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Wang C, Wang P, Tian Y, Lu C, Liu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Li J. miRNA-383-5p Regulated Migration and Invasion of Tumor Cells by Inhibiting NCKAP1 Expression in Gastric Cancer. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10804-7. [PMID: 38625593 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second deadliest disease in Asia, so it is crucial to find its promising therapeutic targets. The expression profile data of miR383-5p in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. The expression levels of miR383-5p in the collected clinical tissue samples and peripheral blood samples were examined by qPCR, and the relationship between its expression and the clinical data of patients was evaluated. MiR383-5p was overexpressed in the AGS cells, and cell biology assays, such as Transwell, were performed to detect the cell proliferation, migration, invasion and other cell biology abilities of miR383-5p. Target prediction and dual luciferase reporter gene assay were performed to find and validate the target genes of miR383-5p. The expression and activity of MMP and related proteins after overexpression of miR383-5p and NCKAP1 were detected by WB and gelatin zymography assay. The expression of miR383-5p was down-regulated in GC tissues, and its low expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. Restoration of miR383-5p expression in GC cells can inhibit the invasion and migration abilities of GC cells. MiR383-5p negatively regulated NCKAP1 through direct interaction with the 3'UTR sequence of NCKAP1. The overexpression of NCKAP1 can improve the migration and invasion abilities of GC cells, whereas overexpression of miR383-5p can inhibit growth of the aforementioned abilities of GC cells induced by NCKAP1 overexpression. The overexpression of NCKAP1 can increase the expression level and activity of MMP2, while the overexpression of miR383-5p can inhibit the increase of MMP2 expression level and activity in GC cells induced by NCKAP1 overexpression. NCKAP1 is a target gene of miR383-5p, and miR383-5p could be a valuable therapeutic target for stomach adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 212 East Yuhua Road, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 212 East Yuhua Road, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of No.2 Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Cuijuan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 212 East Yuhua Road, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Information Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 212 East Yuhua Road, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071000, China.
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China.
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Ben Ghedalia Peled N, Hoffman DK, Barsky L, Zer NS, Amar K, Rapaport H, Gheber LA, Zhang XHF, Vago R. Bone Endosteal Mimics Regulates Breast Cancer Development and Phenotype. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2338-2347. [PMID: 38499995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site for metastatic development in various cancer types, including breast cancer, with a grim prognosis due to the distinct bone environment. Despite considerable advances, our understanding of the underlying processes leading to bone metastasis progression remains elusive. Here, we applied a bioactive three-dimensional (3D) model capable of mimicking the endosteal bone microenvironment. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells were cultured on the scaffolds, and their behaviors and the effects of the biomaterial on the cells were examined over time. We demonstrated that close interactions between the cells and the biomaterial affect their proliferation rates and the expression of c-Myc, cyclin D, and KI67, leading to cell cycle arrest. Moreover, invasion assays revealed increased invasiveness within this microenvironment. Our findings suggest a dual role for endosteal mimicking signals, influencing cell fate and potentially acting as a double-edged sword, shuttling between cell cycle arrest and more active, aggressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Ben Ghedalia Peled
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Dane K Hoffman
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Cancer and Cell Biology Graduate Program (CCB), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Livnat Barsky
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Noy S Zer
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Katya Amar
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Hanna Rapaport
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (IKI), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Levi A Gheber
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Razi Vago
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Gokyer D, Akinboro S, Zhou LT, Kleinhans A, Laronda MM, Duncan FE, Riley JK, Goldman KN, Babayev E. The oocyte microenvironment is altered in adolescents compared to oocyte donors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588118. [PMID: 38617323 PMCID: PMC11014529 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Study question Are the molecular signatures of cumulus cells (CCs) and follicular fluid (FF) of adolescents undergoing fertility preservation differ from that of reproductively adult oocyte donors? Summary answer The microenvironment immediately surrounding the oocyte, including the CCs and FF, is altered in adolescents undergoing fertility preservation compared to oocyte donors. What is known already Adolescents experience a period of subfecundity following menarche. Recent evidence suggests that this may be at least partially due to increased oocyte aneuploidy. Reproductive juvenescence in mammals is associated with suboptimal oocyte quality. Study design size duration This was a prospective cohort study. Adolescents (10-19 years old, N=23) and oocyte donors (22-30 years old, N=31) undergoing ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval at the Northwestern Fertility and Reproductive Medicine Center between November 1, 2020 and May 1, 2023 were enrolled in this study. Participants/materials setting methods Patient demographics, ovarian stimulation, and oocyte retrieval outcomes were collected for all participants. The transcriptome of CCs associated with mature oocytes was compared between adolescents (10-19 years old, n=19), and oocyte donors (22-30 years old, n=19) using bulk RNA-sequencing. FF cytokine profiles (10-19 years old, n=18 vs. 25-30 years old, n=16) were compared using cytokine arrays. Main results and the role of chance RNA-seq analysis revealed 581 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cumulus cells of adolescents relative to oocyte donors, with 361 genes downregulated and 220 upregulated. Genes enriched in pathways involved in cell cycle and cell division (e.g., GO:1903047, p= 3.5 × 10-43; GO:0051983, p= 4.1 × 10-30; GO:0000281, p= 7.7 × 10-15; GO:0044839, p= 5.3 × 10-13) were significantly downregulated, while genes enriched in several pathways involved in cellular and vesicle organization (e.g., GO:0010256, p= 1.2 × 10-8; GO:0051129, p= 6.8 × 10-7; GO:0016050, p= 7.4 × 10-7; GO:0051640, p= 8.1 × 10-7) were upregulated in CCs of adolescents compared to oocyte donors. The levels of 9 cytokines were significantly increased in FF of adolescents compared to oocyte donors: IL-1 alpha (2-fold), IL-1 beta (1.7-fold), I-309 (2-fold), IL-15 (1.6-fold), TARC (1.9-fold), TPO (2.1-fold), IGFBP-4 (2-fold), IL-12-p40 (1.7-fold) and ENA-78 (1.4-fold). Interestingly, 7 of these cytokines have known pro-inflammatory roles. Importantly, neither the CC transcriptomes or FF cytokine profiles were different in adolescents with or without cancer. Large scale data Original high-throughput sequencing data will be deposited in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) before publication, and the GEO accession number will be provided here. Limitations reasons for caution This study aims to gain insights into the associated gamete quality by studying the immediate oocyte microenvironment. The direct study of oocytes is more challenging due to sample scarcity, as they are cryopreserved for future use, but will provide a more accurate assessment of oocyte reproductive potential. Wider implications of the findings Understanding the underpinnings of altered immediate oocyte microenvironment of adolescent patients may provide insights into the reproductive potential of the associated gametes in the younger end of the age spectrum. This has implications for the fertility preservation cycles for very young patients. Study funding/competing interests This project was supported by Friends of Prentice organization SP0061324 (M.M.L and E.B.), Gesualdo Family Foundation (Research Scholar: M.M.L.), and NIH/NICHD K12 HD050121 (E.B.). The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Gokyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Sophia Akinboro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Luhan T. Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Anna Kleinhans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine Center for Fertility and Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Monica M. Laronda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Joan K. Riley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine Center for Fertility and Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Kara N. Goldman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine Center for Fertility and Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Elnur Babayev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine Center for Fertility and Reproductive Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
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Zhu C, Lu Y, Peng W, Gao H, Cao X, Su M, Wu Z, Huo X, Yu C. Stretchable Sponge-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Real-Time Sensing of Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16885-16891. [PMID: 37937709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
For the study of cell biology, real-time information on cell physiological processes will be more accurate and closer to the in vivo condition in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Although most reported 3D cell culture scaffolds can better mimic the in vivo dynamic microenvironment, the real-time analysis technique is deficient or lacking. Herein, a stretchable and conductive 3D scaffold is developed to construct an electrochemical biosensor for real-time monitoring of cell release in 3D culture under stimulation of drug stimulant and mechanical force. In our design, the polyurethane sponge (PU) dipped with conductive carbon ink (CC/PU) was used as a conductive scaffold, and gold nanoparticles (nano-Au) were electrodeposited on the CC/PU (nano-Au CC/PU) to improve the electrochemical sensing performance. The prepared nano-Au CC/PU scaffold exhibits a good electrocatalytic ability to H2O2 with a linear range from 20 nM to 43 μM. Due to the great biocompatibility, HeLa cells can be cultured directly on the nano-Au CC/PU and the in situ and real-time tracking of H2O2 secretion from cells was achieved. The results demonstrate that both the drug stimulant and mechanical force can rapidly activate the release of reactive oxygen species. This study indicates that the stretchable 3D sensing scaffold has good potential for cell biology research in an in vivo-like microenvironment and can be extensively used in the fields of tissue engineering, drug screening, and pathological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailing Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Lu
- Qidong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qidong, Jiangsu 226200, China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Mengjie Su
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Zengqiang Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Huo
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, P. R. China
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Plava J, Cehakova M, Kuniakova M, Trnkova L, Cihova M, Bohac M, Danisovic L. The third dimension of tumor microenvironment-The importance of tumor stroma in 3D cancer models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1347-1358. [PMID: 37750028 PMCID: PMC10625342 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231198050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the three-dimensional (3D) cancer models give rise to a plethora of new possibilities in the development of anti-cancer drug therapies and bring us closer to personalized medicine. Three-dimensional models are undoubtedly more authentic than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Nowadays, they are becoming preferentially used in most cancer research fields due to their more accurate biomimetic characteristics. On the contrary, they still lack the cellular and matrix complexity of the native tumor microenvironment (TME). This review focuses on the description of existing 3D models, the incorporation of TME and fluidics into these models, and their perspective in the future research. It is clear that such an improvement would need not only biological but also technical progress. Therefore, the modern approach to anti-cancer drug discovery should involve various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Plava
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Cehakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany 921 12, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Kuniakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Trnkova
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Marina Cihova
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bohac
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava 83310, Slovakia
- Department of Oncosurgery, National Cancer Institute, Bratislava 83310, Slovakia
- Regenmed Ltd., Bratislava 81108, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 811 08, Slovakia
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany 921 12, Slovakia
- Regenmed Ltd., Bratislava 81108, Slovakia
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Obesity-Associated ECM Remodeling in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225684. [PMID: 36428776 PMCID: PMC9688387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, an energy storage and endocrine organ, is emerging as an essential player for ECM remodeling. Fibrosis is one of the hallmarks of obese adipose tissue, featuring excessive ECM deposition and enhanced collagen alignment. A variety of ECM components and ECM-related enzymes are produced by adipocytes and myofibroblasts in obese adipose tissue. Data from lineage-tracing models and a single-cell analysis indicate that adipocytes can transform or de-differentiate into myofibroblast/fibroblast-like cells. This de-differentiation process has been observed under normal tissue development and pathological conditions such as cutaneous fibrosis, wound healing, and cancer development. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that adipocyte de-differentiation and myofibroblasts/fibroblasts play crucial roles in obesity-associated ECM remodeling and cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in obesity-related ECM remodeling, the mechanism underlying adipocyte de-differentiation, and the function of obesity-associated ECM remodeling in cancer progression.
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7
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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8
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Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Organ on Chip Technology to Model Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:28. [PMID: 35049737 PMCID: PMC8772984 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ on chip (OOC) has emerged as a major technological breakthrough and distinct model system revolutionizing biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the crucial structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. OOC are rapidly emerging as powerful tools for oncology research. Indeed, Cancer on chip (COC) can ideally reproduce certain key aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as biochemical gradients and niche factors, dynamic cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and complex tissue structures composed of tumor and stromal cells. Here, we review the state of the art in COC models with a focus on the microphysiological systems that host multicellular 3D tissue engineering models and can help elucidate the complex biology of TME and cancer growth and progression. Finally, some examples of microengineered tumor models integrated with multi-organ microdevices to study disease progression in different tissues will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (F.U.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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9
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Tang X, Brindley DN. Analysis of Cell Proliferation by Three-Dimensional Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2579:197-207. [PMID: 36045208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2736-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology is a powerful tool in cancer research and drug development. It retains several critical components of the in vivo environment, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in a 3D fashion, gradients of oxygen, nutrients and metabolic waste, and it is thus more physiologically relevant than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. Here, we describe a simple and versatile method using commercially available chamber slides and Matrigel, a surrogate ECM hydrogel, to set up a 3D culture model for breast cancer cells. In this 3D culture model, cells form aggregates or spheroids on top of a thin layer of Matrigel, which can be fixed directly onto the chamber slides for cell imaging and immunofluorescence staining. Alternatively, RNA and protein can be extracted from the cells for further investigation. This 3D cell culture model provides a useful platform for cancer research and drug development, in which the effects of novel compounds or genetic modifications can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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10
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Nagyová E, Němcová L, Camaioni A. Cumulus Extracellular Matrix Is an Important Part of Oocyte Microenvironment in Ovarian Follicles: Its Remodeling and Proteolytic Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:54. [PMID: 35008478 PMCID: PMC8744823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential structure with biological activities. It has been shown that the ECM influences gene expression via cytoskeletal components and the gene expression is dependent upon cell interactions with molecules and hormones. The development of ovarian follicles is a hormone dependent process. The surge in the luteinizing hormone triggers ovulatory changes in oocyte microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how proteolytic cleavage affects formation of cumulus ECM following hormonal stimulation; in particular, how the specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 affects gonadotropin-induced cytoskeletal structure, the organization of cumulus ECM, steroidogenesis, and nuclear maturation. We found that after the inhibition of proteolytic cleavage, gonadotropin-stimulated oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were without any signs of cumulus expansion; they remained compact with preserved cytoskeletal F-actin-rich transzonal projections through the oocyte investments. Concomitantly, a significant decrease was detected in progesterone secretion and in the expression of gonadotropin-stimulated cumulus expansion-related transcripts, such as HAS2 and TNFAIP6. In agreement, the covalent binding between hyaluronan and the heavy chains of serum-derived the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, essential for the organization of cumulus ECM, was missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nagyová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Němcová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonella Camaioni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpelier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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11
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Martinez-Pacheco S, O’Driscoll L. Pre-Clinical In Vitro Models Used in Cancer Research: Results of a Worldwide Survey. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236033. [PMID: 34885142 PMCID: PMC8656628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cell lines, grown on plastic dishes i.e., two-dimensional (2D), are routinely used in cancer research, e.g., when evaluating the effectiveness of potential anti-cancer drugs before proceeding to studies in animal models and then human clinical trials. Stop/go decisions are generally made from these initial studies. As only ~10% of potential anti-cancer drugs succeed during clinical development, this suggests that these models are inadequate. Cells grown as three-dimensional (3D) models, akin to a tumor mass and with other cells that would naturally occur in its environment, should be more clinically relevant. We performed a worldwide survey, open to cancer researchers at all stages and in all settings, to find out what models they use; for what purposes, and why they chose those models. The majority reported using 2D models only, mainly due to lack of experience and costs but expressed interest in 3D cultures. Guidelines on how to develop such models cost-effectively are needed. Abstract To develop and subsequently get cancer researchers to use organotypic three-dimensional (3D) models that can recapitulate the complexity of human in vivo tumors in an in vitro setting, it is important to establish what in vitro model(s) researchers are currently using and the reasons why. Thus, we developed a survey on this topic, obtained ethics approval, and circulated it throughout the world. The survey was completed by 101 researchers, across all career stages, in academia, clinical or industry settings. It included 40 questions, many with multiple options. Respondents reported on their field of cancer research; type of cancers studied; use of two-dimensional (2D)/monolayer, 2.5D and/or 3D cultures; if using co-cultures, the cell types(s) they co-culture; if using 3D cultures, whether these involve culturing the cells in a particular way to generate spheroids, or if they use additional supports/scaffolds; techniques used to analyze the 2D/2.5D/3D; and their downstream applications. Most researchers (>66%) only use 2D cultures, mainly due to lack of experience and costs. Despite most cancer researchers currently not using the 3D format, >80% recognize their importance and would like to progress to using 3D models. This suggests an urgent need to standardize reliable, robust, reproducible methods for establishing cost-effective 3D cell culture models and their subsequent characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Martinez-Pacheco
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zbinden A, Urbanczyk M, Layland SL, Becker L, Marzi J, Bosch M, Loskill P, Duffy GP, Schenke-Layland K. Collagen and Endothelial Cell Coculture Improves β-Cell Functionality and Rescues Pancreatic Extracellular Matrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:977-991. [PMID: 33023407 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials and biomaterial functionalization is a promising approach to support pancreatic islet viability posttransplantation in an effort to reduce insulin dependence for patients afflicted with diabetes mellitus type 1. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are known to impact numerous reparative functions in the body. Assessing how endogenously expressed pancreatic ECM proteins are affected by posttransplant-like hypoxic conditions may provide significant insights toward the development of tissue-engineered therapeutic strategies to positively influence β-cell survival, proliferation, and functionality. Here, we investigated the expression of three relevant groups of pancreatic ECM proteins in human native tissue, including basement membrane (BM) proteins (collagen type 4 [COL4], laminins [LAM]), proteoglycans (decorin [DCN], nidogen-1 [NID1]), and fibril-forming proteins (fibronectin [FN], collagen type 1 [COL1]). In an in vitro hypoxia model, we identified that ECM proteins were differently affected by hypoxic conditions, contributing to an overall loss of β-cell functionality. The use of a COL1 hydrogel as carrier material demonstrated a protective effect on β-cells mitigating the effect of hypoxia on proteoglycans as well as fibril-forming protein expression, supporting β-cell functionality in hypoxia. We further showed that providing endothelial cells (ECs) into the COL1 hydrogel improves β-cell response as well as the expression of relevant BM proteins. Our data show that β-cells benefit from a microenvironment composed of structure-providing COL1 with the incorporation of ECs to withstand the harsh conditions of hypoxia. Such hydrogels support β-cell survival and can serve as an initial source of ECM proteins to allow cell engraftment while preserving cell functionality posttransplantation. Impact statement Expression analysis identifies hypoxia-induced pathological changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis as potential targets to support β-cell transplants by encapsulation in biomaterials for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. A collagen-1 hydrogel is shown to attenuate the effect of hypoxia on β-cells and their ECM expression. The functionalization of the hydrogel with endothelial cells increases the β-cell response to glucose and rescues essential basement membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zbinden
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Max Urbanczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucas Becker
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Marzi
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Mariella Bosch
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Garry P Duffy
- Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Bioengineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.,Anatomy & Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Iozzo RV, Theocharis AD, Neill T, Karamanos NK. Complexity of matrix phenotypes. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100038. [PMID: 33543032 PMCID: PMC7852209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is engaged in an ever-evolving and elegant ballet of dynamic reciprocity that directly and bi-directionally regulates cell behavior. Homeostatic and pathophysiological changes in cell-matrix signaling cascades manifest as complex matrix phenotypes. Indeed, the extracellular matrix can be implicated in virtually every known human disease, thus, making it the most critical and dynamic "organ" in the human body. The overall goal of this Special Issue is to provide an accurate and inclusive functional definition that addresses the inherent complexity of matrix phenotypes. This goal is summarily achieved via a corpus of expertly written articles, reviews and original research, focused at answering this question empirically and fundamentally via state-of-the-art methods and research strategies.
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Key Words
- ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases
- AGE, advanced glycation end products
- Angiogenesis
- Cancer
- Collagen
- DDR1, discoidin domain receptor 1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMILIN1, elastin microfibril interfacer 1
- EMILIN2, elastin microfibril interfacer 2
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERα, estrogen receptor α
- ERβ, estrogen receptor β
- GBM, glioblastoma
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1, HAS2 antisense 1
- HB-EGF, heparin binding EGF
- HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-Hook 2
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer
- IGF-IR, insulin growth factor I receptor
- IR-A, insulin receptor A
- LEKTI, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor
- LOX, lysyl oxidases
- LTBP, latent TGFβ-binding proteins
- MAGP, microfibril-associated glycoproteins
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- Methodologies
- OB, osteoblast
- OI, osteogenesis imperfecta
- PARs, protease activated receptors
- PG, proteoglycans
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Proteoglycans
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SLRP, small leucine rich proteoglycans
- SSR, solar-simulated radiation
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNT, tunneling nanotubes
- UVR, ultraviolet radiation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- miR, microRNA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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14
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Nicolas J, Magli S, Rabbachin L, Sampaolesi S, Nicotra F, Russo L. 3D Extracellular Matrix Mimics: Fundamental Concepts and Role of Materials Chemistry to Influence Stem Cell Fate. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1968-1994. [PMID: 32227919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic 3D extracellular matrices (ECMs) find application in cell studies, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. While cells cultured in a monolayer may exhibit unnatural behavior and develop very different phenotypes and genotypes than in vivo, great efforts in materials chemistry have been devoted to reproducing in vitro behavior in in vivo cell microenvironments. This requires fine-tuning the biochemical and structural actors in synthetic ECMs. This review will present the fundamentals of the ECM, cover the chemical and structural features of the scaffolds used to generate ECM mimics, discuss the nature of the signaling biomolecules required and exploited to generate bioresponsive cell microenvironments able to induce a specific cell fate, and highlight the synthetic strategies involved in creating functional 3D ECM mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sofia Magli
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Rabbachin
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Sampaolesi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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15
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Hii SC, Luddin N, Kannan TP, Ab Rahman I, Nik Abdul Ghani NR. The Biological Evaluation of Conventional and Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Silica Glass Ionomer Cement on Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Comparative Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2019; 10:324-332. [PMID: 32308298 PMCID: PMC7145261 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_581_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite their lower strength, glass ionomer cements (GICs) are widely used as restorative materials because of their anti-cariogenic properties, direct adhesion to tooth structure and good biocompatibility. Recently, the addition of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA)-silica to conventional GIC (cGIC) has been shown to improve the strength of cGIC. However, the biocompatibility and cell attachment properties of this material are unknown. AIMS This study aims to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity and cell attachment properties of cGIC and nano-HA-silica-GIC on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). METHODS AND MATERIALS Material extracts of nano-HA-silica-GIC and cGIC were prepared into seven serial dilutions and applied to 96 well plates seeded with DPSCs. After 72 h, the cell viability was determined using MTT assay. The DPSCs cell attachment properties were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) after 24 and 72 h. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyse the data for MTT assay (P < 0.05). SEM images of cell attachment properties were also described. RESULTS Nano-HA-silica-GIC and cGIC was shown to be slight to non-cytotoxic at all concentrations, except 200 mg/ml. Moderate cytotoxicity has been observed at 200 mg/ml concentration where nano-HA-silica-GIC and cGIC revealed cell viability values of 44.38 and 42.15%, respectively. Nano-HA-silica-GIC demonstrated better cell viability values than cGIC at all concentrations except for 6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml. Nevertheless, the results were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). SEM examination revealed the increasing numbers of DPSCs attached to both groups with prominent filopodia, especially after 72 h. CONCLUSIONS Nano-HA-silica-GIC exhibited good biocompatibility which is comparable to cGIC and favoured the attachment of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ching Hii
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Luddin
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Human Genome Centre, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Ab Rahman
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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16
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Ostromohov N, Huber D, Bercovici M, Kaigala GV. Real-Time Monitoring of Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Kinetics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11470-11477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Ostromohov
- IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Deborah Huber
- IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moran Bercovici
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Govind V. Kaigala
- IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Carlini MJ, Shrivastava N, Sosa MS. Epigenetic and Pluripotency Aspects of Disseminated Cancer Cells During Minimal Residual Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1100:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97746-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Bansal D, Kulkarni J, Nadahalli K, Lakshmanan V, Krishna S, Sasidharan V, Geo J, Dilipkumar S, Pasricha R, Gulyani A, Raghavan S, Palakodeti D. Cytoplasmic poly (A)-binding protein critically regulates epidermal maintenance and turnover in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Development 2017; 144:3066-3079. [PMID: 28807897 PMCID: PMC5611960 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying key cellular events that facilitate stem cell function and tissue organization is crucial for understanding the process of regeneration. Planarians are powerful model system to study regeneration and stem cell (neoblast) function. Here, using planaria, we show that the initial events of regeneration, such as epithelialization and epidermal organization are critically regulated by a novel cytoplasmic poly A-binding protein, SMED-PABPC2. Knockdown of smed-pabpc2 leads to defects in epidermal lineage specification, disorganization of epidermis and ECM, and deregulated wound healing, resulting in the selective failure of neoblast proliferation near the wound region. Polysome profiling suggests that epidermal lineage transcripts, including zfp-1, are translationally regulated by SMED-PABPC2. Together, our results uncover a novel role for SMED-PABPC2 in the maintenance of epidermal and ECM integrity, critical for wound healing and subsequent processes for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jahnavi Kulkarni
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Kavana Nadahalli
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Srikar Krishna
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Sastra University, Thanjavur 613402 India
| | - Vidyanand Sasidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jini Geo
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Shilpa Dilipkumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Renu Pasricha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK PO, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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19
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Pfeifer CR, Alvey CM, Irianto J, Discher DE. Genome variation across cancers scales with tissue stiffness - an invasion-mutation mechanism and implications for immune cell infiltration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:103-114. [PMID: 29082336 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many different types of soft and solid tumors have now been sequenced, and meta-analyses suggest that genomic variation across tumors scales with the stiffness of the tumors' tissues of origin. The opinion expressed here is based on a review of current genomics data, and it considers multiple 'mechanogenomics' mechanisms to potentially explain this scaling of mutation rate with tissue stiffness. Since stiff solid tissues have higher density of fibrous collagen matrix, which should decrease tissue porosity, cancer cell proliferation could be affected and so could invasion into stiff tissues as the nucleus is squeezed sufficiently to enhance DNA damage. Diversification of a cancer genome after constricted migration is now clear. Understanding genome changes that give rise to neo-antigens is important to selection as well as to the development of immunotherapies, and we discuss engineered monocytes/macrophages as particularly relevant to understanding infiltration into solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cory M Alvey
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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20
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Su J, Cole J, Fox MA. Loss of Interneuron-Derived Collagen XIX Leads to a Reduction in Perineuronal Nets in the Mammalian Telencephalon. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091416689020. [PMID: 28090790 PMCID: PMC5298462 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416689020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are lattice-like supramolecular assemblies of extracellular glycoproteins that surround subsets of neuronal cell bodies in the mammalian telencephalon. PNNs emerge at the end of the critical period of brain development, limit neuronal plasticity in the adult brain, and are lost in a variety of complex brain disorders diseases, including schizophrenia. The link between PNNs and schizophrenia led us to question whether neuronally expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules associated with schizophrenia contribute to the assembly of these specialized supramolecular ECM assemblies. We focused on collagen XIX-a minor, nonfibrillar collagen expressed by subsets of telencephalic interneurons. Genetic alterations in the region encoding collagen XIX have been associated with familial schizophrenia, and loss of this collagen in mice results in altered inhibitory synapses, seizures, and the acquisition of schizophrenia-related behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that loss of collagen XIX also results in a reduction of telencephalic PNNs. Loss of PNNs was accompanied with reduced levels of aggrecan (Acan), a major component of PNNs. Despite reduced levels of PNN constituents in collagen XIX-deficient mice ( col19a1-/-), we failed to detect reduced expression of genes encoding these ECM molecules. Instead, we discovered a widespread upregulation of extracellular proteases capable of cleaving Acan and other PNN constituents in col19a1-/- brains. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX speeds PNN degradation and they identify a novel mechanism by which the loss of collagen XIX may contribute to complex brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Su
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - James Cole
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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21
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Capp JP. Tissue disruption increases stochastic gene expression thus producing tumors: Cancer initiation without driver mutation. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2408-2413. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Capp
- INSA/Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, UMR CNRS 5504, UMR INRA 792; Toulouse 31077 France
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22
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Weltin A, Hammer S, Noor F, Kaminski Y, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Accessing 3D microtissue metabolism: Lactate and oxygen monitoring in hepatocyte spheroids. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:941-948. [PMID: 27665516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3D hepatic microtissues, unlike 2D cell cultures, retain many of the in-vivo-like functionalities even after long-term cultivation. Such 3D cultures are increasingly applied to investigate liver damage due to drug exposure in toxicology. However, there is a need for thorough metabolic characterization of these microtissues for mechanistic understanding of effects on culture behaviour. We measured metabolic parameters from single human HepaRG hepatocyte spheroids online and continuously with electrochemical microsensors. A microsensor platform for lactate and oxygen was integrated in a standard 96-well plate. Electrochemical microsensors for lactate and oxygen allow fast, precise and continuous long-term measurement of metabolic parameters directly in the microwell. The demonstrated capability to precisely detect small concentration changes by single spheroids is the key to access their metabolism. Lactate levels in the culture medium starting from 50µM with production rates of 5µMh-1 were monitored and precisely quantified over three days. Parallel long-term oxygen measurements showed no oxygen depletion or hypoxic conditions in the microwell. Increased lactate production by spheroids upon suppression of the aerobic metabolism was observed. The dose-dependent decrease in lactate production caused by the addition of the hepatotoxic drug Bosentan was determined. We showed that in a toxicological application, metabolic monitoring yields quantitative, online information on cell viability, which complements and supports other methods such as microscopy. The demonstrated continuous access to 3D cell culture metabolism within a standard setup improves in vitro toxicology models in replacement strategies of animal experiments. Controlling the microenvironment of such organotypic cultures has impact in tissue engineering, cancer therapy and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Hammer
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yeda Kaminski
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Gomes LR, Vessoni AT, Menck CF. Microenvironment and autophagy cross-talk: Implications in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:300-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Suhovskih AV, Kashuba VI, Klein G, Grigorieva EV. Prostate cancer cells specifically reorganize epithelial cell-fibroblast communication through proteoglycan and junction pathways. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:39-53. [PMID: 27111714 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1182292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment and stromal fibroblasts are able to inhibit tumor cell proliferation both through secreted signaling molecules and direct cell-cell interactions but molecular mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. In this study, we investigated a role of cell-cell contact-related molecules (protein ECM components, proteoglycans (PGs) and junction-related molecules) in intercellular communications between the human TERT immortalized fibroblasts (BjTERT fibroblasts) and normal (PNT2) or cancer (LNCaP, PC3, DU145) prostate epithelial cells. It was shown that BjTERT-PNT2 cell coculture resulted in significant decrease of both BjTERT and PNT2 proliferation rates and reorganization of transcriptional activity of cell-cell contact-related genes in both cell types. Immunocytochemical staining revealed redistribution of DCN and LUM in PNT2 cells and significant increase of SDC1 at the intercellular contact zones between BjTERT and PNT2 cells, suggesting active involvement of the PGs in cell-cell contacts and contact inhibition of cell proliferation. Unlike to PNT2 cells, PC3 cells did not respond to BjTERT in terms of PGs expression, moderately increased transcriptional activity of junctions-related genes (especially tight junction) and failed to establish PC3-BjTERT contacts. At the same time, PC3 cells significantly down-regulated junctions-related genes (especially focal adhesions and adherens junctions) in BjTERT fibroblasts resulting in visible preference for homotypic PC3-PC3 over heterotypic PC3-BjTERT contacts and autonomous growth of PC3 clones. Taken together, the results demonstrate that an instructing role of fibroblasts to normal prostate epithelial cells is revoked by cancer cells through deregulation of proteoglycans and junction molecules expression and overall disorganization of fibroblast-cancer cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- a MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Vladimir I Kashuba
- a MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,c Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - George Klein
- a MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Elvira V Grigorieva
- a MTC, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , Novosibirsk , Russia
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25
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Argyropoulos AJ, Robichaud P, Balimunkwe RM, Fisher GJ, Hammerberg C, Yan Y, Quan T. Alterations of Dermal Connective Tissue Collagen in Diabetes: Molecular Basis of Aged-Appearing Skin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153806. [PMID: 27104752 PMCID: PMC4841569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the collagen, the major structural protein in skin, contribute significantly to human skin connective tissue aging. As aged-appearing skin is more common in diabetes, here we investigated the molecular basis of aged-appearing skin in diabetes. Among all known human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), diabetic skin shows elevated levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled real-time PCR indicated that elevated MMPs in diabetic skin were primarily expressed in the dermis. Furthermore, diabetic skin shows increased lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression and higher cross-linked collagens. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) further indicated that collagen fibrils were fragmented/disorganized, and key mechanical properties of traction force and tensile strength were increased in diabetic skin, compared to intact/well-organized collagen fibrils in non-diabetic skin. In in vitro tissue culture system, multiple MMPs including MMP-1 and MM-2 were induced by high glucose (25 mM) exposure to isolated primary human skin dermal fibroblasts, the major cells responsible for collagen homeostasis in skin. The elevation of MMPs and LOX over the years is thought to result in the accumulation of fragmented and cross-linked collagen, and thus impairs dermal collagen structural integrity and mechanical properties in diabetes. Our data partially explain why old-looking skin is more common in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J. Argyropoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick Robichaud
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Mutesi Balimunkwe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Craig Hammerberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sirchia SM, Faversani A, Rovina D, Russo MV, Paganini L, Savi F, Augello C, Rosso L, Del Gobbo A, Tabano S, Bosari S, Miozzo M. Epigenetic effects of chromatin remodeling agents on organotypic cultures. Epigenomics 2016; 8:341-58. [PMID: 26949823 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor epigenetic defects are of increasing relevance to clinical practice, because they are 'druggable' targets for cancer therapy using chromatin-remodeling agents (CRAs). New evidences highlight the importance of the microenvironment on the epigenome regulation and the need to use culture models able to preserve tissue morphology, to better understand the action of CRAs. Methods & methods: We studied the epigenetic response induced by culturing and CRAs in a preclinical model, preserving ex vivo the original tissue microenvironment and morphology, assessing different epigenetic signatures. Our overall findings suggest that culturing and CRAs cause heterogeneous effects on the genes methylation; CRAs affect the global DNA methylation and can trigger an active DNA demethylation; the culture induces alterations in the histone deacetylase expression. CONCLUSION Despite the limited number of cases, these findings can be considered a proof of concept of the possibility to test CRAs epigenetic effects on ex vivo tissues maintained in their native tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Faversani
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Rovina
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria V Russo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Leda Paganini
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Savi
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Augello
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rosso
- Division of Thoracic Surgery & Lung Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Gobbo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Ribeiro AJS, Denisin AK, Wilson RE, Pruitt BL. For whom the cells pull: Hydrogel and micropost devices for measuring traction forces. Methods 2016; 94:51-64. [PMID: 26265073 PMCID: PMC4746112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While performing several functions, adherent cells deform their surrounding substrate via stable adhesions that connect the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. The traction forces that deform the substrate are studied in mechanotrasduction because they are affected by the mechanics of the extracellular milieu. We review the development and application of two methods widely used to measure traction forces generated by cells on 2D substrates: (i) traction force microscopy with polyacrylamide hydrogels and (ii) calculation of traction forces with arrays of deformable microposts. Measuring forces with these methods relies on measuring substrate displacements and converting them into forces. We describe approaches to determine force from displacements and elaborate on the necessary experimental conditions for this type of analysis. We emphasize device fabrication, mechanical calibration of substrates and covalent attachment of extracellular matrix proteins to substrates as key features in the design of experiments to measure cell traction forces with polyacrylamide hydrogels or microposts. We also report the challenges and achievements in integrating these methods with platforms for the mechanical stimulation of adherent cells. The approaches described here will enable new studies to understand cell mechanical outputs as a function of mechanical inputs and advance the understanding of mechanotransduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Aleksandra K Denisin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Stanford Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robin E Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Noor F. A shift in paradigm towards human biology-based systems for cholestatic-liver diseases. J Physiol 2015; 593:5043-55. [PMID: 26417843 DOI: 10.1113/jp271124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic-liver diseases (CLDs) arise from diverse causes ranging from genetic factors to drug-induced cholestasis. The so-called diseases of civilization (obesity, diabetes, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) are intricately implicated in liver and gall bladder diseases. Although CLDs have been extensively studied, there seem to be important gaps in the understanding of human disease. Despite the fact that many animal models exist and substantial clinical data are available, translation of this knowledge towards therapy has been disappointingly limited. Recent advances in liver cell culture such as in vivo-like 3D cultivation of human primary hepatic cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes; and cutting-edge analytical techniques such as 'omics' technologies and high-content screenings could play a decisive role in deeper mechanistic understanding of CLDs. This Topical Review proposes a roadmap to human biology-based research using omics technologies providing quantitative information on mechanisms in an adverse outcome/disease pathway framework. With modern sensitive tools, a shift in paradigm in human disease research seems timely and even inevitable to overcome species barriers in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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29
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Qin Z. Soluble elastin peptides in cardiovascular homeostasis: Foe or ally. Peptides 2015; 67:64-73. [PMID: 25794852 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elastin peptides, also known as elastin-derived peptides or elastokines, are soluble polypeptides in blood and tissue. The blood levels of elastin peptides are usually low but can increase during cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and diabetes with vascular complications. Generally, elastin peptides are derived from the degradation of insoluble elastic polymers. The biological activities of elastin peptides are bidirectional, e.g., a pro-inflammatory effect on monocyte migration induction vs. a protective effect on vasodilation promotion. However, recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that elastin peptides promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in hypercholesterolemic mice and induce hyperglycemia and elevations in plasma lipid levels in fasted mice. More important, the detrimental effects induced by elastin peptides can be largely inhibited by genetic or pharmacological blockade of the elastin receptor complex or by neutralization of an antibody against elastin peptides. These studies indicate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by targeting elastin peptide metabolism. Therefore, the goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge about elastin peptides relevant to cardiovascular pathologies to further delineate their potential application in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Qin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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30
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The elastin peptide (VGVAPG)3 induces the 3D reorganisation of PML-NBs and SC35 speckles architecture, and accelerates proliferation of fibroblasts and melanoma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:245-58. [PMID: 25274422 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During melanoma tumour growth, cancerous cells are exposed to the immediate surrounding the micro- and macro environment, which is largely modified through the degradation of the extracellular matrix by fibroblast-derived metalloproteinases. Among the degradation products, (VGVAPG)3, an elastin peptide is known to stimulate the proliferation of both fibroblasts and cancerous cells by binding to the elastin-binding receptor and activating the MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway. As this process strongly modifies mRNA synthesis, we investigated its effect on the relative three-dimensional organisation of the major partners of the mRNA splicing machinery: promyelocytic nuclear bodies (PML-NBs ) and splicing component 35 speckles (SC35) of normal fibroblasts and melanoma SK-MEL-28 cells. SC35 and PML-NBs proteins were immunolabeled and imaged by confocal microscopy within these cells cultured with (VGVAPG)3. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed to elucidate the organisation of PML-NBs and SC35 speckles and their spatial relationship. In G0 cells, SC35 speckles were sequestered in PML-NBs. Shortly after (VGVAPG)3 stimulation, the three-dimensional organisation of PML-NBs and SC35 speckles changed markedly. In particular, SC35 speckles gradually enlarged and adopted a heterogeneous organisation, intermingled with PML-NBs. Conversely, inhibition of the elastin-binding protein or MEK/ERK pathway induced a remarkable early sequestration of condensed SC35 speckles in PML-NBs, the hallmark of splicing inhibition. The 3D architecture of speckles/PML-NBs highlights the modulation in their spatial relationship, the multiple roles of PML-NBs in activation, inhibition and sequestration, and provides the first demonstration of the dependence of PML-NBs and SC35 speckles on the elastin peptide for these functions.
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Xiong G, Deng L, Zhu J, Rychahou PG, Xu R. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase α subunit 2 promotes breast cancer progression and metastasis by regulating collagen deposition. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:1. [PMID: 24383403 PMCID: PMC3880410 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased collagen deposition provides physical and biochemical signals to support tumor growth and invasion during breast cancer development. Therefore, inhibition of collagen synthesis and deposition has been considered a strategy to suppress breast cancer progression. Collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase α subunit 2 (P4HA2), an enzyme hydroxylating proline residues in -X-Pro-Gly- sequences, is a potential therapeutic target for the disorders associated with increased collagen deposition. However, expression and function of P4HA2 in breast cancer progression are not well investigated. METHODS Gene co-expression analysis was performed in the published microarray datasets to identify potential regulators of collagen I, III, and IV in human breast cancer tissue. Expression of P4HA2 was silenced by shRNAs, and its activity was inhibited by 1, 4-DPCA, a prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor. Three-dimensional culture assay was used to analyze roles of P4HA2 in regulating malignant phenotypes of breast cancer cells. Reduced deposition of collagen I and IV was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Control and P4HA2-silenced breast cancer cells were injected into fat pad and tail vein of SCID mice to examine effect of P4HA2 on tumor growth and lung metastasis. RESULTS Using gene co-expression analysis, we showed that P4HA2 was associated with expression of Col1A1, Col3A1, and Col4A1 during breast cancer development and progression. P4HA2 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in breast cancer compared to normal mammary tissue. Increased mRNA levels of P4HA2 correlated with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients, which is independent of estrogen receptor status. Silencing P4HA2 expression or treatment with the P4HA inhibitor significantly inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer cells in 3D culture, accompanied by reduced deposition of collagen I and IV. We also found that knockdown of P4HA2 inhibited mammary tumor growth and metastasis to lungs in xenograft models. CONCLUSION These results suggest the critical role of P4HA2 in breast cancer progression and identify P4HA2 as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ren Xu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Bashash M, Shah A, Hislop G, Treml M, Bretherick K, Janoo-Gilani R, Leach S, Le N, Bajdik C, Brooks-Wilson A. Genetic polymorphisms at TIMP3 are associated with survival of adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59157. [PMID: 23527119 PMCID: PMC3602604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor survival of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) makes them clinically important. Discovery of host genetic factors that affect outcome may guide more individualized treatment. This study tests whether constitutional genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) genes are associated with outcome of GEJ adenocarcinoma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at four TIMP (TIMP1-4) and three MMP genes (MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9) were genotyped in DNA samples from a prospective cohort of patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the GEJ admitted to the British Columbia Cancer Agency. Cox proportional hazards regression, with adjustment for patient, disease and treatment variables, was used to estimate the association of SNPs with survival. Genotypes for 85 samples and 48 SNPs were analyzed. Four SNPs across TIMP3, (rs130274, rs715572, rs1962223 and rs5754312) were associated with survival. Interaction analyses revealed that the survival associations with rs715572 and rs5754312 are specific and significant for 5FU+cisplatin treated patients. Sanger sequencing of the TIMP3 coding and promoter regions revealed an additional SNP, rs9862, also associated with survival. TIMP3 genetic variants are associated with survival and may be potentially useful in optimizing treatment strategies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Bashash
- Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amil Shah
- Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Greg Hislop
- Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Treml
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karla Bretherick
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rozmin Janoo-Gilani
- Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Leach
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nhu Le
- Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Bajdik
- Cancer Control Research Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Quan T, Little E, Quan H, Qin Z, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Elevated matrix metalloproteinases and collagen fragmentation in photodamaged human skin: impact of altered extracellular matrix microenvironment on dermal fibroblast function. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1362-6. [PMID: 23466932 PMCID: PMC3637921 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Price KJ, Tsykin A, Giles KM, Sladic RT, Epis MR, Ganss R, Goodall GJ, Leedman PJ. Matrigel basement membrane matrix influences expression of microRNAs in cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:343-8. [PMID: 23000157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrigel is a medium rich in extracellular matrix (ECM) components used for three-dimensional cell culture and is known to alter cellular phenotypes and gene expression. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have roles in cancer. While miRNA profiles of numerous cell lines cultured on plastic have been reported, the influence of Matrigel-based culture on cancer cell miRNA expression is largely unknown. This study investigated the influence of Matrigel on the expression of miRNAs that might facilitate ECM-associated cancer cell growth. We performed miRNA profiling by microarray using two colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW620), identifying significant differential expression of miRNAs between cells cultured in Matrigel and on plastic. Many of these miRNAs have previously been implicated in cancer-related processes. A common Matrigel-induced miRNA signature comprised of up-regulated miR-1290 and miR-210 and down-regulated miR-29b and miR-32 was identified using RT-qPCR across five epithelial cancer cell lines (SW480, SW620, HT-29, A549 and MDA-MB-231). Experimental modulation of these miRNAs altered expression of their known target mRNAs involved in cell adhesion, proliferation and invasion, in colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ITGA5 was identified as a novel putative target of miR-32 that may facilitate cancer cell interactions with the ECM. We propose that culture of cancer cell lines in Matrigel more accurately recapitulates miRNA expression and function in cancer than culture on plastic and thus is a valuable approach to the in vitro study of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Price
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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Issues to be considered when studying cancer in vitro. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:95-111. [PMID: 22823950 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cancer treatment approaches have shown promising results when tested preclinically. The results of clinical trials, however, are often disappointing. While searching for the reasons responsible for their failures, the relevance of experimental and preclinical models has to be taken into account. Possible factors that should be considered, including cell modifications during in vitro cultivation, lack of both the relevant interactions and the structural context in vitro have been summarized in the present review.
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Heterochromatin instability in cancer: from the Barr body to satellites and the nuclear periphery. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 23:99-108. [PMID: 22722067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has been recognized that the development of cancer involves a series of not only genetic but epigenetic changes across the genome. At the same time, connections between epigenetic regulation, chromatin packaging, and overall nuclear architecture are increasingly appreciated. The cell-type specific organization of heterochromatin, established upon cell differentiation, is responsible for maintaining much of the genome in a repressed state, within a highly compartmentalized nucleus. This review focuses on recent evidence that in cancer the normal packaging and higher organization of heterochromatin is often compromised. Gross changes in nuclear morphology have long been a criterion for pathologic diagnosis of many cancers, but the specific nuclear components impacted, the mechanisms involved, and the implications for cancer progression have barely begun to emerge. We discuss recent findings regarding distinct heterochromatin types, including the inactive X chromosome, constitutive heterochromatin of peri/centric satellites, and the peripheral heterochromatic compartment (PHC). A theme developed here is that the higher-order organization of satellites and the peripheral heterochromatic compartment may be tightly linked, and that compromise of this organization may promote broad epigenomic imbalance in cancer. Recent studies into the potential role(s) of the breast cancer tumor suppressor, BRCA1, in maintaining heterochromatin will be highlighted. Many questions remain about this new area of cancer epigenetics, which is likely more important in cancer development and progression than widely appreciated. We propose that broad, stochastic compromise in heterochromatin maintenance would create a diversity of expression profiles, and thus a rich opportunity for one or more cells to emerge with a selective growth advantage and potential for neoplasia.
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Zschenker O, Streichert T, Hehlgans S, Cordes N. Genome-wide gene expression analysis in cancer cells reveals 3D growth to affect ECM and processes associated with cell adhesion but not DNA repair. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34279. [PMID: 22509286 PMCID: PMC3324525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell morphology determines cell behavior, signal transduction, protein-protein interaction, and responsiveness to external stimuli. In cancer, these functions profoundly contribute to resistance mechanisms to radio- and chemotherapy. With regard to this aspect, this study compared the genome wide gene expression in exponentially growing cell lines from different tumor entities, lung carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, under more physiological three-dimensional (3D) versus monolayer cell culture conditions. Whole genome cDNA microarray analysis was accomplished using the Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 gene chip. Significance analysis of microarray (SAM) and t-test analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression profiles of 3D relative to 2D cell culture conditions. These changes affected the extracellular matrix and were mainly associated with biological processes like tissue development, cell adhesion, immune system and defense response in contrast to terms related to DNA repair, which lacked significant alterations. Selected genes were verified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Additionally, we show that 3D growth mediates a significant increase in tumor cell radio- and chemoresistance relative to 2D. Our findings show significant gene expression differences between 3D and 2D cell culture systems and indicate that cellular responsiveness to external stress such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutics is essentially influenced by differential expression of genes involved in the regulation of integrin signaling, cell shape and cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zschenker
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Cordes
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Du JY, Chen MC, Hsu TC, Wang JH, Brackenbury L, Lin TH, Wu YY, Yang Z, Streuli CH, Lee YJ. The RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway is involved in extracellular matrix-mediated regulation of prolactin signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1553-60. [PMID: 21678418 PMCID: PMC3675639 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In mammary epithelial cells (MECs), prolactin-induced signaling and gene expression requires integrin-mediated cell adhesion to basement membrane (BM). In the absence of proper cell-BM interactions, for example, culturing cells on collagen-coated plastic dishes, signal propagation is substantially impaired. Here we demonstrate that the RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway accounts for the ineffectiveness of prolactin signaling in MECs cultured on collagen I. Under these culture conditions, the RhoA pathway is activated, leading to downregulation of prolactin receptor expression and reduced prolactin signaling. Enforced activation of RhoA in MECs cultured on BM suppresses prolactin receptor levels, and prevents prolactin-induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation and β-casein expression. Overexpression of dominant negative RhoA in MECs cultured on collagen I, or inhibiting Rok activity, increases prolactin receptor expression, and enhances prolactin signaling. In addition, inhibition of myosin II ATPase activity by blebbistatin also exerts a beneficial effect on prolactin receptor expression and prolactin signaling, suggesting that tension exerted by the collagen substratum, in collaboration with the RhoA-Rok-myosin II pathway, contributes to the failure of prolactin signaling. Furthermore, MECs cultured on laminin-coated plastic have similar morphology and response to prolactin as those cultured on collagen I. They display high levels of RhoA activity and are inefficient in prolactin signaling, stressing the importance of matrix stiffness in signal transduction. Our results reveal that RhoA has a central role in determining the fate decisions of MECs in response to cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Yi Du
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Haseley A, Boone S, Wojton J, Yu L, Yoo JY, Yu J, Kurozumi K, Glorioso JC, Caligiuri MA, Kaur B. Extracellular matrix protein CCN1 limits oncolytic efficacy in glioma. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1353-62. [PMID: 22282654 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy has been explored widely as an option for glioma treatment but its effectiveness has remained limited. Cysteine rich 61 (CCN1) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein elevated in cancer cells that modulates their adhesion and migration by binding cell surface receptors. In this study, we examined a hypothesized role for CCN1 in limiting the efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy for glioma, based on evidence of CCN1 induction that occurs in this setting. Strikingly, we found that exogenous CCN1 in glioma ECM orchestrated a cellular antiviral response that reduced viral replication and limited cytolytic efficacy. Gene expression profiling and real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant induction of type-I interferon responsive genes in response to CCN1 exposure. This induction was accompanied by activation of the Jak/Stat signaling pathway, consistent with induction of an innate antiviral cellular response. Both effects were mediated by the binding of CCN1 to the cell surface integrin α6β1, activating its signaling and leading to rapid secretion of interferon-α, which was essential for the innate antiviral effect. Together, our findings reveal how an integrin signaling pathway mediates activation of a type-I antiviral interferon response that can limit the efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy. Furthermore, they suggest therapeutic interventions to inhibit CCN1-integrin α6 interactions to sensitize gliomas to viral oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haseley
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Nandakumar V, Kelbauskas L, Hernandez KF, Lintecum KM, Senechal P, Bussey KJ, Davies PCW, Johnson RH, Meldrum DR. Isotropic 3D nuclear morphometry of normal, fibrocystic and malignant breast epithelial cells reveals new structural alterations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29230. [PMID: 22242161 PMCID: PMC3252316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Grading schemes for breast cancer diagnosis are predominantly based on pathologists' qualitative assessment of altered nuclear structure from 2D brightfield microscopy images. However, cells are three-dimensional (3D) objects with features that are inherently 3D and thus poorly characterized in 2D. Our goal is to quantitatively characterize nuclear structure in 3D, assess its variation with malignancy, and investigate whether such variation correlates with standard nuclear grading criteria. Methodology We applied micro-optical computed tomographic imaging and automated 3D nuclear morphometry to quantify and compare morphological variations between human cell lines derived from normal, benign fibrocystic or malignant breast epithelium. To reproduce the appearance and contrast in clinical cytopathology images, we stained cells with hematoxylin and eosin and obtained 3D images of 150 individual stained cells of each cell type at sub-micron, isotropic resolution. Applying volumetric image analyses, we computed 42 3D morphological and textural descriptors of cellular and nuclear structure. Principal Findings We observed four distinct nuclear shape categories, the predominant being a mushroom cap shape. Cell and nuclear volumes increased from normal to fibrocystic to metastatic type, but there was little difference in the volume ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm (N/C ratio) between the lines. Abnormal cell nuclei had more nucleoli, markedly higher density and clumpier chromatin organization compared to normal. Nuclei of non-tumorigenic, fibrocystic cells exhibited larger textural variations than metastatic cell nuclei. At p<0.0025 by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, 90% of our computed descriptors statistically differentiated control from abnormal cell populations, but only 69% of these features statistically differentiated the fibrocystic from the metastatic cell populations. Conclusions Our results provide a new perspective on nuclear structure variations associated with malignancy and point to the value of automated quantitative 3D nuclear morphometry as an objective tool to enable development of sensitive and specific nuclear grade classification in breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Nandakumar
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Laimonas Kelbauskas
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathryn F. Hernandez
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Lintecum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Patti Senechal
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Bussey
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul C. W. Davies
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roger H. Johnson
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Drabek K, van de Peppel J, Eijken M, van Leeuwen JPTM. GPM6B regulates osteoblast function and induction of mineralization by controlling cytoskeleton and matrix vesicle release. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2045-51. [PMID: 21638316 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal membrane glycoprotein gene (GPM6B) encodes a membrane glycoprotein that belongs to the proteolipid protein family. We identified GPM6B as a gene that is strongly upregulated during osteoblast differentiation. To investigate the role of GPM6B in the process of bone formation, we silenced GPM6B expression during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). GPM6B silencing in hMSCs resulted in reduced alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity along with reduced mineralization of extracellular matrix (ECM). Microarray expression analysis of GPM6B-depleted osteogenic hMSCs revealed significant changes in genes involved in cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis. Immunocytochemistry results confirm changes in the distribution of actin filaments, as well as the shape and size of focal adhesions on GPM6B silencing. Moreover, we demonstrated that production and release of ALP-positive matrix vesicles (MVs) were reduced. In conclusion, we identified GPM6B as a novel regulator of osteoblast function and bone formation. This finding demonstrates the significance of cytoskeleton organization for MV production and subsequent mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Drabek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Liu M, Xu J, Deng H. Tangled fibroblasts in tumor-stroma interactions. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1795-805. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Spencer VA, Costes S, Inman JL, Xu R, Chen J, Hendzel MJ, Bissell MJ. Depletion of nuclear actin is a key mediator of quiescence in epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:123-32. [PMID: 21172822 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.073197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional differentiation is orchestrated by precise growth-regulatory controls conveyed by the tissue microenvironment. Cues from laminin 111 (LN1) lower transcription and suppress mammary epithelial cell growth in culture, but how LN1 induces quiescence is unknown. Recent literature points to involvement of nuclear β-actin in transcriptional regulation. Here, we show that quiescence induced by growth factor withdrawal, or LN1 addition, rapidly decreases nuclear β-actin. LN1, but not other extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, decreases the levels of nuclear β-actin and destabilizes RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) II and III binding to transcription sites, leading to a dramatic drop in transcription and DNA synthesis. Constitutive overexpression of globular β-actin in the nucleus reverses the effect of LN1 on transcription and RNA Pol II association and prevents the cells from becoming quiescent in the presence of LN1. The physiological relevance of our findings was verified by identifying a clear spatial separation of LN1 and β-actin in developing mammary end buds. These data indicate a novel role for nuclear β-actin in growth arrest of epithelial cells and underscore the importance of the integrity of the basement membrane in homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Spencer
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 977R225A, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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44
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Frieboes HB, Jin F, Chuang YL, Wise SM, Lowengrub JS, Cristini V. Three-dimensional multispecies nonlinear tumor growth-II: Tumor invasion and angiogenesis. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:1254-78. [PMID: 20303982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We extend the diffuse interface model developed in Wise et al. (2008) to study nonlinear tumor growth in 3-D. Extensions include the tracking of multiple viable cell species populations through a continuum diffuse-interface method, onset and aging of discrete tumor vessels through angiogenesis, and incorporation of individual cell movement using a hybrid continuum-discrete approach. We investigate disease progression as a function of cellular-scale parameters such as proliferation and oxygen/nutrient uptake rates. We find that heterogeneity in the physiologically complex tumor microenvironment, caused by non-uniform distribution of oxygen, cell nutrients, and metabolites, as well as phenotypic changes affecting cellular-scale parameters, can be quantitatively linked to the tumor macro-scale as a mechanism that promotes morphological instability. This instability leads to invasion through tumor infiltration of surrounding healthy tissue. Models that employ a biologically founded, multiscale approach, as illustrated in this work, could help to quantitatively link the critical effect of heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment with clinically observed tumor growth and invasion. Using patient tumor-specific parameter values, this may provide a predictive tool to characterize the complex in vivo tumor physiological characteristics and clinical response, and thus lead to improved treatment modalities and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann B Frieboes
- School of Health Information Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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45
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Graham K, de las Morenas A, Tripathi A, King C, Kavanah M, Mendez J, Stone M, Slama J, Miller M, Antoine G, Willers H, Sebastiani P, Rosenberg CL. Gene expression in histologically normal epithelium from breast cancer patients and from cancer-free prophylactic mastectomy patients shares a similar profile. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1284-93. [PMID: 20197764 PMCID: PMC2855998 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesised that gene expression in histologically normal (HN) epithelium (NlEpi) would differ between breast cancer patients and usual-risk controls undergoing reduction mammoplasty (RM), and that gene expression in NlEpi from cancer-free prophylactic mastectomy (PM) samples from high-risk women would resemble HN gene expression. METHODS We analysed gene expression in 73 NlEpi samples microdissected from frozen tissue. In 42 samples, we used microarrays to compare gene expression between 18 RM patients and 18 age-matched HN (9 oestrogen receptor (ER)+, 9 ER-) and 6 PM patients. Data were analysed using a Bayesian approach (BADGE), and validated with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in 31 independent NlEpi samples from 8 RM, 17 HN, and 6 PM patients. RESULTS A total of 98 probe sets (86 genes) were differentially expressed between RM and HN samples. Performing hierarchical analysis with these 98 probe sets, PM and HN samples clustered together, away from RM samples. qPCR validation of independent samples was high (84%) and uniform in RM compared with HN patients, and lower (58%), but more heterogeneous, in RM compared with PM patients. The 86 genes were implicated in many processes including transcription and the MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION Gene expression differs between the NlEpi of breast cancer cases and controls. The profile of cancer cases can be discerned in high-risk NlEpi from cancer-free breasts. This suggests that the profile is not an effect of the tumour, but may mark increased risk and reveal the earliest genomic changes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Graham
- Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
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Spencer VA, Xu R, Bissell MJ. Gene expression in the third dimension: the ECM-nucleus connection. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:65-71. [PMID: 20107877 PMCID: PMC2912292 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, we and others proposed that the dynamic interplay between a cell and its surrounding environment dictates cell phenotype and tissue structure. Whereas much has been discovered about the effects of extracellular matrix molecules on cell growth and tissue-specific gene expression, the nuclear mechanisms through which these molecules promote these physiological events remain unknown. Using mammary epithelial cells as a model, the purpose of this review is to discuss how the extracellular matrix influences nuclear structure and function in a three-dimensional context to promote epithelial morphogenesis and function in the mammary gland.
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Korkola J, Gray JW. Breast cancer genomes--form and function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:4-14. [PMID: 20060285 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the genomic and epigenomic abnormalities in breast cancers that are being revealed by the increasingly powerful suite of genomic analysis technologies. It summarizes the remarkable genomic heterogeneity that characterizes the disease, describes mechanisms that shape cancer genomes as they evolve toward metastasis, summarizes important recurrent aberrations that exist in spite of the genomic chaos and that contribute to breast cancer pathophysiology, and describes the use of preclinical models to identify drugs that will be effective against subsets of breast cancers carrying specific genomic and epigenomic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Korkola
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS977-250, Berkeley, CA 94127, United States
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48
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Lowengrub JS, Frieboes HB, Jin F, Chuang YL, Li X, Macklin P, Wise SM, Cristini V. Nonlinear modelling of cancer: bridging the gap between cells and tumours. NONLINEARITY 2010; 23:R1-R9. [PMID: 20808719 PMCID: PMC2929802 DOI: 10.1088/0951-7715/23/1/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite major scientific, medical and technological advances over the last few decades, a cure for cancer remains elusive. The disease initiation is complex, and including initiation and avascular growth, onset of hypoxia and acidosis due to accumulation of cells beyond normal physiological conditions, inducement of angiogenesis from the surrounding vasculature, tumour vascularization and further growth, and invasion of surrounding tissue and metastasis. Although the focus historically has been to study these events through experimental and clinical observations, mathematical modelling and simulation that enable analysis at multiple time and spatial scales have also complemented these efforts. Here, we provide an overview of this multiscale modelling focusing on the growth phase of tumours and bypassing the initial stage of tumourigenesis. While we briefly review discrete modelling, our focus is on the continuum approach. We limit the scope further by considering models of tumour progression that do not distinguish tumour cells by their age. We also do not consider immune system interactions nor do we describe models of therapy. We do discuss hybrid-modelling frameworks, where the tumour tissue is modelled using both discrete (cell-scale) and continuum (tumour-scale) elements, thus connecting the micrometre to the centimetre tumour scale. We review recent examples that incorporate experimental data into model parameters. We show that recent mathematical modelling predicts that transport limitations of cell nutrients, oxygen and growth factors may result in cell death that leads to morphological instability, providing a mechanism for invasion via tumour fingering and fragmentation. These conditions induce selection pressure for cell survivability, and may lead to additional genetic mutations. Mathematical modelling further shows that parameters that control the tumour mass shape also control its ability to invade. Thus, tumour morphology may serve as a predictor of invasiveness and treatment prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lowengrub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - H B Frieboes
- School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - F Jin
- School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Y-L Chuang
- School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - P Macklin
- School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S M Wise
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - V Cristini
- School of Health Information Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chen S, Martin C, Maya-Mendoza A, Tang CW, Lovrić J, Sims PFG, Jackson DA. Reduced Expression of Lamin A/C Results in Modified Cell Signaling and Metabolism Coupled with Changes in Expression of Structural Proteins. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:5196-211. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songbi Chen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Martin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Apolinar Maya-Mendoza
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Chi W. Tang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Josip Lovrić
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. G. Sims
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Dean A. Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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50
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Xu L, Ding Y, Catalona WJ, Yang XJ, Anderson WF, Jovanovic B, Wellman K, Killmer J, Huang X, Scheidt KA, Montgomery RB, Bergan RC. MEK4 function, genistein treatment, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1141-55. [PMID: 19638505 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of genistein by patients with prostate cancer has been associated with decreased metastasis and mortality. Genistein blocks activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and thus inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and cell invasion in cultured cells and inhibits metastasis of human prostate cancer cells in mice. We investigated the target for genistein in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Prostate cell lines PC3-M, PC3, 1532NPTX, 1542NPTX, 1532CPTX, and 1542CPTX were used. All cell lines were transiently transfected with a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) expression vector (to increase MEK4 expression), small interfering RNA against MEK4 (to decrease MEK4 expression), or corresponding control constructs. Cell invasion was assessed by a Boyden chamber assay. Gene expression was assessed by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot analysis. Modeller and AutoDock programs were used for modeling of the structure of MEK4 protein and ligand docking, respectively. MMP-2 transcript levels were assessed in normal prostate epithelial cells from 24 patients with prostate cancer from a phase II randomized trial comparing genistein treatment with no treatment. Statistical significance required a P value of .050 or less. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Overexpression of MEK4 increased MMP-2 expression and cell invasion in all six cell lines. Decreased MEK4 expression had the opposite effects. Modeling showed that genistein bound to the active site of MEK4. Genistein inhibited MEK4 kinase activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.40 microM (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36 to 0.45 muM). The MMP-2 transcript level in normal prostate epithelial cells was statistically significantly higher in the untreated group (100%) than in the genistein-treated group (24%; difference = 76%, 95% CI = 38% to 115%; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS We identified MEK4 as a proinvasion protein in six human prostate cancer cell lines and the target for genistein. We showed, to our knowledge for the first time, that genistein treatment, compared with no treatment, was associated with decreased levels of MMP-2 transcripts in normal prostate cells from prostate cancer-containing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center and Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60610, USA
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