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Brewer MK, Torres P, Ayala V, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R, Andrés-Benito P, Ferrer I, Guinovart JJ, Duran J. Glycogen accumulation modulates life span in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem 2024; 168:744-759. [PMID: 37401737 PMCID: PMC10764643 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, have been shown to contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS, and metabolic dysfunction plays an important role in the progression of the disease. Glycogen is a soluble polymer of glucose found at low levels in the central nervous system that plays an important role in memory formation, synaptic plasticity, and the prevention of seizures. However, its accumulation in astrocytes and/or neurons is associated with pathological conditions and aging. Importantly, glycogen accumulation has been reported in the spinal cord of human ALS patients and mouse models. In the present work, using the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, we show that glycogen accumulates in the spinal cord and brainstem during symptomatic and end stages of the disease and that the accumulated glycogen is associated with reactive astrocytes. To study the contribution of glycogen to ALS progression, we generated SOD1G93A mice with reduced glycogen synthesis (SOD1G93A GShet mice). SOD1G93A GShet mice had a significantly longer life span than SOD1G93A mice and showed lower levels of the astrocytic pro-inflammatory cytokine Cxcl10, suggesting that the accumulation of glycogen is associated with an inflammatory response. Supporting this, inducing an increase in glycogen synthesis reduced life span in SOD1G93A mice. Altogether, these results suggest that glycogen in reactive astrocytes contributes to neurotoxicity and disease progression in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kathryn Brewer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Barcelona (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascual Torres
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victòria Ayala
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Barcelona (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Barcelona (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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Huang L, Yi L, Huang H, Zhan S, Chen R, Yue Z. Corticospinal tract: a new hope for the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:25-36. [PMID: 37704780 PMCID: PMC10874326 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is the most common complication of stroke but represents only one of the many manifestations of upper motor neuron syndrome. As an upper motor neuron, the corticospinal tract (CST) is the only direct descending motor pathway that innervates the spinal motor neurons and is closely related to the recovery of limb function in patients with PSS. Therefore, promoting axonal remodeling in the CST may help identify new therapeutic strategies for PSS. In this review, we outline the pathological mechanisms of PSS, specifically their relationship with CST, and therapeutic strategies for axonal regeneration of the CST after stroke. We found it to be closely associated with astroglial scarring produced by astrocyte activation and its secretion of neurotrophic factors, mainly after the onset of cerebral ischemia. We hope that this review offers insight into the relationship between CST and PSS and provides a basis for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Huang
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Lizhen Yi
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Huiyuan Huang
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Sheng Zhan
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Zenghui Yue
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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3
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Nag TC, Sharma B, Gorla S. Glycogen in retinal horizontal cells of the African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and its physiological significance. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102140. [PMID: 37329686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on glycogen store in the retinal horizontal cells (HC) of the African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus, as seen by histochemical reaction with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and transmission electron microscopy in light- as well as dark-adapted state. Glycogen is abundant in the large somata and less in their axons, characterised ultrastructurally by many microtubules and extensive gap junctions interconnecting them. There was no apparent difference in glycogen content in HC somata between light- and dark adaptation, but the axons clearly showed absence of glycogen in dark condition. The HC somata (presynaptic) make synapses with dendrites in the outer plexiform layer. Müller cell inner processes, which contain more densely packed glycogen, invest the HC. Other cells of the inner nuclear layer do not show any appreciable content of glycogen. Rods, but not cones, contain abundant glycogen in their inner segments and synaptic terminals. It is likely that glycogen is used as energy substrate in hypoxia for this species that dwell muddy aquatic environment with low oxygen content. They appear to have high energy demand, and a high glycogen content in HC could act as a ready source to fulfil physiological processes, like microtubule-based transport of cargo from the large somata to axons and the maintenance of electrical activities across the gap junctions between the axonal processes. It is also likely that they can supplement glucose to the neighbouring inner nuclear layer neurons, which are clearly devoid of glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Gorla
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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4
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Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Pryor D, Perez Garcia GS, Perez GM, Abutarboush R, Kawoos U, Hogg S, Ache B, Sowa A, Tetreault T, Varghese M, Cook DG, Zhu CW, Tappan SJ, Janssen WGM, Hof PR, Ahlers ST, Elder GA. Late chronic local inflammation, synaptic alterations, vascular remodeling and arteriovenous malformations in the brains of male rats exposed to repetitive low-level blast overpressures. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 37173747 PMCID: PMC10176873 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of military operations in modern war theaters, blast exposures are associated with the development of a variety of mental health disorders associated with a post-traumatic stress disorder-related features, including anxiety, impulsivity, insomnia, suicidality, depression, and cognitive decline. Several lines of evidence indicate that acute and chronic cerebral vascular alterations are involved in the development of these blast-induced neuropsychiatric changes. In the present study, we investigated late occurring neuropathological events associated with cerebrovascular alterations in a rat model of repetitive low-level blast-exposures (3 × 74.5 kPa). The observed events included hippocampal hypoperfusion associated with late-onset inflammation, vascular extracellular matrix degeneration, synaptic structural changes and neuronal loss. We also demonstrate that arteriovenous malformations in exposed animals are a direct consequence of blast-induced tissue tears. Overall, our results further identify the cerebral vasculature as a main target for blast-induced damage and support the urgent need to develop early therapeutic approaches for the prevention of blast-induced late-onset neurovascular degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gama Sosa
- General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Rita De Gasperi
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Dylan Pryor
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Georgina S Perez Garcia
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gissel M Perez
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Rania Abutarboush
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Usmah Kawoos
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth Hogg
- Micro Photonics, Inc, 1550 Pond Road, Suite 110, Allentown, PA, 18104, USA
| | - Benjamin Ache
- Micro Photonics, Inc, 1550 Pond Road, Suite 110, Allentown, PA, 18104, USA
| | - Allison Sowa
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Merina Varghese
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carolyn W Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan J Tappan
- MBF Bioscience LLC, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Williston, VT, 05495, USA
| | - William G M Janssen
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Gregory A Elder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
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Characterization of Astrocytes in the Minocycline-Administered Mouse Photothrombotic Ischemic Stroke Model. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2839-2855. [PMID: 35907114 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, together with microglia, play important roles in the non-infectious inflammation and scar formation at the brain infarct during ischemic stroke. After ischemia occurs, these become highly reactive, accumulate at the infarction, and release various inflammatory signaling molecules. The regulation of astrocyte reactivity and function surrounding the infarction largely depends on intercellular communication with microglia. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Furthermore, recent molecular biological studies have revealed that astrocytes are highly divergent under both resting and reactive states, whereas it has not been well reported how the communication between microglia and astrocytes affects astrocyte divergency during ischemic stroke. Minocycline, an antibiotic that reduces microglial activity, has been used to examine the functional roles of microglia in mice. In this study, we used a mouse photothrombotic ischemic stroke model to examine the characteristics of astrocytes after the administration of minocycline during ischemic stroke. Minocycline increased astrocyte reactivity and affected the localization of astrocytes in the penumbra region. Molecular characterization revealed that the induced expression of mRNA encoding the fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) by photothrombosis was enhanced by the minocycline administration. Meanwhile, minocycline did not significantly affect the phenotype or class of astrocytes. The expression of Fabp7 mRNA was well correlated with that of tumor-necrosis factor α (TNFα)-encoding Tnf mRNA, indicating that a correlated expression of FABP7 from astrocytes and TNFα is suppressed by microglial activity.
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegeneration: Neurovascular Unit in the Spotlight. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132023. [PMID: 35805109 PMCID: PMC9265397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in brain energy metabolism and proteopathic stress are implicated in age-related degenerative neuronopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As the currently available drug regimens largely aim to mitigate cognitive decline and/or motor symptoms, there is a dire need for mechanism-based therapies that can be used to improve neuronal function and potentially slow down the underlying disease processes. In this context, a new class of pharmacological agents that achieve improved glycaemic control via the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor has attracted significant attention as putative neuroprotective agents. The experimental evidence supporting their potential therapeutic value, mainly derived from cellular and animal models of AD and PD, has been discussed in several research reports and review opinions recently. In this review article, we discuss the pathological relevance of derangements in the neurovascular unit and the significance of neuron–glia metabolic coupling in AD and PD. With this context, we also discuss some unresolved questions with regard to the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists on the neurovascular unit (NVU), and provide examples of novel experimental paradigms that could be useful in improving our understanding regarding the neuroprotective mode of action associated with these agents.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Beta-Caryophyllene Mediated by the Involvement of TRPV1, BDNF and trkB in the Rat Cerebral Cortex after Hypoperfusion/Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073633. [PMID: 35408995 PMCID: PMC8998979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion (BCCAO/R) is a model to study early hypoperfusion/reperfusion-induced changes in biomarkers of the tissue physiological response to oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus in this study, we investigate with immunochemical assays if a single dose of beta-caryophyllene (BCP), administered before the BCCAO/R, can modulate the TRPV1, BDNF, and trkB receptor in the brain cortex; the glial markers GFAP and Iba1 were also examined. Frontal and temporal-occipital cortical regions were analyzed in two groups of male rats, sham-operated and submitted to BCCAO/R. Six hours before surgery, one group was gavage fed a dose of BCP (40 mg/per rat in 300 μL of sunflower oil), the other was pre-treated with the vehicle alone. Western blot analysis showed that, in the frontal cortex of vehicle-treated rats, the BCCAO/R caused a TRPV1 decrease, an increment of trkB and GFAP, no change in BDNF and Iba1. The BCP treatment caused a decrease of BDNF and an increase of trkB levels in both sham and BCCAO/R conditions while inducing opposite changes in the case of TRPV1, whose levels became higher in BCCAO/R and lower in sham conditions. Present results highlight the role of BCP in modulating early events of the cerebral inflammation triggered by the BCCAO/R through the regulation of TRPV1 and the BDNF-trkB system.
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Shen XY, Gao ZK, Han Y, Yuan M, Guo YS, Bi X. Activation and Role of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:755955. [PMID: 34867201 PMCID: PMC8635513 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.755955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are responsible for the homeostasis, nutrition, and protection of the CNS and play an essential role in many nervous system diseases’ physiological and pathological processes. After stroke injury, astrocytes are activated and play a protective role through the heterogeneous and gradual changes of their gene expression, morphology, proliferation, and function, that is, reactive astrocytes. However, the position of reactive astrocytes has always been a controversial topic. Many studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are a double-edged sword with both beneficial and harmful effects. It is worth noting that their different spatial and temporal expression determines astrocytes’ various functions. Here, we comprehensively review the different roles and mechanisms of astrocytes after ischemic stroke. In addition, the intracellular mechanism of astrocyte activation has also been involved. More importantly, due to the complex cascade reaction and action mechanism after ischemic stroke, the role of astrocytes is still difficult to define. Still, there is no doubt that astrocytes are one of the critical factors mediating the deterioration or improvement of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Shen
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Han Y, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Liu BW, Yang L, Xu YH, Zhao YH. Overview of therapeutic potentiality of Angelica sinensis for ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153652. [PMID: 34362631 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease. Due to sudden interruption of blood flow by arterial thrombus, amounts of neurons in ischemic central and penumbral regions occur necrosis and apoptosis resulting in serious injury of neurological function. Chinese medicines have a great advantage in ischemic stroke treatment and recovery, especially Angelica sinensis. PURPOSE There are a large number of studies reported that Angelica injection and A. sinensis active compounds. We systematically reviewed the effects and mechanisms of A. sinensis in recent years according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements, and excavated its therapeutic potentiality for exploring more effective and safe compounds for ischemic stroke precision treatment. RESULTS A. sinensis extracts and active compounds, such as Z-ligustilide, 3-n-Butylphthalide, and ferulic acid have significant effects of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis, protection of vessels, which contributes to improvement of neurological function on ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION A. sinensis is a key agent for ischemic stroke treatment, and worth deeply excavating its therapeutic potentiality with the aid of pharmacological network, computer-aided drug design, artificial intelligence, big data and multi-scale modelling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa SRA 999078, Macao, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa SRA 999078, Macao, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa SRA 999078, Macao, China
| | - You-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, , Taipa SRA 999078, Macao, China
| | - Yong-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa SRA 999078, Macao, China
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Lu W, Chen Z, Wen J. RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes in ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1101-1108. [PMID: 33745103 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common and undertreated cerebral diseases with high mortality and disability rate. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate the onset, severity, and progression of ischemic stroke. As an integral part of the neuronal glia system, astrocytes provide many housekeeping functions in nervous system, and perform multiple functions both beneficial and detrimental for neuronal survival after ischemic stroke. In addition, the small GTPase Rho and its downstream Rho kinase (ROCK) are associated with various neuronal functions such as dendrite development, migration and axonal extension, and numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes on neurological function after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the interaction of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and astrocytes on the tissue repair after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical School, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Wang HL, Chen JW, Yang SH, Lo YC, Pan HC, Liang YW, Wang CF, Yang Y, Kuo YT, Lin YC, Chou CY, Lin SH, Chen YY. Multimodal Optical Imaging to Investigate Spatiotemporal Changes in Cerebrovascular Function in AUDA Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:655305. [PMID: 34149359 PMCID: PMC8209306 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.655305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) has been demonstrated to alleviate infarction following ischemic stroke. Reportedly, the main effect of AUDA is exerting anti-inflammation and neovascularization via the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase. However, the major contribution of this anti-inflammation and neovascularization effect in the acute phase of stroke is not completely elucidated. To investigate the neuroprotective effects of AUDA in acute ischemic stroke, we combined laser speckle contrast imaging and optical intrinsic signal imaging techniques with the implantation of a lab-designed cranial window. Forepaw stimulation was applied to assess the functional changes via measuring cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) that accompany neural activity. The rats that received AUDA in the acute phase of photothrombotic ischemia stroke showed a 30.5 ± 8.1% reduction in the ischemic core, 42.3 ± 15.1% reduction in the ischemic penumbra (p < 0.05), and 42.1 ± 4.6% increase of CMRO2 in response to forepaw stimulation at post-stroke day 1 (p < 0.05) compared with the control group (N = 10 for each group). Moreover, at post-stroke day 3, increased functional vascular density was observed in AUDA-treated rats (35.9 ± 1.9% higher than that in the control group, p < 0.05). At post-stroke day 7, a 105.4% ± 16.4% increase of astrocytes (p < 0.01), 30.0 ± 10.9% increase of neurons (p < 0.01), and 65.5 ± 15.0% decrease of microglia (p < 0.01) were observed in the penumbra region in AUDA-treated rats (N = 5 for each group). These results suggested that AUDA affects the anti-inflammation at the beginning of ischemic injury and restores neuronal metabolic rate of O2 and tissue viability. The neovascularization triggered by AUDA restored CBF and may contribute to ischemic infarction reduction at post-stroke day 3. Moreover, for long-term neuroprotection, astrocytes in the penumbra region may play an important role in protecting neurons from apoptotic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chi Pan
- National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wen Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Huang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Chiareli RA, Carvalho GA, Marques BL, Mota LS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Gomes RM, Birbrair A, Gomez RS, Simão F, Klempin F, Leist M, Pinto MCX. The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665795. [PMID: 34113618 PMCID: PMC8186445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly specialized glial cells responsible for trophic and metabolic support of neurons. They are associated to ionic homeostasis, the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, the modulation of synaptic activity by capturing and recycle of neurotransmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. During injuries and infections, astrocytes act in cerebral defense through heterogeneous and progressive changes in their gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity, and function, which is known as reactive astrocytes. Thus, reactive astrocytes release several signaling molecules that modulates and contributes to the defense against injuries and infection in the central nervous system. Therefore, deciphering the complex signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after brain damage can contribute to the neuroinflammation control and reveal new molecular targets to stimulate neurorepair process. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes in brain damage and repair, highlighting the cellular and molecular bases involved in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. In addition, we present new approaches to modulate the astrocytic activity and potentiates the neurorepair process after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lennia Soares Mota
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Birbrair
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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14
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Ma G, Pan Z, Kong L, Du G. Neuroinflammation in hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis: Potential mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107216. [PMID: 33296780 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common and serious complication following ischemic stroke, especially after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis, which is associated with increased mortality and disability. Due to the unknown mechanisms and targets of HT, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to decrease the incidence of HT. In recent years, many studies have found that neuroinflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of HT after t-PA thrombolysis, including glial cell activation in the brain, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors, involving inflammation-related targets such as NF-κB, MAPK, HMGB1, TLR4 and NLRP3. Some drugs with anti-inflammatory activity have been shown to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of HT in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including minocycline, fingolimod, tacrolimus, statins and some natural products. In addition, the changes in MMP-9, VAP-1, NLR, sICAM-1 and other inflammatory factors are closely related to the occurrence of HT, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. In this review, we summarize the potential inflammation-related mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs, and biomarkers associated with HT after t-PA thrombolysis and discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation and HT, which provides a reference for research on the mechanisms, prevention and treatment drugs, diagnosis and prognosis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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15
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Yazdankhah M, Shang P, Ghosh S, Hose S, Liu H, Weiss J, Fitting CS, Bhutto IA, Zigler JS, Qian J, Sahel JA, Sinha D, Stepicheva NA. Role of glia in optic nerve. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100886. [PMID: 32771538 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) - a region where the RGC axons exit the eye - represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Cai Y, Guo H, Fan Z, Zhang X, Wu D, Tang W, Gu T, Wang S, Yin A, Tao L, Ji X, Dong H, Li Y, Xiong L. Glycogenolysis Is Crucial for Astrocytic Glycogen Accumulation and Brain Damage after Reperfusion in Ischemic Stroke. iScience 2020; 23:101136. [PMID: 32446205 PMCID: PMC7240195 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic glycogen is an important energy reserve in the brain and is believed to supply fuel during energy crisis. However, the pattern of glycogen metabolism in ischemic stroke and its potential therapeutic impact on neurological outcomes are still unknown. Here, we found extensive brain glycogen accumulation after reperfusion in ischemic stroke patients and primates. Glycogenolytic dysfunction in astrocytes is responsible for glycogen accumulation, caused by inactivation of the protein kinase A (PKA)-glycogen phosphorylase kinase (PhK)-glycogen phosphorylase (GP) cascade accompanied by the activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Genetic or pharmacological augmentation of astrocytic GP could promote astrocyte and neuron survival and improve neurological behaviors. In addition, we found that insulin exerted a neuroprotective effect, at least in part by rescuing the PKA-PhK-GP cascade to maintain homeostasis of glycogen metabolism during reperfusion. Together, our findings suggest a promising intervention for undesirable outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Haiyun Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Di Wu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Brain Science & Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence & Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China
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17
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Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205210. [PMID: 31640144 PMCID: PMC6829276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation and embryonic development. PGRN can be cleaved by neutrophil elastase to release granulin (GRN). PGRN has been found to inhibit inflammation. Whereas, GRN plays a role as a pro-inflammatory factor. However, the pathophysiological roles of PGRN and GRN, at early stages after cerebral ischemia, have not yet been fully understood. The aim of this study was to obtain further insight into the pathologic roles of PGRN and GRN. We demonstrated that the amount of PGRN was significantly increased in microglial cells after cerebral ischemia in rats and that neutrophil elastase activity was also increased at an early stage after cerebral ischemia, resulting in the production of GRN. The inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity suppressed PGRN cleavage and GRN production, as well as the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, after cerebral ischemia. The administration of an elastase inhibitor decreased the number of injured cells and improved the neurological deficits test scores. Our findings suggest that an increase in the activity of elastase to cleave PGRN, and to produce GRN, was involved in an inflammatory response at the early stages after cerebral ischemia, and that inhibition of elastase activity could suppress the progression of cerebral ischemic injury.
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18
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Role of Delayed Neuroglial Activation in Impaired Cerebral Blood Flow Restoration Following Comorbid Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:369-380. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Li K, Li J, Zheng J, Qin S. Reactive Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:664-675. [PMID: 31165009 PMCID: PMC6538217 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the largest and most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a variety of important roles in regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity and providing neuroprotection, thus helping to maintain normal brain function. At the same time, astrocytes can participate in the inflammatory response and play a key role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by numerous pathological conditions in the CNS. Astrocyte reactivity is initially characterized by hypertrophy of soma and processes, triggered by different molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and ischemia can elicit two different types of reactive astrocytes, termed A1s and A2s. However, in the case of astrocyte reactivity in different neurodegenerative diseases, the recently published research issues remain a high level of conflict and controversy. So far, we still know very little about whether and how the function or reactivity of astrocytes changes in the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to briefly discuss recent studies highlighting the complex contribution of astrocytes in the process of various neurodegenerative diseases, which may provide us with new prospects for the development of an excellent therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- 2Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Qin
- 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Brewer MK, Gentry MS. Brain Glycogen Structure and Its Associated Proteins: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:17-81. [PMID: 31667805 PMCID: PMC7239500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of glycogen-related research and discusses in detail the structure, regulation, chemical properties and subcellular distribution of glycogen and its associated proteins, with particular focus on these aspects in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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21
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Xu X, Stoyanova EI, Lemiesz AE, Xing J, Mash DC, Heintz N. Species and cell-type properties of classically defined human and rodent neurons and glia. eLife 2018; 7:e37551. [PMID: 30320555 PMCID: PMC6188473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the molecular properties of genetically targeted cell types has led to fundamental insights into mouse brain function and dysfunction. Here, we report an efficient strategy for precise exploration of gene expression and epigenetic events in specific cell types in a range of species, including postmortem human brain. We demonstrate that classically defined, homologous neuronal and glial cell types differ between rodent and human by the expression of hundreds of orthologous, cell specific genes. Confirmation that these genes are differentially active was obtained using epigenetic mapping and immunofluorescence localization. Studies of sixteen human postmortem brains revealed gender specific transcriptional differences, cell-specific molecular responses to aging, and the induction of a shared, robust response to an unknown external event evident in three donor samples. Our data establish a comprehensive approach for analysis of molecular events associated with specific circuits and cell types in a wide variety of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elitsa I Stoyanova
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Agata E Lemiesz
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jie Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiUnited States
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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22
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Shi YJ, Shi M, Xiao LJ, Li L, Zou LH, Li CY, Zhang QJ, Zhou LF, Ji XC, Huang H, Xi Y, Liu L, Zhang HY, Zhao G, Ma L. Inhibitive Effects of FGF2/FGFR1 Pathway on Astrocyte-Mediated Inflammation in vivo and in vitro After Infrasound Exposure. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:582. [PMID: 30210273 PMCID: PMC6119807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrasound, a kind of ambient noise, can cause severe disorders to various human organs, specially to central nervous system (CNS). Our previous studies have shown that infrasound-induced CNS injury was closely related with astrocytes activation and astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unclear. FGF2/FGFR1 (Fibroblast growth factor 2/Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) pathway was reported to play an important role in anti-inflammation in CNS disorders. To further study the possible roles of FGF2/FGFR1 pathway in infrasound-induced CNS injury, here we exposed Sprague-Dawley rats or cultured astrocytes to 16 Hz, 150 dB infrasound, and explored the effects of FGF2 on infrasound-induced astrocytes activation and neuroinflammation. Western blotting, immunofluorescence and liquid chip method were used in this experiment. Our results showed that after 3- or 7-day exposure (2 h/day) of rats as well as 2 h exposure of cultured astrocytes to 16 Hz, 150 dB infrasound, astrocyte-expressed FGFR1 was downregulated in vivo and in vitro. FGF2 pretreatment not only inhibited infrasound-induced astrocyte activation in rat hippocampal CA1 region, but also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and IFN-γ in vitro and in vivo. However, FGF2 significantly upregulated the expression of FGFR1. Furthermore, we showed that FGF2 could attenuate IκBα phosphorylation, NF-κB p65 translocation, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and neuronal loss in the CA1 region induced by infrasound. On the contrary, PD173074, a special antagonist of FGFR1, could reverse the effects above in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings showed that FGF2/FGFR1 pathway may exert inhibitive effects on astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo after infrasound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,31668 Troops of PLA, Army Medical University, Xining, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin-Hui Zou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao-Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qin-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Meishan Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Hospital, Meishan, China
| | - Lin-Fu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of PLA, Baoji, China
| | - Xin-Chao Ji
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Xi
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Ya Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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23
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Choi SH, Kim HJ, Cho HJ, Park SD, Lee NE, Hwang SH, Cho IH, Hwang H, Rhim H, Kim HC, Nah SY. Gintonin, a Ginseng-Derived Exogenous Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Ligand, Protects Astrocytes from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stresses Through Stimulation of Astrocytic Glycogenolysis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3280-3294. [PMID: 30117105 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a unique brain cell-storing glycogen and express lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. Gintonin is a ginseng-derived exogenous G protein-coupled LPA receptor ligand. Accumulating evidence shows that astrocytes serve as an energy supplier to neurons through astrocytic glycogenolysis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, little is known about the relationships between LPA receptors and astrocytic glycogenolysis or about the roles of LPA receptors in hypoxia and re-oxygenation stresses. In the present study, we examined the functions of gintonin-mediated astrocytic glycogenolysis in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, glutamate uptake, and cell viability under normoxic, hypoxic, and re-oxygenation conditions. The application of gintonin or LPA to astrocytes induced glycogenolysis in concentration- and time-dependent manners. The stimulation of gintonin-mediated astrocytic glycogenolysis was achieved through the LPA receptor-Gαq/11 protein-phospholipase C-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transient pathway. Gintonin treatment to astrocytes increased the phosphorylation of brain phosphorylase kinase, with sensitive manner to K252a, an inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase. Gintonin-mediated astrocytic glycogenolysis was blocked by isofagomine, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor. Gintonin additionally increased astrocytic glycogenolysis under hypoxic and re-oxygenation conditions. Moreover, gintonin increased ATP production, glutamate uptake, and cell viability under the hypoxic and re-oxygenation conditions. Collectively, we found that the gintonin-mediated [Ca2+]i transients regulated by LPA receptors were coupled to astrocytic glycogenolysis and that stimulation of gintonin-mediated astrocytic glycogenolysis was coupled to ATP production and glutamate uptake under hypoxic and re-oxygenation conditions, ultimately protecting astrocytes. Hence, the gintonin-mediated astrocytic energy that is modulated via LPA receptors helps to protect astrocytes under hypoxia and re-oxygenation stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Sang-Deuk Park
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Na-Eun Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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24
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Spatial Dynamics of Vascular and Biochemical Injury in Rat Hippocampus Following Striatal Injury and Aβ Toxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2714-2727. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Mechanisms of Endogenous Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocytes in Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6501031. [PMID: 29805731 PMCID: PMC5901819 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6501031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, once believed to serve only as "glue" for the structural support of neurons, have been demonstrated to serve critical functions for the maintenance and protection of neurons, especially under conditions of acute or chronic injury. There are at least seven distinct mechanisms by which astrocytes protect neurons from damage; these are (1) protection against glutamate toxicity, (2) protection against redox stress, (3) mediation of mitochondrial repair mechanisms, (4) protection against glucose-induced metabolic stress, (5) protection against iron toxicity, (6) modulation of the immune response in the brain, and (7) maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the presence of DNA damage. Astrocytes support these critical functions through specialized responses to stress or toxic conditions. The detoxifying activities of astrocytes are essential for maintenance of the microenvironment surrounding neurons and in whole tissue homeostasis. Improved understanding of the mechanisms by which astrocytes protect the brain could lead to the development of novel targets for the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Bylicky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gregory P. Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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26
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Xu J, Long H, Chen W, Cheng X, Yu H, Huang Y, Wang X, Li F. Ultrastructural Features of Neurovascular Units in a Rat Model of Chronic Compressive Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neuroanat 2018; 11:136. [PMID: 29375327 PMCID: PMC5767600 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord compression is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment worldwide. Objective of this study is to assess the ultrastructural features of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in a rat model of chronic compressive spinal cord injury, 24 SD rats were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 12), and the compression group (n = 12). A C6 semi-laminectomy was performed in the control group, whereas a water-absorbent polyurethane polymer was implanted into the C6 epidural space in the compression group. The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scores and the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were used to evaluate neurological functions. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed to investigate the change of NVU at the 28th day after modeling. Compared with the control group, the compression group shows a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of BBB score and a significant severity (P < 0.05) of abnormal SEP. TEM results of the compression group showed a striking increase in endothelial caveolae and vacuoles; a number of small spaces in tight junctions; a significant increase in pericyte processing area and vessel coverage; an expansion of the basement membrane region; swollen astrocyte endfeet and mitochondria; and the degeneration of neurons and axons. Our study revealed that damage to NVU components occurred followed by chronic compressive spinal cord injury. Several compensatory changes characterized by thicker endothelium, expansive BM, increased pericyte processing area and vessel coverage were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangliang Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fobao Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Involvement of GSK-3β Phosphorylation Through PI3-K/Akt in Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neurogenesis in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7917-7927. [PMID: 27866373 PMCID: PMC5684253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, regulates various cellular processes including gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation. However, involvement of GSK-3β in cerebral ischemia-induced endogenous neurogenesis is not yet fully understood. Appropriate strategies to prevent ischemic cell damage and subsequent severe sequelae are needed. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between pathophysiological alteration of the GSK-3β signaling pathway and cerebral ischemia-induced endogenous neurogenesis in rats. Severe cerebral ischemia was produced by the injection of 700 microspheres into the right internal carotid artery of rats. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of GSK-3β at its Ser9 and that of Akt was significantly enhanced on day 7 after the cerebral ischemia, as was the number of NeuroD-positive cells. Treatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor decreased the cerebral ischemia-induced phosphorylation of Akt and that of GSK-3β at its Ser9. In addition, as the protein levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were decreased, they might not have been essential for activation of the PI3-K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway after severe cerebral ischemia. Although it remains to be determined what factors activate this pathway, our results suggest that PI3K/Akt-dependent GSK-3β signaling and subsequent expression of NeuroD were involved in the neurogenesis elicited by cerebral ischemia.
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28
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Hackett MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Caine S, Alaverdashvili M, Pushie MJ, Kelly ME. Concurrent Glycogen and Lactate Imaging with FTIR Spectroscopy To Spatially Localize Metabolic Parameters of the Glial Response Following Brain Ischemia. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10949-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hackett
- Nanochemistry
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Nicole J. Sylvain
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sally Caine
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins
Road, Suite B221 Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mariam Alaverdashvili
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins
Road, Suite B221 Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Michael J. Pushie
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Department
of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Suite B419 Health
Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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29
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Nahirney PC, Reeson P, Brown CE. Ultrastructural analysis of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the peri-infarct zone in young adult and aged mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:413-25. [PMID: 26661190 PMCID: PMC4759675 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following ischemia, the blood-brain barrier is compromised in the peri-infarct zone leading to secondary injury and dysfunction that can limit recovery. Currently, it is uncertain what structural changes could account for blood-brain barrier permeability, particularly with aging. Here we examined the ultrastructure of early and delayed changes (3 versus 72 h) to the blood-brain barrier in young adult and aged mice (3-4 versus 18 months) subjected to photothrombotic stroke. At both time points and ages, permeability was associated with a striking increase in endothelial caveolae and vacuoles. Tight junctions were generally intact although small spaces were detected in a few cases. In young mice, ischemia led to a significant increase in pericyte process area and vessel coverage whereas these changes were attenuated with aging. Stroke led to an expansion of the basement membrane region that peaked at 3 h and partially recovered by 72 h in both age groups. Astrocyte endfeet and their mitochondria were severely swollen at both times points and ages. Our results suggest that blood-brain barrier permeability in young and aged animals is mediated by transcellular pathways (caveolae/vacuoles), rather than tight junction loss. Further, our data indicate that the effects of ischemia on pericytes and basement membrane are affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Nahirney
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick Reeson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Michels M, Steckert AV, Quevedo J, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. Mechanisms of long-term cognitive dysfunction of sepsis: from blood-borne leukocytes to glial cells. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3:30. [PMID: 26515197 PMCID: PMC4626467 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms are associated with brain dysfunction during sepsis; one of the most important are activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of glial cells induces changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and these alterations could induce neuronal dysfunction. Furthermore, blood-borne leukocytes can also reach the brain and participate in inflammatory response. Mechanisms involved in sepsis-associated brain dysfunction were revised here, focusing in neuroinflammation and involvement of blood-borne leukocytes and glial cells in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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31
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Liu Z, Chopp M. Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 144:103-20. [PMID: 26455456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type within the central nervous system. They play essential roles in maintaining normal brain function, as they are a critical structural and functional part of the tripartite synapses and the neurovascular unit, and communicate with neurons, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. After an ischemic stroke, astrocytes perform multiple functions both detrimental and beneficial, for neuronal survival during the acute phase. Aspects of the astrocytic inflammatory response to stroke may aggravate the ischemic lesion, but astrocytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection, by limiting lesion extension via anti-excitotoxicity effects and releasing neurotrophins. Similarly, during the late recovery phase after stroke, the glial scar may obstruct axonal regeneration and subsequently reduce the functional outcome; however, astrocytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and axonal remodeling, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Thus, the pivotal involvement of astrocytes in normal brain function and responses to an ischemic lesion designates them as excellent therapeutic targets to improve functional outcome following stroke. In this review, we will focus on functions of astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated events during stroke and recovery. We will provide an overview of approaches on how to reduce the detrimental effects and amplify the beneficial effects of astrocytes on neuroprotection and on neurorestoration post stroke, which may lead to novel and clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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32
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α7 Nicotinic Receptor Promotes the Neuroprotective Functions of Astrocytes against Oxaliplatin Neurotoxicity. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:396908. [PMID: 26146570 PMCID: PMC4469839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathies are characterized by a complex response of the central nervous system to injuries. Glial cells are recruited to maintain neuronal homeostasis but dysregulated activation leads to pain signaling amplification and reduces the glial neuroprotective power. Recently, we highlighted the property of α7 nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor (nAChR) agonists to relieve pain and induce neuroprotection simultaneously with a strong increase in astrocyte density. Aimed to study the role of α7 nAChR in the neuron-glia cross-talk, we treated primary rat neurons and astrocytes with the neurotoxic anticancer drug oxaliplatin evaluating the effect of the α7 nAChR agonist PNU-282987 (PNU). Oxaliplatin (1 μM, 48 h) reduced cell viability and increased caspase-3 activity of neuron monocultures without damaging astrocytes. In cocultures, astrocytes were not able to protect neurons by oxaliplatin even if glial cell metabolism was stimulated (pyruvate increase). On the contrary, the coculture incubation with 10 μM PNU improved neuron viability and inhibited apoptosis. In the absence of astrocytes, the protection disappeared. Furthermore, PNU promoted the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 and the expression of the glutamate-detoxifying enzyme glutamine synthetase. The α7 nAChR stimulation protects neurons from oxaliplatin toxicity through an astrocyte-mediated mechanism. α7 nAChR is suggested for recovering the homeostatic role of astrocytes.
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33
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Kim MJ, Cho JH, Cho JH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Cho GS, Yan BC, Hwang IK, Lee CH, Bae EJ, Won MH, Lee JC. Impact of hyperthermia before and during ischemia–reperfusion on neuronal damage and gliosis in the gerbil hippocampus induced by transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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34
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Chen SH, Oyarzabal EA, Sung YF, Chu CH, Wang Q, Chen SL, Lu RB, Hong JS. Microglial regulation of immunological and neuroprotective functions of astroglia. Glia 2014; 63:118-31. [PMID: 25130274 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and astroglia play critical roles in the development, function, and survival of neurons in the CNS. However, under inflammatory conditions the role of astrogliosis in the inflammatory process and its effects on neurons remains unclear. Here, we used several types of cell cultures treated with the bacterial inflammogen LPS to address these questions. We found that the presence of astroglia reduced inflammation-driven neurotoxicity, suggesting that astrogliosis is principally neuroprotective. Neutralization of supernatant glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) released from astroglia significantly reduced this neuroprotective effect during inflammation. To determine the immunological role of astroglia, we optimized a highly-enriched astroglial culture protocol and demonstrated that LPS failed to induce the synthesis and release of TNF-α and iNOS/NO. Instead we found significant enhancement of TNF-α and iNOS expression in highly-enriched astroglial cultures required the presence of 0.5-1% microglia, respectively. Thus suggesting that microglial-astroglial interactions are required for LPS to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and GDNF from astroglia. Specifically, we found that microglia-derived TNF-α plays a pivotal role as a paracrine signal to regulate the neuroprotective functions of astrogliosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that astroglia may not possess the ability to directly recognize the innate immune stimuli LPS, but rather depend on crosstalk with microglia to elicit release of neurotrophic factors as a counterbalance to support neuronal survival from the collateral damage generated by activated microglia during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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35
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Grosso H, Woo JM, Lee KW, Im JY, Masliah E, Junn E, Mouradian MM. Transglutaminase 2 exacerbates α-synuclein toxicity in mice and yeast. FASEB J 2014; 28:4280-91. [PMID: 24970392 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a key pathogenic protein that aggregates in hallmark lesions in Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies. Prior in vitro studies demonstrated that it is a substrate for cross-linking by transglutaminase 2 (TG2) into higher-order species. Here we investigated whether this increased aggregation occurs in vivo and whether TG2 exacerbates α-synuclein toxicity in Mus musculus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with α-synuclein transgenic (Syn(Tg)) mice, animals double transgenic for human α-synuclein and TG2 (TG2(Tg)/Syn(Tg)) manifested greater high-molecular-weight insoluble species of α-synuclein in brain lysates and developed α-synuclein aggregates in the synaptic vesicle fraction. In addition, larger proteinase K-resistant aggregates developed, along with increased thioflavin-S-positive amyloid fibrils. This correlated with an exaggerated neuroinflammatory response, as seen with more astrocytes and microglia. Further neuronal damage was suggested by greater morphological disruption of nerve fibers and a trend toward decreased c-Fos immunoreactive neurons. Finally, the performance of TG2(Tg)/Syn(Tg) animals on motor behavioral tasks was worse relative to Syn(Tg) mice. Greater toxicity of α-synuclein was also demonstrated in yeast cells coexpressing TG2. Our findings demonstrate that TG2 promotes the aggregation of α-synuclein in vivo and that this is associated with aggravated toxicity of α-synuclein and its downstream neuropathologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Grosso
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Kang-Woo Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Joo-Young Im
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eunsung Junn
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - M Maral Mouradian
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; and
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Ashpole NM, Chawla AR, Martin MP, Brustovetsky T, Brustovetsky N, Hudmon A. Loss of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in cortical astrocytes decreases glutamate uptake and induces neurotoxic release of ATP. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14599-14611. [PMID: 23543737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inactivation in the brain after ischemia correlates with the extent of damage. We have previously shown that a loss of CaMKII activity in neurons is detrimental to neuronal viability by inducing excitotoxic glutamate release. In the current study we extend these findings to show that the ability of astrocytes to buffer extracellular glutamate is reduced when CaMKII is inhibited. Furthermore, CaMKII inhibition in astrocytes is associated with the rapid onset of intracellular calcium oscillations. Surprisingly, this rapid calcium influx is blocked by the N-type calcium channel antagonist, ω-conotoxin. Although the function of N-type calcium channels within astrocytes is controversial, these voltage-gated calcium channels have been linked to calcium-dependent vesicular gliotransmitter release. When extracellular glutamate and ATP levels are measured after CaMKII inhibition within our enriched astrocyte cultures, no alterations in glutamate levels are observed, whereas ATP levels in the extracellular environment significantly increase. Extracellular ATP accumulation associated with CaMKII inhibition contributes both to calcium oscillations within astrocytes and ultimately cortical neuron toxicity. Thus, a loss of CaMKII signaling within astrocytes dysregulates glutamate uptake and supports ATP release, two processes that would compromise neuronal survival after ischemic/excitotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ashpole
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Aarti R Chawla
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Matthew P Martin
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Tatiana Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Nickolay Brustovetsky
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Andy Hudmon
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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Study on the correlation between synaptic reconstruction and astrocyte after ischemia and the influence of electroacupuncture on rats. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:750-7. [PMID: 21717159 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the structure parameters of synapse and reactive changes of astrocyte in the marginal zone of focal cerebral ischemia in rats at different time zones so as to further explore its underlying mechanisms in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. METHODS Ninety male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sham-operation, model, and EA groups, with 30 animals in each group. Each group was subdivided into 1 h, as well as 1, 3, 7, and 21 days post-operation groups, with 6 animals assigned to each time point subgroup. Heat coagulation-induced occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed to establish a model of focal cerebral ischemia. EA was applied immediately following surgery to the EA group [4/20 Hz, 2.0-3.0 V, 1-3 mA, to Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14)] for 30 min. Treatment was performed once a day, and experimental animals were sacrificed at 1 h, as well as 1, 3, 7 and 21 days postoperation. The ultrastructure changes in synapse and astrocytes were observed by using transmission electron microscopy. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and Ca(2+) of astrocytes were measured by using laser confocal scanning microscope. Excitatory amino acid transporters-2 (EAAT2) and connexin 43 (CX43) expressions were assayed with immunohistochemical method. Canonical correlation analysis was conducted between structure parameters of synapse and parameters of astrocyte in the same time and group. RESULTS Broken synapses were observed following cerebral ischemia, and the numbers of synapses were significantly decreased. Compared with the model group, synaptic ultrastructure was significantly improved in the EA group. Compared with the sham-operation group, synaptic number density was significantly decreased, as were postsynaptic density thickness, synaptic cleft width and synaptic interface curvature in the EA and model groups. However, compared with the model group, postsynaptic density thickness was significantly increased in the EA group at the same time points post-operation (P <0.05, P<0.01). In addition, synaptic cleft width, synaptic number density and synaptic interface curvature were significantly increased with the passage of time (P <0.05, P<0.01). The expression of GFAP in the EA group were significantly lower than those in the model group at all the time points (P <0.05, P<0.01). OD values of EAAT2 in the EA group were significantly higher than those in the model group at the same time (P <0.05, P<0.01). Compared with that in the model group, the expressions of CX43 in the EA group increased significantly at 3 days and 7 days (P <0.05, P<0.01). Ca(2+) average fluorescence intensity of astrocytes in the EA group was significantly lower than those in the model group at 1 h, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days (P <0.05, P<0.01). The changes in structure parameters of synapse were closely related to the changes of CX43, EAAT2, GFAP, Ca(2+) of astrocytes by EA treatment at all the time points. CONCLUSIONS EA is helpful for synaptic reorganization, which may be related to its effect on intervening the activation state of astrocytes and promoting the beneficial interaction between astrocytes and synapses. Acupuncture could start the adjustment of neuron-glial network so as to promote the synaptic reorganization, which may be the key mechanism of treating cerebral ischemia.
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Lichtenbergová L, Lassmann H, Jones MK, Kolářová L, Horák P. Trichobilharzia regenti: host immune response in the pathogenesis of neuroinfection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:328-35. [PMID: 21554878 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Besides their natural bird hosts, Trichobilharzia regenti cercariae are able to penetrate skin of mammals, including humans. Experimental infections of mice showed that schistosomula of this species are able to avoid the immune response in skin of their non-specific mammalian host and escape the skin to migrate to the CNS. Schistosomula do not mature in mammals, but can survive in nervous tissue for several days post infection. Neuroinfections of specific bird hosts as well as accidental mammalian hosts can lead to neuromotor effects, for example, leg paralysis and thus this parasite serves as a model of parasite invasion of the CNS. Here, we show by histological and immunohistochemical investigation of CNS invasion of immunocompetent (BALB/c) and immunodeficient (SCID) mice by T. regenti schistosomula that the presence of parasites in the nervous tissue initiated an influx of immune cells, activation of microglia, astrocytes and development of inflammatory lesions. Schistosomula elimination in the tissue depended on the host immune status. In the absence of CD3+ T-cells in immunodeficient SCID mice, parasite destruction was slower than that in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Axon injury and subsequent secondary demyelination in the CNS were associated with mechanical damage due to migration of schistosomula through the nervous tissue, and not by host immune processes. Immunoreactivity of the parasite intestinal content for specific antigens of oligodendrocytes/myelin and neurofilaments showed for the first time that schistosomula ingest the nervous tissue components during their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lichtenbergová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Brain plasticity describes the potential of the organ for adaptive changes involved in various phenomena in health and disease. A substantial amount of experimental evidence, received in animal and cell models, shows that a cascade of plastic changes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, is initiated in different regions of the postischemic brain. Underlying mechanisms include neurochemical alterations, functional changes in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, axonal and dendritic sprouting, and reorganization of sensory and motor central maps. Multiple lines of evidence indicate numerous points in which the process of postischemic recovery may be influenced with the aim to restore the full capacity of the brain tissue injured by an ischemic episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna G Skibo
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
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40
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Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, Fernández-Millán E, de Miguel-Santos L, Martínez-Honduvilla CJ, Alvarez C, Escrivá F. Early undernutrition increases glycogen content and reduces the activated forms of GSK3, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK in the cerebral cortex of suckling rats. J Neurochem 2010; 112:123-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nikonenko AG, Radenovic L, Andjus PR, Skibo GG. Structural Features of Ischemic Damage in the Hippocampus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1914-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Benaissa F, Mohseni-Rad H, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Mahmoudian M. Berberine reduces the hypoxic-ischemic insult in rat pup brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 96:213-20. [PMID: 19457765 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from medicinal herbs, has been used as antipyretic, antidiarrheal, bactericide and anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, berberine effects on neuronal damage have been examined. The right carotid artery of seven-day-old rat pups was ligated (ischemic insult), then berberine solution (0.2, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg) was injected intra-peritoneally, and 30 minutes later pups were passed through hypoxic condition with breathing in air containing 10% oxygen and 90% nitrogen(hypoxic insult). The day after that the brains of pups were enucleated for pathologic assessment. Pathologic review of the samples obtained from rats treated with different doses of berberine in comparison with samples from pups treated by normal saline showed that there was a significant reduction of brain injury and edema in the rats treated with berberine. Our study also demonstrates that berberine reduces brain ischemic-hypoxic injury dose-dependently. Therefore, beberine may be considered as useful anti-stroke agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benaissa
- Iran University of Medical Science, Department of Neurology, P.O. BOX 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran
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Mochizuki N, Takagi N, Kurokawa K, Onozato C, Moriyama Y, Tanonaka K, Takeo S. Injection of neural progenitor cells improved learning and memory dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:194-202. [PMID: 18346733 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells have the ability to improve neurological deficits seen after cerebral ischemia. However, the effects of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) on cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction remain to be clarified. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the injection of exogenous NPCs could prevent learning and memory dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. Sustained cerebral ischemia was produced by the injection of 700 microspheres into the right hemisphere of each rat. We demonstrated that injection of NPCs into the hippocampus at 10 min after the induction of cerebral ischemia reduced prolongation of the escape latency seen in acquisition and retention tests of the water maze task on Days 12-28 after cerebral ischemia. Injection of NPCs partially attenuated the decrease in viable areas of the ipsilateral hemisphere on Day 28 after the cerebral ischemia. We also demonstrated that injection of NPCs prevented the decrease in the level of BDNF seen at the early period after cerebral ischemia. These results suggest that the injection of exogenous NPCs into the hippocampus can prevent cerebral ischemia-induced learning and memory dysfunction, possibly through maintenance of the BDNF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Mochizuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Okutsu S, Hatakeyama H, Kanazaki M, Tsubokawa H, Nagatomi R. Electric Pulse Stimulation Induces NMDA Glutamate Receptor mRNA in NIH3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 215:181-7. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.215.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Okutsu
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Makoto Kanazaki
- TUBERO/Tohoku University Biomedical Engineering Research Organization, School of Medicine
| | | | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Sun L, Kuroiwa T, Ishibashi S, Katsumata N, Endo S, Mizusawa H. Transition of areas of eosinophilic neurons and reactive astrocytes to delayed cortical infarcts after transient unilateral forebrain ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:21-8. [PMID: 16311772 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 08/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fate of postischemic tissues containing eosinophilic neurons (ENs), whether they remain viable or evolve into infarction, is largely unknown. We analyzed the time profile and distribution of ENs, reactive astrocytes (RAs), and infarction after transient cerebral ischemia. Unilateral forebrain ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by two 10-min unilateral common carotid artery occlusions with a 5-h interval, and the brains at 24 h, 4 days, and 2, 4, and 16 weeks were prepared for morphometric analysis. Intra-ischemic laser Doppler flowmetry revealed significant ischemia, deeper in the anterior cortex, during carotid occlusion. Here, ENs appeared in the middle and deep layers at 24 h postischemia, and EN areas had extended to all cortical layers by 4 days. Large areas of high EN density turned into infarcts between 4 days and 4 weeks. In the posterior cortex, middle and deep cortical layers evolved low EN density areas without subsequent transformation into infarcts. RAs were consistently observed in areas with ENs, and RA areas with high EN density were largely transformed into infarcts between 4 days and 4 weeks postischemia. Areas of high, but not low, EN density were slowly transformed into infarcts after transient cerebral ischemia. Delayed astrocytic death took place in the RA areas with high EN density. In conclusion, density of ENs is an important indicator of delayed astrocytic death and infarction in postischemic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
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Verleysdonk S, Kistner S, Pfeiffer-Guglielmi B, Wellard J, Lupescu A, Laske J, Lang F, Rapp M, Hamprecht B. Glycogen metabolism in rat ependymal primary cultures: regulation by serotonin. Brain Res 2005; 1060:89-99. [PMID: 16202983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ependymal primary cultures are a model for studying ependymal energy metabolism. Intracellular glycogen is built up in the cultures dependent on culture age and the presence of glucose and glutamate. This energy store is mobilized upon glucose withdrawal, stimulation with isoproterenol, forskolin or serotonin and after uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production. Serotonin regulates ependymal glycogen metabolism predominantly via 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) 7, which elicits an increase in the level of ependymal cyclic AMP. Although the most abundant mRNAs for serotonin receptors are those of 5-HTR 2B and 5-HTR 3A, ependymal cells in primary culture do not respond to serotonin with an increase in their concentration of cytosolic calcium ions. The mRNAs of 5-HTRs 1A, 6, 1B, 5B, 7, 1/2C and 5A are also detectable in order of decreasing abundance. The mRNAs for 5-HTRs 1D, 1F, 3B and 4 are absent from the cultured cells. The ability of serotonin to mobilize ependymal glycogen depends on the culture age and the time allowed for glycogen buildup. During glycogen buildup time, glutamate is consumed by the cells. An increased ability of 5-HT to mobilize ependymal glycogen stores is noticed after the depletion of glutamate from the glycogen buildup medium. In ependymal primary cultures, cilia are colocalized with glycogen phosphorylase isozyme BB, while the MM isoform is not expressed. It is known from the literature that an increase in the concentration of cytosolic cAMP in ependymal cells leads to a decrease in ciliary beat frequency. Therefore, the present data point towards a function for ependymal glycogen other than supplying energy for the movement of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Verleysdonk
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Baille V, Clarke PGH, Brochier G, Dorandeu F, Verna JM, Four E, Lallement G, Carpentier P. Soman-induced convulsions: the neuropathology revisited. Toxicology 2005; 215:1-24. [PMID: 16054742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphorus compound soman, an irreversible inhibitor of cholinesterases, produces seizure activity and related brain damage. Studies using various biochemical markers of programmed cell death (PCD) suggested that soman-induced cell damage in the brain was apoptotic rather than necrotic. However, it has recently become clear that not all PCD is apoptotic, and the unequivocal demonstration of apoptosis requires ultrastructural examination. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to reinvestigate the damage produced in the brains of mice sacrificed at various times within the first 24 h or at 7 days after a convulsive dose of soman. Classical histology and ultrastructural examination were performed. The immunohistochemical expression of proteins (p53, Bax) involved in PCD, DNA fragmentation (TUNEL method at light and electron microscopy levels) and the glial reaction were also explored. Our study confirms that the severity of lesions depended on the duration of convulsions and shows that cerebral changes were still occurring as late as 7 days after the onset of long-lasting convulsions. Our observations also establish that there was a large variety of ultrastructurally distinct types of cell damage, including hybrid forms between apoptosis and necrosis, but that pure apoptosis was very rare. A prominent expression of p53 and Bax proteins was detected indicating that PCD mechanisms were certainly involved in the morphologically diverse forms of cell death. Since purely apoptotic cells were very rare, these protein expressions were presumably involved either in nonapoptotic cell death mechanisms or in apoptotic mechanisms occurring in parallel with nonapoptotic ones. Moreover, evidence for DNA fragmentation by the TUNEL method was found in apoptotic but also in numerous other morphotypes of cell damage. Therefore, TUNEL-positivity and the expression of PCD-related proteins, in the absence of ultrastructural confirmation, were here shown not to provide proof of apoptosis. In soman poisoning as well as in other cerebral pathologies, premature conclusions on this question can potentially be misleading and might even lead to detrimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Baille
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Département de Toxicologie, BP87, 38702 LA TRONCHE Cedex, France.
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Trendelenburg G, Dirnagl U. Neuroprotective role of astrocytes in cerebral ischemia: focus on ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2005; 50:307-320. [PMID: 15846804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Following focal cerebral ischemia ("stroke") a complex and dynamic interaction of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons determines the extent of the ensuing lesion. Traditionally, the focus has been on mechanisms of damage, while recently it has become clear that endogenous mechanisms of protection are equally important for the final outcome. Glial cells, in particular astrocytes, have always been viewed as supporters of neuronal function. Only recently a very active role for glial cells has been emerging in physiology and pathophysiology. Not surprisingly, then, specific protective pathways have been identified by which these cells can protect or even help to regenerate brain tissue after acute insults. However, as exemplified by the existence of the glial scar, which forms around lesioned brain tissue, is composed mainly of astrocytes and plays a key role in regeneration failure, it is an oversimplification to assign merely protective functions to astrocytes. The present review will discuss the role of astrocytes in ischemic brain injury with a focus on neuroprotection in general. In this context we will consider particularly the phenomenon of "ischemic tolerance," which is an experimental paradigm helpful in discriminating destructive from protective mechanisms after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Date I, Takagi N, Takagi K, Kago T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Takeo S. Hepatocyte growth factor improved learning and memory dysfunction of microsphere-embolized rats. J Neurosci Res 2005; 78:442-53. [PMID: 15389834 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an organotropic factor for regeneration and protection in various organs, has the ability to attenuate cerebral ischemia-induced cell death. The effect of HGF on learning and memory function after cerebral ischemia, however, remains unknown. We have demonstrated that administration of human recombinant HGF (hrHGF) into the ventricle reduced prolongation of the escape latency in acquisition and retention tests of the water maze task on Days 12-28 after microsphere embolism-induced cerebral ischemia. Treatment with hrHGF also attenuated the decrease in viable area and the density and number of perfused cerebral vessels, particularly those with a diameter smaller than 10 microm, of the ipsilateral hemisphere on Day 28 after the cerebral ischemia. We observed that treatment with hrHGF reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cerebral endothelial cells at the early stage after the ischemia. These results suggest that hrHGF prevents learning and memory dysfunction seen after sustained cerebral ischemia by protecting against injury to the endothelial cells. HGF treatment may be a potent therapeutic strategy for cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral infarct and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Date
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Extracellular [K+] can range within 2.5-3.5 mM under normal conditions to 50-80 mM under ischemic and spreading depression events. Sustained exposure to elevated [K+]o has been shown to cause significant neuronal death even under conditions of abundant glucose supply. Astrocytes are well equipped to buffer this initial insult of elevated [K] through extensive gap junctional coupling, Na+/K+ pump activity (with associated glycogen and glycolytic potential), and endfoot siphoning capability. Their abundant energy availability and alkalinizing mechanisms help sustain Na+/K+ ATPase activity under ischemic conditions. Furthermore, passive K+ uptake mechanisms and water flux mediated through aquaporin-4 channels in endfoot processes are important energy-independent mechanisms. Unfortunately, as the length of ischemic episode is prolonged, these mechanisms increase to a point where they begin to have repercussions on other important cellular functions. Alkalinizing mechanisms induce an elevation of [Na+]i, increasing the energy demand of Na+/K+ ATPase and leading to eventual detrimental reversal of the Na+/glutamate- cotransporter and excitotoxic damage. Prolonged ischemia also results in cell swelling and activates volume regulatory processes that release excessive excitatory amino acids, further exacerbating excitotoxic injury. In the days following ischemic injury, reactive astrocytes demonstrate increased cell size and process thickness, leading to improved spatial buffering capacity in regions outside the lesion core where there is better neuronal survival. There is a substantial heterogeneity among reactive astrocytes, with some close to the lesion showing decreased buffering capacity. However, it appears that both Na+/K+ ATPase activity (along with energy production processes) as well as passive K+ uptake mechanisms are upregulated in gliotic tissue outside the lesion to enhance the above-mentioned homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Leis
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Walz
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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