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Yu T, Li X. Development of ZD2767P-carboxypeptidase G2-ultrasound therapy against cisplatin-resistant cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151613. [PMID: 37274240 PMCID: PMC10233003 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
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The Roles of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Liver Metastasis and Therapeutic Approaches. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:7521987. [PMID: 28588612 PMCID: PMC5447280 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7521987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a highly complicated and sequential process in which primary cancer spreads to secondary organic sites. Liver is a well-known metastatic organ from colorectal cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is expressed in most gastrointestinal, breast, and lung cancer cells. Overexpression of CEA is closely associated with liver metastasis, which is the main cause of death from colorectal cancer. CEA is widely used as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker in cancer patients. It affects many steps of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer cells. CEA inhibits circulating cancer cell death. CEA also binds to heterogeneous nuclear RNA binding protein M4 (hnRNP M4), a Kupffer cell receptor protein, and activates Kupffer cells to secrete various cytokines that change the microenvironments for the survival of colorectal cancer cells in the liver. CEA also activates cell adhesion-related molecules. The close correlation between CEA and cancer has spurred the exploration of many CEA-targeted approaches as anticancer therapeutics. Understanding the detailed functions and mechanisms of CEA in liver metastasis will provide great opportunities for the improvement of anticancer approaches against colorectal cancers. In this report, the roles of CEA in liver metastasis and CEA-targeting anticancer modalities are reviewed.
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Shi LF, Wu Y, Li CY. Identification of high-affinity VEGFR3-binding peptides through a phage-displayed random peptide library. J Gynecol Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26197772 PMCID: PMC4620370 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2015.26.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) interaction with its receptor, VEGFR-3/Flt-4, regulates lymphangiogenesis. VEGFR-3/Flt-4 expression in cancer cells has been correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphatic invasion. The objective of this study is to identify a VEGFR-3/Flt-4-interacting peptide that could be used to inhibit VEGFR-3 for ovarian cancer therapy. Methods The extracellular fragment of recombinant human VEGFR-3/Flt-4 (rhVEGFR-3/Flt-4) fused with coat protein pIII was screened against a phage-displayed random peptide library. Using affinity enrichment and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, positive clones of phages were amplified. Three phage clones were selected after four rounds of biopanning, and the specific binding of the peptides to rhVEGFR-3 was detected by ELISA and compared with that of VEGF-D. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses of ovarian cancer tissue sections was undertaken to demonstrate the specificity of the peptides. Results After four rounds of biopanning, ELISA confirmed the specificity of the enriched bound phage clones for rhVEGFR-3. Sequencing and translation identified three different peptides. Non-competitive ELISA revealed that peptides I, II, and III had binding affinities for VEGFR-3 with Kaff (affinity constant) of 16.4±8.6 µg/mL (n=3), 9.2±2.1 µg/mL (n=3), and 174.8±31.1 µg/mL (n=3), respectively. In ovarian carcinoma tissue sections, peptide III (WHWLPNLRHYAS), which had the greatest binding affinity, also co-localized with VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells lining lymphatic vessels; its labeling of ovarian tumors in vivo was also confirmed. Conclusion These finding showed that peptide III has high specificity and activity and, therefore, may represent a potential therapeutic approach to target VEGF-VEGFR-3 signaling for the treatment or diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No.117 Center Military Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No.117 Center Military Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Yun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No.117 Center Military Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Ayat H, Burrone OR, Sadghizadeh M, Jahanzad E, Rastgou N, Moghadasi S, Arbabi M. Isolation of scFv antibody fragments against HER2 and CEA tumor antigens from combinatorial antibody libraries derived from cancer patients. Biologicals 2013; 41:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Zheng C, Feng J, Lu D, Wang P, Xing S, Coll JL, Yang D, Yan X. A novel anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, CC4, suppresses colorectal tumor growth and enhances NK cells-mediated tumor immunity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21146. [PMID: 21731662 PMCID: PMC3120848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM5, and CD66e) has been found to be associated with various types of cancers, particularly colorectal carcinoma, and developed to be a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In present study, we generated a novel anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, namely mAb CC4, by immunizing mice with living colorectal cancer LS174T cells. Immunohistochemical studies found that mAb CC4 specifically and strongly binds to tumor tissues, especially colorectal adenocarcinoma. In xenografted mice, mAb CC4 is specifically accumulated in tumor site and remarkably represses colorectal tumor growth. In vitro functional analysis showed that mAb CC4 significantly suppresses cell proliferation, migration and aggregation of colorectal cancer cells and also raises strong ADCC reaction. More interestingly, mAb CC4 is able to enhance NK cytotoxicity against MHC-I-deficient colorectal cancer cells by blocking intercellular interaction between epithelial CEACAM5 and NK inhibitory receptor CEACAM1. These data suggest that mAb CC4 has the potential to be developed as a novel tumor-targeting carrier and cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogu Zheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (JF)
| | - Di Lu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Xing
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Cancer du Poumon, Equipe INSERM 9924, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Dongling Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (JF)
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Rudnick SI, Adams GP. Affinity and avidity in antibody-based tumor targeting. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:155-61. [PMID: 19409036 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors contribute to successful tumor targeting by antibodies. Besides properties of the tumor tissue and general antibody pharmacology, a relationship exists between an antibody and its antigen that can shape penetration, catabolism, specificity, and efficacy. The affinity and avidity of the binding interactions play critical roles in these dynamics. In this work, we review the principles that guide models predicting tumor penetration and cellular internalization while providing a critical overview of studies aimed at experimentally determining the specific role of affinity and avidity in these processes. One should gain the perspective that binding affinity can, in part, dictate the localization of antibodies in tumors, leading to high concentrations in the perivascular space or low concentrations diffused throughout the tumor. These patterns can be simply due to the diminution of available dose by binding antigen and are complicated by internalization and degradation stemming from slow rates of dissociation. As opposed to the trend of simply increasing affinity to increase efficacy, novel strategies that increase avidity and broaden specificity have made significant progress in tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Rudnick
- Molecular Medicine Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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Xu M, Yuan Y, Xia Y, Achilefu S. Monoclonal antibody CC188 binds a carbohydrate epitope expressed on the surface of both colorectal cancer stem cells and their differentiated progeny. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7461-9. [PMID: 19010863 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, cancer stem cells (CSC), undifferentiated cancer progenitor cells, have been successfully isolated from colorectal tumors. Targeting both CSCs and differentiated, rapidly proliferating tumor cells with therapeutic drugs provides a focused strategy to treat cancer. In this study, we isolated the monoclonal antibody (mAb) CC188 and characterized the epitope recognized by mAb CC188, which is useful for developing biological reagents that target CSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a hybridoma technique to generate mAbs and an immunomagnetic method to isolate colon CSCs. We characterized mAb CC188 binding epitope and examined the epitope distribution in normal and tumor tissues, particularly in CSCs using tissue arrays and immunofluorescence staining method. We also evaluated the effect of mAb CC188 on invasiveness of NSY tumor cells. RESULTS mAb CC188 was generated and 98.9% (187 of 189 cases) of colon cancer were positively stained by mAb CC188. "+", "++," and "+++" staining were 25.9%, 28.6%, and 43.4%, respectively. The mAb CC188 binding epitope was identified as a carbohydrate, which was expressed on the surface of colon CSCs (CD133+), differentiated colon cancer cells (CD133-), and cells from various types of epithelial tumors. In contrast, the expression of the carbohydrate epitope was low in normal prostate muscle and pancreatic acinar cells, as well as in some normal epithelial cells of the breast duct, cervix, and skin. A functional study indicated that mAb CC188 suppressed the invasiveness of NSY tumor cells. CONCLUSION mAb CC188 selectively targets a carbohydrate epitope expressed on cancer cells, providing a viable method for specific tumor imaging and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Singh R, Samant U, Hyland S, Chaudhari PR, Wels WS, Bandyopadhyay D. Target-specific cytotoxic activity of recombinant immunotoxin scFv(MUC1)-ETA on breast carcinoma cells and primary breast tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:562-9. [PMID: 17308054 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 is a mucin family protein, overexpressed in more than 90% of breast cancers in an underglycosylated form, exposing the core peptides of the extracellular domain that act as a potential target for antibody-mediated therapy. We have developed an anti-MUC1 scFv antibody from a phage library of mice immunized with synthetic peptide MUC1-variable number of tandem repeats. MUC1 binding phages were affinity selected through biopanning using a biotin-streptavidin pull-down method. The selected phage clones showed target-specific binding to MUC1-expressing cells. Fusion of truncated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) to a high binder, phage-derived scFv clone and bacterial expression and purification of recombinant scFv(MUC1)-ETA immunotoxin were done with good yield and purity. In vitro target-specific cytotoxic activity and target-specific binding of immunotoxin were shown on MUC1-expressing cells and primary breast tumor samples. A truncated ETA fusion protein expressed from the same vector but lacking scFv did not show cytotoxic effects, confirming target specificity. Our results suggest that the scFv(MUC1)-ETA immunotoxin has therapeutic potential and deserves further development and characterization for MUC1-specific breast cancers treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravibhushan Singh
- Protein Engineering and Biotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai-410 208, India
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Sheikholvaezin A, Eriksson D, Riklund K, Stigbrand T. Construction and Purification of a Covalently Linked Divalent Tandem Single-Chain Fv Antibody Against Placental Alkaline Phosphatase. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2006; 25:255-63. [PMID: 17044780 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.25.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multivalency is a recognized means to increase the functional affinity of single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) for optimizing tumor uptake at radioimmunotargeting. A unique divalent tandem single-chain Fv antibody [sc(Fv)2], based on the variable regions of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) H7, has now been generated. The antibody differs from other dimeric single-chain constructs in that a linker sequence (L) is introduced between the repeats of VL and VH domains (VL-L-VH-L-VL-L-VH). This construct was expressed as a His-tagged TrxA fusion protein in the Escherichia coli strain Origami B. Following cleavage with AcTev protease, the antibody was obtained in soluble and active form in E. coli and could be purified by Ni-NTA and cation-exchange chromatography. Purity and immunochemical properties were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and Biacore analyses. The [sc(Fv)2] displayed proper stability and could be purified to homogeneity. This antibody also maintained immunoreactivity at 42 degrees C with only slight decrease at 52 degrees C. The high affinity displayed by the original antibody H7, 6.7 x 10(9) M(-1), was only slightly decreased to 1.2 x 10(9) M(-1) as determined by Biacore. The generation of such a divalent single-chain Fv with a molecular weight around 60 kd would be of value for clinical applications such as radioimmunolocalization and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sheikholvaezin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Naghibalhossaini F, Pakdel A, Ghaderi AA, Saberi Firoozi M. Effective production of carcinoembryonic antigen by conversion of the membrane-bound into a recombinant secretory protein by site-specific mutagenesis. Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11:211-7. [PMID: 16388317 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the most widely used human tumor marker, is a heavily glycosylated protein over-expressed by a wide range of tumors. It has been indicated that CEA might be a useful target for human anti-tumor immunotherapy. CEA assay for research as well as clinical trials demands a continuous source of CEA protein preparations. In a multi-purpose research program to provide a reliable source for large production of CEA, we converted the membrane-bound carcinoembryonic antigen into a secretory protein by site-specific mutagenesis. We made the secretory CEA protein by introducing a new stop codon at 99 bp upstream of the original stop codon in CEA cDNA by PCR-based mutagenesis. The glycosylation of recombinant CEA proteins, especially those destined for administration to human trials is crucially important. To produce CEA with the same glycosylation pattern and immunogenicity as the native CEA expressed by human tumors in vivo, the truncated CEA cDNA which does not encode the last C-terminal 33-amino acid hydrophobic domain was transfected into HT29, a human colon carcinoma cell line by the calcium phosphate method. Stable transfectants were selected and pooled. CEA secretion from the cells was verified by analysis of the transfectant culture supernatant for CEA protein. As determined by ELISA, 16 microg/L of recombinant CEA was secreted per 106 transfectants within 48 hrs, an increase over 40 times relative to the untransfected cells. The size of the recombinant CEA secreted by HT29 transfectants in our experiment is identical to that of reference CEA secreted from tumors and is fully antigenic. It seems that the C-terminal truncation does not affect CEA glycosylation in HT29 cells. It is predicted that human cancer immunotherapy using recombinant CEA expressed in this system would be more effective than the commercial protein which is usually prepared from bacterial or other heterologous expression systems.
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11
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Yu B, Ni M, Li WH, Lei P, Xing W, Xiao DW, Huang Y, Tang ZJ, Zhu HF, Shen GX. Human scFv antibody fragments specific for hepatocellular carcinoma selected from a phage display library. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3985-9. [PMID: 15996020 PMCID: PMC4502091 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i26.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify the scFv antibody fragments specific for hepatocellular carcinoma by biopanning from a large human naive scFv phage display library.
METHODS: A large human naive scFv phage library was used to search for the specific targets by biopanning with the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 for the positive-selecting and the normal liver cell line L02 for the counter-selecting. After three rounds of biopanning, individual scFv phages binding selectively to HepG2 cells were picked out. PCR was carried out for identification of the clones containing scFv gene sequence. The specific scFv phages were selected by ELISA and flow cytometry. DNA sequences of positive clones were analyzed by using Applied Biosystem Automated DNA sequencers 3730. The expression proteins of the specific scFv antibody fragments in E.coli HB2151 were purified by the affinity chromatography and detected by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and ELISA. The biological effect of the soluble antibody fragments on the HepG2 cells was investigated by observing the cell proliferation.
RESULTS: Two different positive clones were obtained and the functional variable sequences were identified. Their DNA sequences of the scFv antibody fragments were submitted to GenBank (accession nos: AY686498 and AY686499). The soluble scFv antibody fragments were successfully expressed in E.coli HB2151. The relative molecular mass of the expression products was about 36 ku, according to its predicted Mr value. The two soluble scFv antibody fragments also had specific binding activity and obvious growth inhibition properties to HepG2 cells.
CONCLUSION: The phage library biopanning permits identification of specific antibody fragments for hepatocellular carcinoma and affords experiment evidence for its immunotherapy study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Sundberg AL, Blomquist E, Carlsson J, Steffen AC, Gedda L. Cellular retention of radioactivity and increased radiation dose. Model experiments with EGF-dextran. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:303-15. [PMID: 12745022 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of tumor cells with radiolabeled biomolecules is a possible approach to inactivate disseminated tumor cells. However, rapid degradation of the biomolecules after cellular internalization and subsequent excretion of the radioactivity is a problem. We studied the possibility of using dextran as a carrier of radionuclides to improve the intracellular retention. An EGF-dextran conjugate, aimed for targeting of tumor cells overexpressing the EGF-receptor, was used as model. Retention tests were performed with (125)I on different parts: [(125)I]-EGF-dextran-[(125)I], [(125)I]-EGF-dextran and EGF-dextran-[(125)I]. Comparisons were made with [(125)I]-EGF. The radiolabeled compounds were incubated with cultured glioma cells for different times. The cellular retention of radioactivity was then measured for up to 24 h. Expected radiation doses at the cellular level were calculated assuming that (131)I, instead of (125)I, was coupled to EGF and EGF-dextran. The results indicated that the EGF-part of the conjugate was degraded and the EGF-attached radioactivity was rapidly excreted, whereas radioactivity on dextran was retained intracellularly to a high degree, i.e. 70-80% of the radioactivity bound to dextran was still cell-associated after 24 h. The retention after 24 h was significantly higher (p < 0.001) when the radioactivity was on the dextran instead of the EGF-part. The radiolabeled EGF-dextran had a notably high specific radioactivity; up to 11 MBq/microg. There was potential for at least hundred times increased radiation dose per receptor interaction when the radioactivity was on the dextran part. The advantage with radioactivity on the dextran part was the high cellular retention and the high specific radioactivity (higher than previously reported for other residualizing labels) without severe loss of receptor specific binding. Thus, dextran seems suitable as a carrier of radionuclides aimed for therapy and gives potential for a highly increased radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Liljegren Sundberg
- Division of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Kim SH. Expression and purification of recombinant immunotoxin--a fusion protein stabilizes a single-chain Fv (scFv) in denaturing condition. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 27:85-9. [PMID: 12509988 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is expressed at greatly increased levels in nearly all human colorectal carcinomas. Anti-CEA antibodies have been proved to be useful for targeting several cancer types known to express CEA. A recombinant immunotoxin was constructed, in which the cell-binding domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) was replaced with the single-chain Fv (scFv) of anti-CEA monoclonal antibody for targeting to colorectal carcinomas. This single-chain immunotoxin was expressed in E. coli and purified under denaturing condition of 6M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). It was found that the immunotoxin maintains a binding activity in denaturing condition of 6M GuHCl and the fused PE contributes to the stability of immunotoxin in such condition. Dialysis against PBS buffer after purification under 6M GuHCl keeps the binding activity of immunotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Antibody Engineering Lab., Central Research Center of the Korea Green Cross Corp., Gugal-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin City, Kyunggi-Do 449-903, South Korea.
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De Pascalis R, Iwahashi M, Tamura M, Padlan EA, Gonzales NR, Santos AD, Giuliano M, Schuck P, Schlom J, Kashmiri SVS. Grafting of "abbreviated" complementarity-determining regions containing specificity-determining residues essential for ligand contact to engineer a less immunogenic humanized monoclonal antibody. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3076-84. [PMID: 12218124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Murine mAb COL-1 reacts with carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA), expressed on a wide range of human carcinomas. In preclinical studies in animals and clinical trials in patients, murine COL-1 showed excellent tumor localization. To circumvent the problem of immunogenicity of the murine Ab in patients, a humanized COL-1 (HuCOL-1) was generated by grafting the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of COL-1 onto the frameworks of the variable light and variable heavy regions of human mAbs. To minimize anti-V region responses, a variant of HuCOL-1 was generated by grafting onto the human frameworks only the "abbreviated" CDRs, the stretches of CDR residues that contain the specificity-determining residues that are essential for the surface complementarity of the Ab and its ligand. In competition RIAs, the recombinant variant completely inhibited the binding of radiolabeled murine and humanized COL-1 to CEA. The HuCOL-1 and its variant showed no difference in their binding ability to the CEA expressed on the surface of a CEA-transduced tumor cell line. Compared with HuCOL-1, the HuCOL-1 variant showed lower reactivity to patients' sera carrying anti-V region Abs to COL-1. The final variant of the HuCOL-1, which retains its Ag-binding reactivity and shows significantly lower serum reactivity than that of the parental Ab, can serve as a prototype for the development of a potentially useful clinical reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Pascalis
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Vaquero C, Sack M, Schuster F, Finnern R, Drossard J, Schumann D, Reimann A, Fischer R. A carcinoembryonic antigen-specific diabody produced in tobacco. FASEB J 2002; 16:408-10. [PMID: 11790722 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0363fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using tobacco for production of a recombinant antibody (T84.66/GS8 diabody) directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and used for tumor imaging was investigated. Two constructs were generated for targeting the protein either to the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of the diabody in tobacco leaves after vacuum-assisted infiltration of engineered Agrobacteria (agro-infiltration) and in regenerated transgenic tobacco plants was analyzed and compared. Results in terms of protein expression and accumulation between both systems showed a good correlation. His6-tagged T84.66 diabody was readily purified from agro-infiltrated tobacco leaves and from transgenic plants by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The purified protein was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, gel filtration, electrospray mass spectrometry, direct and competition ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and staining of CEA-positive colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS174T. Our results demonstrate that tobacco is a competent production system for this clinically relevant diabody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vaquero
- Institut für Biologie VII (Molekulare Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Reff ME, Hariharan K, Braslawsky G. Future of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Cancer Control 2002; 9:152-66. [PMID: 11965235 DOI: 10.1177/107327480200900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approval of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as antibody-targeted therapy in the management of patients with hematologic malignancies has led to new treatment options for this group of patients. The ability to target antibodies to novel functional receptors can increase their therapeutic efficacy. METHODS The authors reviewed improvements in MAb design to enhance their effectiveness over the existing therapeutic MAb currently approved for treating hematologic malignancies. RESULTS Three classes of therapeutic MAbs showing promise in human clinical trials for treatment of hematologic malignancies include unconjugated MAb, drug conjugates in which the antibody preferentially delivers a potent cytotoxic drug to the tumor, and radioactive immunotherapy in which the antibody delivers a sterilizing dose of radiation to the tumor. CONCLUSIONS A better appreciation of how MAbs are metabolized in the body and localized to tumors is resulting in the development of new antibody constructs with improved biodistribution profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Reff
- Molecular Biology and Tumor Immunology Departments, IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corp, San Diego, CA 92191-9080, USA.
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Chmura AJ, Schmidt BD, Corson DT, Traviglia SL, Meares CF. Electrophilic chelating agents for irreversible binding of metal chelates to engineered antibodies. J Control Release 2002; 78:249-58. [PMID: 11772465 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies are widely used in the detection and treatment of cancer. However, several problems still prevent full clinical exploitation of these reagents. Low tumor/background ratios in radioimmunoscintigraphy and high background radioactivity in therapy are the foremost among these. The strategy of pretargeting which separates the tumor-targeting step from radiolocalization step may overcome these limitations. One pretargeting approach, based on the streptavidin-biotin system, has been demonstrated to successfully treat cancer in preclinical models (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 (2000) 1802). In this report we describe the synthesis of several electrophilic chelates, designed for use in vivo. In this new pretargeting approach, we have used protein engineering to prepare an antibody that can bind selectively and irreversibly to certain of these metal chelates. This improves upon approaches based on the immunogenic protein streptavidin and the endogenous ligand biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Chmura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kortt AA, Dolezal O, Power BE, Hudson PJ. Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:95-108. [PMID: 11566601 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments can be engineered to assemble into stable multimeric oligomers of high binding avidity and specificity to a wide range of target antigens and haptens. This review describes the design and expression of diabodies (dimers), triabodies (trimers) and tetrabodies (tetramers). In particular we discuss the role of linker length between V-domains and the orientation of the V-domains to direct the formation of either diabodies (60 kDa), triabodies (90 kDa) or tetrabodies (120 kDa), and how the size, flexibility and valency of each molecules is suited to different applications for in vivo imaging and therapy. Single chain Fv antibody fragments joined by polypeptide linkers of at least 12 residues irrespective of V-domains orientation predominantly form monomers with varying amounts of dimer and higher molecular mass oligomers in equilibrium. A scFv molecule with a linker of 3-12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (diabody, approximately 60 kDa). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (triabodies, approximately 90 kDa) or tetramers ( approximately 120 kDa) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. A particular advantage for tumour targeting is that molecules of 60-100 kDa have increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared with the parent Ig (150 kDa). We highlight a number of cancer-targeting scFv diabodies that have undergone successful pre-clinical trials for in vivo stability and efficacy. We also briefly review the design of multi-specific Fv modules suited to cross-link two or more different target antigens. Bi-specific diabodies formed by association of different scFv molecules have been designed as cross-linking reagents for T-cell recruitment into tumours (immunotherapy), viral retargeting (gene therapy) and as red blood cell agglutination reagents (immunodiagnostics). The more challenging trispecific multimers (triabodies) remain to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kortt
- CSIRO Health Science and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Vic. 3052, Parkville, Australia.
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19
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Reff ME, Heard C. A review of modifications to recombinant antibodies: attempt to increase efficacy in oncology applications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 40:25-35. [PMID: 11578914 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although monoclonal antibodies have high specificity, their usefulness in the clinic, especially against solid tumors, has been limited. This arises in part from the inability of antibody molecules to penetrate into the tumor and kill the tumor cells. In addition, natural cytotoxic effects of antibodies, mediated through complement or Fc receptors, may not be sufficient to kill malignant cells. This review will present some of the antibody modifications used to increase efficacy. Modified recombinant antibodies have been designed to be more cytotoxic (immunotoxins), to increase natural effector functions (bivalent antibodies, antibody-fusion molecules, multimeric antibodies, directed mutations in Fc region), or to pretarget cells for concentration of cytotoxic drugs. This review will also focus on engineering of smaller versions of antibodies that retain specificity (single chain Fvs, Fabs, Fab(2)s, minibodies, domain deleted antibodies) and have increased penetrability of solid tumors. Many of these antibody modifications may result in antigenic compounds which can limit repeat administration. Clinical experiences will be highlighted if information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Reff
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals, 3010 Science Park Road, P.O. Box 919080, San Diego, CA 92191-9080, USA.
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Kim SH, Chun JH, Park SY. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and expression in E. coli. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2001; 20:265-72. [PMID: 11604113 DOI: 10.1089/027245701753179857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were characterized. Five clones are IgG(1), two clones are IgM and one clone is IgG(2b); all have kappa light chain. The affinities are in the range of 1.1 x 10(-7) approximately 2.4 x 10(-9) M; the affinities of two IgM clones could not be estimated because of their low enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) signal. Each clone was constructed as single-chain Fv (scFv) and expression was performed in E. coli. Four clones out of 8 could express scFv soluble to culture media and the expression was confirmed further by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of V(H) and V(L) of four scFvs were deduced and their family and subgroup were analyzed. We found that the clones that do not express the scFv have aberrant kappa chain (incorrect V/J recombination or stop codon); in contrast, their heavy chain sequences proved correct. The E. coli-expressed scFvs showed 1.5 x 3.4-fold lower affinities (2.8 x 10(-8) approximately 3.6 x 10(-9) M) than those of hybridoma-derived parental antibodies except the one clone (C5), which exhibited approximately 10(-6) M of affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- Antibody Engineering Lab., Central Research Center of the Korea Green Cross Corp., Kyunggi-Do, 449-903, Korea.
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