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Dhameliya TM, Vekariya DD, Bhatt PR, Kachroo T, Virani KD, Patel KR, Bhatt S, Dholakia SP. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8. [PMID: 38709459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Drashtiben D Vekariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kachroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumkum D Virani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushi R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip P Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
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Micchelli CE, Percopo C, Traver M, Brzostowski J, Amin SN, Prigge ST, Sá JM, Wellems TE. Progressive heterogeneity of enlarged and irregularly shaped apicoplasts in P. falciparum persister blood stages after drug treatment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574077. [PMID: 38410435 PMCID: PMC10896342 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Morphological modifications and shifts in organelle relationships are hallmarks of dormancy in eukaryotic cells. Communications between altered mitochondria and nuclei are associated with metabolic quiescence of cancer cells that can survive chemotherapy. In plants, changes in the pathways between nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are associated with cold stress and bud dormancy. Plasmodium falciparum parasites, the deadliest agent of malaria in humans, contain a chloroplast-like organelle (apicoplast) derived from an ancient photosynthetic symbiont. Antimalarial treatments can fail because a small fraction of the blood stage parasites enter dormancy and recrudesce after drug exposure. Altered mitochondrial-nuclear interactions in these persisters have been described for P. falciparum, but interactions of the apicoplast remained to be characterized. In the present study, we examined the apicoplasts of dormant persisters obtained after exposure to dihydroartemisinin (a first-line antimalarial drug) followed by sorbitol treatment, or after exposure to sorbitol treatment alone. As previously observed, the mitochondrion of persisters was consistently enlarged and in close association with the nucleus. In contrast, the apicoplast varied from compact and oblate, like those of active ring stage parasites, to enlarged and irregularly shaped. Enlarged apicoplasts became more prevalent later in dormancy, but regular size apicoplasts subsequently predominated when actively replicating parasites recrudesced. All three organelles, nucleus, mitochondrion, and apicoplast, became closer during dormancy. Understanding their relationships in erythrocytic-stage persisters may lead to new strategies to prevent recrudescences and protect the future of malaria chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara E. Micchelli
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Percopo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Traver
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuchi N. Amin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean T. Prigge
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Juliana M. Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Bawate C, Callender-Carter ST, Guyah B, Ouma C. Factors influencing patients' adherence to malaria artemisinin-based combination therapy in Kamuli District, Uganda. Malar J 2024; 23:1. [PMID: 38166910 PMCID: PMC10759708 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients' adherence to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is a malaria control strategy. Studies report varied experiences regarding patients' adherence to ACT. The study aimed at determining factors influencing patients' adherence to ACT for malaria in Kamuli, Uganda. METHODS In a longitudinal study, 1266 participants at 8 public health facilities were enrolled. Equal numbers (422) were assigned to the three arms (no follow-up, day 2 and day 4). To establish the mean difference between groups, Student t-test was used and a chi-square test was used for proportionality. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish the influence of predictor variables on the dependent variable. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 844 patients were analysed. The median age was 20 years, majority (64.3%) were females. Overall patients' adherence was 588/844 (69.7%). At bivariate level, age (t-test = 2.258, p = 0.024), household head (χ2 = 14.484, p = 0.002), employment status (χ2 = 35.886, p < 0.0001), patients' preference of ACT to other anti-malarials (χ2 = 15.981, p < 0.0001), giving a patient/caregiver instructions on how to take the medication (χ2 = 7.134, p = 0.011), being satisfied with getting ACT at facility (χ2 = 48.261, p < 0.0001), patient/caregiver knowing the drug prescribed (χ2 = 5.483, p = 0.019), patient history of saving ACT medicines (χ2 = 39.242, p < 0.0001), and patient ever shared ACT medicines (χ2 = 30.893, p < 0.0001) were all associated with patients' adherence to ACT. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that adhering to ACT is 3.063 times higher for someone satisfied with getting ACT at the facility (OR = 3.063; p < 0.0001), 4.088 times for someone with history of saving ACT medicines (OR = 4.088; p < 0.0001), 2.134 times for someone who shared ACT (OR = 2.134; p = 0.03), and 2.817 times for someone with a household head (OR = 2.817; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Patients' adherence to ACT is generally good in the studied population. However, patients' tendencies to save ACT for future use and sharing among family members is a threat, amidst the benefits associated with adherence. There is a need to educate all about adherence to medicines as prescribed, and tighten government medicine supply chain to avoid stock-outs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bawate
- Kamuli General Hospital-Kamuli District Local Government, Kamuli, Uganda.
| | | | - Bernard Guyah
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
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Gourin C, Alain S, Hantz S. Anti-CMV therapy, what next? A systematic review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1321116. [PMID: 38053548 PMCID: PMC10694278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1321116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the main causes of serious complications in immunocompromised patients and after congenital infection. There are currently drugs available to treat HCMV infection, targeting viral polymerase, whose use is complicated by toxicity and the emergence of resistance. Maribavir and letermovir are the latest antivirals to have been developed with other targets. The approval of letermovir represents an important innovation for CMV prevention in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, whereas maribavir allowed improving the management of refractory or resistant infections in transplant recipients. However, in case of multidrug resistance or for the prevention and treatment of congenital CMV infection, finding new antivirals or molecules able to inhibit CMV replication with the lowest toxicity remains a critical need. This review presents a range of molecules known to be effective against HCMV. Molecules with a direct action against HCMV include brincidofovir, cyclopropavir and anti-terminase benzimidazole analogs. Artemisinin derivatives, quercetin and baicalein, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 are derived from natural molecules and are generally used for different indications. Although they have demonstrated indirect anti-CMV activity, few clinical studies were performed with these compounds. Immunomodulating molecules such as leflunomide and everolimus have also demonstrated indirect antiviral activity against HCMV and could be an interesting complement to antiviral therapy. The efficacy of anti-CMV immunoglobulins are discussed in CMV congenital infection and in association with direct antiviral therapy in heart transplanted patients. All molecules are described, with their mode of action against HCMV, preclinical tests, clinical studies and possible resistance. All these molecules have shown anti-HCMV potential as monotherapy or in combination with others. These new approaches could be interesting to validate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gourin
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, University of Limoges, RESINFIT, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Limoges, France
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Umumararungu T, Nkuranga JB, Habarurema G, Nyandwi JB, Mukazayire MJ, Mukiza J, Muganga R, Hahirwa I, Mpenda M, Katembezi AN, Olawode EO, Kayitare E, Kayumba PC. Recent developments in antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117339. [PMID: 37236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although malaria remains a big burden to many countries that it threatens their socio-economic stability, particularly in the countries where malaria is endemic, there have been great efforts to eradicate this disease with both successes and failures. For example, there has been a great improvement in malaria prevention and treatment methods with a net reduction in infection and mortality rates. However, the disease remains a global threat in terms of the number of people affected because it is one of the infectious diseases that has the highest prevalence rate, especially in Africa where the deadly Plasmodium falciparum is still widely spread. Methods to fight malaria are being diversified, including the use of mosquito nets, the target candidate profiles (TCPs) and target product profiles (TPPs) of medicine for malarial venture (MMV) strategy, the search for newer and potent drugs that could reverse chloroquine resistance, and the use of adjuvants such as rosiglitazone and sevuparin. Although these adjuvants have no antiplasmodial activity, they can help to alleviate the effects which result from plasmodium invasion such as cytoadherence. The list of new antimalarial drugs under development is long, including the out of ordinary new drugs MMV048, CDRI-97/78 and INE963 from South Africa, India and Novartis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Jean Bosco Nkuranga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Gratien Habarurema
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Department of Mathematical Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Raymond Muganga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Innocent Hahirwa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Alain Nyirimigabo Katembezi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Ave #1, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Egide Kayitare
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Pierre Claver Kayumba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
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Taylor WR, Olupot-Olupot P, Onyamboko MA, Peerawaranun P, Weere W, Namayanja C, Onyas P, Titin H, Baseke J, Muhindo R, Kayembe DK, Ndjowo PO, Basara BB, Bongo GS, Okalebo CB, Abongo G, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Taya C, Dhorda M, Tarning J, Dondorp AM, Waithira N, Fanello C, Maitland K, Mukaka M, Day NJP. Safety of age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency who are infected with Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:471-483. [PMID: 36462528 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHO recommends gametocytocidal, single low-dose primaquine for blocking the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum; however, safety concerns have hampered the implementation of this strategy in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to investigate the safety of age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine in children from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS We conducted this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial at the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale, Uganda, and the Kinshasa Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Children aged between 6 months and 11 years with acute uncomplicated P falciparum infection and haemoglobin concentrations of at least 6 g/dL were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had a comorbid illness requiring inpatient treatment, were taking haemolysing drugs for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, were allergic to the study drugs, or were enrolled in another clinical trial. G6PD status was defined by genotyping for the G6PD c.202T allele, the cause of the G6PD-deficient A- variant. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive single low-dose primaquine combined with either artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, dosed by bodyweight. Randomisation was stratified by age and G6PD status. The primary endpoint was the development of profound (haemoglobin <4 g/dL) or severe (haemoglobin <5 g/dL) anaemia with severity features, within 21 days of treatment. Analysis was by intention to treat. The sample size assumed an incidence of 1·5% in the placebo group and a 3% non-inferiority margin. The trial is registered at ISRCTN, 11594437, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS Participants were recruited at the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital between Dec 18, 2017, and Oct 7, 2019, and at the Kinshasa Mahidol Oxford Research Unit between July 17, 2017, and Oct 5, 2019. 4620 patients were assessed for eligibility. 3483 participants were excluded, most owing to negative rapid diagnostic test or negative malaria slide (n=2982). 1137 children with a median age of 5 years were enrolled and randomly assigned (286 to the artemether-lumefantrine plus single low-dose primaquine group, 286 to the artemether-lumefantrine plus placebo group, 283 to the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus single low-dose primaquine group, and 282 to the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus placebo group). Genotyping of G6PD identified 239 G6PD-c.202T hemizygous males and 45 G6PD-c.202T homozygous females (defining the G6PD-deficient group), 119 heterozygous females, 418 G6PD-c.202C normal males and 299 G6PD-c.202C normal females (defining the non-G6PD-deficient group), and 17 children of unknown status. 67 patients were lost to follow-up and four patients withdrew during the study-these numbers were similar between groups. No participants developed profound anaemia and three developed severe anaemia: from the G6PD-deficient group, none (0%) of 133 patients who received placebo and one (0·66%) of 151 patients who received primaquine (difference -0·66%, 95% CI -1·96 to 0·63; p=0·35); and from the non-G6PD-deficient group, one (0·23%) of 430 patients who received placebo and one (0·25%) of 407 patients who received primaquine (-0·014%, -0·68 to 0·65; p=0·97). INTERPRETATION Gametocytocidal, age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine was well tolerated in children from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo who were infected with P falciparum, and the safety profile of this treatment was similar to that of the placebo. These data support the wider implementation of single low-dose primaquine in Africa. FUNDING UK Government Department for International Development, UK Medical Research Council, UK National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trials Scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda; Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Peter Onyas
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - Joy Baseke
- Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Daddy K Kayembe
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pauline O Ndjowo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin B Basara
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Georgette S Bongo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Grace Abongo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chiraporn Taya
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caterina Fanello
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J P Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem. Research in 1900 suggested house modifications may reduce malaria transmission. A previous version of this review concluded that house screening may be effective in reducing malaria. This update includes data from five new studies. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of house modifications that aim to reduce exposure to mosquitoes on malaria disease and transmission. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (OVID); Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CAB) Abstracts (Web of Science); and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database (LILACS) up to 25 May 2022. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the ISRCTN registry to identify ongoing trials up to 25 May 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, including cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), cross-over studies, and stepped-wedge designs were eligible, as were quasi-experimental trials, including controlled before-and-after studies, controlled interrupted time series, and non-randomized cross-over studies. We sought studies investigating primary construction and house modifications to existing homes reporting epidemiological outcomes (malaria case incidence, malaria infection incidence or parasite prevalence). We extracted any entomological outcomes that were also reported in these studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We used risk ratios (RR) to compare the effect of the intervention with the control for dichotomous data. For continuous data, we presented the mean difference; and for count and rate data, we used rate ratios. We presented all results with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS One RCT and six cRCTs met our inclusion criteria, with an additional six ongoing RCTs. We did not identify any eligible non-randomized studies. All included trials were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa since 2009; two randomized by household and four at the block or village level. All trials assessed screening of windows, doors, eaves, ceilings, or any combination of these; this was either alone, or in combination with roof modification or eave tube installation (an insecticidal "lure and kill" device that reduces mosquito entry whilst maintaining some airflow). In one trial, the screening material was treated with 2% permethrin insecticide. In five trials, the researchers implemented the interventions. A community-based approach was adopted in the other trial. Overall, the implementation of house modifications probably reduced malaria parasite prevalence (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.82; 5 trials, 5183 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), although an inconsistent effect was observed in a subpopulation of children in one study. House modifications reduced moderate to severe anaemia prevalence (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89; 3 trials, 3643 participants; high-certainty evidence). There was no consistent effect on clinical malaria incidence, with rate ratios ranging from 0.38 to 1.62 (3 trials, 3365 participants, 4126.6 person-years). House modifications may reduce indoor mosquito density (rate ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.30; 4 trials, 9894 household-nights; low-certainty evidence), although two studies showed little effect on this parameter. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS House modifications - largely screening, sometimes combined with insecticide and lure and kill devices - were associated with a reduction in malaria parasite prevalence and a reduction in people with anaemia. Findings on malaria incidence were mixed. Modifications were also associated with lower indoor adult mosquito density, but this effect was not present in some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilly Fox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Marty Chaplin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Napier
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Evelyn A Olanga
- Malaria Alert Centre of the College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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8
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LC-MS/TOF Characterization and Stability Study of Artesunate in Different Solvent Systems. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a sesquiterpene lactone and a popular malaria drug used in many parts of the world. Artesunate (ARTS) is a semi-synthetic derivative of ART with improved pharmacokinetic properties. However, the half-life of ARTS is less than an hour in vivo. The analysis of this drug in vitro in different solvent systems using LC-MS/TOF showed a solvent-driven breakdown. ARTS breakdown formed several derivatives, including dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether (ARTM) and DHA-dimer among others, at different rates in different solvent composition systems. The change in temperature from room temperature to physiological temperature (37 °C) was found to enhance the rate of the ARTS breakdown. In methanol, ARTS mainly formed ARTM with a chromatographic peak decrease of about 3.13%, while methanol and water (90:10) v/v mainly gave rise to DHA and ARTM with about an 80% chromatographic peak decrease. On the other hand, ARTS in methanol and ammonium acetate (85:15) v/v formed DHA, ARTM, DHA-dimer and other reaction peaks with about a 97% peak decrease and the formation of an orange solution pointing to a molecular re-arrangement reaction. These results have an important bearing on research on the analysis of artemisinin drugs conducted on these common solvents.
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Artesunate monotherapy versus artesunate plus quinine combination therapy for treatment of imported severe malaria: a TropNet retrospective cohort study. Infection 2022; 50:949-958. [PMID: 35220555 PMCID: PMC9338132 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The addition of intravenous quinine (IVQ) to intravenous artesunate (IVA) has been recently suggested by World Health Organization in areas where artemisinin resistance is highly prevalent. Since IVA is not yet widely available as “Good Manufacturing Practices” product, for several years combination treatment with IVA and IVQ was used in some Italian centers to mitigate the legal risks in using an unlicensed drug. Methods A retrospective cohort study was designed to compare IVA + IVQ and IVA treatment for imported severe malaria. We collected data from three Italian centers. Adult and pediatric cohorts were analyzed separately. Results Forty-nine patients treated with IVA and 44 with IVA + IVQ were enrolled, 45 were adults and 48 children. All acquired malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the adult cohort, median of fever clearance time (FCT) was similar in both groups (48 h vs 48 h, p = 0.19) but number of patients who reached apyrexia within 48 h (FCT48) was higher in IVA group (20/24, 83.3% vs 8/17, 47%, p = 0.002). The parasite clearance time (PCT) measure did not differ (median 48 h vs 48 h, p = 0.669). In the pediatric cohort, FCT did not differ in the two groups (median 30 vs 48 h, p = 0.50) while PCT was longer in IVA + IVQ group (median 72 vs 48 h, p = 0.002). Adverse events (AEs) in adults were more common in the combination treatment group (6/19, 31.58% vs 2/26, 7.69%, p = 0.055). Conclusion IVA + IVQ treatment did not show better outcome with respect to IVA monotherapy. AEs were more frequent in the IVA + IVQ group compared to the monotherapy. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether IVA + IVQ could be an efficient strategy to treat severe malaria cases in areas at high risk of artemisinin resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s15010-022-01771-5.
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Chen S, Xu Q, Wang J, Tan X. Effects of Artesunate Tablet on Immune Activation and Reconstitution Among Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Patients with Incomplete Immune Responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:100-110. [PMID: 33913736 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of T cell activation is a better predictor of CD4+ T cell depletion in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) patients than viral load. Artesunate is an artemisinin derivative that has an immunomodulatory effect. This study investigated whether artesunate tablet reduces T cell activation and improves immune reconstitution among patients with suboptimal immune recovery despite receiving long-term effective HAART. This was a randomized prospective parallel open-label trial consisting of 45 participants whose plasma HIV load was effectively suppressed by HAART for >18 months and who had CD4+ T cell counts of <300 cells/μL or an increase of <20% from baseline. The patients were randomized 2:1 into the artesunate group or the control group and received artesunate tablets (orally, 50 mg two times daily) combined with HAART or HAART alone, respectively. T cell subsets, activation markers, clinical symptoms, viral load, and side effects were assessed. By 48 weeks, artesunate tablet did not improve CD4+ T cell recovery or reduce the activation of T cell subsets but induced in a smaller decline in the expression of T cell activation markers among HAART patients with incomplete immune responses. However, artesunate tablet did appear to reduce the level of T cell apoptosis. One subject developed moderate anemia. Long-term use of artesunate tablet is unlikely to produce substantial clinical benefits in patients receiving HAART who exhibit an incomplete immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Chen
- Artemisia annua Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua Xu
- Artemisia annua Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Chinese Medicine Research Center for AIDS Prevention and Treatment, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghua Tan
- Hepatology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Seo EB, du Plessis LH, Viljoen JM. Solidification of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems as a Novel Approach to the Management of Uncomplicated Malaria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020120. [PMID: 35215233 PMCID: PMC8877057 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria affects millions of people annually, especially in third-world countries. The mainstay of treatment is oral anti-malarial drugs and vaccination. An increase in resistant strains of malaria parasites to most of the current anti-malarial drugs adds to the global burden. Moreover, existing and new anti-malarial drugs are hampered by significantly poor aqueous solubility and low permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability and patient noncompliance. Lipid formulations are commonly used to increase solubility and efficacy and decrease toxicity. The present review discusses the findings from studies focusing on specialised oral lipophilic drug delivery systems, including self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). SEDDSs facilitate the spontaneous formation of liquid emulsions that effectively solubilise the incorporated drugs into the gastrointestinal tract and thereby improve the absorption of poorly-soluble anti-malaria drugs. However, traditional SEDDSs are normally in liquid dosage forms, which are delivered orally to the site of absorption, and are hampered by poor stability. This paper discusses novel solidification techniques that can easily and economically be up-scaled due to already existing industrial equipment that could be utilised. This method could, furthermore, improve product stability and patient compliance. The possible impact that solid oral SEDDSs can play in the fight against malaria is highlighted.
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Kagoro FM, Barnes KI, Marsh K, Ekapirat N, Mercado CEG, Sinha I, Humphreys G, Dhorda M, Guerin PJ, Maude RJ. Mapping genetic markers of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Asia: a systematic review and spatiotemporal analysis. THE LANCET MICROBE 2022; 3:e184-e192. [PMID: 35265869 PMCID: PMC8891024 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in artemisinin resistance threatens malaria elimination in Asia by the target date of 2030 and could derail control efforts in other endemic regions. This study aimed to develop up-to-date spatial distribution visualisations of the kelch13 (K13) gene markers of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum for policy makers. Methods In this systematic review and spatiotemporal analysis we used the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) surveyor molecular markers of artemisinin resistance database. We updated the database by searching PubMed and SCOPUS for studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and March 31, 2021. Articles were included if they contained data on K13 markers of artemisinin resistance from patients' samples in Asia and articles already included in the WWARN database were excluded. Data were extracted from the published articles and authors were contacted when information was missing. We used the lowest administrative unit levels for the sampling locations of all the K13 data to describe the spatiotemporal distribution. The numbers of samples tested and those with each molecular marker in each administrative unit level were aggregated by year to calculate the marker prevalence over time. Findings Data were collated from 72 studies comprising K13 markers from 16 613 blood samples collected from 1991 to 2020 from 18 countries. Most samples were from Myanmar (3842 [23·1%]), Cambodia (3804 [22·9%]), and Vietnam (2663 [16·0%]). The median time between data collection and publication was 3·6 years (range 0·9–25·0, IQR 2·7 [2·5–5·2]). There was a steady increase in the prevalence of WHO-validated K13 markers, with the lowest of 4·3% in 2005 (n=47) and the highest of 62·9% in 2018 (n=264). Overall, the prevalence of Cys580Tyr mutation increased from 48·9% in 2002 to 84·9% in 2018. Interpretation From 2002 to 2018, there has been a steady increase in geographical locations and the proportion of infected people with validated artemisinin resistance markers. More consistent data collection, over more extended periods in the same areas with the rapid sharing of data are needed to map the spread and evolution of resistance to better inform policy decisions. Data in the literature are reported in a heterogeneous way leading to difficulties in pooling and interpretation. We propose here a tool with a set of minimum criteria for reporting future studies. Funding This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Kagoro
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen I Barnes
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK
- Collaborating Centre for Optimising Antimalarial Therapy, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nattwut Ekapirat
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chris Erwin G Mercado
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ipsita Sinha
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippe J Guerin
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Maude
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Correspondence to: Professor Richard J Maude, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Gu C, She X, Zhou C, Su T, He S, Meng C, Gu Q, Luo D, Zheng Z, Qiu Q. Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates retinal vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus via the FASN/Kmal-mTOR/SREBP1 feedback loop. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105871. [PMID: 34619345 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction is the primary aetiology of visual impairment caused by diabetic retinopathy (DR). Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the active metabolite of the antimalarials artemisinins, exhibits antiangiogenic properties in numerous diseases. Here, we investigated the function and mechanisms of DHA as a vasculoprotective agent in DR. DHA exerted its protective effect on vascular injuries in diabetic mice and inhibited cell proliferation and tube formation in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells by decreasing the level of fatty acid synthase (FASN), enhancing the malonylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) at lysine 1218 (K1218) and attenuating the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Impressively, a chemosynthetic small interfering RNA against FASN and mutagenesis of K1218 of mTOR showed therapeutic potential in suppressing cell proliferation and tube formation induced by high glucose. Notably, suppression of mTORC1 kinase activity further inhibited FASN by reducing p70S6K phosphorylation to subsequently reduce the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, which interacted directly with the FASN promoter at nucleotide positions -64 and -55. In conclusion, our study elucidated the promising effects of FASN and malonylation on vascular injuries of DR and indicated the great potential of DHA as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xinping She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chuandi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunren Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, Xizang, PR China.
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14
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Maiga FO, Wele M, Toure SM, Keita M, Tangara CO, Refeld RR, Thiero O, Kayentao K, Diakite M, Dara A, Li J, Toure M, Sagara I, Djimdé A, Mather FJ, Doumbia SO, Shaffer JG. Artemisinin-based combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2021; 20:356. [PMID: 34461901 PMCID: PMC8404312 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was deployed in 2005 as an alternative to chloroquine and is considered the most efficacious treatment currently available for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. While widespread artemisinin resistance has not been reported to date in Africa, recent studies have reported partial resistance in Rwanda. The purpose of this study is to provide a current systematic review and meta-analysis on ACT at Mali study sites, where falciparum malaria is highly endemic. METHODS A systematic review of the literature maintained in the bibliographic databases accessible through the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science search engines was performed to identify research studies on ACT occurring at Mali study sites. Selected studies included trials occurring at Mali study sites with reported polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected adequate clinical and parasite response rates (ACPRcs) at 28 days. Data were stratified by treatment arm (artemether-lumefantrine (AL), the first-line treatment for falciparum malaria in Mali and non-AL arms) and analysed using random-effects, meta-analysis approaches. RESULTS A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, and a risk of bias assessment carried out by two independent reviewers determined low risk of bias among all assessed criteria. The ACPRc for the first-line AL at Mali sites was 99.0% (95% CI (98.3%, 99.8%)), while the ACPRc among non-AL treatment arms was 98.9% (95% CI (98.3%, 99.5%)). The difference in ACPRcs between non-AL treatment arms and AL treatment arms was not statistically significant (p = .752), suggesting that there are potential treatment alternatives beyond the first-line of AL in Mali. CONCLUSIONS ACT remains highly efficacious in treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Mali. Country-specific meta-analyses on ACT are needed on an ongoing basis for monitoring and evaluating drug efficacy patterns to guide local malaria treatment policies, particularly in the wake of observed artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia and partial resistance in Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata O Maiga
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Mamadou Wele
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sounkou M Toure
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Makan Keita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Randi R Refeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street #8310, Suite 1610, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2703, USA
| | - Oumar Thiero
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Antoine Dara
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street #8310, Suite 1610, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2703, USA
| | - Mahamoudou Toure
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Issaka Sagara
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Djimdé
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Frances J Mather
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street #8310, Suite 1610, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2703, USA
| | - Seydou O Doumbia
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street #8310, Suite 1610, New Orleans, LA, 70112-2703, USA.
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15
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Ghosh AK, Miller H, Knox K, Kundu M, Henrickson KJ, Arav-Boger R. Inhibition of Human Coronaviruses by Antimalarial Peroxides. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1985-1995. [PMID: 33783182 PMCID: PMC8043207 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the toll of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues, efforts are ongoing to identify new agents and repurpose safe drugs for its treatment. Antimalarial peroxides have reported antiviral and anticancer activities. Here, we evaluated the in vitro activities of artesunate (AS) and two ozonides (OZ418 and OZ277) against human α-coronavirus NL63 and β-coronaviruses OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 in several cell lines. OZ418 had the best selectivity index (SI) in NL63-infected Vero cells and MK2 cells. The overall SI of the tested compounds was cell-type dependent. In OC43-infected human foreskin fibroblasts, AS had the best cell-associated SI, ≥17 μM, while the SI of OZ418 and OZ277 was ≥12 μM and ≥7 μM, respectively. AS did not inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in either Vero or Calu-3 cells. A comparison of OZ418 and OZ277 activity in SARS-CoV2-infected Calu-3 cells revealed similar EC50 (5.3 μM and 11.6 μM, respectively), higher than the EC50 of remdesivir (1.0 ± 0.1 μM), but the SI of OZ418 was higher than OZ277. A third ozonide, OZ439, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 efficiently in Vero cells, but compared to OZ418 in Calu-3 cells, it showed higher toxicity. Improved inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 was observed when OZ418 was used together with remdesivir. Although the EC50 of ozonides might be clinically achieved in plasma after intravenous administration, sustained virus suppression in tissues will require further considerations, including drug combination. Our work supports the potential repurposing of ozonides and calls for future in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious
Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
| | - Halli Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious
Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
| | - Konstance Knox
- Coppe Healthcare Solutions,
Waukesha, Wisconsin 53186, United States
| | | | - Kelly J. Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious
Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious
Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53226, United States
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Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624745. [PMID: 33763384 PMCID: PMC7982592 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is a CDC reportable disease in the United States and is recognized as an emerging health risk in multiple parts of the world. The current treatment for human babesiosis is suboptimal due to treatment failures and unwanted side effects. Although Babesia duncani was first described almost 30 years ago, further research is needed to elucidate its pathogenesis and clarify optimal treatment regimens. Here, we screened a panel of herbal medicines and identified Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Alchornea cordifolia, and Polygonum cuspidatum to have good in vitro inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster erythrocyte model. Furthermore, we found their potential bioactive compounds, cryptolepine, artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, and baicalein, to have good activity against B. duncani, with IC50 values of 3.4 μM, 14 μM, 7.4 μM, 7.8 μM, and 12 μM, respectively, which are comparable or lower than that of the currently used drugs quinine (10 μM) and clindamycin (37 μM). B. duncani treated with cryptolepine and quinine at their respective 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× IC50 values, and by artemether at 8× IC50 for three days could not regrow in subculture. Additionally, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta 90% ethanol extract also exhibited no regrowth after 6 days of subculture at doses of 2×, 4×, and 8× IC50 values. Our results indicate that some botanical medicines and their active constituents have potent activity against B. duncani in vitro and may be further explored for more effective treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hector Alvarez-Manzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacob Leone
- FOCUS Health Group, Naturopathic, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Sunjya Schweig
- California Center for Functional Medicine, Kensington, CA, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Wu W, Lu C, Liang Y, Zhang H, Deng C, Wang Q, Xu Q, Tan B, Zhou C, Song J. Electrocardiographic effect of artemisinin-piperaquine, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, and artemether-lumefantrine treatment in falciparum malaria patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e05362020. [PMID: 33605379 PMCID: PMC7891559 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0536-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), such as artemisinin-piperaquine (AP), dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), and artemether-lumefantrine (AL), is the first-line treatment for malaria in many malaria-endemic areas. However, we lack a detailed evaluation of the cardiotoxicity of these ACTs. This study aimed to analyze the electrocardiographic effects of these three ACTs in malaria patients. METHODS We analyzed the clinical data of 89 hospitalized patients with falciparum malaria who had received oral doses of three different ACTs. According to the ACTs administered, these patients were divided into three treatment groups: 27 treated with AP (Artequick), 31 with DP (Artekin), and 31 with AL (Coartem). Electrocardiograms and other indicators were recorded before and after the treatment. The QT interval was calculated using Fridericia's formula (QTcF) and Bazett's formula (QTcB). RESULTS Both QTcF and QTcB interval prolongation occurred in all three groups. The incidence of such prolongation between the three groups was not significantly different. The incidence of both moderate and severe prolongation was not significantly different between the three groups. The ΔQTcF and ΔQTcB of the three groups were not significantly different. The intra-group comparison showed significant prolongation of QTcF after AL treatment. CONCLUSIONS Clinically recommended doses of DP, AL, and AP may cause QT prolongation in some malaria patients but do not cause torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia or other arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Lu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Tan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongjun Zhou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Song
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Sci-tech Industrial Park, Guanzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Dai X, Zhang X, Chen W, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Mo S, Lu J. Dihydroartemisinin: A Potential Natural Anticancer Drug. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:603-622. [PMID: 33613116 PMCID: PMC7893584 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.50364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is an active metabolite of artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTs), and it is an effective clinical drug widely used to treat malaria. Recently, the anticancer activity of DHA has attracted increasing attention. Nevertheless, there is no systematic summary on the anticancer effects of DHA. Notably, studies have shown that DHA exerts anticancer effects through various molecular mechanisms, such as inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, promoting immune function, inducing autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the latest progress regarding the anticancer activities of DHA in cancer. Importantly, the underlying anticancer molecular mechanisms and pharmacological effects of DHA in vitro and in vivo are the focus of our attention. Interestingly, new methods to improve the solubility and bioavailability of DHA are discussed, which greatly enhance its anticancer efficacy. Remarkably, DHA has synergistic anti-tumor effects with a variety of clinical drugs, and preclinical and clinical studies provide stronger evidence of its anticancer potential. Moreover, this article also gives suggestions for further research on the anticancer effects of DHA. Thus, we hope to provide a strong theoretical support for DHA as an anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuo Dai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yihuan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Saijun Mo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, PR China
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19
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Nambou K, Nie X, Tong Y, Anakpa M. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and drug-gene interaction bioinformatics uncover key genes associated with various presentations of malaria infection in African children and major drug candidates. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104723. [PMID: 33444859 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a fatal parasitic disease with unelucidated pathogenetic mechanism. Herein, we aimed to uncover genes associated with different clinical aspects of malaria based on the GSE1124 dataset that is publicly accessible by using WGCNA. We obtained 16 co-expression modules and their correlations with clinical features. Using the MCODE tool, we identified THEM4, STYX, VPS36, LCOR, KIAA1143, EEA1, RAPGEF6, LOC439994, ZBTB33, PTPN22, ESCO1, and KLF3 as hub genes positively associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection (ASPF). These hub genes were involved in the biological processes of endosomal transport, regulation of natural killer cell proliferation, and KEGG pathways of endocytosis and fatty acid elongation. For the purple module negatively correlated with ASPF, we identified 19 hub genes that were involved in the biological processes of positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process and KEGG pathways of other glycan degradation. For the salmon module positively correlated with severe malaria anemia (SMA), we identified 17 hub genes that were among those driving the biological processes of positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation. For the brown module positively correlated with cerebral malaria (CM), we identified eight hub genes and these genes participated in phagolysosome assembly and positive regulation of exosomal secretion, and animal mitophagy pathway. For the tan module negatively correlated with CM, we identified four hub genes that were involved in CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation and notching signaling pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of malaria and help define new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Nambou
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Nie
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin Tong
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech Company Limited, West Silicon Valley, No. 5010 Bao'an Avenue, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Manawa Anakpa
- Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, School of Computer Science (National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China
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20
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Trucillo P, Reverchon E. Production of PEG-coated liposomes using a continuous supercritical assisted process. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Trendafilova A, Moujir LM, Sousa PMC, Seca AML. Research Advances on Health Effects of Edible Artemisia Species and Some Sesquiterpene Lactones Constituents. Foods 2020; 10:E65. [PMID: 33396790 PMCID: PMC7823681 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Artemisia, often known collectively as "wormwood", has aroused great interest in the scientific community, pharmaceutical and food industries, generating many studies on the most varied aspects of these plants. In this review, the most recent evidence on health effects of edible Artemisia species and some of its constituents are presented and discussed, based on studies published until 2020, available in the Scopus, Web of Sciences and PubMed databases, related to food applications, nutritional and sesquiterpene lactones composition, and their therapeutic effects supported by in vivo and clinical studies. The analysis of more than 300 selected articles highlights the beneficial effect on health and the high clinical relevance of several Artemisia species besides some sesquiterpene lactones constituents and their derivatives. From an integrated perspective, as it includes therapeutic and nutritional properties, without ignoring some adverse effects described in the literature, this review shows the great potential of Artemisia plants and some of their constituents as dietary supplements, functional foods and as the source of new, more efficient, and safe medicines. Despite all the benefits demonstrated, some gaps need to be filled, mainly related to the use of raw Artemisia extracts, such as its standardization and clinical trials on adverse effects and its health care efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Trendafilova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Laila M. Moujir
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Pedro M. C. Sousa
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Ana M. L. Seca
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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22
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van der Pluijm RW, Amaratunga C, Dhorda M, Dondorp AM. Triple Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies for Malaria - A New Paradigm? Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:15-24. [PMID: 33060063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent gains in the fight against malaria are threatened by the emergence and spread of artemisinin and partner drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). When artemisinins are combined with a single partner drug, all recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies have shown reduced efficacy in some countries in the GMS at some point. Novel drugs are not available for the near future. Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies, combining artemisinins with two currently available partner drugs, will provide one of the last remaining safe and effective treatments for falciparum malaria that can be deployed rapidly in the GMS, whereas their deployment beyond the GMS could delay or prevent the global emergence and spread of resistance to currently available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob W van der Pluijm
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network - Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Roy S, Kapoor A, Zhu F, Mukhopadhyay R, Ghosh AK, Lee H, Mazzone J, Posner GH, Arav-Boger R. Artemisinins target the intermediate filament protein vimentin for human cytomegalovirus inhibition. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15013-15028. [PMID: 32855235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimalarial agents artemisinins inhibit cytomegalovirus (CMV) in vitro and in vivo, but their target(s) has been elusive. Using a biotin-labeled artemisinin, we identified the intermediate filament protein vimentin as an artemisinin target, validated by detailed biochemical and biological assays. We provide insights into the dynamic and unique modulation of vimentin, depending on the stage of human CMV (HCMV) replication. In vitro, HCMV entry and viral progeny are reduced in vimentin-deficient fibroblasts, compared with control cells. Similarly, mouse CMV (MCMV) replication in vimentin knockout mice is significantly reduced compared with controls in vivo, confirming the requirement of vimentin for establishment of infection. Early after HCMV infection of human foreskin fibroblasts vimentin level is stable, but as infection proceeds, vimentin is destabilized, concurrent with its phosphorylation and virus-induced calpain activity. Intriguingly, in vimentin-overexpressing cells, HCMV infection is reduced compared with control cells. Binding of artesunate, an artemisinin monomer, to vimentin prevents virus-induced vimentin degradation, decreasing vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-55 and Ser-83 and resisting calpain digestion. In vimentin-deficient fibroblasts, the anti-HCMV activity of artesunate is reduced compared with controls. In summary, an intact and stable vimentin network is important for the initiation of HCMV replication but hinders its completion. Artesunate binding to vimentin early during infection stabilizes it and antagonizes subsequent HCMV-mediated vimentin destabilization, thus suppressing HCMV replication. Our target discovery should enable the identification of vimentin-binding sites and compound moieties for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujayita Roy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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24
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Chronic oral exposure to Artemether–lumenfantrine induced testicular and epidydimal damage, germ cell death and severe decrease sperm viability in BALB/c mice. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Wellems TE, Sá JM, Su XZ, Connelly SV, Ellis AC. 'Artemisinin Resistance': Something New or Old? Something of a Misnomer? Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:735-744. [PMID: 32586776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives (ART) are crucial first-line antimalarial drugs that rapidly clear parasitemia, but recrudescences of the infection frequently follow ART monotherapy. For this reason, ART must be used in combination with one or more partner drugs that ensure complete cure. The ability of malaria parasites to survive ART monotherapy may relate to an innate growth bistability phenomenon whereby a fraction of the drug-exposed population enters into metabolic quiescence (dormancy) as persister forms. Characterization of the events that underlie entry and waking from persistence may lead to lasting breakthroughs in malaria chemotherapy that can prevent recrudescences and protect the future of ART-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wellems
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Juliana M Sá
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sean V Connelly
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angela C Ellis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Uzun T, Toptas O. Artesunate: could be an alternative drug to chloroquine in COVID-19 treatment? Chin Med 2020; 15:54. [PMID: 32514287 PMCID: PMC7254722 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus)-CV-2 (2019-nCov), which showed up in China in December 2019 and spread all over the world, has becomed a serious health problem. An effective, safe and proven treatment has not yet been found. Chloroquine has been recommended by some authors to be used for the treatment of patients infected with this virus however chloroquine may have side effects and drug resistance problems. Artesunate is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin, an antimalarial drug. Artesunate was thought to be an effective treatment for covid-19 because of its anti-inflammatory activity, NF-κB (nuclear Factor kappa B)-coronavirus effect and chloroquine-like endocytosis inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçenur Uzun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Trabzon Oral and Dental Health Hospital, DDS, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Orcun Toptas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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27
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Significant Efficacy of a Single Low Dose of Primaquine Compared to Stand-Alone Artemisinin Combination Therapy in Reducing Gametocyte Carriage in Cambodian Patients with Uncomplicated Multidrug-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02108-19. [PMID: 32179526 PMCID: PMC7269483 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02108-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, a single low dose of primaquine (SLDPQ; 0.25 mg/kg of body weight) with artemisinin-based combination therapies has been recommended as the first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to interrupt its transmission, especially in low-transmission settings of multidrug resistance, including artemisinin resistance. Policy makers in Cambodia have been reluctant to implement this recommendation due to primaquine safety concerns and a lack of data on its efficacy. Since 2012, a single low dose of primaquine (SLDPQ; 0.25 mg/kg of body weight) with artemisinin-based combination therapies has been recommended as the first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to interrupt its transmission, especially in low-transmission settings of multidrug resistance, including artemisinin resistance. Policy makers in Cambodia have been reluctant to implement this recommendation due to primaquine safety concerns and a lack of data on its efficacy. In this randomized controlled trial, 109 Cambodians with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria received dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) alone or combined with SLDPQ on the first treatment day. The transmission-blocking efficacy of SLDPQ was evaluated on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and recrudescence by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (gametocyte prevalence) and membrane feeding assays with Anopheles minimus mosquitoes (gametocyte infectivity). Without the influence of recrudescent infections, DP-SLDPQ reduced gametocyte carriage 3-fold compared to that achieved with DP. Of 48 patients tested on day 0, only 3 patients were infectious to mosquitoes (∼6%). Posttreatment, three patients were infectious on day 14 (3.5%, 1/29) and on the 1st and 7th days of recrudescence (8.3%, 1/12 for each); this overall low infectivity precluded our ability to assess its transmission-blocking efficacy. Our study confirms the effective gametocyte clearance of SLDPQ when combined with DP in multidrug-resistant P. falciparum infections and the negative impact of recrudescent infections due to poor DP efficacy. Artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ) has replaced DP, and ASMQ-SLDPQ has been deployed to treat all patients with symptomatic P. falciparum infections to further support the elimination of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum in Cambodia. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02434952.)
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28
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Rouamba T, Sondo P, Derra K, Nakanabo-Diallo S, Bihoun B, Rouamba E, Tarnagda Z, Kazienga A, Valea I, Sorgho H, Pagnoni F, Samadoulougou-Kirakoya F, Tinto H. Optimal Approach and Strategies to Strengthen Pharmacovigilance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cohort Study of Patients Treated with First-Line Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies in the Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Burkina Faso. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:1507-1521. [PMID: 32368010 PMCID: PMC7174163 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s224857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Resource-limited countries face challenges in setting up effective pharmacovigilance systems. This study aimed to monitor the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) after the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), identify potential drivers of reporting suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and monitor AEs among women who were inadvertently exposed to ACTs in the first trimester of pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study from May 2010 to July 2012 in Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), Burkina Faso. The HDSS area was divided into active and passive surveillance areas to monitor AEs among patients (regardless of age or sex) who received a first-line ACT (artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine). In the active surveillance area, patients were followed up for 28 days, while in the passive surveillance area, patients were encouraged to return voluntarily to the health facility to report any occurrence of AEs until day 28 after drug intake. We assessed the crude incidence rates of AEs in both cohorts and performed Cox regression with mixed random effects to identify potential drivers of ADR occurrence. RESULTS In total, 3170 participants were included in the study. Of these, 40.3% had reported at least one AE, with 39.6% and 44.4% from active and passive surveillance groups, respectively. The types of ADRs were similar in both groups. The most frequent reported ADRs were anorexia, weakness, cough, dizziness and pruritus. One case of abortion and eight cases of death were reported, but none of them was related to the ACT. The variance in random factors showed a high variability of ADR occurrence between patients in both groups, whereas variability between health facilities was low in the active surveillance group and high in passive surveillance group. Taking more than two concomitant medications was associated with high hazard in ADR occurrence, whereas the rainy season was associated with low hazard. CONCLUSION This study showed that both passive and active surveillance approaches were useful tools. The HDSS allowed us to capture a few cases of exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. The passive surveillance approach, which is more likely to be implemented by malaria control programs, seems to be more relevant in the Sub-Saharan African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toussaint Rouamba
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paul Sondo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Karim Derra
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Department of Clinical Research, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Biebo Bihoun
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Eli Rouamba
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Zekiba Tarnagda
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Kazienga
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Innocent Valea
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Fati Samadoulougou-Kirakoya
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Gao B, Saralamba S, Lubell Y, White LJ, Dondorp AM, Aguas R. Determinants of MDA impact and designing MDAs towards malaria elimination. eLife 2020; 9:e51773. [PMID: 32293559 PMCID: PMC7185997 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains at the forefront of scientific research and global political and funding agendas. Malaria models have consistently oversimplified how mass interventions are implemented. Here, we present an individual based, spatially explicit model of P. falciparum malaria transmission that includes all the programmatic implementation details of mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns. We uncover how the impact of MDA campaigns is determined by the interaction between implementation logistics, patterns of human mobility and how transmission risk is distributed over space. Our results indicate that malaria elimination is only realistically achievable in settings with very low prevalence and can be hindered by spatial heterogeneities in risk. In highly mobile populations, accelerating MDA implementation increases likelihood of elimination; if populations are more static, deploying less teams would be cost optimal. We conclude that mass drug interventions can be an invaluable tool towards malaria elimination in low endemicity areas, specifically when paired with effective vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sompob Saralamba
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Lisa J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Ricardo Aguas
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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Álvarez-Bardón M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Ordóñez C, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Carballeira NM, Tekwani BL, Murugesan S, Martinez-Valladares M, García-Estrada C, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R. Screening Marine Natural Products for New Drug Leads against Trypanosomatids and Malaria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E187. [PMID: 32244488 PMCID: PMC7230869 DOI: 10.3390/md18040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) represent a serious threat to humans, especially for those living in poor or developing countries. Almost one-sixth of the world population is at risk of suffering from these diseases and many thousands die because of NTDs, to which we should add the sanitary, labor and social issues that hinder the economic development of these countries. Protozoan-borne diseases are responsible for more than one million deaths every year. Visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease or sleeping sickness are among the most lethal NTDs. Despite not being considered an NTD by the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria must be added to this sinister group. Malaria, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is responsible for thousands of deaths each year. The treatment of this disease has been losing effectiveness year after year. Many of the medicines currently in use are obsolete due to their gradual loss of efficacy, their intrinsic toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance or a lack of adherence to treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent and global need for new drugs. Despite this, the scant interest shown by most of the stakeholders involved in the pharmaceutical industry makes our present therapeutic arsenal scarce, and until recently, the search for new drugs has not been seriously addressed. The sources of new drugs for these and other pathologies include natural products, synthetic molecules or repurposing drugs. The most frequent sources of natural products are microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and plants, which are able to synthesize many drugs that are currently in use (e.g. antimicrobials, antitumor, immunosuppressants, etc.). The marine environment is another well-established source of bioactive natural products, with recent applications against parasites, bacteria and other pathogens which affect humans and animals. Drug discovery techniques have rapidly advanced since the beginning of the millennium. The combination of novel techniques that include the genetic modification of pathogens, bioimaging and robotics has given rise to the standardization of High-Performance Screening platforms in the discovery of drugs. These advancements have accelerated the discovery of new chemical entities with antiparasitic effects. This review presents critical updates regarding the use of High-Throughput Screening (HTS) in the discovery of drugs for NTDs transmitted by protozoa, including malaria, and its application in the discovery of new drugs of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Bardón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - César Ordóñez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nestor M. Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00925-2537, San Juan, Puerto Rico;
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, India;
| | - Maria Martinez-Valladares
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1-Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
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Severe Malaria: A Case of a Significant Rapid Rise in the Parasite Level. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020; 2020:5206186. [PMID: 32257469 PMCID: PMC7102467 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5206186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is transmitted by the Plasmodium parasite, and most of the cases reported in the United States are often as a result of patients with recent return from endemic areas. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, particularly if there is severe parasitemia and drug failure, is essential in preventing mortality. Our patient had an unusual rapid rise in parasite but susceptible to intravenous artesunate.
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32
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Schuit E, Li AH, Ioannidis JPA. How often can meta-analyses of individual-level data individualize treatment? A meta-epidemiologic study. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:596-608. [PMID: 30445577 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the claimed main advantages of individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) is that it allows assessment of subgroup effects based on individual-level participant characteristics, and eventually stratified medicine. In this study, we evaluated the conduct and results of subgroup analyses in IPDMA. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from inception to 31 December 2014. We included papers if they described an IPDMA based on randomized clinical trials that investigated a therapeutic intervention on human subjects and in which the meta-analysis was preceded by a systematic literature search. We extracted data items related to subgroup analysis and subgroup differences (subgroup-treatment interaction p < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, 327 IPDMAs were eligible. A statistically significant subgroup-treatment interaction for the primary outcome was reported in 102 (36.6%) of 279 IPDMAs that reported at least one subgroup analysis. This corresponded to 187 different statistically significant subgroup-treatment interactions: 124 for an individual-level subgrouping variable (in 76 IPDMAs) and 63 for a group-level subgrouping variable (in 36 IPDMAs). Of the 187, only 7 (3.7%; 6 individual and 1 group-level subgrouping variables) had a large difference between strata (standardized effect difference d ≥ 0.8). Among the 124 individual-level statistically significant subgroup differences, the IPDMA authors claimed that 42 (in 21 IPDMAs) should lead to treating the subgroups differently. None of these 42 had d ≥ 0.8. CONCLUSIONS Availability of individual-level data provides statistically significant interactions for relative treatment effects in about a third of IPDMAs. A modest number of these interactions may offer opportunities for stratified medicine decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Schuit
- Departments of Medicine, of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alvin H Li
- Departments of Medicine, of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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34
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Plewes K, Leopold SJ, Kingston HWF, Dondorp AM. Malaria: What's New in the Management of Malaria? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:39-60. [PMID: 30712767 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of malaria remains high, with 216 million cases causing 445,000 deaths in 2016 despite first-line treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy. Decreasing transmission in Africa shifts the risk for severe malaria to older age groups as premunition wanes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with intravenous artesunate in addition to appropriate supportive management are critical to reduce deaths from severe malaria. Effective individual management is challenging in settings with limited resources for higher-level care. Adjunctive therapies targeting the underlying pathophysiological pathways have the potential to reduce mortality. Resistance to artemisinin derivatives and their partner drugs threaten malaria management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Plewes
- Malaria Department, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F 60th, Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, 452D Heather Pavilion East, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3J5, Canada
| | - Stije J Leopold
- Malaria Department, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F 60th, Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hugh W F Kingston
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Malaria Department, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F 60th, Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F 60th, Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Vathsala PG, Krishna Murthy P. Immunomodulatory and antiparasitic effects of garlic-arteether combination via nitric oxide pathway in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Parasit Dis 2019; 44:49-61. [PMID: 32174705 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many reports indicate medicinal value of garlic (Allium sativum), a popular herbal medicine used worldwide, and its therapeutic effect against several diseases. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown a potential therapeutic role of garlic-artemisinin combination in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. A single dose of α, β-arteether with three oral doses of garlic provides almost 95% protection. The present study aims to understand the mode of action of this combination. We have documented the level of nitric oxide (NO), a key molecule of protection and have seen in the reversal of organ morphology caused by malaria infection. The combination effects on the (a) survival rate and degree of parasitemia and (b) NO levels in blood, liver, spleen and thymus of malaria-infected mice were investigated. During the study, liver, spleen and thymus cell suspensions were assessed for immunobiochemical alterations of NO levels. The increase in NO level after infection appears to be unable to protect, whereas striking increase in spleen and thymus leads to protection against infection, and is further confirmed by detection of increased inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression levels in different organs by RT-PCR. In addition, the role of T cell subsets during combination treatment was also studied. All these results indicate a potential mechanism of protection through NO pathway in combination-treated animals after malaria infection and may lead to an immunotherapy trial of malaria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Vathsala
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - P Krishna Murthy
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
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A Randomized Open-Label Evaluation of the Antimalarial Prophylactic Efficacy of Azithromycin-Piperaquine versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Pregnant Papua New Guinean Women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00302-19. [PMID: 31405866 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00302-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging malaria parasite sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance has prompted assessment of alternatives for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). The objective was to evaluate the tolerability and prophylactic efficacy of azithromycin (AZ) plus piperaquine (PQ) in pregnant women in Papua New Guinea. The study was an open-label, randomized, parallel-group trial. A total of 122 women (median gestation, 26 weeks [range, 14 to 32 weeks]) were randomized 1:1 to three daily doses of 1 g AZ plus 960 mg PQ tetraphosphate or single-dose SP (4,500 mg sulfadoxine plus 225 mg pyrimethamine), based on computer-generated block randomization. Tolerability was assessed to day 7, and efficacy was assessed to day 42 (when participants were returned to usual care) and at delivery. Data for 119 participants (AZ-PQ, n = 61; SP, n = 58) were analyzed. Both regimens were well tolerated, but AZ-PQ was associated with more gastrointestinal side effects (31%) and dizziness (21%). Eight women (6.7%) were parasitemic at recruitment but all were aparasitemic by 72 h. There were no differences in blood smear positivity rates between AZ-PQ and SP up to day 42 (0% versus 5.2%; relative risk [RR], 0.14 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 2.58] [P = 0.18]; absolute risk reduction [ARR], 5.2% [95% CI, -1.3 to 11.6%]) and at the time of delivery (0% versus 8.7%; RR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.01 to 2.01] [P = 0.14]; ARR, 8.7% [95% CI, -0.2 to 17.6%]). Of 92 women who were monitored to parturition, 89 (97%) delivered healthy babies; there were 3 stillbirths (SP, n = 1; AZ-PQ, n = 2 [twins]). There was a higher live birth weight (mean ± standard deviation) in the AZ-PQ group (3.13 ± 0.42 versus 2.88 ± 0.55 kg [P = 0.016]; mean difference, 0.25 kg [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.48 kg]). AZ-PQ is a promising candidate for IPTp.
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Sequential Open-Label Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine and Mefloquine in Healthy Thai Adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00060-19. [PMID: 31182525 PMCID: PMC6658739 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00060-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have contributed substantially to the global decline in Plasmodium falciparum morbidity and mortality, but resistance to artemisinins and their partner drugs is increasing in Southeast Asia, threatening malaria control. New antimalarial compounds will not be generally available soon. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have contributed substantially to the global decline in Plasmodium falciparum morbidity and mortality, but resistance to artemisinins and their partner drugs is increasing in Southeast Asia, threatening malaria control. New antimalarial compounds will not be generally available soon. Combining three existing antimalarials in the form of triple ACTs, including dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-piperaquine + mefloquine, is a potential treatment option for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In a sequential open-label study, healthy Thai volunteers were treated with DHA-piperaquine (120 to 960 mg), mefloquine (500 mg), and DHA-piperaquine + mefloquine (120 to 960 mg + 500 mg), and serial symptom questionnaires, biochemistry, full blood counts, pharmacokinetic profiles, and electrocardiographic measurements were performed. Fifteen healthy subjects were enrolled. There was no difference in the incidence or severity of adverse events between the three treatment arms. The slight prolongation in QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) associated with DHA-piperaquine administration did not increase after administration of DHA-piperaquine + mefloquine. The addition of mefloquine had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of piperaquine. However, coadministration of mefloquine significantly reduced the exposures to dihydroartemisinin for area under the concentration-time curve (−22.6%; 90% confidence interval [CI], −33.1, −10.4; P = 0.0039) and maximum concentration of drug in serum (−29.0%; 90% CI, −40.6, −15.1; P = 0.0079). Mefloquine can be added safely to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in malaria treatment. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02324738.)
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Tiwari MK, Yadav DK, Chaudhary S. Recent Developments in Natural Product Inspired Synthetic 1,2,4- Trioxolanes (Ozonides): An Unusual Entry into Antimalarial Chemotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:831-846. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190412104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO “World health statistics 2018”, malaria alongside acute respiratory infections
and diarrhoea, is one of the major infectious disease causing children’s death in between the
age of 1-5 years. Similarly, according to another report (2016) malaria accounts for approximately
3.14% of the total disease burden worldwide. Although malaria has been widely eradicated in many
parts of the world, the global number of cases continues to rise due to the rapid spread of malaria parasites
that are resistant to antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin (8), a major breakthrough in the antimalarial
chemotherapy was isolated from the plant Artemisia annua in 1972. Its semi-synthetic derivatives such
as artemether (9), arteether (10), and artesunic acid (11) are quite effective against multi-drug resistant
malaria strains and are currently the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria. Inspite of exhibiting
excellent antimalarial activity by artemisinin (8) and its derivatives, parallel programmes for the discovery
of novel natural and synthetic peroxides were also the area of investigation of medicinal chemists
all over the world. In these continuous efforts of extensive research, natural ozonide (1,2,4-
trioxolane) was isolated from Adiantum monochlamys (Pteridaceae) and Oleandra wallichii (Davalliaceae)
in 1976. These naturally occurring stable ozonides inspired chemists to investigate this novel
class for antimalarial chemotherapy. The first identification of unusually stable synthetic antimalarial
1,2,4-trioxolanes was reported in 1992. Thus, an unusual entry of ozonides in the field of antimalarial
chemotherapy had occurred in the early nineties. This review highlights the recent advancements and
historical developments observed during the past 42 years (1976-2018) focusing mainly on important
ventures of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon city, 406-799, Korea
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011 the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended parenteral artesunate in preference to quinine as first-line treatment for people with severe malaria. Prior to this recommendation many countries, particularly in Africa, had begun to use artemether, an alternative artemisinin derivative. This Cochrane Review evaluates intramuscular artemether compared with both quinine and artesunate. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of intramuscular artemether versus any other parenteral medication in the treatment of severe malaria in adults and children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS, ISI Web of Science, conference proceedings, and reference lists of articles. We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) for ongoing trials up to 7 September 2018. We checked the reference lists of all studies identified by the search. We examined references listed in review articles and previously compiled bibliographies to look for eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intramuscular artemether with intravenous/intramuscular quinine or artesunate for treating severe malaria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The primary outcome was all-cause death. Two review authors independently screened each article by title and abstract, and examined potentially relevant studies for inclusion using an eligibility form. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. We summarized dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RRs) and continuous outcomes using mean differences (MDs), and have presented both measures with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta-analyses and used the GRADE approach to summarize the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 RCTs, enrolling 2874 adults and children with severe malaria, carried out in Africa (12 trials) and in Asia (7 trials).Artemether versus quinineFor children, there is probably little or no difference in the risk of death between intramuscular artemether and quinine (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.21; 13 trials, 1659 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). Coma resolution time may be about five hours shorter with artemether (MD -5.45, 95% CI -7.90 to -3.00; six trials, 358 participants, low-certainty evidence). Artemether may make little difference to neurological sequelae (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.07; seven trials, 968 participants, low-certainty evidence). Compared to quinine, artemether probably shortens the parasite clearance time by about nine hours (MD -9.03, 95% CI -11.43 to -6.63; seven trials, 420 participants, moderate-certainty evidence), and may shorten the fever clearance time by about three hours (MD -3.73, 95% CI -6.55 to -0.92; eight trials, 457 participants, low-certainty evidence).For adults, treatment with intramuscular artemether probably results in fewer deaths than treatment with quinine (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.83; four trials, 716 participants, moderate-certainty evidence).Artemether versus artesunateArtemether and artesunate have not been directly compared in randomized trials in children.For adults, mortality is probably higher with intramuscular artemether (RR 1.80, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.97; two trials, 494 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Artemether appears to be more effective than quinine in children and adults. Artemether compared to artesunate has not been extensively studied, but in adults it appears inferior. These findings are consistent with the WHO recommendations that artesunate is the drug of choice, but artemether is acceptable when artesunate is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekpereonne B Esu
- College of Medical Sciences, University of CalabarDepartment of Public HealthCalabarCross River StateNigeria
| | - Emmanuel E Effa
- College of Medical Sciences, University of CalabarInternal MedicinePMB 1115CalabarCross River StateNigeria540001
| | - Oko N Opie
- Federal College of EducationDepartment of General StudiesObuduCross River StateNigeria
| | - Martin M Meremikwu
- University of Calabar Teaching HospitalDepartment of PaediatricsPMB 1115CalabarCross River StateNigeria
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Raymond B. Five rules for resistance management in the antibiotic apocalypse, a road map for integrated microbial management. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1079-1091. [PMID: 31297143 PMCID: PMC6597870 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to new antimicrobials can become widespread within 2-3 years. Resistance problems are particularly acute for bacteria that can experience selection as both harmless commensals and pathogenic hospital-acquired infections. New drugs, although welcome, cannot tackle the antimicrobial resistance crisis alone: new drugs must be partnered with more sustainable patterns of use. However, the broader experience of resistance management in other disciplines, and the assumptions on which resistance rests, is not widely appreciated in clinical and microbiological disciplines. Improved awareness of the field of resistance management could improve clinical outcomes and help shape novel solutions. Here, the aim is to develop a pragmatic approach to developing a sustainable integrated means of using antimicrobials, based on an interdisciplinary synthesis of best practice, recent theory and recent clinical data. This synthesis emphasizes the importance of pre-emptive action and the value of reducing the supply of genetic novelty to bacteria under selection. The weight of resistance management experience also cautions against strategies that over-rely on the fitness costs of resistance or low doses. The potential (and pitfalls) of shorter courses, antibiotic combinations and antibiotic mixing or cycling are discussed in depth. Importantly, some of variability in the success of clinical trials of mixing approaches can be explained by the number and diversity of drugs in a trial, as well as whether trials encompass single wards or the wider transmission network that is a hospital. Consideration of the importance of data, and of the initially low frequency of resistance, leads to a number of additional recommendations. Overall, reduction in selection pressure, interference with the transmission of problematic genotypes and multidrug approaches (combinations, mixing or cycling) are all likely to be required for sustainability and the protection of forthcoming drugs.
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Cheaveau J, Marasinghe D, Akakpo S, Deardon R, Naugler C, Chin A, Pillai DR. The Impact of Malaria on Liver Enzymes: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2010-2017). Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz234. [PMID: 31263731 PMCID: PMC6592410 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear if malaria causes deranged liver enzymes. This has implications both in clinical practice and in research, particularly for antimalarial drug development. Method We performed a retrospective cohort study of returning travelers (n = 4548) who underwent a malaria test and had enzymes measured within 31 days in Calgary, Canada, from 2010 to 2017. Odds ratios of having an abnormal alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), and total bilirubin (TB) were calculated using multivariable longitudinal analysis with binomial response. Results After adjusting for gender, age, and use of hepatotoxic medications, returning travelers testing positive for malaria had higher odds of having an abnormal TB (odds ratio [OR], 12.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.32–25.29; P < .001) but not ALP (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.09–1.10; P = .072), ALT (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.54–1.89; P = .978) or AST (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.22–7.37; P = .794), compared with those who tested negative. TB was most likely to be abnormal in the “early” period (day 0–day 3) but then normalized in subsequent intervals. Returning travelers with severe malaria (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 0.99–6.62; P = .052) had borderline increased odds of having an abnormal TB, but malaria species (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.24–2.05; P = .511) did not. Conclusions In malaria-exposed returning travelers, the TB is abnormal, especially in the early period, but no abnormalities are seen for ALT, AST, or ALP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cheaveau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dewdunee Marasinghe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | | | - Rob Deardon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Alex Chin
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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Rajapandi T. Upregulation of gametocytogenesis in anti-malarial drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:458-463. [PMID: 31406411 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The deadliest form of human malaria is primarily caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These parasites establish pathogenicity in the human host with a very low number of sexual forms or gametocytes, which are transmitted to the mosquitoes. Several studies have reported that exposing artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum rings to a low concentration of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) results in dormancy, and the artemisinin-induced dormant (AID) forms are recovered into normal growth stages after 5-20 days. In this study, artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum parasites were tested for the development of AID forms and their recovery. Interestingly, it was found that exposure of an asynchronous culture of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum IPC 5202 to DHA, a line carrying a mutation in the PfK13 gene that is linked to artemisinin resistance, also results in dormancy. Both the ring and some late stages of these AID forms recovered after 10-15 days. Furthermore, a high proportion of the recovered dormant forms developed into sexual forms or gametocytes after 3-4 weeks, which is almost a 7-8 times higher rate of conversion of asexual to sexual forms (gametocytes) or the malaria transmissible forms. In contrast, only early ring forms of artemisinin-sensitive parasites recovered slowly, and additional exposure of these parasites to artemisinin resulted in complete clearance within a week. This is in contrast to the resistant parasites exposed to a second dose of artemisinin, which resulted in a very high rate of dormancy and recovery into sexual forms or gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamani Rajapandi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Science and Technology Center, Coppin State University, Room # 204, 2500 West North Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21216-3698 USA
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Uwimana A, Penkunas MJ, Nisingizwe MP, Warsame M, Umulisa N, Uyizeye D, Musanabaganwa C, Munyaneza T, Ntagwabira E, Hakizimana D, Muvunyi CM, Kayobotsi C, Kabera M, Murindahabi M, Mbituyumuremyi A. Efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria among children in Rwanda: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:312-319. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Uwimana
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Michael J Penkunas
- Demand-Driven Evaluations for Decisions, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Marie Paul Nisingizwe
- Demand-Driven Evaluations for Decisions, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Marian Warsame
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noella Umulisa
- Maternal and Child Survival Program, United States Agency for International Development, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Didier Uyizeye
- Maternal and Child Survival Program, United States Agency for International Development, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | | | - Dieudonne Hakizimana
- Demand-Driven Evaluations for Decisions, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Claver Kayobotsi
- Single Project Implementation Unit, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Michee Kabera
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Monique Murindahabi
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
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Rouamba T, Sondo P, Yerbanga IW, Compaore A, Traore-Coulibaly M, Hien FS, Diande NA, Valia D, Valea I, Akweongo P, Baiden R, Binka F, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F, Tinto H. High adherence level to artemisinin-based combination therapies in rural settlement 11 years after their introduction in the health system, Nanoro, Burkina Faso. Patient Prefer Adherence 2019; 13:371-380. [PMID: 30880921 PMCID: PMC6402368 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s190927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2005, Burkina Faso changed its first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria from chloroquine to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Patient adherence to ACTs regimen is a keystone to achieve the expected therapeutic outcome and prevent the emergence and spread of parasite resistance. Eleven years after the introduction of ACTs in the health system, this study aimed to measure adherence level of patients in rural settlement and investigate the determinants of nonadherence. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was carried out at public peripheral health facilities from May 2017 to August 2017 in Nanoro health district, Burkina Faso. An electronic semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection from patients with an ACT prescription at their medical consultation exit visit and during home visit at day 5±2. Adherence level was measured through self-report and pill counts. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors for nonadherence. RESULTS The analysis was conducted on 199 outpatients who received ACT as prescription. About 92.5% of ACT prescriptions included artemether-lumefantrine tablets. Adherence level was measured in 97.0% of included patients at day 5±2. Of these, 86.0% were classified as "complete adherent" and 14.0% as "nonadherent". In univariate analysis, patients/caregivers who considered that affordability of ACTs was easy seemed to be less adherent to the treatment regimen (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.07-0.70). In univariate and multivariable analyses, patients/caregivers who did not receive advices from health care workers (HCWs) were more likely to be nonadherent to the prescribed ACTs (adjusted OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.13-9.12). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that majority of those who get an ACT prescription comply with the recommended regimen. This emphasizes that in rural settings where ACTs are provided free of charge or at a subsidized price, patient adherence to ACTs is high, thus minimizing the risk of subtherapeutic concentrations of the drug in blood which is known to increase resistance and susceptibility to new infections. Therefore, to address the problem of patient nonadherence, strategy to strengthen communication between HCWs and patients should be given greater consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toussaint Rouamba
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium,
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Paul Sondo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Isidore W Yerbanga
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Adelaide Compaore
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Maminata Traore-Coulibaly
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Franck S Hien
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Nassirou A Diande
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Daniel Valia
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Innocent Valea
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
| | - Patricia Akweongo
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Department, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou
- Center for Research in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institute for Research in Health Sciences, National Center for Scientific and Technological Research, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
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Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Blanton RE. Population Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology of Eukaryotes. Microbiol Spectr 2018; 6:10.1128/microbiolspec.AME-0002-2018. [PMID: 30387414 PMCID: PMC6217834 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0002-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology uses the distribution and organization of a pathogen's DNA to understand the distribution and determinants of disease. Since the biology of DNA for eukaryotic pathogens differs substantially from that of bacteria, the analytic approach to their molecular epidemiology can also differ. While many of the genotyping techniques presented earlier in this series, "Advances in Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases," can be applied to eukaryotes, the output must be interpreted in the light of how DNA is distributed from one generation to the next. In some cases, parasite populations can be evaluated in ways reminiscent of bacteria. They differ, however, when analyzed as sexually reproducing organisms, where all individuals are unique but the genetic composition of the population does not change unless a limited set of events occurs. It is these events (migration, mutation, nonrandom mating, selection, and genetic drift) that are of interest. At a given time, not all of them are likely to be equally important, so the list can easily be narrowed down to understand the driving forces behind the population as it is now and even what it will look like in the future. The main population characteristics measured to assess these events are differentiation and diversity, interpreted in the light of what is known about the population from observation. The population genetics of eukaryotes is important for planning and evaluation of control measures, surveillance, outbreak investigation, and monitoring of the development and spread of drug resistance. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Blanton
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Quantification of host-mediated parasite clearance during blood-stage Plasmodium infection and anti-malarial drug treatment in mice. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:903-913. [PMID: 30176235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major mechanism of host-mediated control of blood-stage Plasmodium infection is thought to be removal of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) from circulation by the spleen or phagocytic system. The rate of parasite removal is thought to be further increased by anti-malarial drug treatment, contributing to the effectiveness of drug therapy. It is difficult to directly compare pRBC removal rates in the presence and absence of treatment, since in the absence of treatment the removal rate of parasites is obscured by the extent of ongoing parasite proliferation. Here, we transfused a single generation of fluorescently-labelled Plasmodium berghei pRBCs into mice, and monitored both their disappearance from circulation, and their replication to produce the next generation of pRBCs. In conjunction with a new mathematical model, we directly estimated host removal of pRBCs during ongoing infection, and after drug treatment. In untreated mice, pRBCs were removed from circulation with a half-life of 15.1 h. Treatment with various doses of mefloquine/artesunate did not alter the pRBC removal rate, despite blocking parasite replication effectively. An exception was high dose artesunate, which doubled the rate of pRBC removal (half-life of 9.1 h). Phagocyte depletion using clodronate liposomes approximately halved the pRBC removal rate during untreated infection, indicating a role for phagocytes in clearance. We next assessed the importance of pRBC clearance for the decrease in the parasite multiplication rate after high dose artesunate treatment. High dose artesunate decreased parasite replication ∼46-fold compared with saline controls, with inhibition of replication contributing 23-fold of this, and increased pRBC clearance contributing only a further 2.0-fold. Thus, in our in vivo systems, drugs acted primarily by inhibiting parasite replication, with drug-induced increases in pRBC clearance making only minor contributions to overall drug effect.
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Oyebola KM, Aina OO, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Ajibaye OS, Otubanjo OA, Awolola TS, Awandare GA, Amambua-Ngwa A. A barcode of multilocus nuclear DNA identifies genetic relatedness in pre- and post-Artemether/Lumefantrine treated Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:392. [PMID: 30103683 PMCID: PMC6205152 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline in the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) in some endemic regions threatens the progress towards global elimination of malaria. Molecular surveillance of drug resistance in malaria-endemic regions is vital to detect the emergence and spread of mutant strains. METHODS We observed 89 malaria patients for the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Lagos, Nigeria and determined the prevalence of drug resistant strains in the population. Parasite clearance rates were determined by microscopy and the highly sensitive var gene acidic terminal sequence (varATS) polymerase chain reaction for 65 patients with samples on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after commencement of treatment. The genomic finger print of parasite DNA from pre- and post-treatment samples were determined using 24 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) barcode for P. falciparum. Drug resistance associated alleles in chloroquine resistance transporter gene (crt-76), multidrug resistance genes (mdr1-86 and mdr1-184), dihydropteroate synthase (dhps-540), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr-108) and kelch domain (K-13580) were genotyped by high resolution melt analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments. RESULTS By varATS qPCR, 12 (18.5%) of the participants had detectable parasite DNA in their blood three days after treatment, while eight (12.3%) individuals presented with genotypable day 28 parasitaemia. Complexity of infection (CoI) was 1.30 on day 0 and 1.34 on day 28, the mean expected heterozygosity (HE) values across all barcodes were 0.50 ± 0.05 and 0.56 ± 0.05 on days 0 and 28 respectively. Barcode (π) pairwise comparisons showed high genetic relatedness of day 0 and day 28 parasite isolates in three (37.5%) of the eight individuals who presented with re-appearing infections. Crt-76 mutant allele was present in 38 (58.5%) isolates. The mdr1-86 mutant allele was found in 56 (86.2%) isolates. No mutation in the K-13580 was observed. CONCLUSIONS Persistence of DNA-detectable parasitaemia in more than 18% of cases after treatment and indications of genetic relatedness between pre- and post-treatment infections warrants further investigation of a larger population for signs of reduced ACT efficacy in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolapo Muyiwa Oyebola
- Medical Research Council Unit of The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bakau, The Gambia
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | | | - Emmanuel Taiwo Idowu
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yetunde Adeola Olukosi
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Malaria Research Group, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Olubunmi Adetoro Otubanjo
- Parasitology and Bioinformatics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Gordon Akanzuwine Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit of The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bakau, The Gambia
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Prevention of carcinogenesis and metastasis by Artemisinin-type drugs. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Patients' Knowledge of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Treatment and Its Impact on Patient Adherence. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:7465254. [PMID: 30105056 PMCID: PMC6076912 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7465254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased support from government and other stakeholders for malaria control over the past decade, malaria burden remains high in many endemic countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess patients' knowledge of antimalarial treatment (ACT) and its association with patient adherence. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed in this study. Data were collected from April to May 2017. Both descriptive and inferential statistics in the form of frequencies, percentages, mean values, standard deviations, and Pearson's chi-square test were generated by use of Microsoft excel spreadsheet and IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The average age of the respondents surveyed for this study was 42.27 ± 11.09. Adherence level to ACT was 47%. The results showed that there was a significant association between respondents' knowledge of the efficacy of antimalarial medication (p = 0.003), benefits of completing antimalarial treatment course (p = 0.001), and consequences of not completing the doses of antimalarial medication prescribed (p = 0.002) and adherence to ACT. This study then recommends that improving patients' knowledge regarding the efficacy, benefits of completing ACT, and consequences of not completing ACT treatment may improve the likelihood of patients adhering fully to ACT.
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