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Maninger JK, Nowak K, Goberdhan S, O'Donoghue R, Connor-Robson N. Cell type-specific functions of Alzheimer's disease endocytic risk genes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220378. [PMID: 38368934 PMCID: PMC10874703 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a key cellular pathway required for the internalization of cellular nutrients, lipids and receptor-bound cargoes. It is also critical for the recycling of cellular components, cellular trafficking and membrane dynamics. The endocytic pathway has been consistently implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through repeated genome-wide association studies and the existence of rare coding mutations in endocytic genes. BIN1 and PICALM are two of the most significant late-onset AD risk genes after APOE and are both key to clathrin-mediated endocytic biology. Pathological studies also demonstrate that endocytic dysfunction is an early characteristic of late-onset AD, being seen in the prodromal phase of the disease. Different cell types of the brain have specific requirements of the endocytic pathway. Neurons require efficient recycling of synaptic vesicles and microglia use the specialized form of endocytosis-phagocytosis-for their normal function. Therefore, disease-associated changes in endocytic genes will have varied impacts across different cell types, which remains to be fully explored. Given the genetic and pathological evidence for endocytic dysfunction in AD, understanding how such changes and the related cell type-specific vulnerabilities impact normal cellular function and contribute to disease is vital and could present novel therapeutic opportunities. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Srilakshmi Goberdhan
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rachel O'Donoghue
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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2
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De Sousa Linhares A, Sharma S, Steinberger P, Leitner J. Transcriptional reprogramming via signaling domains of CD2, CD28, and 4-1BB. iScience 2024; 27:109267. [PMID: 38455974 PMCID: PMC10918215 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory signals provided to T cells during antigen encounter have a decisive role in the outcome of immune responses. Here, we used chimeric receptors harboring the extracellular domain of mouse inducible T cell costimulator (mICOS) to study transcriptional activation mediated by cytoplasmic sequences of the major T cell costimulatory receptors CD28, 4-1BB, and CD2. The chimeric receptors were introduced in a T cell reporter platform that allows to simultaneously evaluate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), NFAT, and AP-1 activation. Engagement of the chimeric receptors induced distinct transcriptional profiles. CD28 signaling activated all three transcription factors, whereas 4-1BB strongly promoted NF-κB and AP-1 but downregulated NFAT activity. CD2 signals resulted in the strongest upregulation of NFAT. Transcriptome analysis revealed pronounced and distinct gene expression signatures upon CD2 and 4-1BB signaling. Using the intracellular sequence of CD28, we exemplify that distinct signaling motifs endow chimeric receptors with different costimulatory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika De Sousa Linhares
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Loop lab Bio GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sumana Sharma
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Balashova OA, Panoutsopoulos AA, Visina O, Selhub J, Knoepfler PS, Borodinsky LN. Noncanonical function of folate through folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1642. [PMID: 38388461 PMCID: PMC10883926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), birth defects consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close. The mechanisms underlying NTDs and their prevention by folate remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. FOLR1 knockdown in neural organoids and in Xenopus laevis embryos leads to NTDs that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that is unable to participate in metabolism. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein, molecule essential for apical endocytosis and turnover of C-cadherin in neural plate cells. In addition, folates increase Ca2+ transient frequency, suggesting that folate and FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Balashova
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Olesya Visina
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Tufts-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul S Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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4
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Chen C, Xu J, Zhang J, Chen L, Wei Y, Zhang W, Shao P, Xu H. CD2AP is a potential prognostic biomarker of renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7055. [PMID: 38457255 PMCID: PMC10923042 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a podocyte-associated gene and its reduced expression is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between the expression and prognosis of CD2AP in renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Therefore, we aimed to assess the regulation of CD2AP expression and prognostic value in ccRCC. METHODS Multiple databases were employed to examine the expression of CD2AP in ccRCC. RT-qPCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to validate CD2AP expression in different cell lines and tissue samples. Kaplan-Meier analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed on the predictive prognostic performance of CD2AP. COX regression was used to construct CD2AP-related prognostic models. The TIMER and TISIDB databases were used to analyze the correlation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with gene expression, mutations, somatic copy number variation, and immune molecules. Mass spectrometry was used to detect methylation status of the promoter CpG site of CD2AP in multiple cells. RESULTS We found that CD2AP expression was downregulated in ccRCC and its lower expression level was correlation with worse patient prognosis, higher tumor stage and grade and distant metastasis through analysis of databases, ccRCC cell lines and clinical tissue samples. Moreover, database and mass spectrometry techniques identified and validated cg12968598 hypermethylation as one of the key reasons for the downregulation of CD2AP expression. CD2AP expression was also associated with macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that CD2AP can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC patients and that DNA hypermethylation plays an important role in reducing CD2AP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jie‐Xin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Lin‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yu‐Ang Wei
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wei‐Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Shao
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hua‐Guo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineNanjingChina
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5
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Perez C, Plaza-Rojas L, Boucher JC, Nagy MZ, Kostenko E, Prajapati K, Burke B, Reyes MD, Austin AL, Zhang S, Le PT, Guevara-Patino JA. NKG2D receptor signaling shapes T cell thymic education. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:306-321. [PMID: 37949818 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) in peripheral T cells as a costimulatory receptor is well established. However, its contribution to T cell thymic education and functional imprint is unknown. Here, we report significant changes in development, receptor signaling, transcriptional program, and function in T cells from mice lacking NKG2D signaling. In C57BL/6 (B6) and OT-I mice, we found that NKG2D deficiency results in Vβ chain usage changes and stagnation of the double-positive stage in thymic T cell development. We found that the expression of CD5 and CD45 in thymocytes from NKG2D deficient mice were reduced, indicating a direct influence of NKG2D on the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling during the developmental stage of T cells. Depicting the functional consequences of NKG2D, peripheral OT-I NKG2D-deficient cells were unresponsive to ovalbumin peptide stimulation. Paradoxically, while αCD3/CD28 agonist antibodies led to phenotypic T cell activation, their ability to produce cytokines remained severely compromised. We found that OT-I NKG2D-deficient cells activate STAT5 in response to interleukin-15 but were unable to phosphorylate ERK or S6 upon TCR engagement, underpinning a defect in TCR signaling. Finally, we showed that NKG2D is expressed in mouse and human thymic T cells at the double-negative stage, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function during T cell development. The data presented in this study indicate that NKG2D impacts thymic T cell development at a fundamental level by reducing the TCR threshold and affecting the functional imprint of the thymic progeny. In summary, understanding the impact of NKG2D on thymic T cell development and TCR signaling contributes to our knowledge of immune system regulation, immune dysregulation, and the design of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Perez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Lourdes Plaza-Rojas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Justin C Boucher
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Mate Z Nagy
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Elena Kostenko
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Kushal Prajapati
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Brianna Burke
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Michael Delos Reyes
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Anna L Austin
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Phong T Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - José A Guevara-Patino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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Singh S, Mahajan M, Kumar D, Singh K, Chowdhary M, Amit. An inclusive study of recent advancements in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Neuropeptides 2023; 102:102369. [PMID: 37611472 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has remained elusive in revealing its pathophysiology and mechanism of development. In this review paper, we attempt to highlight several theories that abound about the exact pathway of AD development. The number of cases worldwide has prompted a constant flow of research to detect high-risk patients, slow the progression of the disease and discover improved methods of treatment that may prove effective. We shall focus on the two main classes of drugs that are currently in use; and emerging ones with novel mechanisms that are under development. As of late there has also been increased attention towards factors that were previously thought to be unrelated to AD, such as the gut microbiome, lifestyle habits, and diet. Studies have now shown that all these factors make an impact on AD progression, thus bringing to our attention more areas that could hold the key to combating this disease. This paper covers all the aforementioned factors concisely. We also briefly explore the relationship between mental health and AD, both before and after the diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mitali Mahajan
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dhawal Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kunika Singh
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mehvish Chowdhary
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amit
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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7
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Cao C, Fu G, Xu R, Li N. Coupling of Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factors with Viral Susceptibility and Inflammation. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1017. [PMID: 37962454 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by persistent cognitive decline. Amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles are the main pathological features of AD brain, though mechanisms leading to the formation of lesions remain to be understood. Genetic efforts through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of risk genes influencing the pathogenesis and progression of AD, some of which have been revealed in close association with increased viral susceptibilities and abnormal inflammatory responses in AD patients. In the present study, we try to present a list of AD candidate genes that have been shown to affect viral infection and inflammatory responses. Understanding of how AD susceptibility genes interact with the viral life cycle and potential inflammatory pathways would provide possible therapeutic targets for both AD and infectious diseases.
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8
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Wingo AP, Liu Y, Gerasimov ES, Vattathil SM, Liu J, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Blokland GAM, Thambisetty M, Troncoso JC, Duong DM, Bennett DA, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Wingo TS. Sex differences in brain protein expression and disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:2224-2232. [PMID: 37653343 PMCID: PMC10504083 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Most complex human traits differ by sex, but we have limited insight into the underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated the influence of biological sex on protein expression and its genetic regulation in 1,277 human brain proteomes. We found that 13.2% (1,354) of brain proteins had sex-differentiated abundance and 1.5% (150) of proteins had sex-biased protein quantitative trait loci (sb-pQTLs). Among genes with sex-biased expression, we found 67% concordance between sex-differentiated protein and transcript levels; however, sex effects on the genetic regulation of expression were more evident at the protein level. Considering 24 psychiatric, neurologic and brain morphologic traits, we found that an average of 25% of their putatively causal genes had sex-differentiated protein abundance and 12 putatively causal proteins had sb-pQTLs. Furthermore, integrating sex-specific pQTLs with sex-stratified genome-wide association studies of six psychiatric and neurologic conditions, we uncovered another 23 proteins contributing to these traits in one sex but not the other. Together, these findings begin to provide insights into mechanisms underlying sex differences in brain protein expression and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza P Wingo
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriëlla A M Blokland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Yang Y, Zhou J, Zhang D, Lv J, Chen M, Wang C, Song M, He F, Song S, Mei C. Dehydration Accelerates Cytogenesis and Cyst Growth in Pkd1 -/- Mice by Regulating Macrophage M2 Polarization. Inflammation 2023; 46:1272-1289. [PMID: 36997763 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Adult autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has been shown to be related as a "third hit" to the occurrence of acute or chronic kidney injury. Here, we examined whether dehydration, as a common kidney risk factor, could cause cystogenesis in chronic-onset Pkd1-/- mice by regulating macrophage activation. First, we confirmed that dehydration accelerated cytogenesis in Pkd1-/- mice and that macrophages infiltrated the kidney tissues even earlier than macroscopic cyst formation. Then, microarray analysis suggested that glycolysis pathway may be involved in macrophage activation in Pkd1-/- kidneys under conditions of dehydration. Further, we confirmed glycolysis pathway was activated and lactic acid (L-LA) was overproduced in the Pkd1-/- kidney under conditions of dehydration. We have already proved that L-LA strongly stimulated M2 macrophage polarization and overproduction of polyamine in macrophage in vitro, and in the present study, we further discovered that M2 polarization-induced polyamine production shortened the primary cilia length by disrupting the PC1/PC2 complex. Finally, the activation of L-LA-arginase 1-polyamine pathway contributed to cystogenesis and progressive cyst growth in Pkd1-/- mice recurrently exposed to dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The 981th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Puning Road, No.3, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, China.
- Kidney Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of People's Liberation Army, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The 981th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Puning Road, No.3, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, China
| | - Jiayi Lv
- Kidney Institution of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Hospital, The Navy Military Medical University, Fengyang Road, No.415, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Kidney Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center of People's Liberation Army, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Minghui Song
- Clinical Laboratory, Hainan Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Sanya, China
| | - Fagui He
- Department of Nephrology, The 981th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Puning Road, No.3, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, China
| | - Shuwei Song
- Kidney Institution of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Hospital, The Navy Military Medical University, Fengyang Road, No.415, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlin Mei
- Kidney Institution of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Hospital, The Navy Military Medical University, Fengyang Road, No.415, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Balashova OA, Panoutsopoulos AA, Visina O, Selhub J, Knoepfler PS, Borodinsky LN. Non-canonical function of folate/folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549718. [PMID: 37503108 PMCID: PMC10370062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects, one of the most common and serious birth defects, consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close early in pregnancy. The mechanisms underlying neural tube defects and folate action during neural tube formation remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. Knockdown of FOLR1 in human neural organoids as well as in the Xenopus laevis in vivo model leads to neural tube defects that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that binds to FOLR1 but is unable to participate in metabolic pathways. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), a molecule that we find is essential for apical endocytosis and the spatiotemporal turnover of the cell adherens junction component C-cadherin in neural plate cells. The counteracting action of FOLR1 on these processes is mediated by regulating CD2AP protein level via a degradation-dependent mechanism. In addition, folate and pteroate increase Ca 2+ transient frequency in the neural plate in a FOLR1-dependent manner, suggesting that folate/FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.
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11
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Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Martínez S. Pericyte-Glioblastoma Cell Interaction: A Key Target to Prevent Glioblastoma Progression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091324. [PMID: 37174724 PMCID: PMC10177553 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple biological processes rely on direct intercellular interactions to regulate cell proliferation and migration in embryonic development and cancer processes. Tumor development and growth depends on close interactions between cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. During embryonic development, morphogenetic signals and direct cell contacts control cell proliferation, polarity, and morphogenesis. Cancer cells communicate with cells in the tumor niche through molecular signals and intercellular contacts, thereby modifying the vascular architecture and antitumor surveillance processes and consequently enabling tumor growth and survival. While looking for cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms that are common to both brain development and cancer progression, we have studied the infiltration process in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most malignant primary brain tumor and with the worst prognosis. Cell-to-cell contacts, by means of filopodia-like structures, between GBM cells and brain pericytes (PCs) are necessary for adequate cell signaling during cancer infiltration; similarly, contacts between embryonic regions, via cytonemes, are required for embryo regionalization and development. This GBM-PC interaction provokes two important changes in the physiological function of these perivascular cells, namely, (i) vascular co-option with changes in cell contractility and vascular malformation, and (ii) changes in the PC transcriptome, modifying the microvesicles and protein secretome, which leads to the development of an immunosuppressive phenotype that promotes tumor immune tolerance. Moreover, the GTPase Cdc42 regulates cell polarity across organisms, from yeast to humans, playing a central role in GBM cell-PC interaction and maintaining vascular co-option. As such, a review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of the physical interactions between cancer cells and PCs is of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Avda. Ramón y Cajal sn, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Avda. Ramón y Cajal sn, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, Avda. Ramón y Cajal sn, 03550 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Jenkins E, Körbel M, O'Brien-Ball C, McColl J, Chen KY, Kotowski M, Humphrey J, Lippert AH, Brouwer H, Santos AM, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Antigen discrimination by T cells relies on size-constrained microvillar contact. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1611. [PMID: 36959206 PMCID: PMC10036606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells use finger-like protrusions called 'microvilli' to interrogate their targets, but why they do so is unknown. To form contacts, T cells must overcome the highly charged, barrier-like layer of large molecules forming a target cell's glycocalyx. Here, T cells are observed to use microvilli to breach a model glycocalyx barrier, forming numerous small (<0.5 μm diameter) contacts each of which is stabilized by the small adhesive protein CD2 expressed by the T cell, and excludes large proteins including CD45, allowing sensitive, antigen dependent TCR signaling. In the absence of the glycocalyx or when microvillar contact-size is increased by enhancing CD2 expression, strong signaling occurs that is no longer antigen dependent. Our observations suggest that, modulated by the opposing effects of the target cell glycocalyx and small adhesive proteins, the use of microvilli equips T cells with the ability to effect discriminatory receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Markus Körbel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - James McColl
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kevin Y Chen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Mateusz Kotowski
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anna H Lippert
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Heather Brouwer
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - David Klenerman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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13
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Iwano T, Sobajima T, Takeda S, Harada A, Yoshimura SI. The Rab GTPase-binding protein EHBP1L1 and its interactors CD2AP/CIN85 negatively regulate the length of primary cilia via actin remodeling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102985. [PMID: 36754282 PMCID: PMC9986712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are organelles consisting of axonemal microtubules and plasma membranes, and they protrude from the cell surface to the extracellular region and function in signal sensing and transduction. The integrity of cilia, including the length and structure, is associated with signaling functions; however, factors involved in regulating the integrity of cilia have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that the Rab GTPase-binding protein EHBP1L1 and its newly identified interactors CD2AP and CIN85, known as adaptor proteins of actin regulators, are involved in ciliary length control. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that EHBP1L1 and CD2AP/CIN85 are localized to the ciliary sheath. EHBP1L1 depletion caused mislocalization of CD2AP/CIN85, suggesting that CD2AP/CIN85 localization to the ciliary sheath is dependent on EHBP1L1. Additionally, we determined that EHBP1L1- and CD2AP/CIN85-depleted cells had elongated cilia. The aberrantly elongated cilia phenotype and the ciliary localization defect of CD2AP/CIN85 in EHBP1L1-depleted cells were rescued by the expression of WT EHBP1L1, although this was not observed in the CD2AP/CIN85-binding-deficient mutant, indicating that the EHBP1L1-CD2AP/CIN85 interaction is crucial for controlling ciliary length. Furthermore, EHBP1L1- and CD2AP/CIN85-depleted cells exhibited actin nucleation and branching defects around the ciliary base. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the EHBP1L1-CD2AP/CIN85 axis negatively regulates ciliary length via actin network remodeling around the basal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Iwano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sén Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Wood-Trageser MA, Lesniak D, Gambella A, Golnoski K, Feng S, Bucuvalas J, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Demetris AJ. Next-generation pathology detection of T cell-antigen-presenting cell immune synapses in human liver allografts. Hepatology 2023; 77:355-366. [PMID: 35819312 PMCID: PMC9834436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In otherwise near-normal appearing biopsies by routine light microscopy, next-generation pathology (NGP) detected close pairings (immune pairs; iPAIRs) between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that predicted immunosuppression weaning failure in pediatric liver transplant (LTx) recipients (Immunosuppression Withdrawal for Stable Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients [iWITH], NCT01638559). We hypothesized that NGP-detected iPAIRs enrich for true immune synapses, as determined by nuclear shape metrics, intercellular distances, and supramolecular activation complex (SMAC) formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Intralobular iPAIRs (CD45 high lymphocyte-major histocompatibility complex II + APC pairs; n = 1167, training set) were identified at low resolution from multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsy slides from several multicenter LTx immunosuppression titration clinical trials (iWITH; NCT02474199 (Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) for Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) Reduction (ARTEMIS); Prospective Longitudinal Study of iWITH Screen Failures Secondary to Histopathology). After excluding complex multicellular aggregates, high-resolution imaging was used to examine immune synapse formation ( n = 998). By enriching for close intranuclear lymphocyte-APC distance (mean: 0.713 μm) and lymphocyte nuclear flattening (mean ferret diameter: 2.1), SMAC formation was detected in 29% of iPAIR-engaged versus 9.5% of unpaired lymphocytes. Integration of these morphometrics enhanced NGP detection of immune synapses (ai-iSYN). Using iWITH preweaning biopsies from eligible patients ( n = 53; 18 tolerant, 35 nontolerant; testing set), ai-iSYN accurately predicted (87.3% accuracy vs. 81.4% for iPAIRs; 100% sensitivity, 75% specificity) immunosuppression weaning failure. This confirmed the presence and importance of intralobular immune synapse formation in liver allografts. Stratification of biopsy mRNA expression data by immune synapse quantity yielded the top 20 genes involved in T cell activation and immune synapse formation and stability. CONCLUSIONS NGP-detected immune synapses (subpathological rejection) in LTx patients prior to immunosuppression reduction suggests that NGP-detected (allo)immune activity usefulness for titration of immunosuppressive therapy in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Wood-Trageser
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Drew Lesniak
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Alessandro Gambella
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Kayla Golnoski
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Sandy Feng
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - John Bucuvalas
- Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital and Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute , Mount Sinai Health System , New York , New York , USA
| | | | - A Jake Demetris
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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15
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Klein MT, Krause BM, Neudörfl JM, Kühne R, Schmalz HG. Design and synthesis of a tetracyclic tripeptide mimetic frozen in a polyproline type II (PP2) helix conformation. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9368-9377. [PMID: 36385673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the new tetracyclic scaffold ProM-19, which represents a XPP tripeptide unit frozen in a PPII helix conformation, was developed. As a key building block, N-Boc-protected ethyl (1S,3S,4R)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate was prepared through a diastereoselective aza-Diels-Alder reaction and subsequent hydrogenolytic removal of the chiral N-1-phenylethyl substituent under temporary protection of the double bond through dihydroxylation and reconstitution by Corey-Winter olefination. The target compound Boc-[ProM-19]-OMe was then prepared via subsequent peptide coupling and Ru-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis steps employing (S)-N-Boc-allylgylcine and cis-5-vinyl-proline methyl ester as additional building blocks. In addition, Ac-[2-Cl-Phe]-[Pro]-[ProM-19]-OMe was prepared by solution phase peptide synthesis as a potential ligand for the ena-VASP EVH1 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Klein
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Bernhard M Krause
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Ronald Kühne
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany.
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16
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Li Y, Ren Q, Wang X, Luoreng Z, Wei D. Bta-miR-199a-3p Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213518. [PMID: 36359915 PMCID: PMC9656885 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is characterized by inflammatory damage to mammary gland tissue, which could decline milk production and quality and significantly affect the economic benefits of ranching. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-199a-3p, are novel therapeutic targets in inflammation, and their regulation is an effective strategy for inflammation control. Despite its importance in humans and animals, the molecular mechanism of bovine miR-199a-3p (bta-miR-199a-3p) in dairy cow mastitis and bovine mammary epithelial cell (bMEC) inflammation is unclear. In our study, a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as an inflammatory cell model to investigate the molecular mechanism of bta-miR-199a-3p in the MAC-T inflammatory response. bta-miR-199a-3p was up-regulated in the LPS-induced MAC-T cells, while CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) was revealed as its target gene in a double luciferase reporter gene experiment. In addition, the overexpression of bta-miR-199a-3p negatively regulated the expression of CD2AP and the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. These subsequently inhibited the secretion of related inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and the expression of apoptotic genes (CASP3 and CASP9), thereby alleviating the LPS-challenged inflammatory response in the MAC-T cells. Silencing of bta-miR-199a-3p, however, reversed the above effects. Thus, bta-miR-199a-3p inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in bMECs by directly targeting CD2AP and regulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study reveals the potential regulatory mechanism of bta-miR-199a-3p in bMEC inflammatory immune response and may serve as a useful target for the treatment of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qianqian Ren
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xingping Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhuoma Luoreng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Dawei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular Cell Breeding, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
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17
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Behrens LM, van Egmond M, van den Berg TK. Neutrophils as immune effector cells in antibody therapy in cancer. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:280-301. [PMID: 36331258 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies are available for a number of cancer cell types (over)expressing the corresponding tumor antigens. Such antibodies can limit tumor progression by different mechanisms, including direct growth inhibition and immune-mediated mechanisms, in particular complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC can be mediated by various types of immune cells, including neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in circulation. Neutrophils express a number of Fc receptors, including Fcγ- and Fcα-receptors, and can therefore kill tumor cells opsonized with either IgG or IgA antibodies. In recent years, important insights have been obtained with respect to the mechanism(s) by which neutrophils engage and kill antibody-opsonized cancer cells and these findings are reviewed here. In addition, we consider a number of additional ways in which neutrophils may affect cancer progression, in particular by regulating adaptive anti-cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M. Behrens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Cancer Immunology HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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18
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Chann AS, Charnley M, Newton LM, Newbold A, Wiede F, Tiganis T, Humbert PO, Johnstone RW, Russell SM. Stepwise progression of β-selection during T cell development involves histone deacetylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201645. [PMID: 36283704 PMCID: PMC9595210 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During T cell development, the first step in creating a unique T cell receptor (TCR) is genetic recombination of the TCRβ chain. The quality of the new TCRβ is assessed at the β-selection checkpoint. Most cells fail this checkpoint and die, but the coordination of fate at the β-selection checkpoint is not yet understood. We shed new light on fate determination during β-selection using a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6, ACY1215. ACY1215 disrupted the β-selection checkpoint. Characterising the basis for this disruption revealed a new, pivotal stage in β-selection, bookended by up-regulation of TCR co-receptors, CD28 and CD2, respectively. Within this "DN3bPre" stage, CD5 and Lef1 are up-regulated to reflect pre-TCR signalling, and their expression correlates with proliferation. These findings suggest a refined model of β-selection in which a coordinated increase in expression of pre-TCR, CD28, CD5 and Lef1 allows for modulating TCR signalling strength and culminates in the expression of CD2 to enable exit from the β-selection checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchi S Chann
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Newbold
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Ghosh A, Marques-Piubelli ML, Wang X, Sheu TG, Cheng J, Khan K, Lu W, Manning J, Tang G, Solis LM, Vega F. CD2-negative lymphoma-associated T-cells: a potential mechanism of immune-evasion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:659-663. [PMID: 35622145 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD2 is a costimulatory protein expressed in all mature T/NK-cells, in particular memory T-cells. CD58 (or LFA-3) is the receptor for CD2 and is ubiquitously expressed. CD2-CD58 interaction has key functions in T-cell activation and organization of the immunological synapse between T- and antigen-presenting cells. Cancer cells have developed multiple mechanisms to evade immune surveillance. Loss of CD58 expression is one frequently reported in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). On the other hand, in non-hematological neoplasms, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with reduced expression of CD2 have been associated with defective cytotoxicity and T-cell exhaustion. Here, we reported a case of DLBCL involving the jejunal mucosa associated with a rim of cytotoxic reactive T-cells with features of immune evasion (CD2- and TCR-) and T-cell exhaustion (PD1 + high). This case likely exemplifies a previously unrecognized immune evasion mechanism in lymphoma involving a decreased CD2 expression in the lymphoma-associated T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany G Sheu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joanne Cheng
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaja Khan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Manning
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Dam T, Chouliara M, Junghans V, Jönsson P. Supported Lipid Bilayers and the Study of Two-Dimensional Binding Kinetics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:833123. [PMID: 35252352 PMCID: PMC8896763 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.833123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding between protein molecules on contacting cells is essential in initiating and regulating several key biological processes. In contrast to interactions between molecules in solution, these events are restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) plane of the meeting cell surfaces. However, converting between the more commonly available binding kinetics measured in solution and the so-called 2D binding kinetics has proven a complicated task since for the latter several factors other than the protein-protein interaction per se have an impact. A few important examples of these are: protein density, membrane fluctuations, force on the bond and the use of auxiliary binding molecules. The development of model membranes, and in particular supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), has made it possible to simplify the studied contact to analyze these effects and to measure 2D binding kinetics of individual protein-protein interactions. We will in this review give an overview of, and discuss, how different SLB systems have been used for this and compare different methods to measure binding kinetics in cell-SLB contacts. Typically, the SLB is functionalized with fluorescently labelled ligands whose interaction with the corresponding receptor on a binding cell can be detected. This interaction can either be studied 1) by an accumulation of ligands in the cell-SLB contact, whose magnitude depends on the density of the proteins and binding affinity of the interaction, or 2) by tracking single ligands in the SLB, which upon interaction with a receptor result in a change of motion of the diffusing ligand. The advantages and disadvantages of other methods measuring 2D binding kinetics will also be discussed and compared to the fluorescence-based methods. Although binding kinetic measurements in cell-SLB contacts have provided novel information on how ligands interact with receptors in vivo the number of these measurements is still limited. This is influenced by the complexity of the system as well as the required experimental time. Moreover, the outcome can vary significantly between studies, highlighting the necessity for continued development of methods to study 2D binding kinetics with higher precision and ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Victoria Junghans
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, CAMS Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Peter Jönsson,
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21
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Hornak I, Rieger H. Stochastic model of T Cell repolarization during target elimination (II). Biophys J 2022; 121:1246-1265. [PMID: 35196513 PMCID: PMC9034251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) and natural killer cells form a tight contact, the immunological synapse (IS), with target cells, where they release their lytic granules containing perforin/granzyme and cytokine-containing vesicles. During this process the cell repolarizes and moves the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) toward the IS. In the first part of our work we developed a computational model for the molecular-motor-driven motion of the microtubule cytoskeleton during T cell polarization and analyzed the effects of cortical-sliding and capture-shrinkage mechanisms. Here we use this model to analyze the dynamics of the MTOC repositioning in situations in which 1) the IS is in an arbitrary position with respect to the initial position of the MTOC and 2) the T cell has two IS at two arbitrary positions. In the case of one IS, we found that the initial position determines which mechanism is dominant and that the time of repositioning does not rise monotonously with the MTOC-IS distance. In the case of two IS, we observe several scenarios that have also been reported experimentally: the MTOC alternates stochastically (but with a well-defined average transition time) between the two IS; it wiggles in between the two IS without transiting to one of the two; or it is at some point pulled to one of the two IS and stays there. Our model allows one to predict which scenario emerges in dependency of the mechanisms in action and the number of dyneins present. We report that the presence of capture-shrinkage mechanism in at least one IS is necessary to assure the transitions in every cell configuration. Moreover, the frequency of transitions does not decrease with the distance between the two IS and is the highest when both mechanisms are present in both IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hornak
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Szabo MP, Mishra S, Knupp A, Young JE. The role of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in endolysosomal pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105576. [PMID: 34871734 PMCID: PMC9071255 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample pathological and biological evidence for endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerging genetic studies repeatedly implicate endo-lysosomal genes as associated with increased AD risk. The endo-lysosomal network (ELN) is essential for all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), yet each unique cell type utilizes cellular trafficking differently (see Fig. 1). Challenges ahead involve defining the role of AD associated genes in the functionality of the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) and understanding how this impacts the cellular dysfunction that occurs in AD. This is critical to the development of new therapeutics that will impact, and potentially reverse, early disease phenotypes. Here we review some early evidence of ELN dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and discuss the role of selected AD-associated risk genes in this pathway. In particular, we review genes that have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies(Andrews et al., 2020; Jansen et al., 2019; Kunkle et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2013; Marioni et al., 2018) and reviewed in(Andrews et al., 2020) that have defined roles in the endo-lysosomal network. These genes include SORL1, an AD risk gene harboring both rare and common variants associated with AD risk and a role in trafficking cargo, including APP, through the ELN; BIN1, a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis whose expression correlates with Tau pathology; CD2AP, an AD risk gene with roles in endosome morphology and recycling; PICALM, a clathrin-binding protein that mediates trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes; and Ephrin Receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with AD associations and interactions with other AD risk genes. Finally, we will discuss how human cellular models can elucidate cell-type specific differences in ELN dysfunction in AD and aid in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell P Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
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23
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Xue YY, Chen YH, Lin RR, Huang HF, Wu ZY, Tao QQ. Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility locus in CD2AP is associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2021; 771:136419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Agarwal S, Sudhini YR, Polat OK, Reiser J, Altintas MM. Renal cell markers: lighthouses for managing renal diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F715-F739. [PMID: 34632812 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00182.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys, one of the vital organs in our body, are responsible for maintaining whole body homeostasis. The complexity of renal function (e.g., filtration, reabsorption, fluid and electrolyte regulation, and urine production) demands diversity not only at the level of cell types but also in their overall distribution and structural framework within the kidney. To gain an in depth molecular-level understanding of the renal system, it is imperative to discern the components of kidney and the types of cells residing in each of the subregions. Recent developments in labeling, tracing, and imaging techniques have enabled us to mark, monitor, and identify these cells in vivo with high efficiency in a minimally invasive manner. In this review, we summarize different cell types, specific markers that are uniquely associated with those cell types, and their distribution in the kidney, which altogether make kidneys so special and different. Cellular sorting based on the presence of certain proteins on the cell surface allowed for the assignment of multiple markers for each cell type. However, different studies using different techniques have found contradictions in cell type-specific markers. Thus, the term "cell marker" might be imprecise and suboptimal, leading to uncertainty when interpreting the data. Therefore, we strongly believe that there is an unmet need to define the best cell markers for a cell type. Although the compendium of renal-selective marker proteins presented in this review is a resource that may be useful to researchers, we acknowledge that the list may not be necessarily exhaustive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Onur K Polat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Ryniawec JM, Rogers GC. Centrosome instability: when good centrosomes go bad. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6775-6795. [PMID: 34476544 PMCID: PMC8560572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is a tiny cytoplasmic organelle that organizes and constructs massive molecular machines to coordinate diverse cellular processes. Due to its many roles during both interphase and mitosis, maintaining centrosome homeostasis is essential to normal health and development. Centrosome instability, divergence from normal centrosome number and structure, is a common pathognomonic cellular state tightly associated with cancers and other genetic diseases. As novel connections are investigated linking the centrosome to disease, it is critical to understand the breadth of centrosome functions to inspire discovery. In this review, we provide an introduction to normal centrosome function and highlight recent discoveries that link centrosome instability to specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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26
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Kvalvaag A, Valvo S, Mayya V, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. Characterization of mechanisms positioning costimulatory complexes in immune synapses. iScience 2021; 24:103100. [PMID: 34622155 PMCID: PMC8479700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small immunoglobulin superfamily (sIGSF) adhesion complexes form a corolla of microdomains around an integrin ring and secretory core during immunological synapse (IS) formation. The corolla recruits and retains major costimulatory/checkpoint complexes, such as CD28, making forces that govern corolla formation of particular interest. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying molecular reorganization of CD2, an adhesion and costimulatory molecule of the sIGSF family during IS formation. Computer simulations showed passive distal exclusion of CD2 complexes under weak interactions with the ramified F-actin transport network. Attractive forces between CD2 and CD28 complexes relocate CD28 from the IS center to the corolla. Size-based sorting interactions with large glycocalyx components, such as CD45, or short-range CD2 self-attraction successfully explain the corolla 'petals.' This establishes a general simulation framework for complex pattern formation observed in cell-bilayer and cell-cell interfaces, and the suggestion of new therapeutic targets, where boosting or impairing characteristic pattern formation can be pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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27
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Leithner A, Altenburger LM, Hauschild R, Assen FP, Rottner K, Stradal TEB, Diz-Muñoz A, Stein JV, Sixt M. Dendritic cell actin dynamics control contact duration and priming efficiency at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211749. [PMID: 33533935 PMCID: PMC7863705 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the priming of naive T cells and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Priming is initiated at a heterologous cell–cell contact, the immunological synapse (IS). While it is established that F-actin dynamics regulates signaling at the T cell side of the contact, little is known about the cytoskeletal contribution on the DC side. Here, we show that the DC actin cytoskeleton is decisive for the formation of a multifocal synaptic structure, which correlates with T cell priming efficiency. DC actin at the IS appears in transient foci that are dynamized by the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC). The absence of the WRC in DCs leads to stabilized contacts with T cells, caused by an increase in ICAM1-integrin–mediated cell–cell adhesion. This results in lower numbers of activated and proliferating T cells, demonstrating an important role for DC actin in the regulation of immune synapse functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Frank P Assen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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28
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Camacho J, Rábano A, Marazuela P, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Serna G, Moliné T, Ramón Y Cajal S, Martínez-Sáez E, Hernández-Guillamon M. Association of CD2AP neuronal deposits with Braak neurofibrillary stage in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13016. [PMID: 34514662 PMCID: PMC8713526 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have described several genes as genetic susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among them, CD2AP encodes CD2-associated protein, a scaffold protein implicated in dynamic actin remodeling and membrane trafficking during endocytosis and cytokinesis. Although a clear link between CD2AP defects and glomerular pathology has been described, little is known about the function of CD2AP in the brain. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of CD2AP in the AD brain and its potential associations with tau aggregation and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. First, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of CD2AP expression in brain tissue from AD patients and controls (N = 60). Our results showed granular CD2AP immunoreactivity in the human brain endothelium in all samples. In AD cases, no CD2AP was found to be associated with Aβ deposits in vessels or parenchymal plaques. CD2AP neuronal inclusions similar to neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuropil thread-like deposits were found only in AD samples. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CD2AP colocalized with pTau. Regarding CD2AP neuronal distribution, a hierarchical progression from the entorhinal to the temporal and occipital cortex was detected. We found that CD2AP immunodetection in neurons was strongly and positively associated with Braak neurofibrillary stage, independent of age and other pathological hallmarks. To further investigate the association between pTau and CD2AP, we included samples from cases of primary tauopathies (corticobasal degeneration [CBD], progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], and Pick's disease [PiD]) in our study. Among these cases, CD2AP positivity was only found in PiD samples as neurofibrillary tangle-like and Pick body-like deposits, whereas no neuronal CD2AP deposits were detected in PSP or CBD samples, which suggested an association of CD2AP neuronal expression with 3R-Tau-diseases. In conclusion, our findings open a new road to investigate the complex cellular mechanism underlying the tangle conformation and tau pathology in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Camacho
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Alzheimer's Centre Queen Sofía Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garazi Serna
- Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moliné
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Morphological Science Department, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Mulukala SKN, Kambhampati V, Qadri AH, Pasupulati AK. Evolutionary conservation of intrinsically unstructured regions in slit-diaphragm proteins. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254917. [PMID: 34288970 PMCID: PMC8294545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate kidneys contribute to homeostasis by regulating electrolyte, acid-base balance, removing toxic metabolites from blood, and preventing protein loss into the urine. Glomerular podocytes constitute the blood-urine barrier, and podocyte slit-diaphragm (SD), a modified tight junction, contributes to the glomerular permselectivity. Nephrin, KIRREL1, podocin, CD2AP, and TRPC6 are crucial members of the SD that interact with each other and contribute to the SD's structural and functional integrity. This study analyzed the distribution of these five essential SD proteins across the organisms for which the genome sequence is available. We found a diverse distribution of nephrin and KIRREL1 ranging from nematodes to higher vertebrates, whereas podocin, CD2AP, and TRPC6 are restricted to the vertebrates. Among invertebrates, nephrin and its orthologs consist of more immunoglobulin-3 domains, whereas in the vertebrates, CD80-like C2-set domains are predominant. In the case of KIRREL1 and its orthologs, more Ig domains were observed in invertebrates than vertebrates. Src Homology-3 (SH3) domain of CD2AP and SPFH domain of podocin are highly conserved among vertebrates. TRPC6 and its orthologs had conserved ankyrin repeats, TRP, and ion transport domains, except Chondrichthyes and Echinodermata, which do not possess the ankyrin repeats. Intrinsically unstructured regions (IURs) are conserved across the SD orthologs, suggesting IURs importance in the protein complexes that constitute the slit-diaphragm. For the first time, a study reports the evolutionary insights of vertebrate SD proteins and their invertebrate orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K N Mulukala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kambhampati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Abrar H Qadri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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30
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Endocytosis-pathway polygenic scores affects the hippocampal network connectivity and individualized identification across the high-risk of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1155-1169. [PMID: 32803660 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying the polygenic effects of the endocytosis pathway on the brain function of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remain unclear, especially in the prodromal stages of AD from early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) to late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI). We used an imaging genetic approach to investigate the polygenic effects of the endocytosis pathway on the hippocampal network across the prodromal stages of AD. The subjects' data were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Hippocampal volumes were examined in subjects of cognitive normal (CN), EMCI and LMCI groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to measure the effects of disease and endocytosis-based multilocus genetic risk scores (MGRS) on the hippocampal network which was constructed using the bilateral hippocampal regions. We identified hippocampal volumes in LMCI group were smaller than those in CN and EMCI groups. Endocytosis-based MGRS was widely influenced the neural structures within the hippocampal network, especially in the prefrontal-occipital regions and striatum. Compared to low endocytosis-based MGRS carriers, high MGRS carriers showed the opposite trajectory of hippocampal network functional connectivity (FC) across the prodromal stages of AD. Further, a model composed of selected hippocampal FCs and hippocampal volume yielded strong classification powers of EMCI and LMCI. These findings expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of polygenic effects underlying brain network in the prodromal stages of AD.
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31
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Pelissier Vatter FA, Cioffi M, Hanna SJ, Castarede I, Caielli S, Pascual V, Matei I, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicle- and particle-mediated communication shapes innate and adaptive immune responses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212439. [PMID: 34180950 PMCID: PMC8241538 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication among immune cells is vital for the coordination of proper immune responses. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) act as messengers in intercellular communication, with important consequences for target cell and organ physiology in both health and disease. Under normal physiological conditions, immune cell-derived EVPs participate in immune responses by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. EVPs play a major role in antigen presentation and immune activation. On the other hand, immune cell-derived EVPs exert immunosuppressive and regulatory effects. Consequently, EVPs may contribute to pathological conditions, such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, graft rejection, and cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the role of EVPs in immune homeostasis and pathophysiology, with a particular focus on their contribution to innate and adaptive immunity and their potential use for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier Vatter
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Samer J Hanna
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ines Castarede
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Caielli
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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32
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Rosetting T cells in Hodgkin lymphoma are activated by immunological synapse components HLA class II and CD58. Blood 2021; 136:2437-2441. [PMID: 32589698 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the presence of CD4+ T cells that surround, protect, and promote survival of tumor cells. The adhesion molecules involved in this so-called T-cell rosetting are important components of the immunological synapse (IS). However, it is unknown whether this synapse is fully assembled and leads to T-cell activation by enabling interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II). We established a novel rosetting model by coculturing HLA-II-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HL cell lines and showed IS formation with activation of rosetting T cells. HLA-II downregulation by class II transactivator knockout did not affect the extent of rosetting, but almost completely abrogated T-cell activation. Intriguingly, the level of CD58 expression correlated with the extent of rosette formation, and CD58 knockout or CD2 blockade reduced both rosette formation and T-cell activation. The extension of our findings to primary HL tissue by immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays showed interaction of CD2 with CD58 and of TCR-associated CD4 with HLA-II. In conclusion, T-cell rosetting in HL is established by formation of the IS, and activation of rosetting T cells critically depends on the interaction of both TCR-HLA-II and CD2-CD58.
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33
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Yang X, Annaert W. The Nanoscopic Organization of Synapse Structures: A Common Basis for Cell Communication. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:248. [PMID: 33808285 PMCID: PMC8065904 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synapse structures, including neuronal and immunological synapses, can be seen as the plasma membrane contact sites between two individual cells where information is transmitted from one cell to the other. The distance between the two plasma membranes is only a few tens of nanometers, but these areas are densely populated with functionally different proteins, including adhesion proteins, receptors, and transporters. The narrow space between the two plasma membranes has been a barrier for resolving the synaptic architecture due to the diffraction limit in conventional microscopy (~250 nm). Various advanced super-resolution microscopy techniques, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), bypass the diffraction limit and provide a sub-diffraction-limit resolving power, ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The studies using super-resolution microscopy have revealed unprecedented details of the nanoscopic organization and dynamics of synaptic molecules. In general, most synaptic proteins appear to be heterogeneously distributed and form nanodomains at the membranes. These nanodomains are dynamic functional units, playing important roles in mediating signal transmission through synapses. Herein, we discuss our current knowledge on the super-resolution nanoscopic architecture of synapses and their functional implications, with a particular focus on the neuronal synapses and immune synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Annaert
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Leitner J, Mahasongkram K, Schatzlmaier P, Pfisterer K, Leksa V, Pata S, Kasinrerk W, Stockinger H, Steinberger P. Differentiation and activation of human CD4 T cells is associated with a gradual loss of myelin and lymphocyte protein. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:848-863. [PMID: 33345332 PMCID: PMC8248321 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon generation of monoclonal antibodies to the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 (TCR/CD3) complex, we isolated mAb MT3, whose reactivity correlates inversely with the production of IFN‐γ by human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Using eukaryotic expression cloning, we identified the MT3 antigen as myelin‐and‐lymphocyte (MAL) protein. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrates high surface expression of MAL on all naïve CD4+ T cells whereas MAL expression is diminished on central memory‐ and almost lost on effector memory T cells. MAL– T cells proliferate strongly in response to stimulation with CD3/CD28 antibodies, corroborating that MAL+ T cells are naïve and MAL– T cells memory subtypes. Further, resting MAL– T cells harbor a larger pool of Ser59‐ and Tyr394‐ double phosphorylated lymphocyte‐specific kinase (Lck), which is rapidly increased upon in vitro restimulation. Previously, lack of MAL was reported to prevent transport of Lck, the key protein tyrosine kinase of TCR/CD3 signaling to the cell membrane, and to result in strongly impaired human T cell activation. Here, we show that knocking out MAL did not significantly affect Lck membrane localization and immune synapse recruitment, or transcriptional T cell activation. Collectively, our results indicate that loss of MAL is associated with activation‐induced differentiation of human T cells but not with impaired membrane localization of Lck or TCR signaling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Philipp Schatzlmaier
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Pfisterer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Centre, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Biomedical Technology Research Centre, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Liu YX, Zhang AQ, Luo FM, Sheng Y, Wang CY, Dong Y, Fan L, Liu L. Case Report: A Novel Heterozygous Mutation of CD2AP in a Chinese Family With Proteinuria Leads to Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:687455. [PMID: 34408996 PMCID: PMC8365467 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.687455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a relatively frequent kidney disorder that manifest clinically as proteinuria and progressive loss of renal function. Genetic factors play a dominant role in the occurrence of FSGS. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is an adapter molecule and is essential for the slit-diaphragm assembly and function. Mutations in the CD2AP gene can contribute to FSGS development. Here, we describe a Chinese family of four generations with unexplained proteinuria. The proband, a 12-year-old boy, was diagnosed as FSGS. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed an unknown frameshift insertion mutation (p.K579Efs*7) of CD2AP gene that leads to a truncation of CD2AP protein. Bioinformatics strategies predicted that the novel mutation was pathogenic. The mutation was absent in either healthy family members or our 200 healthy controls. In summary, we used WES to explore the genetic lesion of FSGS patients and identified a novel mutation in CD2AP gene. This work broadens the mutation spectrum of CD2AP gene and provides data for genetic counseling to additional FSGS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ai-Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang-Mei Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cell Biology, The School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lv Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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36
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Bruni AC, Bernardi L, Gabelli C. From beta amyloid to altered proteostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101126. [PMID: 32683041 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age related neurodegenerative disorder causing severe disability and important socio-economic burden, but with no cure available to date. To disentangle this puzzling disease genetic studies represented an important way for the comprehension of pathogenic mechanisms. Abnormal processing and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) has been considered the main cause and trigger factor of the disease. The amyloid cascade theory has fallen into crisis because the failure of several anti-amyloid drugs trials and because of the simple equation AD = abnormal Aβ deposition is not always the case. We now know that multiple neurodegenerative diseases share common pathogenic mechanisms leading to accumulation of misfolded protein species. Genome Wide Association studies (GWAS) led to the identification of large numbers of DNA common variants (SNPs) distributed on different chromosomes and modulating the Alzheimer's risk. GWAS genes fall into several common pathways such as immune system and neuroinflammation, lipid metabolism, synaptic dysfunction and endocytosis, all of them addressing to novel routes for different pathogenic mechanisms. Other hints could be derived from epidemiological and experimental studies showing some lifestyles may have a major role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated diseases by modifying cell metabolism, proteostasis and microglia mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy.
| | - Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
| | - Carlo Gabelli
- Regional Brain Aging Centre, Azienda Ospedale Università Di Padova, Padova Italy
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Chua XY, Aballo T, Elnemer W, Tran M, Salomon A. Quantitative Interactomics of Lck-TurboID in Living Human T Cells Unveils T Cell Receptor Stimulation-Induced Proximal Lck Interactors. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:715-726. [PMID: 33185455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While Lck has been widely recognized to play a pivotal role in the initiation of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, an understanding of the precise regulation of Lck in T cells upon TCR activation remains elusive. Investigation of protein-protein interaction (PPI) using proximity labeling techniques such as TurboID has the potential to provide valuable molecular insights into Lck regulatory networks. By expressing Lck-TurboID in Jurkat T cells, we have uncovered a dynamic, short-range Lck protein interaction network upon 30 min of TCR stimulation. In this novel application of TurboID, we detected 27 early signaling-induced Lck-proximal interactors in living T cells, including known and novel Lck interactors, validating the discovery power of this tool. Our results revealed previously unappreciated Lck PPI which may be associated with cytoskeletal rearrangement, ubiquitination of TCR signaling proteins, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, coalescence of the LAT signalosome, and formation of the immunological synapse. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time in immune cells and for the kinase Lck that TurboID can be utilized to unveil PPI dynamics in living cells at a time scale consistent with early TCR signaling. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xien Yu Chua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Timothy Aballo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - William Elnemer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Melanie Tran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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38
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Zhang X, Mariano CF, Ando Y, Shen K. Bioengineering tools for probing intracellular events in T lymphocytes. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1510. [PMID: 33073545 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the central coordinator and executor of many immune functions. The activation and function of T lymphocytes are mediated through the engagement of cell surface receptors and regulated by a myriad of intracellular signaling network. Bioengineering tools, including imaging modalities and fluorescent probes, have been developed and employed to elucidate the cellular events throughout the functional lifespan of T cells. A better understanding of these events can broaden our knowledge in the immune systems biology, as well as accelerate the development of effective diagnostics and immunotherapies. Here we review the commonly used and recently developed techniques and probes for monitoring T lymphocyte intracellular events, following the order of intracellular events in T cells from activation, signaling, metabolism to apoptosis. The techniques introduced here can be broadly applied to other immune cells and cell systems. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chelsea F Mariano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuta Ando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Stem Cell, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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39
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Mørch AM, Bálint Š, Santos AM, Davis SJ, Dustin ML. Coreceptors and TCR Signaling - the Strong and the Weak of It. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597627. [PMID: 33178706 PMCID: PMC7596257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8 have well-characterized and essential roles in thymic development, but how they contribute to immune responses in the periphery is unclear. Coreceptors strengthen T-cell responses by many orders of magnitude - beyond a million-fold according to some estimates - but the mechanisms underlying these effects are still debated. T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering is initiated by the binding of the TCR to peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on the surfaces of other cells. CD4 and CD8 are the only T-cell proteins that bind to the same pMHC ligand as the TCR, and can directly associate with the TCR-phosphorylating kinase Lck. At least three mechanisms have been proposed to explain how coreceptors so profoundly amplify TCR signaling: (1) the Lck recruitment model and (2) the pseudodimer model, both invoked to explain receptor triggering per se, and (3) two-step coreceptor recruitment to partially triggered TCRs leading to signal amplification. More recently it has been suggested that, in addition to initiating or augmenting TCR signaling, coreceptors effect antigen discrimination. But how can any of this be reconciled with TCR signaling occurring in the absence of CD4 or CD8, and with their interactions with pMHC being among the weakest specific protein-protein interactions ever described? Here, we review each theory of coreceptor function in light of the latest structural, biochemical, and functional data. We conclude that the oldest ideas are probably still the best, i.e., that their weak binding to MHC proteins and efficient association with Lck allow coreceptors to amplify weak incipient triggering of the TCR, without comprising TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mørch
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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40
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Demetriou P, Abu-Shah E, Valvo S, McCuaig S, Mayya V, Kvalvaag A, Starkey T, Korobchevskaya K, Lee LYW, Friedrich M, Mann E, Kutuzov MA, Morotti M, Wietek N, Rada H, Yusuf S, Afrose J, Siokis A, Meyer-Hermann M, Ahmed AA, Depoil D, Dustin ML. A dynamic CD2-rich compartment at the outer edge of the immunological synapse boosts and integrates signals. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1232-1243. [PMID: 32929275 PMCID: PMC7611174 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The CD2-CD58 recognition system promotes adhesion and signaling and counters exhaustion in human T cells. We found that CD2 localized to the outer edge of the mature immunological synapse, with cellular or artificial APC, in a pattern we refer to as a 'CD2 corolla'. The corolla captured engaged CD28, ICOS, CD226 and SLAM-F1 co-stimulators. The corolla amplified active phosphorylated Src-family kinases (pSFK), LAT and PLC-γ over T cell receptor (TCR) alone. CD2-CD58 interactions in the corolla boosted signaling by 77% as compared with central CD2-CD58 interactions. Engaged PD-1 invaded the CD2 corolla and buffered CD2-mediated amplification of TCR signaling. CD2 numbers and motifs in its cytoplasmic tail controlled corolla formation. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes displayed low expression of CD2 in the majority of people with colorectal, endometrial or ovarian cancer. CD2 downregulation may attenuate antitumor T cell responses, with implications for checkpoint immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enas Abu-Shah
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah McCuaig
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University of School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Starkey
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lennard Y W Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Mann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mikhail A Kutuzov
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matteo Morotti
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nina Wietek
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather Rada
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shamsideen Yusuf
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jehan Afrose
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University of School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, CUNY Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ashour Ahmed
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University of School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University of School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Chen G, Morimoto H, Shinohara T. CD2 is a surface marker for mouse and rat spermatogonial stem cells. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:341-349. [PMID: 32213736 PMCID: PMC7470899 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) population in testis is small, and the lack of SSC markers has severely handicapped research on these cells. During our attempt to identify
genes involved in SSC aging, we found that CD2 is expressed in cultured SSCs. Flow cytometric analysis and spermatogonial transplantation experiments showed that CD2 is expressed
in SSCs from mature adult mouse testes. Cultured SSCs transfected with short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CD2 proliferated poorly and showed an increased frequency of apoptosis.
Moreover, functional analysis of transfected cells revealed impairment of SSC activity. Fluorescence activated cell sorting and spermatogonial transplantation experiments showed
that CD2 is expressed not only in mouse but also in rat SSCs. The results indicate that CD2 is a novel SSC surface marker conserved between mouse and rat SSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Kanatsu-Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Guiying Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Abstract
The maintenance of organismal homeostasis requires partitioning and transport of biochemical molecules between organ systems, their composite cells, and subcellular organelles. Although transcriptional programming undeniably defines the functional state of cells and tissues, underlying biochemical networks are intricately intertwined with transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. Studies of the metabolic regulation of immunity have elegantly illustrated this phenomenon. The cells of the immune system interface with a diverse set of environmental conditions. Circulating immune cells perfuse peripheral organs in the blood and lymph, patrolling for pathogen invasion. Resident immune cells remain in tissues and play more newly appreciated roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Each of these cell populations interacts with unique and dynamic tissue environments, which vary greatly in biochemical composition. Furthermore, the effector response of immune cells to a diverse set of activating cues requires unique cellular adaptations to supply the requisite biochemical landscape. In this review, we examine the role of spatial partitioning of metabolic processes in immune function. We focus on studies of lymphocyte metabolism, with reference to the greater immunometabolism literature when appropriate to illustrate this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Shyer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Will Bailis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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43
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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44
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Wang Y, Brieher WM. CD2AP links actin to PI3 kinase activity to extend epithelial cell height and constrain cell area. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201812087. [PMID: 31723006 PMCID: PMC7039212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are categorized as cuboidal versus squamous based on the height of the lateral membrane. Wang and Brieher show that CD2AP links PI3K activity to actin assembly to extend the height of the lateral membrane. Maintaining the correct ratio of apical, basal, and lateral membrane domains is important for epithelial physiology. Here, we show that CD2AP is a critical determinant of epithelial membrane proportions. Depletion of CD2AP or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition results in loss of F-actin and expansion of apical–basal domains, which comes at the expense of lateral membrane height in MDCK cells. We demonstrate that the SH3 domains of CD2AP bind to PI3K and are necessary for PI3K activity along lateral membranes and constraining cell area. Tethering the SH3 domains of CD2AP or p110γ to the membrane is sufficient to rescue CD2AP-knockdown phenotypes. CD2AP and PI3K are both upstream and downstream of actin polymerization. Since CD2AP binds to both actin filaments and PI3K, CD2AP might bridge actin assembly to PI3K activation to form a positive feedback loop to support lateral membrane extension. Our results provide insight into the squamous to cuboidal to columnar epithelial transitions seen in complex epithelial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuou Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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45
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Binder C, Cvetkovski F, Sellberg F, Berg S, Paternina Visbal H, Sachs DH, Berglund E, Berglund D. CD2 Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32582179 PMCID: PMC7295915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein CD2 is a costimulatory receptor expressed mainly on T and NK cells that binds to LFA3, a cell surface protein expressed on e.g., antigen-presenting cells. CD2 has an important role in the formation and organization of the immunological synapse that is formed between T cells and antigen-presenting cells upon cell-cell conjugation and associated intracellular signaling. CD2 expression is upregulated on memory T cells as well as activated T cells and plays an important role in activation of memory T cells despite the coexistence of several other costimulatory pathways. Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to induce immune modulatory effects in vitro and clinical studies have proven the safety and efficacy of CD2-targeting biologics. Investigators have highlighted that the lack of attention to the CD2/LFA3 costimulatory pathway is a missed opportunity. Overall, CD2 is an attractive target for monoclonal antibodies intended for treatment of pathologies characterized by undesired T cell activation and offers an avenue to more selectively target memory T cells while favoring immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Binder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Sellberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Berg
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Horacio Paternina Visbal
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H Sachs
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erik Berglund
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Li Y, Wang B, Wang ZW, Huang Y, Jian JC, Lu YS. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression profiles of CD2AP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) responding to Streptococcus agalactiae infection and interaction with CD2 cytoplasmic segment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:205-215. [PMID: 32247045 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) and CD2 plays a vital role in lymphocyte adhesion and T cells activation in mammals. In this study, a CD2AP gene (GenBank accession number: MK579862; designated as On-CD2AP) was identified from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sequence analysis showed that On-CD2AP protein shares high similarity with mammals, including three Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, a section of poly proline motif and a coiled coil region. Transcription levels of On-CD2AP were detected in nine tissues of healthy Nile tilapia, and the highest expression levels were detected in the spleen and gill. On-CD2AP were significantly up-regulated in thymus, head kidney and brain after infected by Streptococcus agalactiae, as well as in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS and LTA stimulation. Moreover, a section conserved pro-rich motif that are responsible for binding of CD2 to CD2AP were found in the CD2 cytoplasmic sequence of Nile tilapia (On-CD2C). A weak interaction between On-CD2AP and On-CD2C was proved by yeast two-hybrid assay. In addition, the recombinant proteins of CD2AP-His (rOn-CD2AP-His) and GST-CD2C (GST-rOn-CD2C) were obtained through prokaryotic expression system. His pull-down assay showed that rOn-CD2AP-His and GST-rOn-CD2C could bind to each other. These findings indicate that CD2AP is crucial in immune response during S.agalactiae infection, and the mechanism of interaction between CD2AP and CD2 is conservative in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhi-Wen Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji-Chang Jian
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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47
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Zurli V, Montecchi T, Heilig R, Poschke I, Volkmar M, Wimmer G, Boncompagni G, Turacchio G, D'Elios MM, Campoccia G, Resta N, Offringa R, Fischer R, Acuto O, Baldari CT, Kabanova A. Phosphoproteomics of CD2 signaling reveals AMPK-dependent regulation of lytic granule polarization in cytotoxic T cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/631/eaaz1965. [PMID: 32398348 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the costimulatory signaling that enhances the activity of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) could identify potential targets for immunotherapy. Here, we report that CD2 costimulation plays a critical role in target cell killing by freshly isolated human CD8+ T cells, which represent a challenging but valuable model to gain insight into CTL biology. We found that CD2 stimulation critically enhanced signaling by the T cell receptor in the formation of functional immune synapses by promoting the polarization of lytic granules toward the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). To gain insight into the underlying mechanism, we explored the CD2 signaling network by phosphoproteomics, which revealed 616 CD2-regulated phosphorylation events in 373 proteins implicated in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, autophagy, and metabolism. Signaling by the master metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was a critical node in the CD2 network, which promoted granule polarization toward the MTOC in CD8+ T cells. Granule trafficking was driven by active AMPK enriched on adjacent lysosomes, revealing previously uncharacterized signaling cross-talk between vesicular compartments in CD8+ T cells. Our results thus establish CD2 signaling as key for mediating cytotoxic killing and granule polarization in freshly isolated CD8+ T cells and strengthen the rationale to choose CD2 and AMPK as therapeutic targets to enhance CTL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Tommaso Montecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Isabel Poschke
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Volkmar
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Giuliana Wimmer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Gioia Boncompagni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turacchio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campoccia
- Department of Immune Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Resta
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Policlinico Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | | - Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy.
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48
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Perdigão C, Barata MA, Araújo MN, Mirfakhar FS, Castanheira J, Guimas Almeida C. Intracellular Trafficking Mechanisms of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:72. [PMID: 32362813 PMCID: PMC7180223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss. Although AD neuropathological hallmarks are extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles, the best correlate of disease progression is synapse loss. What causes synapse loss has been the focus of several researchers in the AD field. Synapses become dysfunctional before plaques and tangles form. Studies based on early-onset familial AD (eFAD) models have supported that synaptic transmission is depressed by β-amyloid (Aβ) triggered mechanisms. Since eFAD is rare, affecting only 1% of patients, research has shifted to the study of the most common late-onset AD (LOAD). Intracellular trafficking has emerged as one of the pathways of LOAD genes. Few studies have assessed the impact of trafficking LOAD genes on synapse dysfunction. Since endocytic traffic is essential for synaptic function, we reviewed Aβ-dependent and independent mechanisms of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD. We have focused on the role of intraneuronal and secreted Aβ oligomers, highlighting the dysfunction of endocytic trafficking as an Aβ-dependent mechanism of synapse dysfunction in AD. Here, we reviewed the LOAD trafficking genes APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, PICALM, EPH1A, and SORL1, for which there is a synaptic link. We conclude that in eFAD and LOAD, the earliest synaptic dysfunctions are characterized by disruptions of the presynaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis and of postsynaptic glutamate receptor endocytosis. While in eFAD synapse dysfunction seems to be triggered by Aβ, in LOAD, there might be a direct synaptic disruption by LOAD trafficking genes. To identify promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers of the earliest synaptic dysfunction in AD, it will be necessary to join efforts in further dissecting the mechanisms used by Aβ and by LOAD genes to disrupt synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Perdigão
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana A Barata
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida N Araújo
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Farzaneh S Mirfakhar
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Castanheira
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Laboratory Neuronal Trafficking in Aging, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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49
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Kulenkampff K, Lippert AH, McColl J, Santos AM, Ponjavic A, Jenkins E, Humphrey J, Winkel A, Franze K, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. The Costs of Close Contacts: Visualizing the Energy Landscape of Cell Contacts at the Nanoscale. Biophys J 2020; 118:1261-1269. [PMID: 32075748 PMCID: PMC7091464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell contacts often underpin signaling between cells. For immunology, the binding of a T cell receptor to an antigen-presenting pMHC initiates downstream signaling and an immune response. Although this contact is mediated by proteins on both cells creating interfaces with gap sizes typically around 14 nm, many, often contradictory observations have been made regarding the influence of the contact on parameters such as the binding kinetics, spatial distribution, and diffusion of signaling proteins within the contact. Understanding the basic physical constraints on probes inside this crowded environment will help inform studies on binding kinetics and dynamics of signaling of relevant proteins in the synapse. By tracking quantum dots of different dimensions for extended periods of time, we have shown that it is possible to obtain the probability of a molecule entering the contact, the change in its diffusion upon entry, and the impact of spatial heterogeneity of adhesion protein density in the contact. By analyzing the contacts formed by a T cell interacting with adhesion proteins anchored to a supported lipid bilayer, we find that probes are excluded from contact entry in a size-dependent manner for gap-to-probe differences of 4.1 nm. We also observed probes being trapped inside the contact and a decrease in diffusion of up to 85% in dense adhesion protein contacts. This approach provides new, to our knowledge, insights into the nature of cell-cell contacts, revealing that cell contacts are highly heterogeneous because of topography- and protein-density-related processes. These effects are likely to profoundly influence signaling between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kulenkampff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna H Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Jenkins
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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50
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Hui E. Understanding T cell signaling using membrane reconstitution. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:44-56. [PMID: 31402497 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells are central players of our immune system, as their functions range from killing tumorous and virus-infected cells to orchestrating the entire immune response. In order for T cells to divide and execute their functions, they must be activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through a cell-cell junction. Extracellular interactions between receptors on T cells and their ligands on APCs trigger signaling cascades comprised of protein-protein interactions, enzymatic reactions, and spatial reorganization events, to either stimulate or repress T cell activation. Plasma membrane is the major platform for T cell signaling. Recruitment of cytosolic proteins to membrane-bound receptors is a common critical step in many signaling pathways. Membranes decrease the dimensionality of protein-protein interactions to enable weak yet biologically important interactions. Membrane resident proteins can phase separate into micro-islands that promote signaling by enriching or excluding signal regulators. Moreover, some membrane lipids can either mediate or regulate cell signaling by interacting with signaling proteins. While it is critical to investigate T cell signaling in a cellular environment, the large number of signaling pathways involved and potential crosstalk have made it difficult to obtain precise, quantitative information on T cell signaling. Reconstitution of purified proteins to model membranes provides a complementary avenue for T cell signaling research. Here, I review recent progress in studying T cell signaling using membrane reconstitution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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