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Addison MM, Ellis GI, Leslie GJ, Zawadzky NB, Riley JL, Hoxie JA, Eisenlohr LC. HIV-1-Infected CD4 + T Cells Present MHC Class II-Restricted Epitope via Endogenous Processing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:864-873. [PMID: 36130133 PMCID: PMC9512365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells (TCD4+s) play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. Canonically, TCD4+s are activated by peptides derived from extracellular ("exogenous") Ags displayed in complex with MHC class II (MHC II) molecules on the surfaces of "professional" APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, activated human TCD4+s, which express MHC II, are not typically considered for their APC potential because of their low endocytic capacity and the exogenous Ag systems historically used for assessment. Using primary TCD4+s and monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors, we show that activated human TCD4+s are highly effective at MHC II-restricted presentation of an immunodominant HIV-1-derived epitope postinfection and subsequent noncanonical processing and presentation of endogenously produced Ag. Our results indicate that, in addition to marshalling HIV-1-specific immune responses during infection, TCD4+s also act as APCs, leading to the activation of HIV-1-specific TCD4+s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Addison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Gavin I. Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - George J. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Noah B. Zawadzky
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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2
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Zhang W, Le L, Ahmad G, Molehin AJ, Siddiqui AJ, Torben W, Karmakar S, Rojo JU, Sennoune S, Lazarus S, Khatoon S, Freeborn J, Sudduth J, Rezk AF, Carey D, Wolf RF, Papin JF, Damian R, Gray SA, Marks F, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Fifteen Years of Sm-p80-Based Vaccine Trials in Nonhuman Primates: Antibodies From Vaccinated Baboons Confer Protection in vivo and in vitro From Schistosoma mansoni and Identification of Putative Correlative Markers of Protection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1246. [PMID: 32636844 PMCID: PMC7318103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in systems biology have shifted vaccine development from a largely trial-and-error approach to an approach that promote rational design through the search for immune signatures and predictive correlates of protection. These advances will doubtlessly accelerate the development of a vaccine for schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that currently affects over 250 million people. For over 15 years and with contributions of over 120 people, we have endeavored to test and optimize Sm-p80-based vaccines in the non-human primate model of schistosomiasis. Using RNA-sequencing on eight different Sm-p80-based vaccine strategies, we sought to elucidate immune signatures correlated with experimental protective efficacy. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the role of antibodies through in vivo passive transfer of IgG obtained from immunized baboons and in vitro killing of schistosomula using Sm-p80-specific antibodies. We report that passive transfer of IgG from Sm-p80-immunized baboons led to significant worm burden reduction, egg reduction in liver, and reduced egg hatching percentages from tissues in mice compared to controls. In addition, we observed that sera from Sm-p80-immunized baboons were able to kill a significant percent of schistosomula and that this effect was complement-dependent. While we did not find a universal signature of immunity, the large datasets generated by this study will serve as a substantial resource for further efforts to develop vaccine or therapeutics for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Loc Le
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Peru State College, Peru, NE, United States
| | - Adebayo J. Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University of Alexandria, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Souvik Karmakar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juan U. Rojo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Souad Sennoune
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Samara Lazarus
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jasmin Freeborn
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Justin Sudduth
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ashraf F. Rezk
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - David Carey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - James F. Papin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ray Damian
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Afzal A. Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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3
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Leibler C, Thiolat A, Hénique C, Samson C, Pilon C, Tamagne M, Pirenne F, Vingert B, Cohen JL, Grimbert P. Control of Humoral Response in Renal Transplantation by Belatacept Depends on a Direct Effect on B Cells and Impaired T Follicular Helper-B Cell Crosstalk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1049-1062. [PMID: 29321143 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSAs) after renal transplant is recognized as the leading cause of late transplant failure. Hence, the optimal immunosuppressive strategies to limit dnDSA development need to be defined. Recent clinical trials using the novel costimulatory blockade agent CTLA4-Ig (Belatacept) have shown that kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) treated with Belatacept have better graft survival and function and a lower proportion of dnDSAs than control-treated KTRs. Mechanisms involved in the control of humoral responses by Belatacept remain to be investigated. Here, we analyzed the effect of Belatacept on different steps of the B cell-mediated response in humans. In vitro, Belatacept reduced plasmablast differentiation, Ig production, and the expression of the major transcription factor involved in plasma cell function, Blimp-1, in a T cell-independent manner. Moreover, Belatacept induced activation of the STAT3 transcription factor in stimulated B cells and reduced the expression of CD86. Additionally, Belatacept blocked CD28-mediated activation of T follicular helper cells (Tfhs) in an autologous Tfh-memory B cells model. We then validated these observations in KTRs treated with Belatacept, who had a reduced proportion of blood effector B cells and activated Tfh (PD1+ICOS+) compared with control-treated KTRs. Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that Belatacept modulates B cell function directly and at the level of B cell-Tfh interaction. These mechanisms likely account for the optimal control of humoral responses observed in KTRs treated with Belatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leibler
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France.,Hopital Henri-Mondor-A. Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Creteil, France; and
| | - Allan Thiolat
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - Carole Hénique
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - Chloé Samson
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - Caroline Pilon
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - Marie Tamagne
- U955, Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - France Pirenne
- U955, Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - Benoit Vingert
- U955, Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France.,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France.,Hopital Henri-Mondor-A. Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Creteil, France; and
| | - Philippe Grimbert
- Université Paris-Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche 955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Creteil, France; .,U955, Team 21, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Creteil, France.,Hopital Henri-Mondor-A. Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Creteil, France; and
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4
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Ndlovu H, Darby M, Froelich M, Horsnell W, Lühder F, Hünig T, Brombacher F. Inducible deletion of CD28 prior to secondary nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection impairs worm expulsion and recall of protective memory CD4⁺ T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003906. [PMID: 24516382 PMCID: PMC3916406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 driven Th2 immunity is indispensable for host protection against infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostronglus brasiliensis. Disruption of CD28 mediated costimulation impairs development of adequate Th2 immunity, showing an importance for CD28 during the initiation of an immune response against this pathogen. In this study, we used global CD28−/− mice and a recently established mouse model that allows for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene by oral administration of tamoxifen (CD28−/loxCre+/−+TM) to resolve the controversy surrounding the requirement of CD28 costimulation for recall of protective memory responses against pathogenic infections. Following primary infection with N. brasiliensis, CD28−/− mice had delayed expulsion of adult worms in the small intestine compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice that cleared the infection by day 9 post-infection. Delayed expulsion was associated with reduced production of IL-13 and reduced serum levels of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE. Interestingly, abrogation of CD28 costimulation in CD28−/loxCre+/− mice by oral administration of tamoxifen prior to secondary infection with N. brasiliensis resulted in impaired worm expulsion, similarly to infected CD28−/− mice. This was associated with reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished serum titres of antigen specific IgG1 and total IgE and a reduced CXCR5+ TFH cell population. Furthermore, total number of CD4+ T cells and B220+ B cells secreting Th1 and Th2 cytokines were significantly reduced in CD28−/− mice and tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, interfering with CD28 costimulatory signalling before re-infection impaired the recruitment and/or expansion of central and effector memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells to the draining lymph node of tamoxifen treated CD28−/loxCre+/− mice. Therefore, it can be concluded that CD28 costimulation is essential for conferring host protection during secondary N. brasiliensis infection. CD28 is an important costimulatory molecule, involved in the activation of naive T cells, enhancing cytokine production, preventing T cell anergy and apoptosis. Furthermore, CD28 plays a crucial role in the organisation of secondary lymphoid tissue by assisting in the recruitment of T cells into the B cell follicles, thus promoting germinal center formation, isotype switching and B cell maturation. The requirement of CD28 costimulatory signalling during recall of memory responses against infections has remained controversial. Hence, here we utilised a mouse model that allowed for inducible deletion of the cd28 gene (CD28−/loxCre+/−) by oral administration of tamoxifen to resolve this controversy. CD28−/− mice and mice given tamoxifen prior to secondary infection failed to expel adult N. brasiliensis worms. This was related to reduced production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4, diminished type 2 antibody titres, and a reduced number of memory CD4+ T cells. In summary, CD28 is crucial for protection against N. brasiliensis secondary infection and plays a key role in the recruitment of TFH cells, memory CD4+ T cells and follicular B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlumani Ndlovu
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathew Darby
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika Froelich
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William Horsnell
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Multiple Sclerosis Research and The Hertie Foundation, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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5
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Yadav D, Sarvetnick N. B7-2 regulates survival, phenotype, and function of APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6236-41. [PMID: 17475851 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The absence of B7-2-mediated costimulation protects NOD mice from the development of diabetes. Although the effects of B7-2 on T cell priming are well known, its impact on the function of APCs is not fully elucidated. We tested APC function and survival in mice lacking B7-2. A significant reduction in the phagocytic ability was observed in both splenic and pancreatic lymph node-associated dendritic cells (DCs) in B7-2 knockout (KO) mice. DCs from B7-2KO mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to death, which was reflected by their reduced total cell numbers. Phenotypic analysis of APCs in B7-2KO mice revealed a significantly decreased proportion of CD8alpha+CD205+ DCs. Interestingly, an enhanced proportion of B7-H1+ and B7-DC+ DCs were observed in B7-2KO mice. Lastly, we found that B7-2 deficiency significantly diminished the PKC-epsilon response in APCs upon CD28-Ig stimulation. In conclusion our data suggests that B7-2 promotes the generation of a mature APC repertoire and promotes APC function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Yadav
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Obaro SK, Ota MO. Sense and the science of childhood immunization: Can we achieve more with less? Vaccine 2006; 24:6460-7. [PMID: 16911848 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The threat of biological terrorism with small pox virus and a global influenza pandemic in the face of limited vaccine supply recently stimulated research into the evaluation of fractional dose vaccine regimens, with promising immunogenicity results. While this approach is not new, it has been less applied to vaccines for less sensational but nevertheless, significant killer diseases. This manuscript provides an overview of the basics of immunization as it applies to the current practice of immunization in children, comments on the untapped avenues for cost reduction of vaccine delivery, and the potential for saving more lives with currently available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Obaro
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA.
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7
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Kin NW, Sanders VM. CD86 stimulation on a B cell activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and phospholipase C gamma 2/protein kinase C alpha beta signaling pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6727-35. [PMID: 16709832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of CD86 on a CD40L/IL-4-activated murine B cell increases the rate of mature IgG1 transcription by increasing the level of NF-kappaB activation, as well as Oct-2 expression and binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer. The signal transduction pathway activated by CD86 proximal to NF-kappaB activation is unknown. In this study, we show that CD86 stimulation on an activated B cell increases the activity of PI3K and the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, Akt, and IkappaB kinase alphabeta. In addition, CD86 stimulation induces an increase in the phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 and protein kinase C alphabeta. CD86-mediated activation of these two signaling pathways leads to increased Oct-2 expression, increased gene activity mediated by NF-kappaB and 3'-IgH enhancer increased activity. These results identify a previously unknown signaling pathway induced by CD86 to regulate the level of B cell gene expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Kin
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Kirschbaum J, Forschner K, Rasche C, Worm M. Modulation of lymphocyte phenotype and function by immunoglobulins. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:225-30. [PMID: 16433789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulins have immune-modulating capacities and are used for the treatment of different dermatological diseases. They have also been reported for the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of immunoglobulins on the phenotype and function of peripheral T and B lymphocytes from patients with AD in comparison with healthy donors (HD) as controls. METHODS We studied lymphocyte activation and T-cell cytokine production from 12 patients with AD and 10 HD by multicolour flow cytometric analysis in the presence of immunoglobulins. RESULTS Immunoglobulins significantly inhibited T-cell activation (CD69), by 71% (AD) and by 62% (HD). Production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 was also significantly inhibited, by 44%/24% (AD) and 38%/10% (HD), respectively. In addition, CD86 expression on B lymphocytes was downregulated by 30% in AD and by 29% in HD, whereas CD23 expression was decreased without reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that, in vitro, immunoglobulins modulate the activation and cytokine production of peripheral blood lymphocytes from both HD and patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirschbaum
- Allergy-Center-Charité, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitàtsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr, 20-21, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Wüthrich M, Warner T, Klein BS. CD28 is required for optimal induction, but not maintenance, of vaccine-induced immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7436-41. [PMID: 16239544 PMCID: PMC1273838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7436-7441.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes, in particular CD4+ and CD8+ type 1 cells, is the main defense against pathogenic fungi. Here, CD28-deficient (CD28-/-) mice were used to study the role of costimulation for the generation and maintenance of T-cell-mediated, type 1 cytokine-dependent mechanisms of vaccine immunity to Blastomyces dermatitidis infection. Disruption of CD28 costimulation reduced the number of type 1 CD4 and CD8 cells generated and impaired resistance to infection. Type 1 T-cell subsets generated in vaccinated CD28-/- mice were durable and protected mice for at least 3 months after vaccination. Our findings suggest that CD28 is required for the induction of optimal, protective T-cell responses to B. dermatitidis infection but may be dispensable for the maintenance of T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, 600 Highland Ave., K4/444, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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10
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Podojil JR, Sanders VM. CD86 and beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate B-cell activity cooperatively. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:180-5. [PMID: 15797507 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IgG1 functions to neutralize and clear foreign antigens, such as extracellular bacteria. Therefore, it is important to understand the multiple mechanisms by which the level of IgG1) is regulated to maintain immune system and host homeostasis. Recent data show that the level of IgG1 produced by a B cell is increased following CD86 and beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) stimulation, through increased expression of the transcription factor Oct-2 and its coactivator OCA-B (Oct coactivator from B cells), respectively. This finding suggests that signaling pathways that are activated by an immunoreceptor (CD86) and a neuroreceptor (beta2AR) converge to regulate the IgG1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Liu X, Manser T. Antinuclear antigen B cells that down-regulate surface B cell receptor during development to mature, follicular phenotype do not display features of anergy in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4505-15. [PMID: 15814671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that B cells expressing a transgenic BCR with "dual reactivity" for the hapten arsonate and nuclear autoantigens efficiently complete development to follicular phenotype and stably reside in follicles in vivo. These B cells express very low levels of surface IgM and IgD, suggesting that they avoid central deletion and peripheral anergy by reducing their avidity for autoantigen via surface BCR (sBCR) down-regulation. Since a variety of states of B cell anergy have been previously described, a thorough examination of the functional capabilities of these B cells was required to test this hypothesis. In this study, we show that surface Ig cross-linking induces amounts of proximal BCR signaling in these B cells commensurate with their reduced sBCR levels. Functionally, however, they are comparable to nonautoreactive B cells in cell cycle progression, up-regulation of activation and costimulatory molecules, and Ab-forming cell differentiation when treated with a variety of stimuli in vitro. In addition, these B cells can efficiently process and present Ag and are capable of undergoing cognate interaction with naive TCR-transgenic T cells, resulting in robust IL-2 production. Together, these data reveal a lack of intrinsic anergy involving any known mechanism, supporting the idea that this type of antinuclear Ag B cell becomes indifferent to cognate autoantigen by down-regulating sBCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Producing Cells/cytology
- Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Clonal Anergy
- Down-Regulation
- Hybridomas/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19017-5541, USA
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12
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Yang G, Hellström KE, Chen L. The role of B7-2 (CD86) in tumour immunity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:677-84. [PMID: 15989635 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.6.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cells engineered to express co-stimulatory molecules on their surface provide researchers with powerful new tools to manipulate antitumour responses. It has been demonstrated that B7-1+ and B7-2+ tumour cells can elicit effective responses against their wild-type counterparts. This response is primarily mediated by CD8+ cytolytic T-lymphocytes. The co-stimulatory ability of B7-2+ tumour cells is comparable to that of B7-1+ tumour cells, though with some exceptions. However, on host antigen-presenting cells (APC), B7-2 plays a dominant role in inducing T-cell-mediated immune responses. Up-regulation of B7-2 on host APC may, therefore, present an effective means of generating potent antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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13
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Podojil JR, Kin NW, Sanders VM. CD86 and beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways, respectively, increase Oct-2 and OCA-B Expression and binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer in B cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:23394-404. [PMID: 15024018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313096200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of CD86 (formerly known as B7-2) and/or the beta2-adrenergic receptor on a CD40 ligand/interleukin-4-activated B cell increased the rate of mature IgG1 transcription. To identify the mechanism responsible for this effect, we determined whether CD86 and/or beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulated transcription factor expression and binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer in vitro and in vivo. We showed that CD86 stimulation increased the nuclear localization of NF-kappaB1 (p50) and phosphorylated RelA (p65) and increased Oct-2 expression and binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer, in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. These effects were lost when CD86-deficient or NF-kappaB1-deficient B cells were used. CD86 stimulation also increased the level of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation but in a protein kinase C-independent manner. Beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation increased CREB phosphorylation, OCA-B expression, and OCA-B binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer in a protein kinase A-dependent manner, an effect lost when beta2-adrenergic receptor-deficient B cells were used. Also, the beta2-adrenergic receptor-induced increase in the level of mature IgG1 transcript was lost when OCA-B-deficient B cells were used. These data are the first to show that CD86 stimulation up-regulates the expression of the transcription factor Oct-2 in a protein kinase C- and NF-kappaB1-dependent manner, and that beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulation up-regulates the expression of the coactivator OCA-B in a protein kinase A-dependent manner to cooperate with Oct-2 binding to the 3'-IgH enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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14
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Ray A, Chatterjee NS, Bhattacharya SK, Biswas T. Porin of Shigella dysenteriae enhances mRNA levels for Toll-like receptor 2 and MyD88, up-regulates CD80 of murine macrophage, and induces the release of interleukin-12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 39:213-9. [PMID: 14642305 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sera of patients convalescing from shigellosis reacted strongly and specifically with the 38,000 Da monomer of porin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Since human, the only natural host of S. dysenteriae type 1, recognized the protein through humoral immune response, it is of great significance to study the surface-exposed outer membrane antigen as an adjuvant. Porin treatment of CD11b+ peritoneal cavity (PerC) MPhi of BALB/c mouse was found to up-regulate CD80 on cell surface and had no effect on CD86 expression. The surface expression of CD80 got increased by 1.6-fold in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) supporting selective regulation of the B7-1 (CD80) member of the B7 family. MPhi released 7.25 pg of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the presence of porin. The protein in combination with IFN-gamma augmented profoundly the release of IL-12 by 2.6-fold. Porin-mediated induction of IL-12 release would therefore influence Th1-type response, known to be preferentially triggered due to up-regulation of CD80 expression. Treatment of PerC MPhi by the protein showed an increase of mRNA for both Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) by 2- and 2.3-fold respectively, emphasizing that TLR2 is essential for recognition of S. dysenteriae type 1 porin. Understanding the mechanism of adjuvanticity of porin of S. dysenteriae type 1 is a necessary step towards the development of a better adjuvant against shigellosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Blotting, Western
- Dysentery, Bacillary/immunology
- Dysentery, Bacillary/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Porins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Shigella dysenteriae/genetics
- Shigella dysenteriae/immunology
- Shigella dysenteriae/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Kolkata-700 010, West Bengal, India
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15
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Jungheim K, Caspar G, Usadel KH, Schumm-Draeger PM. Lymphocyte homing in xenotransplanted human thyroid tissue can be inhibited by LFA-1 and ICAM-1 antibodies. Thyroid 2004; 14:3-11. [PMID: 15009908 DOI: 10.1089/105072504322783786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Homing of lymphocytes is an important factor with respect to the initiation of the autoimmune process in Graves' disease (GD). As previously shown, human lymphocytes, particularly of intrathyroidal origin, derived from patients with GD, are able to migrate into normal xenotransplanted thyroid tissue and induce functional and histological changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 antibodies on the homing of lymphocytes of different origin into xenografted human thyroid tissue. METHODS Eighty-five nude mice bearing 8-week-old xenografts of normal human thyroid tissue were treated twice with anti-CD 54 (anti-ICAM-1), anti-CD 11a (anti-LFA-1), a combination of both, or, serving as controls, iso-antibodies without specific binding capacity or saline. Thereafter, intrathyroidal (ITL) or peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from 4 patients with GD or saline were injected into the animals (i.v., 0.2 mL, 10(6) cells). After 48 hours the mice were sacrificed and transplants as well as mice thyroids were examined by immunohistochemical staining with Ki67, CD3, HLA-II (DAKO, Hamburg), IgG, CD44, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 (Immunotech, Hamburg). RESULTS Pretreatment with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 decreased lymphocyte homing (CD3-staining), and expression of HLA-II, IgG, CD44, and VCAM-1 in the transplants. CONCLUSION Our data show that [ICAM-1/LFA-1 stimulated (induced)] lymphocyte homing and subsequently thyrocyte proliferation are inhibited by ICAM-1 and LFA-1 antibodies in xenotransplanted thyroid tissue. This suggests that ICAM1 and LFA-1 play an important role in the early steps of autoimmune thyroid disease. The inhibition/suppression of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 interaction by respective antibodies, as demonstrated in the present study, may provide a new concept for prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jungheim
- Department of Medicine I, Center of Internal Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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16
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Bondada S, Troyer A, Chelvarajan RL. Early Events in B Lymphocyte Activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; Chapter 3:Unit 3.9. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0309s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Troyer
- University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky
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17
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Heikkinen J, Möttönen M, Komi J, Alanen A, Lassila O. Phenotypic characterization of human decidual macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:498-505. [PMID: 12605704 PMCID: PMC1808648 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a challenge to the immune system, which not only has to protect the mother and the fetus from invading pathogens but to also maintain immunological tolerance against the fetus. However, the mechanisms inhibiting local immune responses in the maternal decidual tissue are poorly understood. We have studied decidual CD14+ macrophages, which may be important in the maintenance of a tolerance against the developing fetus. Decidual macrophages expressed HLA-DR, but lower levels of costimulatory molecule CD86 than peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Decidual macrophages produced spontaneously high levels of interleukin-10. Our findings suggest that decidual macrophages could represent an inhibitory type of APCs. Supporting this conclusion indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), suggested to have an immunosuppressive role in pregnancy, was expressed in decidual macrophages. Furthermore, decidual macrophages were not able to differentiate into dendritic cells under the influence of IL-4 + GM-CSF. These results suggest an immunoinhibitory function of decidual macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heikkinen
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Gray JD, Liu T, Huynh N, Horwitz DA. Transforming growth factor beta enhances the expression of CD154 (CD40L) and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by human T lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2001; 78:83-8. [PMID: 11672591 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of lymphocytes in the presence of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) can impair or enhance their functional activity. We have found that TGFbeta is important in the generation of lymphocytes, which are capable of suppressing antibody production. To better understand how this cytokine affects lymphocyte activity, we looked at the expression of early activation events of T cells stimulated in the presence or absence of TGFbeta. The results show that TGFbeta enhances the expression of CD154 (CD40L), TNFR2 and the production of TNFalpha. These findings clarify the co-stimulatory effects of TGFbeta that enhance T lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gray
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, HMR 711, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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19
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Jungheim K, Caspar G, Usadel KH, Schumm-Draeger PM. Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and homing factor CD44 after engraftment of Graves' lymphocytes in xenotransplanted human thyroid tissue in athymic nude mice. Thyroid 2001; 11:831-7. [PMID: 11575852 DOI: 10.1089/105072501316973082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression of adhesion molecules on thyrocytes and endothelium cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and the homing receptor CD44 are responsible for the specific migration of lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) (homing). Eight weeks after transplantation of thyroid tissue from 26 patients with nonautoimmune thyroid disease (nontoxic nodular goiter [NTG]) into nude mice, peripheral (PBL) and intrathyroidal lymphocytes (ITL) from 14 patients with NTG and 12 patients with GD were grafted into the animals. Two days after lymphocyte engraftment, the thyroid transplants were examined histologically (HE) and immunohistologically stained with monoclonal antibodies directed against ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD44. After injection of GD lymphocytes, thyroid transplants expressed significantly more ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD44 than after injection of NTG lymphocytes. This expression was even more pronounced after grafting of GD intrathyroidal lymphocytes. Our data demonstrate that only GD lymphocytes induce the expression of adhesion molecules and homing factor CD44, both of which play an important role in the migration of lymphocytes and induction of the autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jungheim
- Department of Medicine I, Center of Internal Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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20
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Elliott SR, Macardle PJ, Roberton DM, Zola H. Expression of the costimulator molecules, CD80, CD86, CD28, and CD152 on lymphocytes from neonates and young children. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:1039-48. [PMID: 10600000 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CD80, CD86, CD28, and CD152 were examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes from adults, neonates (cord blood lymphocytes) and young children (2-20 months of age). There was no difference in the expression of CD80 or CD86 between adult and neonatal B cells, either resting or activated. A higher percentage of resting T cells expressed CD28 in neonates and young children compared to adults. CD28 expression was similar on adult and neonatal T cells activated with PMA and ionomycin. However, CD28 was expressed at greater intensity on a higher percentage of neonatal T cells than adult T cells stimulated with CD3. CD152 expression was lower on neonatal T cells than adult T cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin and undetectable on neonatal T cells stimulated with CD3. In contrast, intracellular CD152 was equivalent in adult and neonatal T cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin, suggesting trafficking of CD152 to the cell surface may be differentially regulated in neonatal T cells. Since the T cell response is determined by the balance of signals received from CD28 and CD152, high levels of CD28 expression and lower surface expression of CD152 on neonatal T cells may represent specialisation to promote activation of neonatal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Elliott
- Child Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia, Australia
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21
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Calderhead DM, Kosaka Y, Manning EM, Noelle RJ. CD40-CD154 interactions in B-cell signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999; 245:73-99. [PMID: 10533319 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59641-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Calderhead
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03781, USA
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22
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Agranovich I, Scott DE, Terle D, Lee K, Golding B. Down-regulation of Th2 responses by Brucella abortus, a strong Th1 stimulus, correlates with alterations in the B7.2-CD28 pathway. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4418-26. [PMID: 10456882 PMCID: PMC96760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4418-4426.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of the Th2-like response induced by ovalbumin-alum (OVA/alum) immunization by heat-killed Brucella abortus was not reversed by anti-IL-12 antibody treatment or in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) knockout mice, suggesting that induction of Th1 cytokines was not the only mechanism involved in the B. abortus-mediated inhibition of the Th2 response to OVA/alum. The focus of this study was to determine whether an alternative pathway involves alteration in expression of costimulatory molecules. First we show that the Th2-like response to OVA/alum is dependent on B7.2 interaction with ligand since it can be abrogated by anti-B7.2 treatment. Expression of costimulatory molecules was then studied in mice immunized with OVA/alum in the absence or presence of B. abortus. B7.2, but not B7.1, was up-regulated on mouse non-T and T cells following immunization with B. abortus. Surprisingly, B. abortus induced down-regulation of CD28 and up-regulation of B7.2 on murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These effects on T cells were maximal for CD28 and B7.2 at 40 to 48 h and were not dependent on interleukin-12 (IL-12) or IFN-gamma. On the basis of these results, we propose that the IL-12/IFN-gamma-independent inhibition of Th2 responses to OVA/alum is secondary to the effects of B. abortus on expression of costimulatory molecules on T cells. We suggest that down-regulation of CD28 following activation inhibits subsequent differentiation of Th0 into Th2 cells. In addition, decreased expression of CD28 and increased expression of B7.2 on T cells would favor B7.2 interaction with CTLA-4 on T cells, and this could provide a negative signal to developing Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Agranovich
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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23
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Oliver AM, Martin F, Kearney JF. IgMhighCD21high Lymphocytes Enriched in the Splenic Marginal Zone Generate Effector Cells More Rapidly Than the Bulk of Follicular B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ag encounter will recruit Ag-specific cells from the pool of mature B lymphocytes in the spleen and activate them to perform effector functions: generation of Ab-forming cells (plasma cells) and presentation of Ag to T cells. We have compared the ability of mature follicular and marginal zone cells to develop into effector B cells. The generation of marginal zone B cells and their localization in the marginal sinus area are T cell and CD40 ligand independent, suggesting that they do not represent a postgerminal center population. Compared with mature recirculating follicular B cells, they express several characteristics of previous antigenic experience, including higher levels of B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) when freshly isolated and following in vitro stimulation. After a brief 6- to 8-h in vitro stimulation with LPS or anti-CD40 Abs, marginal zone B cells become potent APCs. In addition, their ability to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in response to low doses of T-independent polyclonal stimuli (LPS) is far greater than that of follicular B cells. These findings indicate a functional heterogeneity within splenic mature B lymphocytes, with marginal zone B cells having the capacity to generate effector cells in early stages of the immune response against particulate Ags scavenged efficiently in this special anatomical site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M. Oliver
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Flavius Martin
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John F. Kearney
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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24
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Lutz HU. How pre-existing, germline-derived antibodies and complement may help induce a primary immune response to nonself. Scand J Immunol 1999; 49:224-8. [PMID: 10102638 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the hypothesis that pre-existing, germline-encoded antibodies (naturally occurring antibodies, NAb) bind to conserved epitopes on invading nonself antigens, bound NAbs may initiate complement deposition and become targets of nascent C3b, which generates C3b-C3b-NAb complexes that remain associated with the nonself antigen (C3b-C3b-NAb...antigen). The inactivated form of these complexes (C3dg-C3dg-NAb...nonself antigen) may bind bivalently and thus firmly to B cells via CR2, a process stimulating antigen presentation. In some cases, CR2-bound 'C3dg-C3dg-NAb...antigen complexes' may further be recognized by immunoglobulin (Ig) determinants on B cells, whereby an immune response is elicited. As conserved epitopes on the nonself antigen are already complexed to NAbs, only B cells carrying Ig determinants specific for nonself epitopes may be stimulated. This hypothesis can explain directed affinity maturation towards nonself, protection from a strong immune response to conserved epitopes, down-regulation of antibody formation and unresponsiveness to high-dose antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Lutz
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, Zurich
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25
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Hermann P, Rubio M, Nakajima T, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. IFN-α Priming of Human Monocytes Differentially Regulates Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria-Induced IL-10 Release and Selectively Enhances IL-12p70, CD80, and MHC Class I Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Administration of IFN-γ and IFN-α may protect or induce autoimmune diseases. Although the in vitro regulation of monokine secretion by IFN-γ have been extensively studied, the regulatory function of IFN-α has not yet been elucidated. We compared IFN-α and IFN-γ, added alone or simultaneously before bacterial stimulation, for the control of monokine release and the expression of costimulatory molecules by human monocytes. Our data show that: 1) IFN-α primes monocytes for increased production of IL-10 in response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SAC) but not to LPS, leading to a lack of IFN-α priming for TNF-α secretion; 2) pretreatment of monocytes with IFN-α inhibits LPS- or SAC-induced IL-12p40 production but unexpectedly enhances the release of the biologically active form of IL-12 (IL-12p70); 3) IFN-α and IFN-γ exert an antagonistic effect on LPS- and SAC-induced IL-10 as well as IL-12p40 release, whereas they further enhance IL-12p70 production when added simultaneously; 4) in contrast to IFN-α, IFN-γ primes monocytes to enhance LPS- or SAC-induced TNF-α and IL-12 production, but surprisingly, it increases IL-10 production by monocytes following LPS but not SAC stimulation; and finally, 5) IFN-α pretreatment selectively up-regulates CD80 and MHC class I expression on monocytes. It is proposed that the outcome of the immune response at the site of inflammation may depend on both the type of bacterial injury (Gram-positive or -negative) and of locally produced IFNs, and that the differential and opposite effects of type I and type II IFNs on monocytes may account for the beneficial or detrimental effects of IFN-α therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Hermann
- *University of Montreal, Louis-Charles Simard Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Manuel Rubio
- *University of Montreal, Louis-Charles Simard Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Toshi Nakajima
- †Department of Bioregulatory Function, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guy Delespesse
- *University of Montreal, Louis-Charles Simard Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Marika Sarfati
- *University of Montreal, Louis-Charles Simard Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Canada; and
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26
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Hathcock KS, Weng NP, Merica R, Jenkins MK, Hodes R. Cutting Edge: Antigen-Dependent Regulation of Telomerase Activity in Murine T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Telomeres, structures on the ends of linear chromosomes, function to maintain chromosomal integrity. Telomere shortening occurs with cell division and provides a mechanism for limiting the replicative potential of normal human somatic cells. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme, synthesizes telomeric repeats on chromosomal termini, potentially extending the capacity for cell division. The present study demonstrates that resting T cells express little/no activity, and optimal Ag-specific induction of telomerase activity in vitro requires both TCR and CD28-B7 costimulatory signals. Regulation of telomerase in T cells during in vivo Ag-dependent activation was also assessed by adoptive transfer of TCR transgenic T cells and subsequent Ag challenge. Under these conditions, telomerase was induced in transgenic T cells coincident with a phase of extensive clonal expansion. These findings suggest that telomerase may represent an adoptive response that functions to preserve replicative potential in Ag-reactive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- †National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Rebecca Merica
- ‡Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- ‡Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Richard Hodes
- *Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, and
- †National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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27
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de Leval L, Colombi S, Debrus S, Demoitié MA, Greimers R, Linsley P, Moutschen M, Boniver J. CD28-B7 costimulatory blockade by CTLA4Ig delays the development of retrovirus-induced murine AIDS. J Virol 1998; 72:5285-90. [PMID: 9573306 PMCID: PMC110124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.5285-5290.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse AIDS (MAIDS) induced in C57BL/6 mice by infection with a replication-defective retrovirus (Du5H) combines extensive lymphoproliferation and profound immunodeficiency. Although B cells are the main target of viral infection, recent research has focused on CD4(+) T cells, the activation of which is a key event in MAIDS induction and progression. A preliminary observation of increased expression of B7 molecules on B cells in MAIDS prompted us to address the possible involvement of the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway in MAIDS. Mice infected with the MAIDS-inducing viral preparation were treated with murine fusion protein CTLA4Ig (3 x 50 microg/week given intraperitoneally), a competitive inhibitor of physiological CD28-B7 interactions. In CTLA4Ig-treated animals, the onset of the disease was delayed, lymphoproliferation progressed at a much slower rate than in untreated mice, and the loss of in vitro responsiveness to mitogens was reduced. Relative expression of Du5H did not differ between treated and untreated animals. These results suggest that the CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway contributes to MAIDS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Leval
- Laboratory of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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28
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Vallejo AN, Nestel AR, Schirmer M, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Aging-related deficiency of CD28 expression in CD4+ T cells is associated with the loss of gene-specific nuclear factor binding activity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:8119-29. [PMID: 9525915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.14.8119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in T cell populations and concomitant perturbation of T cell effector functions have been postulated to account for many aging-related immune dysfunctions. Here, we report that high frequencies of CD28(null) CD4+ T cells were found in elderly individuals. Because deviations in the function of these unusual CD4+ T cells might be directly related to CD28 deficiency, we examined the molecular basis for the loss of CD28 expression in CD4+ T cells. In reporter gene bioassays, the minimal promoter of the CD28 gene was mapped to the proximal 400 base pairs (bp) of the 5' untranslated region. CD28 deficiency was associated with the loss of two noncompeting binding activities within a 67-bp segment of the minimal promoter. These binding activities were not competed by consensus Ets, Elk, or AP3 motifs that were found within the sequence stretch. The DNA-protein complexes were also not recognized by antibodies to Ets-related transcription factors. Furthermore, introduction of mutations into the 67-bp segment at positions corresponding to the two DNA-protein interaction sites, i.e. nucleotides spanning -206 to -179 and -171 to -148, resulted in the loss of specific nuclear factor binding activities and the abrogation of promoter activity. These observations implicate at least two regulatory motifs in the constitutive expression of CD28. The loss of binding activity of trans-acting factors specific for these sequences may contribute to the accumulation CD4+CD28(null) T cells during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Vallejo
- Department of Immunology and the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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29
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Kozono Y, Abe R, Kozono H, Kelly RG, Azuma T, Holers VM. Cross-Linking CD21/CD35 or CD19 Increases Both B7-1 and B7-2 Expression on Murine Splenic B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of the complement cascade and ligation of complement C3 receptors on B cells represent an important bridge between innate and Ag-specific acquired immunity. We show here that cross-linking of mouse CD21 (complement receptor type 2, CR2, C3d receptor) and CD35 (complement receptor type 1, CR1, C3b/C4b receptor) or co-cross-linking of CD21/CD35 and surface IgM rapidly up-regulates both B7-1 and B7-2 expression on murine resting splenic B cells. CD21/CD35-mediated up-regulation of both B7-1 and B7-2 expression is observed within 14 h, while other stimuli up-regulate only B7-2 but not B7-1 at this early time point. Consistent with the increase in B7 levels, BALB/c B cells on which surface IgM and CD21/CD35 have been co-cross-linked stimulate C57BL/6 T cells more effectively than controls. This CD21/CD35-enhanced allogeneic MLR is blocked nearly completely by anti-B7-2 mAbs and partially by anti-B7-1 mAbs. In addition, cross-linking of CD19, which is physically associated with CD21/CD35, leads to increased B7-1 and B7-2 expression. These data suggest that CD21/CD35 ligation results in enhanced B cell Ag presentation using costimulatory mechanisms shared with other activators and thus works cooperatively in this process. Rapid up-regulation of B7-1 expression, a unique response to CD21/CD35 and CD19 cross-linking, may be a particularly important effect of C3-containing ligands. We propose that CD21/CD35- and CD19-mediated B7-1 and B7-2 up-regulation is an important mechanism by which complement activation links innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kozono
- *Research Institute for Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba, Japan; and
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Ryo Abe
- *Research Institute for Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Haruo Kozono
- *Research Institute for Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Robert G. Kelly
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Takachika Azuma
- *Research Institute for Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - V. Michael Holers
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
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30
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Giberson PK, Kim CK, Hutchinson S, Yu W, Junker A, Weinberg J. The Effect of Cold Stress on Lymphocyte Proliferation in Fetal Ethanol-Exposed Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Jeannin P, Delneste Y, Lecoanet-Henchoz S, Gauchat JF, Ellis J, Bonnefoy JY. CD86 (B7-2) on human B cells. A functional role in proliferation and selective differentiation into IgE- and IgG4-producing cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15613-9. [PMID: 9188449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.25.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) E production by B cells requires two primary signals provided by T cells, interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). In addition, costimulatory signals, such as CD23-CD21 interaction, contribute further ensuring a selective control over this production. Recently, CD28, expressed on T cells, has been reported to be involved in this process. The CD28 ligands, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), are expressed on human tonsillar B cells, and their expression is up-regulated by IL-4, IL-13, and/or an anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb). We have investigated whether signaling via the B7 molecules affects IgE synthesis. Human B cells were stimulated by IL-4 plus anti-CD40 mAb in the presence of different anti-B7 mAbs. Cross-linking of CD86 with IT2.2 potentiated IgE and IgG4 production and epsilon transcripts expression. The production of the other isotypes was not modulated. Conversely, the anti-CD80 and the other anti-CD86 mAbs tested had no effect. The increase of IgE and IgG4 production induced by IT2.2 was accompanied by an increase in proliferation, in cell surface density of CD23, and in CD23 binding to CD21-expressing B cells. In contrast, the expression of other B cell surface molecules such as CD11a, CD30, and CD58 remained unaffected. Since IT2.2 favors CD23-CD21 pairing, we tested whether blocking this interaction affected IT2.2-increased IgE production. The neutralizing anti-CD23 mAb, Mab 25, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of IT2.2 on IgE synthesis. Finally, IT2.2 potentiation on B cell proliferation and IgE production required the two primary signals, IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb, since IT2.2 alone or in combination with only one of these stimuli did not show any effect on B cells. This study is the first demonstration of a signaling role for CD86. Together with IL-4 or IL-13 and CD40L, CD86 favors CD23-CD21 pairing and consequently functions as a selective and potent costimulus for human IgE and IgG4 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jeannin
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, GlaxoWellcome Research and Development, Immunology Department, 14, Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan les Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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