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Canuto F, Duret S, Dubrana MP, Claverol S, Malembic-Maher S, Foissac X, Arricau-Bouvery N. A knockdown gene approach identifies an insect vector membrane protein with leucin-rich repeats as one of the receptors for the VmpA adhesin of flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289100. [PMID: 38029232 PMCID: PMC10662966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adhesion of flavescence dorée phytoplasma to the midgut epithelium cells of their insect vectors is partially mediated by the variable membrane protein A (VmpA), an adhesin which shows lectin properties. In order to identify the insect receptor for VmpA, we identified Euscelidius variegatus cell proteins interacting with recombinant VmpA-His6. Methods The E. variegatus proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis of VmpA-E. variegatus protein complexes formed upon in vitro interaction assays. To assess their impact in VmpA binding, we reduced the expression of the candidate genes on E. variegatus cells in culture by dsRNA-mediated RNAi. The effect of candidate gene knockdown on VmpA binding was measured by the capacity of E. variegatus cells to bind VmpA-coated fluorescent beads. Results and discussion There were 13 candidate proteins possessing potential N-glycosylation sites and predicted transmembrane domains selected. The decrease of expression of an unknown transmembrane protein with leucine-rich repeat domains (uk1_LRR) was correlated with the decreased adhesion of VmpA beads to E. variegatus cells. The uk1_LRR was more expressed in digestive tubes than salivary glands of E. variegatus. The protein uk1_LRR could be implicated in the binding with VmpA in the early stages of insect infection following phytoplasmas ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Canuto
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sybille Duret
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubrana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Chen H, Huang Y, Ye M, Wang Y, He X, Tu J. Achieving High Expression of Cry in Green Tissues and Negligible Expression in Endosperm Simultaneously via rbcS Gene Fusion Strategy in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109045. [PMID: 37240390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To allay excessive public concern about the safety of transgenic foods, and to optimize insect-resistant genes expression to delay the evolution of resistance in pests, we developed a promising strategy to fuse the GOI (gene of interest) with OsrbcS (rice small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in transgenic rice, which acted as a carrier, driven by the OsrbcS native promoter to sequester its expression in green tissues. Using eYFP as a trial, we reported a high-level accumulation of eYFP in green tissue and almost none in the seed and root of the fused construct compared to the non-fused construct. After applying this fusion strategy in insect-resistant rice breeding, recombinant OsrbcS-Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac expressed rice plants conferred high resistance to leaffolders and striped stem borers, among which two single-copy lines possessed normal agronomic performance in the field. Specifically, Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac protein levels in single-copy construct transgenic lines ranged from 1.8 to 11.5 µg g-1 in the leaf, higher than the Actin I promoter-driven control, T51-1, about 1.78 µg g-1 in the leaf, but negligible (only 0.00012-0.00117 µg g-1) in endosperm by ELISA analysis. Our study provided a novel approach to creating Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac-free endosperm rice with a high level of insect-resistant protein in green tissues through the simultaneous usage of the OsrbcS promoter and OsrbcS as a fusion partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengnan Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiuying He
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of High Quality Rice in Southern China (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Concanavalin A Toxicity Towards Potato Psyllid and Apoptosis Induction in Midgut Cells. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040243. [PMID: 32295261 PMCID: PMC7240484 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (ConA), a legume lectin, has been drawing increasing attention in recent years concerning its toxicity against insects and its potential application in pest management. In an attempt to evaluate the effect of ConA on potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), an economically important pest of solanaceous crops, the effect of ConA on potato psyllid survival, psyllid gut nuclear morphology, and expression of psyllid caspase genes were evaluated. Our results determined that artificial diet-feeding assays using ConA had deleterious effects on potato psyllids, resulting in significant psyllid mortality following ingestion. We also found that an apoptotic response was induced by ConA in psyllid midgut cells, which was demonstrated by the DNA fragmentation and abnormal nuclear architecture in the midgut cells. Following ConA ingestion, there was also upregulation of caspase genes in the psyllid midguts. Therefore, a key mechanism behind ConA toxicity towards potato psyllid probably involves the induction of apoptosis in midgut cells. This study could provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ConA toxicity in insects and be a stepping stone towards the development of new psyllid control strategies based on plant lectins.
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Characterization of an Insecticidal Protein from Withania somnifera Against Lepidopteran and Hemipteran Pest. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:290-301. [PMID: 29492788 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with wide array of functions including plant defense against pathogens and insect pests. In the present study, a putative mannose-binding lectin (WsMBP1) of 1124 bp was isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera. The gene was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant WsMBP1 with a predicted molecular weight of 31 kDa was tested for its insecticidal properties against Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) and Probergrothius sanguinolens (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Delay in growth and metamorphosis, decreased larval body mass and increased mortality was recorded in recombinant WsMBP1-fed larvae. Histological studies on the midgut of lectin-treated insects showed disrupted and diffused secretory cells surrounding the gut lumen in larvae of H. puera and P. sanguinolens, implicating its role in disruption of the digestive process and nutrient assimilation in the studied insect pests. The present study indicates that WsMBP1 can act as a potential gene resource in future transformation programs for incorporating insect pest tolerance in susceptible plant genotypes.
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Moir ML, Renton M, Hoffmann BD, Leng MC, Lach L. Development and testing of a standardized method to estimate honeydew production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201845. [PMID: 30110359 PMCID: PMC6093677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeydew production by Hemiptera is an ecologically important process that facilitates mutualisms and increases nutrient cycling. Accurate estimates of the amount of honeydew available in a system are essential for quantifying food web dynamics, energy flow, and the potential growth of sooty mould that inhibits plant growth. Despite the importance of honeydew, there is no standardized method to estimate its production when intensive laboratory testing is not feasible. We developed two new models to predict honeydew production, one based on insect body mass and taxonomic family, and one based on body mass and life stage. We tested the accuracy of both models’ predictions for a diverse range of honeydew-producing hemipteran families (Aphididae, Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, Delphacidae, Cicadellidae). The method based on body mass and family provided more accurate estimates of honeydew production, due to large variation in honeydew production among families. We apply our methodology to a case study, the recalculation of honeydew available to invasive red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in the United States. We find that the amount of honeydew may be an order of magnitude lower than that previously estimated (2.16 versus 21.6 grams of honeydew per day) and discuss possible reasons for the difference. We anticipate that being able to estimate honeydew production based on minimal biological information will have applications to agriculture, invasion biology, forestry, and carbon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L. Moir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Hoffmann
- CSIRO, Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mei Chen Leng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lori Lach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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Expression of the Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) gene in transgenic potato plants confers resistance to aphids. C R Biol 2016; 340:7-12. [PMID: 27938939 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aphids, the largest group of sap-sucking pests, cause significant yield losses in agricultural crops worldwide every year. The massive use of pesticides to combat this pest causes severe damage to the environment, putting in risk the human health. In this study, transgenic potato plants expressing Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) gene were developed using CaMV 35S and ST-LS1 promoters generating six transgenic lines (35S1-35S3 and ST1-ST3 corresponding to the first and second promoter, respectively). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the GNA gene was expressed in leaves, stems and roots of transgenic plants under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, while it was only expressed in leaves and stems under the control of the ST-LS1 promoter. The levels of aphid mortality after 5 days of the inoculation in the assessed transgenic lines ranged from 20 to 53.3%. The range of the aphid population in transgenic plants 15 days after inoculation was between 17.0±1.43 (ST2) and 36.6±0.99 (35S3) aphids per plant, which corresponds to 24.9-53.5% of the aphid population in non-transformed plants. The results of our study suggest that GNA expressed in transgenic potato plants confers a potential tolerance to aphid attack, which appears to be an alternative against the use of pesticides in the future.
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Li L, Yang X, Wang L, Yan H, Su J, Wang F, Lu BR. Limited ecological risk of insect-resistance transgene flow from cultivated rice to its wild ancestor based on life-cycle fitness assessment. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu SM, Li J, Zhu JQ, Wang XW, Wang CS, Liu SS, Chen XX, Li S. Transgenic plants expressing the AaIT/GNA fusion protein show increased resistance and toxicity to both chewing and sucking pests. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:265-76. [PMID: 25641865 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of pest-resistant transgenic plants to reduce yield losses and decrease pesticide use has been successful. To achieve the goal of controlling both chewing and sucking pests in a given transgenic plant, we generated transgenic tobacco, Arabidopsis, and rice plants expressing the fusion protein, AaIT/GNA, in which an insecticidal scorpion venom neurotoxin (Androctonus australis toxin, AaIT) is fused to snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA). Compared with transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants expressing AaIT or GNA, transgenic plants expressing AaIT/GNA exhibited increased resistance and toxicity to one chewing pest, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Transgenic tobacco and rice plants expressing AaIT/GNA showed increased resistance and toxicity to two sucking pests, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, respectively. Moreover, in the field, transgenic rice plants expressing AaIT/GNA exhibited a significant improvement in grain yield when infested with N. lugens. This study shows that expressing the AaIT/GNA fusion protein in transgenic plants can be a useful approach for controlling pests, particularly sucking pests which are not susceptible to the toxin in Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Dias RDO, Machado LDS, Migliolo L, Franco OL. Insights into animal and plant lectins with antimicrobial activities. Molecules 2015; 20:519-41. [PMID: 25569512 PMCID: PMC6272381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are multivalent proteins with the ability to recognize and bind diverse carbohydrate structures. The glyco -binding and diverse molecular structures observed in these protein classes make them a large and heterogeneous group with a wide range of biological activities in microorganisms, animals and plants. Lectins from plants and animals are commonly used in direct defense against pathogens and in immune regulation. This review focuses on sources of animal and plant lectins, describing their functional classification and tridimensional structures, relating these properties with biotechnological purposes, including antimicrobial activities. In summary, this work focuses on structural-functional elucidation of diverse lectin groups, shedding some light on host-pathogen interactions; it also examines their emergence as biotechnological tools through gene manipulation and development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Oliveira Dias
- SInova, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- SInova, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- SInova, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- SInova, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Swathi M, Lokya V, Swaroop V, Mallikarjuna N, Kannan M, Dutta-Gupta A, Padmasree K. Structural and functional characterization of proteinase inhibitors from seeds of Cajanus cajan (cv. ICP 7118). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:77-87. [PMID: 25093261 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitors (C11PI) from mature dry seeds of Cajanus cajan (cv. ICP 7118) were purified by chromatography which resulted in 87-fold purification and 7.9% yield. SDS-PAGE, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrum and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis together resolved that C11PI possessed molecular mass of 8385.682 Da and existed as isoinhibitors. However, several of these isoinhibitors exhibited self association tendency to form small oligomers. All the isoinhibitors resolved in Native-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoresis showed inhibitory activity against bovine pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin as well as Achaea janata midgut trypsin-like proteases (AjPs), a devastating pest of castor plant. Partial sequences of isoinhibitor (pI 6.0) obtained from MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis and N-terminal sequencing showed 100% homology to Bowman-Birk Inhibitors (BBIs) of leguminous plants. C11PI showed non-competitive inhibition against trypsin and chymotrypsin. A marginal loss (<15%) in C11PI activity against trypsin at 80 (°)C and basic pH (12.0) was associated with concurrent changes in its far-UV CD spectra. Further, in vitro assays demonstrated that C11PI possessed significant inhibitory potential (IC50 of 78 ng) against AjPs. On the other hand, in vivo leaf coating assays demonstrated that C11PI caused significant mortality rate with concomitant reduction in body weight of both larvae and pupae, prolonged the duration of transition from larva to pupa along with formation of abnormal larval-pupal and pupal-adult intermediates. Being smaller peptides, it is possible to express C11PI in castor to protect them against its devastating pest A. janata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marri Swathi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vadthya Lokya
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vanka Swaroop
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nalini Mallikarjuna
- Legumes Cell Biology, Grain Legumes Program, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad 502324, India
| | - Monica Kannan
- Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Aparna Dutta-Gupta
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Ramzi S, Sahragard A, Sendi JJ, Aalami A. Effects of an extracted lectin from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae) on survival, digestion and energy reserves of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Front Physiol 2013; 4:328. [PMID: 24273515 PMCID: PMC3824156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are the heterogeneous proteins in plants that serve as storage proteins via defensive mechanisms against herbivores. In the current study, a lectin was extracted and purified from seeds of Citrullus colocynthis by Sepharose 4B-Galactose and DEAE-cellulose fast flow chromatographies. Different concentrations of the lectin were added to artificial diet of Ectomyelois ceratoniae larvae finding out its effect on some biological parameters, digestive physiology and amount of storage macromolecules. It was found that CCA (C. colocynthis Agglutinin) increased life span from 23.44 days in control to 28.59 days in the treated individuals. Survival of larvae on control and CCA diets were 93.3 and 66.6%, respectively. Different concentrations of CCA significantly affected α-amylase and general proteolytic activities except for TAG-lipase activity. Activities of all specific proteases decreased when larvae were fed on different concentrations of CCA except for aminopeptidase. Meanwhile, amount of storage macromolecules in the larvae fed on different concentrations of CCA statistically decreased vs. control. These results demonstrated that CCA could intervene in physiology of E. ceratoniae and survival of larvae. Therefore, it can be taken into consideration in IPM of the pest through plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Ramzi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan Rasht, Iran
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Toxic and deterrent effects of phytohemagglutinin on the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bala A, Roy A, Behura N, Hess D, Das S. Insight to the Mode of Action of <i>Allium sativum</i> Leaf Agglutinin (ASAL) Expressing in T<sub>3</sub> Rice Lines on Brown Planthopper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.42a052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jin S, Chen ZM, Backus EA, Sun XL, Xiao B. Characterization of EPG waveforms for the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis Göthe (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), on tea plants and their correlation with stylet activities. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1235-44. [PMID: 22750027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The stylet probing activities of the tea green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were studied using the DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Seven different EPG waveforms (i.e., Np, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6) were distinguished and characterized on susceptible tea leaves. In addition, four of them (i.e., Np, E1, E2, E3), together accounting for 97.08% of the total recording time, were behaviorally correlated with probing and non-probing activities using artificial diet observation with high-magnification video recording. At the start of stylet probing, waveform E1 always occurred at a variable voltage. E1, with all three of its waveform sub-types (E1-A to E1-C), was correlated with production of the salivary sheath trunk, stylet laceration, and channel cutting in viscous artificial diet. Afterwards, two types of high-amplitude waveforms, E2 and E3, followed. E2 had a highly regular, quasi-square wave, repetitive appearance, and lasted the longest duration of all E. vitis probing waveforms. E3 usually appeared after E2, and also exhibited a quasi-square wave feature similar to E2, but had much higher amplitude. Both waveforms E2 and E3 were correlated with active ingestion in liquid artificial diet. In addition, secretion of watery, enzymatic saliva was likely during E2. The active stylet movements and channel-cutting observed during the probing process indicate that E. vitis is a cell rupture feeder, not a salivary sheath feeder, as aphids and other leafhoppers. Thus, hopperburn damage to the tea plant is probably due to the cell rupture feeding strategy, similar to other hopperburning Empoasca species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
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Chougule NP, Bonning BC. Toxins for transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:405-29. [PMID: 22822455 PMCID: PMC3398418 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The sap sucking insects (Hemiptera), which include aphids, whiteflies, plant bugs and stink bugs, have emerged as major agricultural pests. The Hemiptera cause direct damage by feeding on crops, and in some cases indirect damage by transmission of plant viruses. Current management relies almost exclusively on application of classical chemical insecticides. While the development of transgenic crops expressing toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has provided effective plant protection against some insect pests, Bt toxins exhibit little toxicity against sap sucking insects. Indeed, the pest status of some Hemiptera on Bt-transgenic plants has increased in the absence of pesticide application. The increased pest status of numerous hemipteran species, combined with increased prevalence of resistance to chemical insecticides, provides impetus for the development of biologically based, alternative management strategies. Here, we provide an overview of approaches toward transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-515-294-1989; Fax: +1-515-294-5957
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Jin S, Zhang X, Daniell H. Pinellia ternata agglutinin expression in chloroplasts confers broad spectrum resistance against aphid, whitefly, Lepidopteran insects, bacterial and viral pathogens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:313-27. [PMID: 22077160 PMCID: PMC3468414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Broad spectrum protection against different insects and pathogens requires multigene engineering. However, such broad spectrum protection against biotic stress is provided by a single protein in some medicinal plants. Therefore, tobacco chloroplasts were transformed with the agglutinin gene from Pinellia ternata (pta), a widely cultivated Chinese medicinal herb. Pinellia ternata agglutinin (PTA) was expressed up to 9.2% of total soluble protein in mature leaves. Purified PTA showed similar hemagglutination activity as snowdrop lectin. Artificial diet with purified PTA from transplastomic plants showed marked and broad insecticidal activity. In planta bioassays conducted with T0 or T1 generation PTA lines showed that the growth of aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was reduced by 89%-92% when compared with untransformed (UT) plants. Similarly, the larval survival and total population of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on transplastomic lines were reduced by 91%-93% when compared with UT plants. This is indeed the first report of lectin controlling whitefly infestation. When transplastomic PTA leaves were fed to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) or the beet armyworm (spodoptera exigua), 100% mortality was observed against all these three insects. In planta bioassays revealed Erwinia population to be 10,000-fold higher in control than in PTA lines. Similar results were observed with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) challenge. Therefore, broad spectrum resistance to homopteran (sap-sucking), Lepidopteran insects as well as anti-bacterial or anti-viral activity observed in PTA lines provides a new option to engineer protection against biotic stress by hyper-expression of an unique protein that is naturally present in a medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxia Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Mondal HA, Chakraborti D, Majumder P, Roy P, Roy A, Bhattacharya SG, Das S. Allergenicity assessment of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin, a potential candidate protein for developing sap sucking insect resistant food crops. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27716. [PMID: 22110739 PMCID: PMC3218009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannose-binding Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) is highly antinutritional and toxic to various phloem-feeding hemipteran insects. ASAL has been expressed in a number of agriculturally important crops to develop resistance against those insects. Awareness of the safety aspect of ASAL is absolutely essential for developing ASAL transgenic plants. Methodology/Principal Findings Following the guidelines framed by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, the source of the gene, its sequence homology with potent allergens, clinical tests on mammalian systems, and the pepsin resistance and thermostability of the protein were considered to address the issue. No significant homology to the ASAL sequence was detected when compared to known allergenic proteins. The ELISA of blood sera collected from known allergy patients also failed to show significant evidence of cross-reactivity. In vitro and in vivo assays both indicated the digestibility of ASAL in the presence of pepsin in a minimum time period. Conclusions/Significance With these experiments, we concluded that ASAL does not possess any apparent features of an allergen. This is the first report regarding the monitoring of the allergenicity of any mannose-binding monocot lectin having insecticidal efficacy against hemipteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Chakraborti
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pralay Majumder
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pampa Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Shah AD, Ahmed M, Mukhtar Z, Khan SA, Habib I, Malik ZA, Mansoor S, Saeed NA. Spider toxin (Hvt) gene cloned under phloem specific RSs1 and RolC promoters provides resistance against American bollworm (Heliothis armigera). Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1457-63. [PMID: 21369907 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spider venoms are neurotoxin proteins that can kill insects. Spider toxin Hvt gene was cloned under two phloem specific RSs1 and RolC promoters, transformed into tobacco plants through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and tested against Heliothis armigera larvae. Transgenic plants were confirmed through PCR. First instar larvae of H. armigera were released on detached leaves of transformed and non-transformed plants. Insect bioassays showed 93-100% mortality of H. armigera larvae within 72 h on the leaves of transgenic plants while all larvae survived and continued feeding on detached leaves from non-transformed control plants. The Hvt gene expressing under phloem specific RSs1 and RolC promoters could therefore be used for developing H. armigera-resistant, genetically-modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Dino Shah
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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19
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Expression of the zga agglutinin gene in tobacco can enhance its anti-pest ability for peach-potato aphid (Myzus persica). ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11738-011-0715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Bharathi Y, Vijaya Kumar S, Pasalu IC, Balachandran SM, Reddy VD, Rao KV. Pyramided rice lines harbouring Allium sativum (asal) and Galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes impart enhanced resistance against major sap-sucking pests. J Biotechnol 2011; 152:63-71. [PMID: 21295625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed transgene pyramided rice lines, endowed with enhanced resistance to major sap-sucking insects, through sexual crosses made between two stable transgenic rice lines containing Allium sativum (asal) and Galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes. Presence and expression of asal and gna genes in pyramided lines were confirmed by PCR and western blot analyses. Segregation analysis of F₂ progenies disclosed digenic (9:3:3:1) inheritance of the transgenes. Homozygous F₃ plants carrying asal and gna genes were identified employing genetic and molecular methods besides insect bioassays. Pyramided lines, infested with brown planthopper (BPH), green leafhopper (GLH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), proved more effective in reducing insect survival, fecundity, feeding ability besides delayed development of insects as compared to the parental transgenics. Under infested conditions, pyramided lines were found superior to the parental transgenics in their seed yield potential. This study represents first report on pyramiding of two lectin genes into rice exhibiting enhanced resistance against major sucking pests. The pyramided lines appear promising and might serve as a novel genetic resource in rice breeding aimed at durable and broad based resistance against hoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bharathi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, University Campus, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
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21
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de Oliveira CFR, Luz LA, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Marangoni S, Macedo MLR. Evaluation of seed coagulant Moringa oleifera lectin (cMoL) as a bioinsecticidal tool with potential for the control of insects. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Jin SF, Feng MG, Ying SH, Mu WJ, Chen JQ. Evaluation of alternative rice planthopper control by the combined action of oil-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae and low-rate buprofezin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:36-43. [PMID: 20949549 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High resistance of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål to common insecticides is a challenge for control of the pest. An alternative control strategy based on the combined application of fungal and chemical agents has been evaluated. RESULTS Three gradient spore concentrations of oil-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ma456) were sprayed onto third-instar nymphs in five bioassays comprising the low buprofezin rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg mL(-1) respectively. Fungal LC(50) after 1 week at 25 °C and 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod decreased from 386 conidia mm(-2) in the buprofezin-free bioassay to 40 at the highest chemical rate. Buprofezin (LC(50): 1647, 486 and 233 µg mL(-1) on days 2 to 4) had no significant effect on the fungal outgrowths of mycosis-killed cadavers at the low application rates. The fungal infection was found to cause 81% reduction in reproductive potential of BPH adults. In two 40 day field trials, significant planthopper (mainly BPH) control (54-60%) was achieved by biweekly sprays of two fungal candidates (Ma456 and Ma576) at 1.5 × 10(13) conidia ha(-1) and elevated to 80-83% by incorporating 30.8 g buprofezin ha(-1) into the fungal sprays. CONCLUSION The combined application of the fungal and chemical agents is a promising alternative strategy for BPH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Feng Jin
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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23
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Michiels K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Plant-insect interactions: what can we learn from plant lectins? ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 73:193-212. [PMID: 20151457 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many plant lectins have high anti-insect potential. Although the effects of most lectins are only moderately influencing development or population growth of the insect, some lectins have strong insecticidal properties. In addition, some studies report a deterrent activity towards feeding and oviposition behavior. Transmission of plant lectins to the next trophic level has been investigated for several tritrophic interactions. Effects of lectins with different sugar specificities can vary substantially with the insect species under investigation and with the experimental setup. Lectin binding in the insect is an essential step in exerting a toxic effect. Attempts have been made to study the interactions of lectins in several insect tissues and to identify lectin-binding receptors. Ingested lectins generally bind to parts of the insect gut. Furthermore, some lectins such as the Galanthus nivalus agglutinin (GNA) cross the gut epithelium into the hemolymph and other tissues. Recently, several candidate lectin-binding receptors have been isolated from midgut extracts. To date little is known about the exact mechanism for insecticidal activity of plant lectins. However, insect glycobiology is an emerging research field and the recent technological advances in the analysis of lectin carbohydrate specificities and insect glycobiology will certainly lead to new insights in the interactions between plant lectins and insects, and to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Michiels
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Sengupta S, Chakraborti D, Mondal HA, Das S. Selectable antibiotic resistance marker gene-free transgenic rice harbouring the garlic leaf lectin gene exhibits resistance to sap-sucking planthoppers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:261-271. [PMID: 20094886 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice, the major food crop of world is severely affected by homopteran sucking pests. We introduced coding sequence of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin, ASAL, in rice cultivar IR64 to develop sustainable resistance against sap-sucking planthoppers as well as eliminated the selectable antibiotic-resistant marker gene hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) exploiting cre/lox site-specific recombination system. An expression vector was constructed containing the coding sequence of ASAL, a potent controlling agent against green leafhoppers (GLH, Nephotettix virescens) and brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). The selectable marker (hpt) gene cassette was cloned within two lox sites of the same vector. Alongside, another vector was developed with chimeric cre recombinase gene cassette. Reciprocal crosses were performed between three single-copy T(0) plants with ASAL- lox-hpt-lox T-DNA and three single-copy T(0) plants with cre-bar T-DNA. Marker gene excisions were detected in T(1) hybrids through hygromycin sensitivity assay. Molecular analysis of T(1) plants exhibited 27.4% recombination efficiency. T(2) progenies of L03C04(1) hybrid parent showed 25% cre negative ASAL-expressing plants. Northern blot, western blot and ELISA showed significant level of ASAL expression in five marker-free T(2) progeny plants. In planta bioassay of GLH and BPH performed on these T(2) progenies exhibited radical reduction in survivability and fecundity compared with the untransformed control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadipa Sengupta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, India
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25
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26
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Ye SH, Chen S, Zhang F, Wang W, Tian Q, Liu JZ, Chen F, Bao JK. Transgenic tobacco expressing Zephyranthes grandiflora agglutinin confers enhanced resistance to aphids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 158:615-30. [PMID: 19067248 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant lectins have been reported as transgenic resistance factors against a variety of insect pests. Herein, homologous analysis demonstrated that Zephyranthes grandiflora agglutinin (ZGA) exhibited high similarity with other monocot mannose-binding lectins (MBLs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it had taxonomical relationships with insecticidal MBLs. Subsequently, a plasmid expression vector pBI121 containing zga gene (pBIZGA) was constructed using the zga sequence, under the control of CaMV35S promoter and nos terminator. pBIZGA was then integrated into the genome of Nicotiana tabacum L. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that this zga gene was integrated into the plant genome. Western blotting and agglutinating activity analysis also showed that transgenic tobacco plants expressed different levels of ZGA. Carbohydrate inhibition analysis indicated that recombinant ZGA and the native shared the same carbohydrate-binding specificity. Moreover, genetic analysis confirmed Mendelian segregation (3:1) of the transgenic in T1 progenies. In planta bioassays on T0 plants and their progenies indicated that expressed ZGA had an effect on reducing the survivability and fecundity of tobacco aphids (Myzus nicotianae). These findings demonstrate that the novel zga gene of ZGA can be expressed in crop plants susceptible to various sap-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-hua Ye
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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27
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Choi MS, Kim YH, Park HM, Seo BY, Jung JK, Kim ST, Kim MC, Shin DB, Yun HT, Choi IS, Kim CK, Lee JY. Expression of BrD1, a plant defensin from Brassica rapa, confers resistance against brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in transgenic rices. Mol Cells 2009; 28:131-7. [PMID: 19714315 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defensins are small (5-10 kDa) basic peptides thought to be an important component of the defense pathway against fungal and/or bacterial pathogens. To understand the role of plant defensins in protecting plants against the brown planthopper, a type of insect herbivore, we isolated the Brassica rapa Defensin 1 (BrD1) gene and introduced it into rice (Oryza sativa L.) to produce stable transgenic plants. The BrD1 protein is homologous to other plant defensins and contains both an N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence and a defensin domain, which are highly conserved in all plant defensins. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the defensin domain of various plant defensins, we established that BrD1 belongs to a distinct subgroup of plant defensins. Relative to the wild type, transgenic rices expressing BrD1 exhibit strong resistance to brown planthopper nymphs and female adults. These results suggest that BrD1 exhibits insecticidal activity, and might be useful for developing cereal crop plants resistant to sap-sucking insects, such as the brown planthopper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Soo Choi
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-857, Korea
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28
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Li HM, Sun L, Mittapalli O, Muir WM, Xie J, Wu J, Schemerhorn BJ, Sun W, Pittendrigh BR, Murdock LL. Transcriptional signatures in response to wheat germ agglutinin and starvation in Drosophila melanogaster larval midgut. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:21-31. [PMID: 19196346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One function of plant lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin is to serve as defences against herbivorous insects. The midgut is one critical site affected by dietary lectins. We observed marked cellular, structural and gene expression changes in the midguts of Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae that were fed wheat germ agglutinin. Some of these changes were similar to those observed in the midguts of starved D. melanogaster. Dietary wheat germ agglutinin caused shortening, branching, swelling, distortion and in some cases disintegration of the midgut microvilli. Starvation was accompanied primarily by shortening of the microvilli. Microarray analyses revealed that dietary wheat germ agglutinin evoked differential expression of 61 transcripts; seven of these were also differentially expressed in starved D. melanogaster. The differentially transcribed gene clusters in wheat germ agglutinin-fed larvae were associated with (1) cytoskeleton organization; (2) digestive enzymes; (3) detoxification reactions; and (4) energy metabolism. Four possible transcription factor binding motifs were associated with the differentially expressed genes. One of these exhibited substantial similarity to MyoD, a transcription factor binding motif associated with cellular structures in mammals. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wheat germ agglutinin caused a starvation-like effect and structural changes of midgut cells of D. melanogaster third-instar larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Li
- Department of Entomology, Purdua University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Li Y, Romeis J. Impact of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) on adults of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:135-42. [PMID: 19041320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the finding that Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) has direct negative effects on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate its toxicity to the adults. While the ingestion of GNA dissolved in an artificial diet did not affect adult longevity, there were concentration-dependent negative effects on the pre-oviposition period, daily fecundity and total fecundity (number of eggs laid). When GNA was ingested by larvae of C. carnea, it caused a significant extension of larval development time. Adults that had emerged from GNA-fed larvae did not differ from those that developed from control larvae in terms of adult fresh weight, pre-oviposition period and daily or total fecundity. However, fertility (proportion of hatching eggs) was significantly decreased in adults raised from GNA-treated larvae. Western blots revealed that GNA ingested by larvae of C. carnea was partly transferred to the adult stage and was subsequently excreted or digested within a few days. Our toxicity studies (Tier-1 tests) clearly established a hazard of GNA to adult C. carnea when administered to larvae or adults at high concentrations. Implications of these toxicity data for the non-target risk assessment of GNA-expressing transgenic crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Li
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yarasi B, Sadumpati V, Immanni CP, Vudem DR, Khareedu VR. Transgenic rice expressing Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) exhibits high-level resistance against major sap-sucking pests. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:102. [PMID: 18854007 PMCID: PMC2579298 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa) productivity is adversely impacted by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. An approximate 52% of the global production of rice is lost annually owing to the damage caused by biotic factors, of which approximately 21% is attributed to the attack of insect pests. In this paper we report the isolation, cloning and characterization of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) gene, and its expression in elite indica rice cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. The stable transgenic lines, expressing ASAL, showed explicit resistance against major sap-sucking pests. RESULTS Allium sativum leaf lectin gene (asal), coding for mannose binding homodimeric protein (ASAL) from garlic plants, has been isolated and introduced into elite indica rice cultivars susceptible to sap-sucking insects, viz., brown planthopper (BPH), green leafhopper (GLH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH). Embryogenic calli of rice were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium harbouring pSB111 super-binary vector comprising garlic lectin gene asal along with the herbicide resistance gene bar, both under the control of CaMV35S promoter. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed stable integration of transgenes into the genomes of rice plants. Northern and western blot analyses revealed expression of ASAL in different transgenic rice lines. In primary transformants, the level of ASAL protein, as estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, varied between 0.74% and 1.45% of the total soluble proteins. In planta insect bioassays on transgenic rice lines revealed potent entomotoxic effects of ASAL on BPH, GLH and WBPH insects, as evidenced by significant decreases in the survival, development and fecundity of the insects. CONCLUSION In planta insect bioassays were carried out on asal transgenic rice lines employing standard screening techniques followed in conventional breeding for selection of insect resistant plants. The ASAL expressing rice plants, bestowed with high entomotoxic effects, imparted appreciable resistance against three major sap-sucking insects. Our results amply demonstrate that transgenic indica rice harbouring asal exhibit surpassing resistance against BPH, GLH and WBPH insects. The prototypic asal transgenic rice lines appear promising for direct commercial cultivation besides serving as a potential genetic resource in recombination breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Yarasi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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Jin SF, Feng MG, Chen JQ. Selection of global Metarhizium isolates for the control of the rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:1008-1014. [PMID: 18438960 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was initiated to search for fungal candidates for microbial control of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål, to which little attention has been paid in the past two decades. RESULTS Thirty-five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and M. flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal from different host insects worldwide were bioassayed for their lethal effects against third-instar BPH nymphs at 25 degrees C and a 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod at ca 1000 conidia mm(-2). On day 9 post-treatment, mortality attributable to mycosis ranged from 6.5 to 64.2% and differed significantly among the tested isolates with no apparent relationship to their host origin. Only two BPH-derived M. anisopliae isolates from the Philippines (ARSEF456) and Indonesia (ARSEF576) killed >50% of the nymphs. Both isolates were further bioassayed for time-concentration-mortality responses of the nymphs to the sprays of 19-29, 118-164 and 978-1088 conidia mm(-2) in repeated bioassays. The resultant data fitted a time-concentration-mortality model very well. Their LC(50) values were estimated as 731 and 1124 conidia mm(-2) on day 7 and fell to 284 and 306 conidia mm(-2), respectively, on day 10. CONCLUSION The two M. anisopliae isolates are potential biocontrol agents of BPH for further research. This is the first report of the lethal effects of global Metarhizium isolates on the rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Feng Jin
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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Fitches E, Wiles D, Douglas AE, Hinchliffe G, Audsley N, Gatehouse JA. The insecticidal activity of recombinant garlic lectins towards aphids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 38:905-915. [PMID: 18707000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The heterodimeric and homodimeric garlic lectins ASAI and ASAII were produced as recombinant proteins in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The proteins were purified as functional dimeric lectins, but underwent post-translational proteolysis. Recombinant ASAII was a single homogenous polypeptide which had undergone C-terminal processing similar to that occurring in planta. The recombinant ASAI was glycosylated and subject to variable and heterogenous proteolysis. Both lectins showed insecticidal effects when fed to pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in artificial diet, ASAII being more toxic than ASAI at the same concentration. Acute toxicity (mortality at < or =48 h exposure; similar timescale to starvation) was only apparent at the highest lectin concentrations tested (2.0 mg ml(-)1), but dose-dependent chronic toxicity (mortality at >3d exposure) was observed over the concentration range 0.125-2.0 mg ml(-1). The recombinant lectins caused mortality in both symbiotic and antibiotic-treated aphids, showing that toxicity is not dependent on the presence of the bacterial symbiont (Buchnera aphidicola), or on interaction with symbiont proteins, such as the previously identified lectin "receptor" symbionin. A pull-down assay coupled with peptide mass fingerprinting identified two abundant membrane-associated aphid gut proteins, alanyl aminopeptidase N and sucrase, as "receptors" for lectin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fitches
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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Chakraborti D, Sarkar A, Mondal HA, Schuermann D, Hohn B, Sarmah BK, Das S. Cre/lox system to develop selectable marker free transgenic tobacco plants conferring resistance against sap sucking homopteran insect. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1623-33. [PMID: 18663453 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A binary expression vector was constructed containing the insecticidal gene Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL), and a selectable nptII marker gene cassette, flanked by lox sites. Similarly, another binary vector was developed with the chimeric cre gene construct. Transformed tobacco plants were generated with these two independent vectors. Each of the T(0) lox plants was crossed with T(0) Cre plants. PCR analyses followed by the sequencing of the target T-DNA part of the hybrid T(1) plants demonstrated the excision of the nptII gene in highly precised manner in certain percentage of the T(1) hybrid lines. The frequency of such marker gene excision was calculated to be 19.2% in the hybrids. Marker free plants were able to express ASAL efficiently and reduce the survivability of Myzus persiceae, the deadly pest of tobacco significantly, compared to the control tobacco plants. Results of PCR and Southern blot analyses of some of the T(2) plants detected the absence of cre as well as nptII genes. Thus, the crossing strategy involving Cre/lox system for the excision of marker genes appears to be very effective and easy to execute. Documentation of such marker excision phenomenon in the transgenic plants expressing the important insecticidal protein for the first time has a great significance from agricultural and biotechnological points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Chakraborti
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, India
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Gatehouse JA. Biotechnological prospects for engineering insect-resistant plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:881-7. [PMID: 18316644 PMCID: PMC2259060 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Gatehouse
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
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Gaofu Q, Shiqing M, Fayin Z, Zhiniu Y, Xiuyun Z. In vitro assessment of plant lectins with anti-pinwood nematode activity. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 98:40-5. [PMID: 18158158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two lectin proteins were purified from the corms of Pinellia ternata and Lycoris radiata. Both P. ternata agglutinin (PTA) protein and L. radiata agglutinin (LRA) protein formed polymers and coagulated both rabbit red blood cells and yeast cells. The two proteins were each diluted to different concentration and then mixed with pinewood nematodes, and nematode survival was measured. Results showed that the two lectin proteins showed significant levels of resistance against nematodes and the nematode population was significantly reduced, compared to PBS buffer without protein control group. The mean number of nematodes of two lectin proteins group was significantly lower than that of control group constantly throughout the assay period with differences being very significant at P<0.01 after 24 h. After 96 h, when 500 microg/ml proteins were used, nematode number significantly declined to an average of 26 (approximately 43% of the controls) and 32.2 (approximately 53.3% of the controls) nematodes at LRA and PTA protein, respectively, compared to the control group. Results also indicated that higher concentrations of protein were more toxic to the pinewood nematode. Even when the concentration was as low as 30 microg/ml, the toxic proteins retained their anti-nematode activity. Furthermore, pinewood nematode was exposed to the proteins for longer, more pinewood nematodes were killed. Our results indicated the two lectin proteins both apparently have a toxic effect on the pinewood nematode that affects its survival in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gaofu
- The National Engineering Center of Microbial Pesticide, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishanjie 1, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
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Saha P, Chakraborti D, Sarkar A, Dutta I, Basu D, Das S. Characterization of vascular-specific RSs1 and rolC promoters for their utilization in engineering plants to develop resistance against hemipteran insect pests. PLANTA 2007; 226:429-42. [PMID: 17323077 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rice sucrose synthase1, RSs1 (isolated from rice) and rolC (isolated from Agrobacterium rhizogenes) promoters were evaluated by binding analyses of their respective cis-elements with host nuclear transcription factors. The expression profile of an insecticidal protein driven by these promoters in transgenic plants was monitored. Motif-search analysis with available phloem-specific promoter sequences revealed the presence of two BoxII elements in RSs1. An octopine synthase element, a stem-specific, a root-specific and a light-responsive element were found in the rolC promoter, whereas the ASL box, GATA and 13 bp motifs were detected in both promoters. Binding analysis of these cis-elements (both in native and mutant forms) with the trans-factors present in the nuclear extracts from rice, tobacco and chickpea, followed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, documented a highly specific cis-trans interaction. Both promoters were utilized to express Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) gene in the three aforementioned plant systems. By immunohistochemistry and immunohistofluorescence, specific patterns of ASAL accumulation were detected in vascular tissues of single copy transgenic plants. Transgenic plants expressing ASAL in a phloem-specific manner demonstrated about 60-65% more insecticidal activity than control plants. The two promoters, which evolved independently from two distinctly unrelated origins, were found to maintain their functionality in a conserved manner. They were able to express the insecticidal protein coding ASAL as transgene both in monocot and dicot hosts. Thus, the two promoters are valuable as prospective phloem-specific promoters for use in plant biotechnological programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
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Johnson ET, Berhow MA, Dowd PF. Expression of a maize Myb transcription factor driven by a putative silk-specific promoter significantly enhances resistance to Helicoverpa zea in transgenic maize. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2998-3003. [PMID: 17385885 DOI: 10.1021/jf0633600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hi II maize (Zea mays) plants were engineered to express maize p1 cDNA, a Myb transcription factor, controlled by a putative silk specific promoter, for secondary metabolite production and corn earworm resistance. Transgene expression did not enhance silk color, but about half of the transformed plant silks displayed browning when cut, which indicated the presence of p1-produced secondary metabolites. Levels of maysin, a secondary metabolite with insect toxicity, were highest in newly emerged browning silks. The insect resistance of transgenic silks was also highest at emergence, regardless of maysin levels, which suggests that other unidentified p1-induced molecules likely contributed to larval mortality. Mean survivor weights of corn earworm larvae fed mature browning transgenic silks were significantly lower than weights of those fed mature nonbrowning transgenic silks. Some transgenic pericarps browned with drying and contained similar molecules found in pericarps expressing a dominant p1 allele, suggesting that the promoter may not be silk-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Johnson
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, and New Crops and Processing Technology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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Mittapalli O, Sardesai N, Shukle RH. cDNA cloning and transcriptional expression of a peritrophin-like gene in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor [Say]. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 64:19-29. [PMID: 17167751 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the well-studied components of the insect gut is the peritrophic matrix (PM). This semipermeable structure primarily functions in digestion, and protection against invasive microorganisms and mechanical damage. We report the cDNA cloning and transcription profiles of a peritrophin-A like gene (designated MdesPERI-A1) in the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor. The predicted amino acid sequence of MdesPERI-A1 revealed a putative secretion signal peptide at its amino terminus, similarity to peritrophins from other insects including dipterans, and the presence of two chitin binding domains each containing six cysteine residues. Quantitative expression analysis of MdesPERI-A1 mRNA in different larval tissues revealed the transcript to be predominantly present in the midgut (597.9-fold) compared to other tissues assayed including salivary glands and fat bodies. Spatial expression patterns during development showed a peak expression of MdesPERI-A1 in the feeding second-instars (146-fold) and a decline in expression in the pupal and adult stages. Transcription profiling of MdesPERI-A1 during compatible (larvae on susceptible plants) and incompatible (larvae on resistant plants) interactions with wheat revealed a greater level (1.7-fold) of MdesPERI-A1 transcript in larvae on resistant plants in the initial time point examined. However, MdesPERI-A1 expression declined in larvae on resistant plants at the later time points.
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Saha P, Dasgupta I, Das S. A novel approach for developing resistance in rice against phloem limited viruses by antagonizing the phloem feeding hemipteran vectors. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:735-52. [PMID: 16941213 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice production is known to be severely affected by virus transmitting rice pests, brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH) of the order hemiptera, feeding by phloem abstraction. ASAL, a novel lectin from leaves of garlic (Allium sativum) was previously demonstrated to be toxic towards hemipteran pests when administered in artificial diet as well as in ASAL expressing transgenic plants. In this report ASAL was targeted under the control of phloem-specific Agrobacterium rolC and rice sucrose synthase-1 (RSs1) promoters at the insect feeding site into popular rice cultivar, susceptible to hemipteran pests. PCR, Southern blot and C-PRINS analyses of transgenic plants have confirmed stable T-DNA integration and the transgenes were co-segregated among self-fertilized progenies. The T(0) and T(1) plants, harbouring single copy of intact T-DNA expression cassette, exhibit stable expression of ASAL in northern and western blot analyses. ELISA showed that the level of expressed ASAL was as high as 1.01% of total soluble protein. Immunohistofluorescence localization of ASAL depicted the expected expression patterns regulated by each promoter type. In-planta bioassay studies revealed that transgenic ASAL adversely affect survival, growth and population of BPH and GLH. GLH resistant T(1) plants were further evaluated for the incidence of tungro disease, caused by co-infection of GLH vectored Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), which appeared to be dramatically reduced. The result presented here is the first report of such GLH mediated resistance to infection by RTBV/RTSV in ASAL expressing transgenic rice plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
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Hogervorst PAM, Ferry N, Gatehouse AMR, Wäckers FL, Romeis J. Direct effects of snowdrop lectin (GNA) on larvae of three aphid predators and fate of GNA after ingestion. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:614-24. [PMID: 16620868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants genetically modified to express Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) have been found to confer partial resistance to homopteran pests. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate direct effects of GNA on larvae of three species of aphid predators that differ in their feeding and digestive physiology, i.e. Chrysoperla carnea, Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella septempunctata. Longevity of all three predator species was directly affected by GNA, when they were fed a sucrose solution containing 1% GNA. However, a difference in sensitivity towards GNA was observed when comparing the first and last larval stage of the three species. In vitro studies revealed that gut enzymes from none of the three species were able to break down GNA. In vivo feed-chase studies demonstrated accumulation of GNA in the larvae. After the larvae had been transferred to a diet devoid of GNA, the protein stayed present in the body of C. carnea, but decreased over time in both ladybirds. Binding studies showed that GNA binds to glycoproteins that can be found in the guts of larvae of all three predator species. Immunoassay by Western blotting of haemolymph samples only occasionally showed the presence of GNA. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed GNA accumulation in the midgut of C. carnea larvae. Implications of these findings for non-target risk assessment of GNA-transgenic crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra A M Hogervorst
- Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Saha P, Majumder P, Dutta I, Ray T, Roy SC, Das S. Transgenic rice expressing Allium sativum leaf lectin with enhanced resistance against sap-sucking insect pests. PLANTA 2006; 223:1329-43. [PMID: 16404581 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mannose binding Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) has been shown to be antifeedant and insecticidal against sap-sucking insects. In the present investigation, ASAL coding sequence was expressed under the control of CaMV35S promoter in a chimeric gene cassette containing plant selection marker, hpt and gusA reporter gene of pCAMBIA1301 binary vector in an elite indica rice cv. IR64. Many fertile transgenic plants were generated using scutellar calli as initial explants through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technology. GUS activity was observed in selected calli and in mature plants. Transformation frequency was calculated to be approximately 12.1%+/-0.351 (mean +/- SE). Southern blot analyses revealed the integration of ASAL gene into rice genome with a predominant single copy insertion. Transgene localization was detected on chromosomes of transformed plants using PRINS and C-PRINS techniques. Northern and western blot analyses determined the expression of transgene in transformed lines. ELISA analyses estimated ASAL expression up to 0.72 and 0.67% of total soluble protein in T0 and T1 plants, respectively. Survival and fecundity of brown planthopper and green leafhopper were reduced to 36% (P < 0.01), 32% (P < 0.05) and 40.5, 29.5% (P < 0.001), respectively, when tested on selected plants in comparison to control plants. Specific binding of expressed ASAL to receptor proteins of insect gut was analysed. Analysis of T1 progenies confirmed the inheritance of the transgenes. Thus, ASAL promises to be a potential component in insect resistance rice breeding programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII (M), 700054 Kolkata, India
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Wakefield ME, Bell HA, Fitches EC, Edwards JP, Gatehouse AMR. Effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) expressed in tomato leaves on larvae of the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the effect of GNA on the development of the endoparasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2006; 96:43-52. [PMID: 16441904 DOI: 10.1079/ber2005396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ingestion of transgenic tomato leaves expressing the plant lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) on development of larvae of Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus) was studied under laboratory conditions. When L. oleracea larvae were fed on tomato line 14.1H, expressing approximately 2.0% GNA, significant increases in the mean larval weight and in the amount of food consumed were found. This resulted in an overall reduction in the mean development time to the pupal stage of approximately 7 days. A significant increase in the percentage survival to the adult moth was also recorded when newly hatched larvae were reared on transgenic tomato leaves (72%) compared to larvae reared on untransformed leaves (40%). The effects of ingestion of GNA by L. oleracea larvae, via artificial diet or the leaves of transgenic tomato or potato plants, on the subsequent development of its solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) was also studied. No significant effects on the life cycle parameters of M. gyrator developing in L. oleracea fed on GNA-containing diets were observed. Experiments with transgenic potato plants indicated that the stadium of the host larvae at parasitism had a greater influence on M. gyrator development than the presence of GNA. Potential GNA-binding glycoproteins were detected in the gut and body tissues of larval M. gyrator. Despite detection in host tissues, GNA could not be detected in adult M. gyrator and therefore it is likely that at the time of pupation M. gyrator are able to void the GNA in the meconial pellet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wakefield
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Down RE, Fitches EC, Wiles DP, Corti P, Bell HA, Gatehouse JA, Edwards JP. Insecticidal spider venom toxin fused to snowdrop lectin is toxic to the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:77-85. [PMID: 16206236 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The SFI1/GNA fusion protein, comprising of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA) fused to an insecticidal spider venom neurotoxin (Segestria florentina toxin 1, SFI1) was tested for toxicity against the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by incorporation into artificial diets. Significant effects on the mortality of N. lugens were observed, with 100% of the insects fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein diet dead by day 7. The survival of the aphid M. persicae was also reduced when fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein. After 14 days, only 49% of the aphids that were fed on the fusion protein were still alive compared with approximately 90% of the aphids fed on the control diet or on diet containing GNA only. The SFI1/GNA fusion protein also slowed the development of M. persicae, and the reproductive capacity of the aphids fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein was severely reduced. The ability of GNA to act as a carrier protein, and deliver the SFI1 neurotoxin to the haemolymph of N. lugens, following oral ingestion, was investigated. The successful delivery of intact SFI1/GNA fusion protein to the haemolymph of these insects was shown by western blotting. Haemolymph taken from the insects that were fed on the fusion protein contained two GNA-immunoreactive proteins of molecular weights corresponding to GNA and to the SFI1/GNA fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Down
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Jiang JF, Han Y, Xing LJ, Xu YY, Xu ZH, Chong K. Cloning and expression of a novel cDNA encoding a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin from Oryza sativa. Toxicon 2005; 47:133-9. [PMID: 16359716 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lectin plays an important role in defense signaling in plants. A few genes of this family have been cloned. Here we report on a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin in rice. Using sequence information of wheat gene VER2, which we had previously cloned, we were able to amplify a cDNA of OsJAC1 from Oryza sativa by RT-PCR. The cDNA of OsJAC1 was 1172 bp and contained a 921-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding dirigent (amino acids 26-139) and jacalin (amino acids 175-305) domains of 306 amino acids. Comparison of the OsJAC1 sequence with those of other lectins (jacalin) from rice, wheat and other species revealed that OsJAC1 had the 12 amino acid positions conserved in all mannose-binding lectins. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that OsJAC1 expression was present in stems, leaves and young spikes but not young roots; the expression was high in leaves and low in stems and spikes. And methyl jasmonate could induce the expression of OsJAC1. To test the activity of OsJAC1, the jacalin domain at the C-terminal was expressed in E. coli. BL21 (DE3). The purified recombinant protein could agglutinate red blood cells of rabbit, and the agglutination activity was strongly inhibited by mannose compared with other carbohydrates. These results indicate that lectin with dirigent and jacalin domains exists in rice as well as wheat. This is the first report of cDNA cloning of mannose-binding jacalin-related lectin with a dirigent domain in N-terminal region from O. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fu Jiang
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Molecular approaches for identification and construction of novel insecticidal genes for crop protection. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Luo S, Zhangsun D, Tang K. Functional GNA expressed in Escherichia coli with high efficiency and its effect on Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:184-91. [PMID: 16001253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mannose-specific GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, snowdrop lectin) are the resistant proteins with many bioactivities. Snowdrop lectin is different with plant organs and development periods in lectin species, content, and bioactivities. It is an effective and cheap way to obtain much active GNA through overexpression of GNA gene in Escherichia coli. Constructs encoding mature GNA fused with an N-terminal pelB signal sequence protein (PelB) were expressed in E. coli with high efficiency. Recombinant protein productivity was higher than values published before. The insecticidal activity of purified recombinant proteins was assayed on feeding sugarcane wooly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner), as well as spraying on sugarcane plants infected by aphids. The insecticidal activity was found to be comparable to native GNA. Oral delivery has obvious positive implications for crop protection against insect pests since peptides can be present in, or sprayed on, plant tissues susceptible to damage. A highly efficient expression of functional recombinant GNA would decrease the cost of GNA and promote its wide use, especially to give crop protection in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulan Luo
- Biotechnology Center, Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Dutta I, Saha P, Majumder P, Sarkar A, Chakraborti D, Banerjee S, Das S. The efficacy of a novel insecticidal protein, Allium sativum leaf lectin (ASAL), against homopteran insects monitored in transgenic tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2005; 3:601-11. [PMID: 17147631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The homopteran group of polyphagous sucking insect pests causes severe damage to many economically important plants including tobacco. Allium sativum leaf lectin (ASAL), a mannose-binding 25-kDa homodimeric protein, has recently been found to be antagonistic to various sucking insects in the homopteran group through artificial diet bioassay experiments. The present study describes, for the first time, the expression of the ASAL coding sequence under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technology. Molecular analyses demonstrated the integration of the chimeric ASAL gene in tobacco and its inheritance in the progeny plants. Western blot analysis followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determined the level of ASAL expression in different lines to be in the range of approximately 0.68%-2% of total soluble plant protein. An in planta bioassay conducted with Myzus persicae, peach potato aphid (a devastating pest of tobacco and many other important plants), revealed that the percentage of insect survival decreased significantly to 16%-20% in T0 plants and T1 progeny, whilst approximately 75% of insects survived on untransformed tobacco plants after 144 h of incubation. Ligand analyses of insect brush border membrane vesicle receptors and expressed ASAL in transgenic tobacco showed that the expressed ASAL binds to the aphid gut receptor in the same manner as native ASAL, pointing to the fact that ASAL maintains the biochemical characteristics even in the transgenic situation. These findings in a model plant open up the possibility of expressing the novel ASAL gene in a wide range of crop plants susceptible to various sap-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Dutta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Genetics, Bose Institute, P1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII (M), Kolkata-700054, India
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Christeller JT, Malone LA, Todd JH, Marshall RM, Burgess EPJ, Philip BA. Distribution and residual activity of two insecticidal proteins, avidin and aprotinin, expressed in transgenic tobacco plants, in the bodies and frass of Spodoptera litura larvae following feeding. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:1117-26. [PMID: 16039663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand how a major cosmopolitan pest responds to two very different insecticidal proteins and to determine whether herbivorous insects and their frass could be environmental sources of recombinant proteins from transgenic plants, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) larvae were fed on tobacco leaves expressing either the biotin-binding protein, avidin, or the protease inhibitor, aprotinin. Control larvae received non-transgenic tobacco. Samples of larvae were taken after 5, 6 or 7 days' feeding and frass was collected after two 24-h periods at 6 and 7 days. Insects in all treatments grew significantly during the experiment, but the avidin-fed larvae were significantly smaller than the others on Day 7. Avidin was found in all samples of avidin-fed larvae (7.0+/-0.86 ng mg(-1), n=45), at a lower level than in their frass (31.9+/-5.08 ng mg(-1), n=30), and these frass levels were lower than those of the the leaves fed to the larvae (69.0+/-6.71 ng mg(-1), n=45). All of the avidin detected in these samples was capable of binding biotin. On average, between 10 and 28% of avidin was recovered with the methods used, whereas almost full recovery of aprotinin was effected. Aprotinin levels in larvae (8.2+/-0.53 ng mg(-1), n=45) were also lower than aprotinin levels in frass (77.4+/-6.9 ng mg(-1), n=30), which were somewhat lower than those in the leaves fed to the larvae (88.6+/-2.51 ng mg(-1), n=45). Approximately half the trypsin-binding ability of aprotinin was lost in larvae, and in frass, aprotinin had lost about 90% of its ability to bind trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Christeller
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Shah PA, Gatehouse AMR, Clark SJ, Pell JK. Wheat containing snowdrop lectin (GNA) does not affect infection of the cereal aphid Metopolophium dirhodum by the fungal natural enemyPandora neoaphidis. Transgenic Res 2005; 14:473-6. [PMID: 16201413 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-5877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine if susceptibility of the cereal aphid Metopolophium dirhodum to the fungus Pandora neoaphidis was affected by wheat expressing snowdrop lectin (GNA). Aphid infection did not differ significantly between the transgenic GNA and non-transformed lines (91 and 82%, respectively). Fecundity also did not differ between aphids on the two lines, and was ca. 18 nymphs adult(-1). Time to infection was ca. 5 days for M. dirhodum on both lines in two of three assays. Our results indicate that wheat expressing GNA would not compromise the efficacy of P. neoaphidis as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Shah
- Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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