Brain Project. Images can be inspected using an interactive viewing tool that includes an optional overlay feature providing anatomical delineations and reference atlas coordinates. Interactive viewing is supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of expression levels within anatomical subregions for each tTA driver line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveinung Lillehaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J. Yetman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maja A. Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martyna M. Checinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kleven
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna L. Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan G. Bjaalie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B. Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals midbrain dopamine neuron diversity emerging during mouse brain development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:581. [PMID: 30718509 PMCID: PMC6362095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons constitute a heterogenous group of cells that have been intensely studied, not least because their degeneration causes major symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Understanding the diversity of mDA neurons - previously well characterized anatomically - requires a systematic molecular classification at the genome-wide gene expression level. Here, we use single cell RNA sequencing of isolated mouse neurons expressing the transcription factor Pitx3, a marker for mDA neurons. Analyses include cells isolated during development up until adulthood and the results are validated by histological characterization of newly identified markers. This identifies seven neuron subgroups divided in two major branches of developing Pitx3-expressing neurons. Five of them express dopaminergic markers, while two express glutamatergic and GABAergic markers, respectively. Analysis also indicate evolutionary conservation of diversity in humans. This comprehensive molecular characterization will provide a valuable resource for elucidating mDA neuron subgroup development and function in the mammalian brain.
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28
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Zhou Y, Zhu J, Lv Y, Song C, Ding J, Xiao M, Lu M, Hu G. Kir6.2 Deficiency Promotes Mesencephalic Neural Precursor Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-133b/GDNF in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8550-8562. [PMID: 29564810 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is a major feature in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using neural stem or progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs), the prospect of replacing the missing or damaged DA neurons is very attractive for PD therapy. However, little is known about the endogenous mechanisms and molecular pathways regulating the NSC/NPC proliferation and differentiation in the development of PD. Herein, using Kir6.2 knockout (Kir6.2-/-) mice, we observed that genetic deficiency of Kir6.2 exacerbated the loss of SN DA neurons relatively early in a chronic MPTP/probenecid (MPTP/p) injection course, but rescued the damage of neurons 7 days after the last MPTP/p injection. Meanwhile, we found that Kir6.2 knockout predominantly increased the differentiation of nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1+) precursors to DA neurons, indicating that Kir6.2 deficiency could activate an endogenous self-repair process. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that lack of Kir6.2 promoted neuronal differentiation via inhibiting the downregulation of glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which negatively related to the level of microRNA-133b. Notably, we revealed that Gdnf is a target gene of miR-133b and transfection of miR-133b could attenuate the enhancement of neural precursor differentiation induced by Kir6.2 deficiency. Collectively, we clarify for the first time that Kir6.2/K-ATP channel functions as a novel endogenous negative regulator of NPC differentiation, and provide a promising neuroprotective target for PD therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Mesencephalon/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/genetics
- Parkinson Disease/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/deficiency
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
- Probenecid
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jialei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenghuan Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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29
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The Matricellular Protein R-Spondin 2 Promotes Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurogenesis and Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:651-664. [PMID: 30146491 PMCID: PMC6135723 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons is controlled by multiple morphogens and transcription factors. However, little is known about the role of extracellular matrix proteins in this process. Here we examined the function of roof plate-specific spondins (RSPO1-4) and the floor plate-specific, spondin 1 (SPON1). Only RSPO2 and SPON1 were expressed at high levels during mDA neurogenesis, and the receptor LGR5 was expressed by midbrain floor plate progenitors. Surprisingly, RSPO2, but not SPON1, specifically promoted the differentiation of mDA neuroblasts into mDA neurons in mouse primary cultures and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In addition, RSPO2 was found to promote not only mDA differentiation, but also mDA neurogenesis in human ESCs. Our results thus uncover an unexpected function of the matricellular protein RSPO2 and suggest an application to improve mDA neurogenesis and differentiation in human stem cell preparations destined to cell replacement therapy or drug discovery for Parkinson disease. Rspo2 is dynamically expressed during midbrain dopaminergic neuron development RSPO2 promotes the dopaminergic differentiation of mouse neurons in culture RSPO2 increases dopaminergic neurogenesis and differentiation of human ESCs
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30
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Soheilifar MH, Javeri A, Amini H, Taha MF. Generation of Dopamine-Secreting Cells from Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells In Vitro. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:360-368. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Soheilifar
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Javeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fakhr Taha
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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31
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Holahan MR, Smith CA, Luu BE, Storey KB. Preadolescent Phthalate (DEHP) Exposure Is Associated With Elevated Locomotor Activity and Reward-Related Behavior and a Reduced Number of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Positive Neurons in Post-Adolescent Male and Female Rats. Toxicol Sci 2018; 165:512-530. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan E Luu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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32
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Yang S, Toledo EM, Rosmaninho P, Peng C, Uhlén P, Castro DS, Arenas E. A Zeb2-miR-200c loop controls midbrain dopaminergic neuron neurogenesis and migration. Commun Biol 2018; 1:75. [PMID: 30271956 PMCID: PMC6123725 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeb2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that plays pleiotropic functions during embryogenesis, but its role for midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development is unknown. Here we report that Zeb2 is highly expressed in progenitor cells in the ventricular zone of the midbrain floor plate and downregulated in postmitotic neuroblasts. Functional experiments show that Zeb2 expression in the embryonic ventral midbrain is dynamically regulated by a negative feedback loop that involves miR-200c. We also find that Zeb2 overexpression reduces the levels of CXCR4, NR4A2, and PITX3 in the developing ventral midbrain in vivo, resulting in migration and mDA differentiation defects. This phenotype was recapitulated by miR-200c knockdown, suggesting that the Zeb2-miR-200c loop prevents the premature differentiation of mDA progenitors into postmitotic cells and their migration. Together, our study establishes Zeb2 and miR-200c as critical regulators that maintain the balance between mDA progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzheng Yang
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique M Toledo
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro Rosmaninho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Changgeng Peng
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Farzanehfar P. Comparative review of adult midbrain and striatum neurogenesis with classical neurogenesis. Neurosci Res 2018; 134:1-9. [PMID: 29339103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor symptoms are caused by loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain. Dopamine cell replacement therapy (DA CRT), either by cell transplantation or endogenous repair, has been a potential treatment to replace dead cells and improve PD motor symptoms. Adult midbrain and striatum have been studied for many years to find evidence of neurogenesis. Although the literature is controversial, recent research has revived the possibility of neurogenesis here. This paper aims to review the process of neurogenesis (by focusing on gene expression patterns) in the adult midbrain/striatum and compare it with classical neurogenesis that occurs in developing midbrain, Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ) and Sub Granular Zone (SGZ) of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzanehfar
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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34
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Chen J, Kang XY, Tang CX, Gao DS. Impact of Pitx3 gene knockdown on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor transcriptional activity in dopaminergic neurons. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1347-1351. [PMID: 28966651 PMCID: PMC5607831 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitx3 is strongly associated with the phenotype, differentiation, and survival of dopaminergic neurons. The relationship between Pitx3 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in dopaminergic neurons remains poorly understood. The present investigation sought to construct and screen a lentivirus expression plasmid carrying a rat Pitx3 short hairpin (sh)RNA and to assess the impact of Pitx3 gene knockdown on GDNF transcriptional activity in MES23.5 dopaminergic neurons. Three pairs of interference sequences were designed and separately ligated into GV102 expression vectors. These recombinant plasmids were transfected into MES23.5 cells and western blot assays were performed to detect Pitx3 protein expression. Finally, the most effective Pitx3 shRNA and a dual-luciferase reporter gene plasmid carrying the GDNF promoter region (GDNF-luciferase) were cotransfected into MES23.5 cells. Sequencing showed that the synthesized sequences were identical to the three Pitx3 interference sequences. Inverted fluorescence microscopy revealed that the lentivirus expression plasmids carrying Pitx3-shRNA had 40–50% transfection efficiency. Western blot assay confirmed that the corresponding Pitx3 of the third knockdown sequence had the lowest expression level. Dual-luciferase reporter gene results showed that the GDNF transcriptional activity in dopaminergic cells cotransfected with both plasmids was decreased compared with those transfected with GDNF-luciferase alone. Together, the results showed that the designed Pitx3-shRNA interference sequence decreased Pitx3 protein expression, which decreased GDNF transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Experiment Teaching Center of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Kang
- Teaching and Research Section of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Tang
- Teaching and Research Section of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dian-Shuai Gao
- Teaching and Research Section of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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35
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Kouwenhoven WM, von Oerthel L, Smidt MP. Pitx3 and En1 determine the size and molecular programming of the dopaminergic neuronal pool. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182421. [PMID: 28800615 PMCID: PMC5553812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons are located in the ventral midbrain. These neurons form the substantia nigra (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Two transcription factors that play important roles in the process of terminal differentiation and subset-specification of mdDA neurons, are paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 3 (Pitx3), and homeobox transcription factor Engrailed 1 (En1). We previously investigated the single Pitx3KO and En1KO and observed important changes in the survival of mdDA neurons of the SNc and VTA as well as altered expression of pivotal rostral- and caudal-markers, Ahd2 and Cck, respectively. To refine our understanding of the regional-specific relationships between En1 and Pitx3 and their (combined) role in the programming mdDA neurons on the rostral-to-caudal axis, we created double En1tm1Alj/tm1Alj;Pitx3gfp/gfp (En1KO;Pitx3GFP/GFP) animals. Here we report, that in absence of En1 and Pitx3, only a limited number of mdDA neurons are present at E14.5. These mdDA neurons have a rudimentary dopaminergic cell fate, as they express Nurr1, Pbx3 and Otx2 but have lost their rostral or caudal subset identity. Furthermore, we report that the expression of Cck depends on En1 expression, while (in contrast) both Pitx3 and En1 are involved in the initiation of Ahd2 expression. Thus we reveal in this manuscript that regulated levels of Pitx3 and En1 control the size and rostral/caudal-identity of the mdDA neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars von Oerthel
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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36
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Smidt MP. Molecular Programming of Mesodiencephalic Dopaminergic Neuronal Subsets. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:59. [PMID: 28769772 PMCID: PMC5515899 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical components of the neuronal machinery to control emotion and movement in mammals. The slow and gradual death of these neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease has triggered a large investment in research toward unraveling the molecular determinants that are used to generate these neurons and to get an insight in their apparent selective vulnerability. Here, I set out to summarize the current view on the molecular distinctions that exist within this mesodiencephalic dopamine (mdDA) system and elaborate on the molecular programming that is responsible for creating such diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten P Smidt
- Molecular NeuroScience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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37
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Hooker LN, Smoczer C, Abbott S, Fakhereddin M, Hudson JW, Crawford MJ. Xenopus pitx3 target genes lhx1 and xnr5 are identified using a novel three-fluor flow cytometry-based analysis of promoter activation and repression. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:657-669. [PMID: 28598520 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitx3 plays a well understood role in directing development of lens, muscle fiber, and dopaminergic neurons; however, in Xenopus laevis, it may also play a role in early gastrulation and somitogenesis. Potential downstream targets of pitx3 possess multiple binding motifs that would not be readily accessible by conventional promoter analysis. RESULTS We isolated and characterized pitx3 target genes lhx1 and xnr5 using a novel three-fluor flow cytometry tool that was designed to dissect promoters with multiple binding sites for the same transcription factor. This approach was calibrated using a known pitx3 target gene, Tyrosine hydroxylase. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate how flow cytometry can be used to detect gene regulatory changes with exquisite precision on a cell-by-cell basis, and establish that in HEK293 cells, pitx3 directly activates lhx1 and represses xnr5. Developmental Dynamics 246:657-669, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Smoczer
- Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Samuel Abbott
- Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John W Hudson
- Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Singh S, Mishra A, Srivastava N, Shukla S. MK-801 (Dizocilpine) Regulates Multiple Steps of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Alters Psychological Symptoms via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:592-605. [PMID: 27977132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is directly involved in regulation of stress, anxiety, and depression that are commonly observed nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms do not respond to pharmacological dopamine replacement therapy. Excitotoxic damage to neuronal cells by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation is also a major contributing factor in PD development, but whether it regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and nonmotor symptoms in PD is yet unexplored. Herein, for the first time, we studied the effect of MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioral functions in 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine) induced rat model of PD. MK-801 treatment (0.2 mg/kg, ip) increased neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, self-renewal capacity, long-term survival, and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus of rat model of PD. MK-801 potentially enhanced long-term survival, improved dendritic arborization of immature neurons, and reduced 6-OHDA induced neurodegeneration via maintaining the NSC pool in hippocampus, leading to decreased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes in the PD model. MK-801 inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) through up-regulation of Wnt-3a, which resulted in the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling leading to enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis in PD model. Additionally, MK-801 treatment protected the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and improved motor functions by increasing the expression of Nurr-1 and Pitx-3 in the PD model. Therefore, MK-801 treatment serves as a valuable tool to enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in PD, but further studies are needed to revisit the role of MK-801 in the neurodegenerative disorder before proposing a potential therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Singh
- Pharmacology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Pharmacology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Pharmacology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Pharmacology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
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Mesman S, van Hooft JA, Smidt MP. Mest/Peg1 Is Essential for the Development and Maintenance of a SNc Neuronal Subset. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 9:166. [PMID: 28133444 PMCID: PMC5233686 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons originate at the floor plate and floor plate-basal plate boundary of the midbrain ventricular zone. During development mdDA neurons are specified by a unique set of transcription factors and signaling cascades, to form the different molecular subsets of the mdDA neuronal population. In a time series micro-array study performed previously, mesoderm specific transcript (Mest) was found to be one of the most upregulated genes during early mdDA neuronal development. Here, we show that Mest transcript is expressed in the midbrain throughout development and becomes restricted to the substantia nigra (SNc) at late stages. In Mest KO animals mdDA neurons are progressively lost in the adult, mostly affecting the SNc, reflected by a 50% decrease of TH protein and DA release in the striatum and a reduction of climbing behavior. Analysis of Lrp6 KO embryos suggest a subtle opposite phenotype to the Mest KO, hinting toward the possibility that specific loss of mdDA neurons in Mest ablated animals could be due to affected WNT-signaling. Interestingly, the mdDA neuronal region affected by the loss of Mest remains relatively unaffected in Pitx3 mutants, suggesting that both genes are essential for the development and/or maintenance of different mdDA neuronal subsets within the SNc. Overall, the neuroanatomical and phenotypical consequences detected upon the loss of Mest, resemble the loss of SNc neurons and loss of movement control as seen in Parkinson’s Disease (PD), suggesting that the Mest mouse model may be used as a model-system for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mesman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes A van Hooft
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Villaescusa JC, Li B, Toledo EM, Rivetti di Val Cervo P, Yang S, Stott SR, Kaiser K, Islam S, Gyllborg D, Laguna-Goya R, Landreh M, Lönnerberg P, Falk A, Bergman T, Barker RA, Linnarsson S, Selleri L, Arenas E. A PBX1 transcriptional network controls dopaminergic neuron development and is impaired in Parkinson's disease. EMBO J 2016; 35:1963-78. [PMID: 27354364 PMCID: PMC5282836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) transcription factors are known to regulate organogenesis, but their molecular targets and function in midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDAn) as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. Here, we show that PBX1 controls a novel transcriptional network required for mDAn specification and survival, which is sufficient to generate mDAn from human stem cells. Mechanistically, PBX1 plays a dual role in transcription by directly repressing or activating genes, such as Onecut2 to inhibit lateral fates during embryogenesis, Pitx3 to promote mDAn development, and Nfe2l1 to protect from oxidative stress. Notably, PBX1 and NFE2L1 levels are severely reduced in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and decreased NFE2L1 levels increases damage by oxidative stress in human midbrain cells. Thus, our results reveal novel roles for PBX1 and its transcriptional network in mDAn development and PD, opening the door for new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carlos Villaescusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Psychiatric Stem Cell Group, Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bingsi Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrique M Toledo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Rivetti di Val Cervo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanzheng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Rw Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Saiful Islam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Gyllborg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rocio Laguna-Goya
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Landreh
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergman
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, DBRM, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gennet N, Tamburini C, Nan X, Li M. FolR1: a novel cell surface marker for isolating midbrain dopamine neural progenitors and nascent dopamine neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32488. [PMID: 27580818 PMCID: PMC5007511 DOI: 10.1038/srep32488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific surface markers offer a powerful tool for purifying defined cell types for restorative therapies and drug screenings. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mesDA) are the nerve cells preferentially lost in the brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Clinical trials of transplantation of fetal neural precursors suggest that cell therapy may offer a cure for this devastating neurological disease. Many lines of preclinical studies demonstrate that neural progenitors committed to dopaminergic fate survive and integrate better than postmitotic DA neurons. We show that the folate-receptor 1 (FolR1), a GPI-anchored cell surface molecule, specifically marks mesDA neural progenitors and immature mesDA neurons. FolR1 expression superimposes with Lmx1a, a bona-fide mesDA lineage marker, during the active phase of mesDA neurogenesis from E9.5 to E14.5 during mouse development, as well as in ESC-derived mesDA lineage. FolR1(+) neural progenitors can be isolated by FACS or magnetic sorting (MAC) which give rise to dopamine neurons expressing TH and Pitx3, whilst FolR1 negative cells generate non-dopaminergic neurons and glia cells. This study identifies FolR1 as a new cell surface marker selectively expressed in mesDA progenitors in vivo and in vitro and that can be used to enrich in vitro differentiated TH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gennet
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and school of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24, 4HQ, UK
| | - Claudia Tamburini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and school of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24, 4HQ, UK
| | - Xinsheng Nan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and school of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24, 4HQ, UK
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and school of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24, 4HQ, UK
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42
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Peng SP, Schachner M, Boddeke E, Copray S. Effect of Cell Adhesion Molecules on the Neurite Outgrowth of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:55-66. [PMID: 26990843 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrastriatal transplantation of dopaminergic neurons has been shown to be a potentially very effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). With the detection of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), an unlimited source of autologous dopaminergic (DA) neurons became available. Although the iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons exhibited most of the fundamental dopaminergic characteristics, detailed analysis and comparison with primary DA neurons have shown some aberrations in the expression of genes involved in neuronal development and neurite outgrowth. The limited outgrowth of the iPSC-derived DA neurons may hamper their potential application in cell transplantation therapy for PD. In the present study, we examined whether the forced expression of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) and polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), via gene transduction, can promote the neurite formation and outgrowth of iPSC-derived DA neurons. In cultures on astrocyte layers, both adhesion factors significantly increased neurite formation of the adhesion factor overexpressing iPSC-derived DA neurons in comparison to control iPSC-derived DA neurons. The same tendency was observed when the DA neurons were plated on postnatal organotypic striatal slices; however, this effect did not reach statistical significance. Next, we examined the neurite outgrowth of the L1CAM- or PSA-NCAM-overexpressing iPSC-derived DA neurons after implantation in the striatum of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, the animal model for PD. Like the outgrowth on the organotypic striatal slices, no significant L1CAM- and PSA-NCAM-enforced neurite outgrowth of the implanted DA neurons was observed. Apparently, induced expression of L1CAM or PSA-NCAM in the iPSC-derived DA neurons cannot completely restore the neurite outgrowth potential that was reduced in these DA neurons as a consequence of epigenetic aberrations resulting from the iPSC reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Peng
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, P.R. China , 515041
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands , 9713 AV
| | - Melitta Schachner
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, P.R. China , 515041
| | - Erik Boddeke
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands , 9713 AV
| | - Sjef Copray
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands , 9713 AV
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43
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Naqvi MM, Heidarsson PO, Otazo MR, Mossa A, Kragelund BB, Cecconi C. Single-molecule folding mechanisms of the apo- and Mg(2+)-bound states of human neuronal calcium sensor-1. Biophys J 2016; 109:113-23. [PMID: 26153708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is the primordial member of a family of proteins responsible primarily for sensing changes in neuronal Ca(2+) concentration. NCS-1 is a multispecific protein interacting with a number of binding partners in both calcium-dependent and independent manners, and acting in a variety of cellular processes in which it has been linked to a number of disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Despite extensive studies on the Ca(2+)-activated state of NCS proteins, little is known about the conformational dynamics of the Mg(2+)-bound and apo states, both of which are populated, at least transiently, at resting Ca(2+) conditions. Here, we used optical tweezers to study the folding behavior of individual NCS-1 molecules in the presence of Mg(2+) and in the absence of divalent ions. Under tension, the Mg(2+)-bound state of NCS-1 unfolds and refolds in a three-state process by populating one intermediate state consisting of a folded C-domain and an unfolded N-domain. The interconversion at equilibrium between the different molecular states populated by NCS-1 was monitored in real time through constant-force measurements and the energy landscapes underlying the observed transitions were reconstructed through hidden Markov model analysis. Unlike what has been observed with the Ca(2+)-bound state, the presence of Mg(2+) allows both the N- and C-domain to fold through all-or-none transitions with similar refolding rates. In the absence of divalent ions, NCS-1 unfolds and refolds reversibly in a two-state reaction involving only the C-domain, whereas the N-domain has no detectable transitions. Overall, the results allowed us to trace the progression of NCS-1 folding along its energy landscapes and provided a solid platform for understanding the conformational dynamics of similar EF-hand proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin M Naqvi
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CNR Institute of Nanoscience S3, Modena, Italy
| | - Pétur O Heidarsson
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mariela R Otazo
- CNR Institute of Nanoscience S3, Modena, Italy; Department of Physics, Center of Applied Technologies and Nuclear Development (CEADEN), Miramar, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Alessandro Mossa
- Department of Physics, University of Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Ciro Cecconi
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; CNR Institute of Nanoscience S3, Modena, Italy.
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Huang HY, Chiu TL, Chang HF, Hsu HR, Pang CY, Liew HK, Wang MJ. Epigenetic regulation contributes to urocortin-enhanced midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1601-17. [PMID: 25641682 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons requires precise extrinsic inductive signals and intrinsic transcriptional cascade at a specific time point in development. Urocortin (UCN) is a peptide of the corticotropin-releasing hormone family that mediates various responses to stress. UCN was first cloned from adult rat midbrain. However, the contribution of UCN to the development of mDA neurons is poorly understood. Here, we show that UCN is endogenously expressed in the developing ventral midbrain (VM) and its receptors are exhibited in Nurr1(+) postmitotic mDA precursors and TH(+) neurons, suggesting possible roles in regulating their terminal differentiation. UCN treatment increased DA cell numbers in rat VM precursor cultures by promoting the conversion of Nurr1(+) precursors into DA neurons. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted UCN with anti-UCN antibody resulted in a reduction in the number of DA neurons. UCN induced an abundance of acetylated histone H3 and enhanced late DA regulator Nurr1, Foxa2, and Pitx3 expressions. Using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches, we further demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and late transcriptional factors upregulation contribute to UCN-mediated DA neuron differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that UCN promoted histone acetylation of chromatin surrounding the TH promoter by directly inhibiting HDAC and releasing of methyl CpG binding protein 2-CoREST-HDAC1 repressor complex from the promoter, ultimately leading to an increase in Nurr1/coactivators-mediated transcription of TH gene. Moreover, UCN treatment in vivo also resulted in increased DA neuron differentiation. These findings suggest that UCN might contribute to regulate late mDA neuron differentiation during VM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Kouwenhoven WM, Veenvliet JV, van Hooft JA, van der Heide LP, Smidt MP. Engrailed 1 shapes the dopaminergic and serotonergic landscape through proper isthmic organizer maintenance and function. Biol Open 2016; 5:279-88. [PMID: 26879466 PMCID: PMC4810741 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The isthmic organizer (IsO) is a signaling center that specifies the correct and distinct embryonic development of the dopaminergic midbrain and serotonergic hindbrain. The IsO is a linear boundary between the two brain regions, emerging at around embryonic day 7-8 of murine embryonic development, that shapes its surroundings through the expression of instructive signals such as Wnt and growth factors. Homeobox transcription factor engrailed 1 (En1) is present in midbrain and rostral hindbrain (i.e. rhombomere 1, R1). Its expression spans the IsO, and it is known to be an important survival factor for both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Erroneous composition of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain or serotonergic neurons in the hindbrain is associated with severe pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, depression or autism. Here we investigated the role of En1 in early mid-hindbrain development, using multiple En1-ablated mouse models as well as lineage-tracing techniques, and observed the appearance of ectopic dopaminergic neurons, indistinguishable from midbrain dopaminergic neurons based on molecular profile and intrinsic electrophysiological properties. We propose that this change is the direct result of a caudal relocation of the IsO as represented by ectopic presence of Fgf8, Otx2, Wnt1 and canonical Wnt-signalling. Our work suggests a newly-discovered role for En1: the repression of Otx2, Wnt1 and canonical Wnt-signaling in R1. Overall, our results suggest that En1 is essential for proper IsO maintenance and function. Summary: Local molecular coding under the influence of En1 is essential for proper spatiotemporal expression of key factors involved in the maintenance and function of the isthmic organizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemieke M Kouwenhoven
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse V Veenvliet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A van Hooft
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L P van der Heide
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94215, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wagenführ L, Meyer AK, Marrone L, Storch A. Oxygen Tension Within the Neurogenic Niche Regulates Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in the Developing Midbrain. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:227-38. [PMID: 26577812 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension is an important factor controlling stem cell proliferation and maintenance in various stem cell populations with a particular relevance in midbrain dopaminergic progenitors. Further studies have shown that the oxygen-dependent transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is involved in these processes. However, all available studies on oxygen effects in dopaminergic neuroprogenitors were performed in vitro and thus it remains unclear whether tissue oxygen tension in the embryonic midbrain is also relevant for the regulation of dopaminergic neurogenesis in vivo. We thus dissect here the effects of oxygen tension in combination with HIF-1α conditional knockout on dopaminergic neurogenesis by using a novel experimental design allowing for the control of oxygen tension within the microenvironment of the neurogenic niche of the murine fetal midbrain in vivo. The microenvironment of the midbrain dopaminergic neurogenic niche was detected as hypoxic with oxygen tensions below 1.1%. Maternal oxygen treatment of 10%, 21%, and 75% atmospheric oxygen tension for 48 h translates into robust changes in fetal midbrain oxygenation. Fetal midbrain hypoxia hampered the generation of dopaminergic neurons and is accompanied with restricted fetal midbrain development. In contrast, induced hyperoxia stimulated proliferation and differentiation of dopaminergic progenitors during early and late embryogenesis. Oxygen effects were not directly mediated through HIF-1α signaling. These data--in agreement with in vitro data-indicate that oxygen is a crucial regulator of developmental dopaminergic neurogenesis. Our study provides the initial framework for future studies on molecular mechanisms mediating oxygen regulation of dopaminergic neurogenesis within the fetal midbrain as its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagenführ
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Karen Meyer
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany
| | - Lara Marrone
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany .,2 Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- 1 Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden, Germany .,2 Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) , Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,3 Department of Neurology, University of Rostock , Rostock, Germany .,4 German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Rostock, Germany
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Klafke R, Prem Anand AA, Wurst W, Prakash N, Wizenmann A. Differences in the spatiotemporal expression and epistatic gene regulation of the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic precursor marker PITX3 during chicken and mouse development. Development 2016; 143:691-702. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons are located in the ventral mesencephalon and caudal diencephalon of all tetrapod species studied so far. They are the most prominent DA neuronal population and are implicated in control and modulation of motor, cognitive and rewarding/affective behaviors. Their degeneration or dysfunction is intimately linked to several neurological and neuropsychiatric human diseases. To gain further insights into their generation, we studied spatiotemporal expression patterns and epistatic interactions in chick embryos of selected marker genes and signaling pathways associated with mdDA neuron development in mouse. We detected striking differences in the expression patterns of the chick orthologs of the mouse mdDA marker genes Pitx3 and Aldh1a1, which suggests important differences between the species in the generation/generating of these cells. We also discovered that the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway is both, necessary and sufficient for the induction of ectopic PITX3 expression in chick mesencephalon downstream of WNT9A induced LMX1a transcription. These aspects of early chicken development resemble the ontogeny of zebrafish diencephalic DA neuronal populations, and suggest a divergence between birds and mammals during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Klafke
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Alwin Prem Anand
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Standort München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Oesterbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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Abstract
Age-related cataracts are frequently associated with degenerative changes in the ocular lens including the aggregation of proteins - mainly crystallins, but also other proteins including amyloids (Aβ) leading to the hypothesis that cataracts could be used as "biomarkers" for Alzheimer disease. Even if this hypothesis was rejected by David Beebe's last paper (Bei et al., Exp. Eye Res., 2015), it is a fascinating aspect to look for commonalities between eye diseases and neurological disorders. In this review, I discuss such commonalities between eye and brain mainly from a developmental point of view. The finding of the functional homology of the Drosophila eyeless gene with the mammalian Pax6 gene marks a first highlight in the developmental genetics of the eye - this result destroyed the "dogma" of the different evolutionary routes of eye development in flies and mammals. The second highlight was the finding that Pax6 is also involved in the development of the forebrain supporting the pleiotropic role of many genes. These findings opened a new avenue for research showing that a broad variety of transcription factors, but also structural proteins are involved both, in eye and brain development as well as into the maintenance of the functional integrity of the corresponding tissue(s). In this review recent findings are summarized demonstrating that genes whose mutations have been identified first to be causative for congenital or juvenile eye disorders are also involved in regenerative processes and neurogenesis (Pax6), but also in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson (e.g. Pitx3) or in neurological disorders like Schizophrenia (e.g. Crybb1, Crybb2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr, 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Anderegg A, Poulin JF, Awatramani R. Molecular heterogeneity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons--Moving toward single cell resolution. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3714-26. [PMID: 26505674 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons have been researched extensively, in part because of their diverse functions and involvement in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the last few decades, reports have emerged that midbrain DA neurons were not a homogeneous group, but that DA neurons located in distinct anatomical locations within the midbrain had distinctive properties in terms of physiology, function, and vulnerability. Accordingly, several studies focused on identifying heterogeneous gene expression across DA neuron clusters. Here we review the importance of understanding DA neuron heterogeneity at the molecular level, previous studies detailing heterogeneous gene expression in DA neurons, and finally recent work which brings together previous heterogeneous gene expression profiles in a coordinated manner, at single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Anderegg
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Poulin
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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Bodea GO, Blaess S. Establishing diversity in the dopaminergic system. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3773-85. [PMID: 26431946 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (MbDNs) modulate cognitive processes, regulate voluntary movement, and encode reward prediction errors and aversive stimuli. While the degeneration of MbDNs underlies the motor defects in Parkinson's disease, imbalances in dopamine levels are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and substance abuse. In recent years, progress has been made in understanding how MbDNs, which constitute a relatively small neuronal population in the brain, can contribute to such diverse functions and dysfunctions. In particular, important insights have been gained regarding the distinct molecular, neurochemical and network properties of MbDNs. How this diversity of MbDNs is established during brain development is only starting to be unraveled. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the diversity in MbDN progenitors and differentiated MbDNs in the developing rodent brain. We discuss the signaling pathways, transcription factors and transmembrane receptors that contribute to setting up these diverse MbDN subpopulations. A better insight into the processes that establish diversity in MbDNs will ultimately improve the understanding of the architecture and function of the dopaminergic system in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela O Bodea
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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