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Zeng Q, Nirwan Y, Benet-Buchholz J, Kleij AW. An Expedient Radical Approach for the Decarboxylative Synthesis of Stereodefined All-Carbon Tetrasubstituted Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403651. [PMID: 38619179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
We report a user-friendly approach for the decarboxylative formation of stereodefined and complex tri- and tetra-substituted olefins from vinyl cyclic carbonates and amines as radical precursors. The protocol relies on easy photo-initiated α-amino-radical formation followed by addition onto the double bond of the substrate resulting in a sequence involving carbonate ring-opening, double bond relay, CO2 extrusion and finally O-protonation. The developed protocol is efficient for both mismatched and matched polarity substrate combinations, and the scope of elaborate stereodefined olefins that can be forged including drug-functionalized derivatives is wide, diverse and further extendable to other types of heterocyclic and radical precursors. Mechanistic control reactions show that the decarboxylation step is a key driving force towards product formation, with the initial radical addition under steric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, - Tarragona
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica/Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yamini Nirwan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, - Tarragona
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, - Tarragona
| | - Arjan W Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-Cerca), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, - Tarragona
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís, Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Zou S, Zhao Z, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Aminoalkylative Cyclization Enables Modular Synthesis of Exocyclic 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311603. [PMID: 37815155 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed regioselective and stereodivergent ring-closing reaction of aminoenynes with aldehydes and boronic acids or hydrosilane is developed. This three-component reaction allows for the modular synthesis of a series of exocyclic 1,3-dienes bearing 5- to 8-membered saturated N-heterocycles. The reactions utilize a simple Pd-catalyst and work with broad range of aminoenynes, aldehydes and organometallic reagents under mild reaction conditions. The products represent useful intermediates for chemical synthesis due to the versatility of the conjugated diene. Preliminary mechanistic details of the method are also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
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Poyraz S, Döndaş HA, Döndaş NY, Sansano JM. Recent insights about pyrrolidine core skeletons in pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1239658. [PMID: 37745071 PMCID: PMC10512268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1239658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome numerous health disorders, heterocyclic structures of synthetic or natural origin are utilized, and notably, the emergence of various side effects of existing drugs used for treatment or the resistance of disease-causing microorganisms renders drugs ineffective. Therefore, the discovery of potential therapeutic agents that utilize different modes of action is of utmost significance to circumvent these constraints. Pyrrolidines, pyrrolidine-alkaloids, and pyrrolidine-based hybrid molecules are present in many natural products and pharmacologically important agents. Their key roles in pharmacotherapy make them a versatile scaffold for designing and developing novel biologically active compounds and drug candidates. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements (especially during 2015-2023) in the exploration of pyrrolidine derivatives, emphasizing their significance as fundamental components of the skeletal structure. In contrast to previous reviews that have predominantly focused on a singular biological activity associated with these molecules, this review consolidates findings from various investigations encompassing a wide range of important activities (antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cholinesterase inhibition, and carbonic anhydrase inhibition) exhibited by pyrrolidine derivatives. This study is also anticipated to serve as a valuable resource for drug research and development endeavors, offering significant insights and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Poyraz
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - H. Ali Döndaş
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | | | - José M. Sansano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Petroff RL, Williams C, Li JL, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Richards T, English CN, Baldessari A, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Harry GJ. Prolonged, Low-Level Exposure to the Marine Toxin, Domoic Acid, and Measures of Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:97003. [PMID: 36102641 PMCID: PMC9472675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excitotoxic molecule, domoic acid (DA), is a marine algal toxin known to induce overt hippocampal neurotoxicity. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies suggest adverse neurological effects at exposure levels near the current regulatory limit (20 ppm, ∼0.075-0.1mg/kg). At these levels, cognitive effects occur in the absence of acute symptoms or evidence of neuronal death. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify adverse effects on the nervous system from prolonged, dietary DA exposure in adult, female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. METHODS Monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075, and 0.15mg/kg per day for an average of 14 months. Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were analyzed in the blood. In-life magnetic resonance (MR) imaging assessed volumetric and tractography differences in and between the hippocampus and thalamus. Histology of neurons and glia in the fornix, fimbria, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus was evaluated. Hippocampal RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Enrichment of gene networks for neuronal health, excitotoxicity, inflammation/glia, and myelin were assessed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were not altered with DA exposure in nonhuman primates. Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus yielded 748 differentially expressed genes (fold change≥1.5; p≤0.05), reflecting differences in a broad molecular profile of intermediate early genes (e.g., FOS, EGR) and genes related to myelin networks in DA animals. Between exposed and control animals, MR imaging showed comparable connectivity of the hippocampus and thalamus and histology showed no evidence of hypomyelination. Histological examination of the thalamus showed a larger microglia soma size and an extension of cell processes, but suggestions of a GFAP+astrocyte response showed no indication of astrocyte hypertrophy. DISCUSSION In the absence of overt hippocampal excitotoxicity, chronic exposure of Macaca fascicularis monkeys to environmentally relevant levels of DA suggested a subtle shift in the molecular profile of the hippocampus and the microglia phenotype in the thalamus that was possibly reflective of an adaptive response due to prolonged DA exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Williams
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Puilingi C, Tan SN, Maeno Y, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Terada R, Kotaki Y. First record of the diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica (Bacillariophyceae) producing amnesic shellfish poisoning-toxins from Papua New Guinea. Toxicon 2022; 216:65-72. [PMID: 35792190 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the species distribution of an amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins-producing diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica outside its current restricted geographical distribution range in Asian coastal waters, samples were collected from two sites of Bootless Bay, located on southwest coast of Papua New Guinea near Port Moresby. A total of twenty-one strains of N. navis-varingica were isolated and the clonal cultures established. The species identity was confirmed by molecular characterization based on the ribosomal DNA markers. The LSU rDNA phylogenetic inference revealed a monophyletic clade of all strains, clustered with N. navis-varingica with high bootstrap supports. ASP toxin production in the strains was investigated by HPLC with fluorescence detection and subsequently confirmed for the representative isolates by LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. All eleven strains from site A showed presence of domoic acid (DA) and isodomoic acid (IB); the toxin quota ranged from 0.70 to 4.63 pg cell-1 (average 2.75 ± 1.26 pg cell-1, n = 11), with the composition of DA and IB of 21 DA: 79 IB. While for strains from site B, four out of ten strains showed presence of DA and IB, with the toxin quota ranged from 1.40 to 3.84 (average 2.57 ± 1.17 pg cell-1, n = 4); the composition was 52 DA: 48 IB. The strains examined in this study were divided into toxic and probably non-toxic groups in ITS2 phylogeny. This represents the first record of domoic acid-producing Nitzschia navis-varingica from Papua New Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Puilingi
- School of Science & Technology, Pacific Adventist University, Private Mail Bag, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea
| | - Suh Nih Tan
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia; China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yukari Maeno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ryuta Terada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21- 24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kotaki
- Fukushima College, 1-1 Chigoike Miyashiro, Fukushima, 960-0181, Japan.
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García-Corona JL, Hégaret H, Deléglise M, Marzari A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Foulon V, Fabioux C. First subcellular localization of the amnesic shellfish toxin, domoic acid, in bivalve tissues: Deciphering the physiological mechanisms involved in its long-retention in the king scallop Pecten maximus. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 116:102251. [PMID: 35710207 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), the phycotoxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an excitatory amino acid naturally produced by at least twenty-eight species of the bloom-forming marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Suspension feeders, such as bivalve mollusks, can accumulate and lengthy retain high amounts of DA in their tissues, threatening human health and leading to extensive-prolonged fishery closures, and severe economic losses. This is particularly problematic for the king scallop Pecten maximus, which retains high burdens of DA from months to years compared to other fast-depurator bivalves. Nonetheless, the physiological and cellular processes responsible for this retention are still unknown. In this work, for the first time, a novel immunohistochemical techniques based on the use of an anti-DA antibody was successfully developed and applied for DA-detection in bivalve tissues at a subcellular level. Our results show that in naturally contaminated P. maximus following a Pseudo-nitzschia australis outbreak, DA is visualized mainly within small membrane-bounded vesicles (1 - 2.5 µm) within the digestive gland cells, identified as autophagosomic structures by means of immune-electron microscopy, as well as in the mucus-producing cells, particularly those from gonad ducts and digestive tract. Trapping of DA in autophagososomes may be a key mechanism in the long retention of DA in scallops. These results and the development of DA-immunodetection are essential to provide a better understanding of the fate of DA, and further characterize DA contamination-decontamination kinetics in marine bivalves, as well as the main mechanisms involved in the long retention of this toxin in P. maximus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Corona
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Margot Deléglise
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Adeline Marzari
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Valentin Foulon
- Université Bretagne Loire, ENIB, UMR CNRS 6285 LabSTICC, Brest 29238, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD) Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France.
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Domoic acid biosynthesis in the red alga Chondria armata suggests a complex evolutionary history for toxin production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2117407119. [PMID: 35110408 PMCID: PMC8833176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117407119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally isolated from the red alga Chondria armata, domoic acid (DA) is best known as a potent marine neurotoxin produced by oceanic harmful algal blooms of planktonic diatoms. Sequencing efforts to date of kainoid-producing red algae have focused exclusively on a closely related molecule, kainic acid, leaving a gap in the understanding of DA biosynthesis in red algae and its evolutionary linkage to diatoms. Here, we present the phylogenetic and biochemical investigation of DA biosynthesis in C. armata. This work demonstrates the high synteny of DA biosynthetic genes between relatively distant taxonomic groups of algae and suggests a complex evolutionary history for DA biosynthesis involving gene transfer and neofunctionalization. Domoic acid (DA), the causative agent of amnesic shellfish poisoning, is produced by select organisms within two distantly related algal clades: planktonic diatoms and red macroalgae. The biosynthetic pathway to isodomoic acid A was recently solved in the harmful algal bloom–forming diatom Pseudonitzschia multiseries, establishing the genetic basis for the global production of this potent neurotoxin. Herein, we sequenced the 507-Mb genome of Chondria armata, the red macroalgal seaweed from which DA was first isolated in the 1950s, identifying several copies of the red algal DA (rad) biosynthetic gene cluster. The rad genes are organized similarly to the diatom DA biosynthesis cluster in terms of gene synteny, including a cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme critical to DA production that is notably absent in red algae that produce the simpler kainoid neurochemical, kainic acid. The biochemical characterization of the N-prenyltransferase (RadA) and kainoid synthase (RadC) enzymes support a slightly altered DA biosynthetic model in C. armata via the congener isodomoic acid B, with RadC behaving more like the homologous diatom enzyme despite higher amino acid similarity to red algal kainic acid synthesis enzymes. A phylogenetic analysis of the rad genes suggests unique origins for the red macroalgal and diatom genes in their respective hosts, with native eukaryotic CYP450 neofunctionalization combining with the horizontal gene transfer of N-prenyltransferases and kainoid synthases to establish DA production within the algal lineages.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Chipman KJ, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Martinez AG, Gerssen A, Tubaro A, Cascio C, Abrahantes JC, Steinkellner H, Hoogenboom L(R. Evaluation of the shucking of certain species of scallops contaminated with domoic acid with a view to the production of edible parts meeting the safety requirements foreseen in the Union legislation. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06809. [PMID: 34434288 PMCID: PMC8373400 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked by the European Commission to provide information on the levels of domoic acid (DA) in whole scallops that would ensure that levels in edible parts are below the regulatory limit after shucking. This should include five species of scallops. In addition, EFSA was asked to recommend the number of scallops to be used in an analytical sample. To address these questions, EFSA received suitable data on DA for only one scallop species, Pecten maximus, i.e. data on pooled samples of edible and non-edible parts. A large part of the concentration levels was above the limit of quantification (LOQ) and only these data were used for the assessment. Shucking in most cases resulted in a strong decrease in the toxin levels. Statistical analysis of the data showed that levels in whole scallops should not exceed 24 mg DA/kg, 59 mg DA/kg and 127 mg DA/kg to ensure that levels in, respectively, gonads, muscle and muscle plus gonads are below the regulatory limit of 20 mg DA/kg with 99% certainty. Such an analysis was not possible for the other scallop species. In the absence of data from member states, published data of variations between scallops were used to calculate the sample size to ensure a 95% correct prediction on whether the level in scallops in an area or lot is correctly predicted to be compliant/non-compliant. It was shown that 10 scallops per sample would be sufficient to predict with 95% certainty if DA levels in the area/lot were twofold below or above the regulatory limit for the highest reported coefficient of variance (CV) of 1.06. To predict with 95% certainty for levels between 15 and 27 mg DA/kg, a pooled sample of more than 30 scallops would have to be tested.
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Schmidt EY, Semenova NV, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV, Trofimov BA. Multimolecular Self-Organization of 1-Acetyl-1,3-bis(haloarylamines) in KOH/DMSO System: From Acetylene Gas and o-Halo Arylamines toward a Higher Molecular Complexity and Diversity. Org Lett 2021; 23:4743-4748. [PMID: 34077231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented self-organization of three molecules of acetylene, two molecules of o-halo arylamine, and one molecule of water to 1-acetyl-1,3-bis(haloarylamines) in the KOH/DMSO system has been discovered. These high-value 1,3-bis(arylamines) are capable of acting as efficient "platform molecules" to provide one-pot access to hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]indoles, 3-haloarylamino-pyrrolidines, benzyliden piperidinols, and other functionalized diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Semenova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor A Ushakov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vashchenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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Buttard F, Sharma J, Champagne PA. Recent advances in the stereoselective synthesis of acyclic all-carbon tetrasubstituted alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4071-4088. [PMID: 33908457 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkenes bearing four carbon-based groups are ubiquitous motifs in chemical sciences due to their various applications from medicinal to materials chemistry, and as chemical platforms for the synthesis of complex, chiral molecules. As such, tremendous research efforts are currently ongoing in order to develop general procedures for the challenging stereoselective synthesis of all-carbon tetrasubstituted alkenes, especially for acyclic structures. Since classical approaches to carbon-carbon double bonds are not suitable for the high steric demand around tetrasubstituted alkenes, a variety of unique approaches to access these privileged functional groups have been developed in recent years. This review article highlights the most significant developments in the field from 2007 to 2020, with an emphasis on the mechanisms and remaining limitations of these contemporary methods. Specifically, recent advances in internal alkyne carbofunctionalizations, in multicomponent couplings or other cross-couplings from nucleophilic or electrophilic alkenyl partners, and in the development of miscellaneous methods, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Buttard
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (NJ), USA.
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (NJ), USA.
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (NJ), USA.
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Marine Excitatory Amino Acids: Structure, Properties, Biosynthesis and Recent Approaches to Their Syntheses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133049. [PMID: 32635311 PMCID: PMC7412112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the results of recent studies on marine excitatory amino acids, including kainic acid, domoic acid, dysiherbaine, and neodysiherbaine A, known as potent agonists of one of subtypes of glutamate receptors, the so-called kainate receptors. Novel information, particularly concerning biosynthesis, environmental roles, biological action, and syntheses of these marine metabolites, obtained mainly in last 10–15 years, is summarized. The goal of the review was not only to discuss recently obtained data, but also to provide a brief introduction to the field of marine excitatory amino acid research.
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Majhi J, Turnbull BWH, Ryu H, Park J, Baik MH, Evans PA. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alkenyl Cyanohydrins Derived from α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes: Stereoselective Synthesis of E-Tetrasubstituted Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11770-11774. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ben W. H. Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ho Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for
Catalytic
Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - P. Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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13
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Tamele IJ, Silva M, Vasconcelos V. The Incidence of Marine Toxins and the Associated Seafood Poisoning Episodes in the African Countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E58. [PMID: 30669603 PMCID: PMC6357038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and bacteria can be one of the great threats to public health due to their ability to produce marine toxins (MTs). The most reported MTs include paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DSTs), cyclic imines (CIs), ciguatoxins (CTXs), azaspiracids (AZTs), palytoxin (PlTXs), tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and their analogs, some of them leading to fatal outcomes. MTs have been reported in several marine organisms causing human poisoning incidents since these organisms constitute the food basis of coastal human populations. In African countries of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, to date, only South Africa has a specific monitoring program for MTs and some other countries count only with respect to centers of seafood poisoning control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the occurrence of MTs and associated poisoning episodes as a contribution to public health and monitoring programs as an MT risk assessment tool for this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro José Tamele
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, n 3453, Campus Principal, Maputo 257, Mozambique.
| | - Marisa Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-238 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Lei H, Xin S, Qiu Y, Zhang X. Enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and (+)-acromelic acid C via Rh(i)-catalyzed asymmetric enyne cycloisomerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:727-730. [PMID: 29214245 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07967b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented synthetic strategy was developed for the total synthesis of kainoid amino acids, which led to the enantioselective synthesis of (-)-kainic acid and the first total synthesis of (+)-acromelic acid C. Rh(i)-catalyzed asymmetric enyne cycloisomerization served as the key reaction in this strategy for the rapid construction of highly functionalized lactam, and the resulting vinyl acetate moiety was further utilized as a versatile building block for the installation of both isopropylidene and 2-pyridone units existing in natural kainoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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15
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Maeno Y, Kotaki Y, Terada R, Cho Y, Konoki K, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Six domoic acid related compounds from the red alga, Chondria armata, and domoic acid biosynthesis by the diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. Sci Rep 2018; 8:356. [PMID: 29321590 PMCID: PMC5762911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA, 1), a potent neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning, has been found in diatoms and red algae. While biosynthetic pathway towards DA from geranyl diphosphate and L-glutamate has been previously proposed, its late stage is still unclear. Here, six novel DA related compounds, 7'-methyl-isodomoic acid A (2) and B (3), N-geranyl-L-glutamic acid (4), 7'-hydroxymethyl-isodomoic acid A (5) and B (6), and N-geranyl-3(R)-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid (7), were isolated from the red alga, Chondria armata, and their structures were determined. The compounds 4 and 7, linear compounds, are predictable as the precursors to form the DA pyrrolidine ring. The compounds 2 and 3 are thought as the cyclized products of 7; therefore, dehydration and electron transfer from the internal olefin of 7 is a possible mechanism for the pyrrolidine ring formation. One terminal methyl group of the side chain of 2 and 3 is predicted to be oxidized to hydroxymethyl (5, 6), and then to carboxylic acids, forming isodomoic acids A and B. Finally, the terminal olefin of isodomoic acid A would be isomerized to form DA. In addition, [15N, D]-labeled 4 was incorporated into DA using the diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, demonstrating that 4 is the genuine precursor of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Maeno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kotaki
- Fukushima College, 1-1 Chigoike Miyashiro, Fukushima, 960-0181, Japan
| | - Ryuta Terada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan.
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16
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Zhu CZ, Feng JJ, Zhang J. Divergent synthesis of functionalized pyrrolidines and γ-amino ketones via rhodium-catalyzed switchable reactions of vinyl aziridines and silyl enol ethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2401-2404. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium-catalyzed enantiospecific intermolecular [3+2] cycloadditions and ring-opening reactions of vinylaziridines with silyl enol ethers have been developed to synthesize functionalized pyrrolidines and γ-amino ketones, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ze Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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18
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Feng JJ, Zhang J. Synthesis of Unsaturated N-Heterocycles by Cycloadditions of Aziridines and Alkynes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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Fleary-Roberts N, Lemière G, Clayden J. Geometry-selective synthesis of the unsaturated side chains of the isodomoic acids. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Zhang W, Yan Z, Gao J, Tong P, Liu W, Zhang L. Metal-organic framework UiO-66 modified magnetite@silica core-shell magnetic microspheres for magnetic solid-phase extraction of domoic acid from shellfish samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:10-8. [PMID: 25997847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66 core-shell magnetic microspheres were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometry, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry and zeta potential analyzer. The synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66 microspheres were first used for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of domoic acid (DA) in shellfish samples. Combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), a fast, simple and sensitive method for the determination of DA was established successfully. Under the optimized conditions, the developed method showed short analysis time, good linearity (r(2) = 0.9990), low limit of detection (1.45 pg mL(-1); S/N = 3:1), low limit of quantification (4.82 pg mL(-1); S/N = 10:1), and good extraction repeatability (RSD ≤ 5.0%; n = 5). Real shellfish samples were processed using the developed method, and trace level of DA was detected. The results demonstrate that Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66 core-shell magnetic microspheres are the promising sorbents for rapid and efficient extraction of polar analytes from complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Jia Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Ping Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China; Testing Center, The Sport Science Research Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China; Testing Center, The Sport Science Research Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China; Testing Center, The Sport Science Research Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
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21
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Jiang S, Kuwano K, Ishikawa N, Yano M, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Production of domoic acid by laboratory culture of the red alga Chondria armata. Toxicon 2014; 92:1-5. [PMID: 25240296 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the production mechanisms and biologic functions of domoic acid (DA) by the red alga Chondria armata, we established a laboratory culture of C. armata. The alga grew better in modified PES medium (mPES) without trace metals or manganese than in unmodified mPES (seawater + nitrate, phosphate, iron, trace metals, vitamins, and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethanesulfonic acid), suggesting that C. armata is especially hypersensitive to the toxicity of excessive manganese. C. armata cultured in N·P·Fe medium (seawater + nitrate, phosphate, and iron) grew best (mean growth rate 828.4%) at a relative nutrient concentration of 50%. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the algal extracts revealed that the DA content of the cultured explants (2273-3308 ppm) was 4-5 fold higher than that of wild specimens. The extract of pooled explants (60 g) was purified by activated charcoal treatment and several types of column chromatography to afford ca. 10 mg DA. The (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the preparation was indistinguishable from the previously reported spectrum of DA, indicating that C. armata itself has an ability to produce DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ishikawa
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Michiko Yano
- Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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23
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Benson CJ, Edlund MB, Gray S, Powell L, Paulin-Curlee G, Armien A, Overmann JA. The presence of diatom algae in a tracheal wash from a German Wirehaired Pointer with aspiration pneumonia. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:221-6. [PMID: 23647227 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old spayed female German Wirehaired Pointer was presented with difficulty breathing after being found seizing in a water-filled drainage ditch while out hunting. Aspirates from a tracheal wash contained numerous degenerate neutrophils, fewer macrophages, some of which contained basophilic debris, low numbers of extracellular diatoms, and a single intracellular short bacterial rod. As the dog continued to clinically decline and could not be weaned from oxygen support, the owners chose euthanasia. The major necropsy finding was a severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia that was likely due to aspiration of foreign material based on the microscopic presence of plant-like material, bi-refringent crystalline material, non-cellular debris, and occasional fungal structures. Diatoms are a class of algae that live primarily in water. Diatom analysis has been used, with some controversy, in human forensics to assist in documenting drowning as the cause of death. In this case, given the clinical history, the presence of diatoms and inflammation in the tracheal wash were interpreted as a likely result of the aspiration of surface water. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of diatoms observed in a cytologic specimen in a nonhuman mammal with aspiration pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Benson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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24
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Zhang XW, Zhang ZX. Quantification of domoic acid in shellfish samples by capillary electrophoresis-based enzyme immunoassay with electrochemical detection. Toxicon 2012; 59:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Shindo M, Matsumoto K. Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Alkenes via Torquoselectivity-Controlled Olefination of Carbonyl Compounds with Ynolates. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 327:1-32. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Denmark SE, Liu JHC, Muhuhi JM. Stereocontrolled total syntheses of isodomoic acids G and H via a unified strategy. J Org Chem 2011; 76:201-15. [PMID: 21121685 PMCID: PMC3076050 DOI: 10.1021/jo101790z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine neuroexcitatory compounds isodomoic acids G and H were efficiently synthesized from a common intermediate using a silicon-based cross-coupling reaction. Dividing each target compound into the core fragment and the side-chain fragment enabled the synthesis to be convergent. The trans-2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidine core fragment was accessed through a diastereoselective rhodium-catalyzed carbonylative silylcarbocyclization reaction of a vinylglycine-derived 1,6-enyne. A stereochemically divergent desilylative iodination reaction was developed to convert the cyclization product to both E- and Z-alkenyl iodides, which would eventually lead to isodomoic acid G and isodomoic acid H, respectively. The late-stage alkenyl-alkenyl silicon-based cross-coupling reaction uniting the core alkenyl iodides and the side-chain alkenylsilanol was achieved under mild conditions. Finally, two mild deprotections afforded the target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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27
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Lemière G, Sedehizadeh S, Toueg J, Fleary-Roberts N, Clayden J. A general synthetic approach to the amnesic shellfish toxins: total synthesis of (−)-isodomoic acid B, (−)-isodomoic acid E and (−)-isodomoic acid F. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3745-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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He Y, Fekete A, Chen G, Harir M, Zhang L, Tong P, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Analytical approaches for an important shellfish poisoning agent: domoic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11525-11533. [PMID: 20964434 DOI: 10.1021/jf1031789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxic amino acid produced by some strains of phytoplankton, is responsible for the human toxic syndrome amnesic shellfish poisoning. This exocitotoxin results in neuronal degeneration and necrosis in specific regions of the hippocampus. Because DA accumulates mostly in shellfish, causing outbreaks in different countries, screening for DA has been carried out with various assays. Although bioassays and immunoassays have been developed, several liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of DA in different matrices such as shellfish, algae, or seawater have been reported. Additionally, other alternative methods such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography have been described. This paper summaries the toxicology, the chemistry, and the developed determination methods of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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29
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Sawant PM, Tyndall JDA, Holland PT, Peake BM, Mountfort DO, Kerr DS. In vivo seizure induction and affinity studies of domoic acid and isodomoic acids-D, -E and -F. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:129-38. [PMID: 20416329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid and its isomers are produced via algal blooms and are found in high concentrations in shellfish. Here, we assessed the acute seizurogenic potencies of isomers-D, -E and -F and their binding affinities at heterogeneous populations of KA receptors from rat cerebrum. In addition, binding affinities of all six isomers (Iso-A through -F) were assessed at AMPA receptors. Radioligand displacement studies indicated that the seizurogenic potency of Iso-F (E-configuration) closely correlates with its affinities at both KA and AMPA receptors, whereas isomers-D (Z) and -E (E), which exhibit distinctly lower seizurogenic potencies, are quite weak displacers. Previously observed functional potencies for isomers-A, -B and -C (Sawant et al., 2008) correlated with AMPA receptor affinities observed here. Taken together, these findings call into question previous structure-activity rules. Significantly, in our hands, Iso-D was ten-fold less potent than Iso-F. To further explain observed links between structural conformation and functional potency, molecular modeling was employed. Modeling results closely matched the rank order of potency and binding data observed. We further assessed the efficacy of isomers-D, -E and -F as pharmacological preconditioning agents. Acute preconditioning with low-dose Iso-D, -E or -F, before high-dose DA failed to impart behavioural tolerance. This study has shed new light on structural conformations affecting non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor binding and functional potency, and provides a foundation for future work in areas of AMPA and KA receptor modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sawant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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30
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Lefebvre KA, Robertson A. Domoic acid and human exposure risks: A review. Toxicon 2010; 56:218-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Ni Y, Kassab RM, Chevliakov MV, Montgomery J. Total syntheses of isodomoic acids G and H: an exercise in tetrasubstituted alkene synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:17714-8. [PMID: 19899794 DOI: 10.1021/ja907931u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified approach to the pyrrolidine triacid natural products isodomoic acids G and H has been developed. Total syntheses of both natural products were completed, and determination of the correct stereostructure of isodomoic acid G was established by comparing 5'-(R) and 5'-(S) isomers to a sample of authentic material. A nickel-catalyzed cyclization constructs the pyrrolidine ring while simultaneously establishing either the E or Z stereochemistry of an exocyclic tetrasubstituted alkene. Stereoselective assembly of both the E- and Z-alkenes of the natural products is made possible by a predictable strategy that alters the timing of substituent introduction to control alkene stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Ni
- Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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32
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Phycotoxins: chemistry, mechanisms of action and shellfish poisoning. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM 2010; 100:65-122. [PMID: 20358682 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The total syntheses of marine natural products belonging to the kainoid family, isodomoic acids G and H, are described. The strategic connection involves a sequential silylcarbocyclization/silicon-based cross-coupling process. These total syntheses were achieved efficiently via a 12- and a 13-step, longest-linear sequence, respectively. The key transformations include a diastereoselective rhodium-catalyzed carbonylative silylcarbocyclization reaction of an (l)-vinylglycine-derived 1,6-enyne, a desilylative iodination reaction, as well as an alkenyl-alkenyl silicon-based cross-coupling reaction. The mechanistic insight garnered during the investigation of the iododesilylation reaction enabled stereocontrolled introduction of the iodine with either inversion or retention of double bond configuration. The invertive desilylative iodination leads to the total synthesis of isodomoic acid H, while its congener, isodomoic acid G, was obtained via a retentive iododesilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Swanson GT, Sakai R. Ligands for ionotropic glutamate receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 46:123-57. [PMID: 19184587 PMCID: PMC2901239 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-87895-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine-derived small molecules and peptides have played a central role in elaborating pharmacological specificities and neuronal functions of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), the primary mediators of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). As well, the pathological sequelae elicited by one class of compounds (the kainoids) constitute a widely-used animal model for human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). New and existing molecules could prove useful as lead compounds for the development of therapeutics for neuropathologies that have aberrant glutamatergic signaling as a central component. In this chapter we discuss natural source origins and pharmacological activities of those marine compounds that target ionotropic glutamate receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/analogs & derivatives
- Alanine/pharmacology
- Amino Acids/physiology
- Animals
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Kainic Acid/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Mammals
- Mollusk Venoms/pharmacology
- Mollusk Venoms/toxicity
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, AMPA/physiology
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- GluK2 Kainate Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Domoic acid toxicologic pathology: a review. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:180-219. [PMID: 18728725 PMCID: PMC2525487 DOI: 10.3390/md20080010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid was identified as the toxin responsible for an outbreak of human poisoning that occurred in Canada in 1987 following consumption of contaminated blue mussels [Mytilus edulis]. The poisoning was characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms and signs. Among the most prominent features described was memory impairment which led to the name Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning [ASP]. Domoic acid is produced by certain marine organisms, such as the red alga Chondria armata and planktonic diatom of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 1987, monitoring programs have been successful in preventing other human incidents of ASP. However, there are documented cases of domoic acid intoxication in wild animals and outbreaks of coastal water contamination in many regions world-wide. Hence domoic acid continues to pose a global risk to the health and safety of humans and wildlife. Several mechanisms have been implicated as mediators for the effects of domoic acid. Of particular importance is the role played by glutamate receptors as mediators of excitatory neurotransmission and the demonstration of a wide distribution of these receptors outside the central nervous system, prompting the attention to other tissues as potential target sites. The aim of this document is to provide a comprehensive review of ASP, DOM induced pathology including ultrastructural changes associated to subchronic oral exposure, and discussion of key proposed mechanisms of cell/tissue injury involved in DOM induced brain pathology and considerations relevant to food safety and human health.
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Sawant PM, Weare BA, Holland PT, Selwood AI, King KL, Mikulski CM, Doucette GJ, Mountfort DO, Kerr DS. Isodomoic acids A and C exhibit low KA receptor affinity and reduced in vitro potency relative to domoic acid in region CA1 of rat hippocampus. Toxicon 2007; 50:627-38. [PMID: 17640694 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several natural isomers of the seizurogenic neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) have been found to occur at up to mg/kg levels in shellfish. The aim of the current study was to assess the neurotoxic potency of isodomoic acids A and C (Iso-A and Iso-C), recently isolated from commercial shellfish. Hippocampal slices were obtained from young adult rats and maintained in a tissue recording chamber. Synaptically evoked population spikes were recorded in region CA1 before and after exposure to DA or its isomers. Both Iso-A and Iso-C produced transient neuronal hyperexcitability followed by a dose-dependent suppression of population spikes, but were, respectively, 4- and 20-fold less potent than DA (spike area: EC50 DA=237 nM; Iso-A=939 nM; Iso-C=4.6 microM). In the hippocampus, DA preconditioning induces tolerance to subsequent DA toxicity. However, in the present study neither Iso-A nor Iso-C were effective as preconditioning agents. Competitive binding studies using homomeric GluR6 kainate (kainic acid, KA) receptors showed the affinity of Iso-A to be 40-fold lower than DA (Ki DA=3.35 nM; Iso-A=130 nM). Together with earlier work showing Iso-C affinity at GluR6 receptors to be 240-fold lower than DA, our results suggest that neuroexcitatory effects of Iso-A in CA1 may involve both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and KA receptors, while Iso-C likely involves the activation of AMPA receptors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sawant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kubo T, Nomachi M, Nemoto K, Sano T, Hosoya K, Tanaka N, Kaya K. Chromatographic separation for domoic acid using a fragment imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:1-7. [PMID: 17723646 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We prepared molecularly imprinted polymers for an amnesic shellfish poison, domoic acid. To prepare the polymer, we tested several commercial aromatic dicarboxylic compounds such as isomers of phthalic acid for templates of molecularly imprinted polymers. The highest selective recognition ability of the polymer for domoic acid in the tested compounds was found when o-phthalic acid was used as the template. The ability was due to the acidity of the carboxylic acids in the domoic acid and the similarity of the shape around the carboxylic acids of domoic acid and the templates. The effective chromatographic separation of domoic acid in the extract from blue mussels was achieved with a LC column packed with the fragment imprinted polymer using o-phthalic acid as the template. This polymer can be utilized for a clean up procedure of domoic acid in toxic shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-20, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Kotaki Y, Furio EF, Satake M, Lundholm N, Katayama T, Koike K, Fulgueras VP, Bajarias FA, Takata Y, Kobayashi K, Sato S, Fukuyo Y, Kodama M. Production of isodomoic acids A and B as major toxin components of a pennate diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica. Toxicon 2005; 46:946-53. [PMID: 16289181 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain more detailed information on the distribution of domoic acid-producing Nitzschia in Asian waters, Nitzschia-like diatoms were isolated primarily from the Philippines and established in culture for analysis by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Out of 58 isolates, 35 Nitzschia-like diatoms from the estuary areas of San Pedro Bay, Tacloban City and Manila Bay showed significant levels of domoic acid production (1.3-5.6pg/cell). These were identified as Nitzschia navis-varingica. Two isolates from the same locality did not produce domoic acid. Of the 21 isolates from Bulacan Estuary, Manila Bay, none produced domoic acid. They did, however, produce two substances that seemed to be domoic acid derivatives. One of the strains was mass cultured and the substances were extracted, purified and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, proton and (13)C NMR, and UV spectra. The produced substances were determined as isodomoic acids A and B. This is the first report of a diatom that produces isodomoic acids A and B as major toxin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kotaki
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Ofunato, 022-0101 Japan.
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Scallet AC, Schmued LC, Johannessen JN. Neurohistochemical biomarkers of the marine neurotoxicant, domoic acid. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:745-52. [PMID: 16203121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Domoic acid and its potent excitotoxic analogues glutamic acid and kainic acid, are synthesized by marine algae such as seaweed and phytoplankton. During an algal bloom, domoic acid may enter the food web through its consumption by a variety of marine organisms held in high regard as seafoods by both animals and humans. These seafoods include clams, mussels, oysters, anchovies, sardines, crabs, and scallops, among others. Animals, such as pelicans, cormorants, loons, grebes, sea otters, dolphins, and sea lions, which consume seafood contaminated with domoic acid, suffer disorientation and often death. Humans consuming contaminated seafood may suffer seizures, amnesia and also sometimes death. In addition to analytical measurement of domoic acid exposure levels in algae and/or seafood, it is useful to be able to identify the mode of toxicity through post-mortem evaluation of the intoxicated animal. In the present study, using the rat as an animal model of domoic acid intoxication, we compared histochemical staining of the limbic system and especially the hippocampus with degeneration-selective techniques (Fluoro-Jade and silver), a conventional Nissl stain for cytoplasm (Cresyl violet), a myelin-selective stain (Black-Gold), an astrocyte-specific stain (glial fibrillary acidic protein), early/immediate gene responses (c-Fos and c-Jun), as well as for heat shock protein (HSP-72) and blood-brain barrier integrity (rat IgG). The results demonstrate that the degeneration-selective stains are the biomarkers of domoic acid neurotoxicity that are the most useful and easy to discern when screening brain sections at low magnification. We also observed that an impairment of blood-brain barrier integrity within the piriform cortex accompanied the onset of domoic acid neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Scallet
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA 3900 NCTR Drive, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Hoedemaker JR, Peake BM, Kerr DS. Reduction in functional potency of the neurotoxin domoic acid in the presence of cadmium and zinc ions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:175-181. [PMID: 21783586 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) binds trace metals such as iron and copper. In vitro brain slice recording (area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices) was used to assess changes in DA potency in the presence of cadmium and zinc. Cadmium or zinc alone had little or no effect on CA1 responses. DA alone produced hyperexcitability and, with prolonged administration, a robust suppression of CA1 responses. Coadministration of DA with either 2 or 4μM Cd(2+) produced significant reductions in the potency of DA; less striking effects were seen in the presence of 4μM Zn(2+). These findings suggest that interactions of Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) with DA result in the formation of trace metal-neurotoxin complexes which are either unavailable for binding to ionotropic glutamate receptors, or bind without producing full agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Hoedemaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2003 for marine natural products, with 619 citations (413 for the period January to December 2003) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (656 for 2003), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country or origin. Biosynthetic studies or syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries have been included (78), including any first total syntheses of a marine natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Jeffery B, Barlow T, Moizer K, Paul S, Boyle C. Amnesic shellfish poison. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:545-57. [PMID: 15019178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is caused by consumption of shellfish that have accumulated domoic acid, a neurotoxin produced by some strains of phytoplankton. The neurotoxic properties of domoic acid result in neuronal degeneration and necrosis in specific regions of the hippocampus. A serious outbreak of ASP occurred in Canada in 1987 and involved 150 reported cases, 19 hospitalisations and 4 deaths after consumption of contaminated mussels. Symptoms ranged from gastrointestinal disturbances, to neurotoxic effects such as hallucinations, memory loss and coma. Monitoring programmes are in place in numerous countries worldwide and closures of shellfish harvesting areas occur when domoic acid concentrations exceed regulatory limits. This paper reviews the chemistry, sources, metabolism and toxicology of domoic acid as well as human case reports of ASP and discusses a possible mechanism of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jeffery
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK.
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Ni Y, Amarasinghe KKD, Ksebati B, Montgomery J. First Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Definition of Isodomoic Acid G. Org Lett 2003; 5:3771-3. [PMID: 14507227 DOI: 10.1021/ol0355783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The first total synthesis and stereochemical definition of isodomoic acid G has been achieved. The key nickel-catalyzed coupling of an alkynyl enone with an alkenylzirconium allows formation of the pyrrolidine ring and most of the stereochemical features in a single step. This report provides the first total synthesis application of this new reaction and illustrates its utility in the stereoselective preparation of highly substituted 1,3-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, USA
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Freitas JC, Rangel M, Oliveira JS, Zaharenko AJ, Rozas E. An Outline of Marine Toxinology Studies in the Brazilian coast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/08865140302425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carcache LM, Rodriguez J, Rein KS. The structural basis for kainoid selectivity at AMPA receptors revealed by low-mode docking calculations. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:551-9. [PMID: 12538020 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The kainoids are a class of excitatory and excitotoxic pyrrolidine dicarboxylates that act at ionotropic glutamate receptors. The kainoids bind kainate receptors with high affinity and, while binding affinity is lower at AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, they are active in functional assays at this receptor subtype as well. However, kainoids are only partial agonists at AMPA receptors. Currents evoked by kainoids have been described as either slowly desensitizing, partially desensitizing, or non-desensitizing. Recently acquired X-ray crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of the iGluR2, AMPA sensitive receptor suggest that differences in ligand-receptor interactions may influence functional properties of an agonist. In an effort to identify important ligand-receptor interactions of various kainoids, we have conducted a series of low-mode docking searches of AMPA agonists in the iGluR2 binding domain. Kainic acid exhibited alternate low-lying geometries, with loss of hydrogen bonds to domain 2, which may represent a dissociation route not available to other kainoids. The most potent of the kainoids are capable of forming hydrogen bonding interactions that span the two domains of the receptor. In particular, a hydrogen bond between the domoic acid C6' carboxylic acid and Ser652 may prevent a peptide bond rotation that is associated with the desensitized state of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Carcache
- Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., FL 33199, Miami, USA
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Amzil Z, Fresnel J, Le Gal D, Billard C. Domoic acid accumulation in French shellfish in relation to toxic species of Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and P. pseudodelicatissima. Toxicon 2001; 39:1245-51. [PMID: 11306137 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the French phytoplankton monitoring network (REPHY), domoic acid (DA), the toxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, was first detected in samples collected in 1998. Toxin analysis by the official method [liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC/DAD)] was performed when Pseudo-nitzschia cell concentration was greater than 1.0 x 10(5) cells/l. LC/DAD results obtained in 1999 and 2000 showed increased DA accumulation in bivalves sampled at different sites along French coasts. The toxin maximum in 1999 was 3.2 microg DA/g of whole tissue, whereas the levels in 2000 (53 microg) were above the sanitary threshold (20 microg DA/g tissue). Phytoplankton samples collected during blooms were observed by both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Identification of phytoplankton species by SEM analyses confirmed the presence of two known DA-producing species, P. pseudodelicatissima and P. multiseries. LC/DAD results for a mass culture of P. multiseries indicated that this species was involved in DA accumulation in French shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Amzil
- Microbiology and Phycotoxins Department (DEL/MP-PN), IFREMER, B.P. 21105, 44311, Nantes, France.
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Kawatsu K, Hamano Y, Noguchi T. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against domoic acid and its application to enzyme immunoassay. Toxicon 1999; 37:1579-89. [PMID: 10482392 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For production of monoclonal antibodies against domoic acid, a causative agent of amnesic shellfish poisoning, three immunogens, domoic acid conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA) and human gamma globulin (HGG), were prepared. The antiserum obtained from BALB/c mice immunized with domoic acid-BSA showed the highest affinity for domoic acid. The monoclonal antibody, DA-3, obtained from the mice was highly specific for domoic acid and showed a minor cross-reactivity with the isomers of domoic acid (isodomoic acids B, E, F, G and H), except for isodomoic acid A. Using DA-3 antibody, an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay (idc-EIA) was developed for measurement of domoic acid. The working range for quantitative measurement of domoic acid and the quantification limit for domoic acid in shellfish were estimated to be 0.15-10 ng/ml and less than 0.04 microg/g, respectively. The mean recovery of domoic acid added to extracts of shellfish at toxin levels of 0.02 to 0.2 microg/ml was 103% with a coefficient of variation of 4.5%. The newly developed idc-EIA seems to be a useful method for monitoring domoic acid in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawatsu
- Department of Food Microbiology, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan.
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