1
|
Onyamboko MA, Olupot-Olupot P, Were W, Namayanja C, Onyas P, Titin H, Baseke J, Muhindo R, Kayembe DK, Ndjowo PO, Basara BB, Okalebo CB, Williams TN, Uyoga S, Taya C, Bamisaiye A, Fanello C, Maitland K, Day NPJ, Taylor WRJ, Mukaka M. Factors affecting haemoglobin dynamics in African children with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treated with single low-dose primaquine or placebo. BMC Med 2023; 21:397. [PMID: 37858129 PMCID: PMC10588240 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single low-dose primaquine (SLDPQ) effectively blocks the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but anxiety remains regarding its haemolytic potential in patients with glucose-6-phopshate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. We, therefore, examined the independent effects of several factors on haemoglobin (Hb) dynamics in falciparum-infected children with a particular interest in SLDPQ and G6PD status. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, safety trial was conducted in Congolese and Ugandan children aged 6 months-11 years with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum and day (D) 0 Hbs ≥ 6 g/dL who were treated with age-dosed SLDPQ/placebo and weight-dosed artemether lumefantrine (AL) or dihydroartemisinin piperaquine (DHAPP). Genotyping defined G6PD (G6PD c.202T allele), haemoglobin S (HbS), and α-thalassaemia status. Multivariable linear and logistic regression assessed factor independence for continuous Hb parameters and Hb recovery (D42 Hb > D0 Hb), respectively. RESULTS One thousand one hundred thirty-seven children, whose median age was 5 years, were randomised to receive: AL + SLDPQ (n = 286), AL + placebo (286), DHAPP + SLDPQ (283), and DHAPP + placebo (282). By G6PD status, 284 were G6PD deficient (239 hemizygous males, 45 homozygous females), 119 were heterozygous females, 418 and 299 were normal males and females, respectively, and 17 were of unknown status. The mean D0 Hb was 10.6 (SD 1.6) g/dL and was lower in younger children with longer illnesses, lower mid-upper arm circumferences, splenomegaly, and α-thalassaemia trait, who were either G6PDd or heterozygous females. The initial fractional fall in Hb was greater in younger children with higher D0 Hbs and D0 parasitaemias and longer illnesses but less in sickle cell trait. Older G6PDd children with lower starting Hbs and greater factional falls were more likely to achieve Hb recovery, whilst lower D42 Hb concentrations were associated with younger G6PD normal children with lower fractional falls, sickle cell disease, α-thalassaemia silent carrier and trait, and late treatment failures. Ten blood transfusions were given in the first week (5 SLDPQ, 5 placebo). CONCLUSIONS In these falciparum-infected African children, posttreatment Hb changes were unaffected by SLDPQ, and G6PDd patients had favourable posttreatment Hb changes and a higher probability of Hb recovery. These reassuring findings support SLDPQ deployment without G6PD screening in Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ISRCTN 11594437.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Winifred Were
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Cate Namayanja
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Peter Onyas
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Harriet Titin
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Joy Baseke
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Daddy K Kayembe
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pauline O Ndjowo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benjamin B Basara
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AS, UK
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Chiraporn Taya
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Adeola Bamisaiye
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caterina Fanello
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AS, UK
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Walter R J Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mukaka M, Onyamboko MA, Olupot-Olupot P, Peerawaranun P, Suwannasin K, Pagornrat W, Kouhathong J, Madmanee W, Were W, Namayanja C, Onyas P, Titin H, Baseke J, Muhindo R, Kayembe DK, Ndjowo PO, Basara BB, Bongo GS, Okalebo CB, Abongo G, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Taya C, Dhorda M, Dondorp AM, Waithira N, Imwong M, Maitland K, Fanello C, Day NPJ, Tarning J, White NJ, Taylor WRJ. Pharmacokinetics of single low dose primaquine in Ugandan and Congolese children with falciparum malaria. EBioMedicine 2023; 96:104805. [PMID: 37757570 PMCID: PMC10550634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no pharmacokinetic data of single low dose primaquine (SLDPQ) as transmission blocking in African children with acute Plasmodium falciparum and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd). METHODS Primaquine pharmacokinetics of age-dosed SLDPQ (shown previously to be gametocytocidal with similar tolerability as placebo) were characterised in falciparum-infected Ugandan and Congolese children aged 6 months to 11 years, treated on admission with standard 3-day dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine plus SLDPQ: 6 m-<1 y: 1.25 mg, 1-5 y: 2.5 mg, 6-9 y: 5 mg, 10-11 y: 7.5 mg. LC-MS/MS-measured plasma primaquine and carboxyprimaquine (baseline, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h) were analysed by noncompartmental analysis. Multivariable linear regression modelled associations between covariates, including cytochrome-P450 2D6 metaboliser status, and outcomes. FINDINGS 258 children (median age 5 [interquartile range (IQR) 3-7]) were sampled; 8 (3.1%) with early vomiting were excluded. Primaquine doses of 0.10-0.40 (median 0.21, IQR 0.16-0.25) mg base/kg resulted in primaquine maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 2.3-447 (median 103.0, IQR 72.1-140.0) ng/mL between 1.0 and 8.0 (median 2) hours (Tmax) and median areas under the drug concentration curves (AUC0-last) 730.2 (6 m-<1 y, n = 12), 582.8 (1-5 y, n = 126), 871.1 (6-9 y, n = 80), and 931.0 (10-11 y, n = 32) ng∗h/mL. Median elimination half-live (T½) was 4.7 (IQR 3.8-5.6) hours. Primaquine clearance/kg peaked at 18 months, plateauing at 4 y. Increasing CYP2D6 metaboliser activity score [poor (3/250), intermediate (52/250), normal (150/250), ultrarapid (5/250), indeterminate (40/250)] and baseline haemoglobin were significantly associated with a lower primaquine AUC0-last,which increased with increasing mg/kg dose and age but was independent of the artemisinin treatment used. INTERPRETATION Age-dosed SLDPQ resulted in variable primaquine exposure that depended on bodyweight-adjusted dose, age, baseline haemoglobin and CYP2D6 metaboliser status, but not on dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine. These data support age-dosed SLDPQ for transmission blocking in sub-Saharan Africa. FUNDING This work was cofunded by the UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, and UK Aid through the Global Health Trials (grant reference MR/P006973/1). The funders had no role in the study design, execution, and analysis and decisions regarding publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda; Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kanokon Suwannasin
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharee Pagornrat
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jindarat Kouhathong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanassanan Madmanee
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Winifred Were
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Cate Namayanja
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Peter Onyas
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Harriet Titin
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Joy Baseke
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Daddy K Kayembe
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pauline O Ndjowo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benjamin B Basara
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Georgette S Bongo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Avenue Tombalbaye 68-78, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Charles B Okalebo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Grace Abongo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute (MCRI), P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, SW7 2AS, United Kingdom
| | - Chiraporn Taya
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, SW7 2AS, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Fanello
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walter R J Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taylor WR, Olupot-Olupot P, Onyamboko MA, Peerawaranun P, Weere W, Namayanja C, Onyas P, Titin H, Baseke J, Muhindo R, Kayembe DK, Ndjowo PO, Basara BB, Bongo GS, Okalebo CB, Abongo G, Uyoga S, Williams TN, Taya C, Dhorda M, Tarning J, Dondorp AM, Waithira N, Fanello C, Maitland K, Mukaka M, Day NJP. Safety of age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine in children with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency who are infected with Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:471-483. [PMID: 36462528 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHO recommends gametocytocidal, single low-dose primaquine for blocking the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum; however, safety concerns have hampered the implementation of this strategy in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to investigate the safety of age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine in children from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS We conducted this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial at the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Mbale, Uganda, and the Kinshasa Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Children aged between 6 months and 11 years with acute uncomplicated P falciparum infection and haemoglobin concentrations of at least 6 g/dL were enrolled. Patients were excluded if they had a comorbid illness requiring inpatient treatment, were taking haemolysing drugs for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, were allergic to the study drugs, or were enrolled in another clinical trial. G6PD status was defined by genotyping for the G6PD c.202T allele, the cause of the G6PD-deficient A- variant. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive single low-dose primaquine combined with either artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, dosed by bodyweight. Randomisation was stratified by age and G6PD status. The primary endpoint was the development of profound (haemoglobin <4 g/dL) or severe (haemoglobin <5 g/dL) anaemia with severity features, within 21 days of treatment. Analysis was by intention to treat. The sample size assumed an incidence of 1·5% in the placebo group and a 3% non-inferiority margin. The trial is registered at ISRCTN, 11594437, and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS Participants were recruited at the Mbale Regional Referral Hospital between Dec 18, 2017, and Oct 7, 2019, and at the Kinshasa Mahidol Oxford Research Unit between July 17, 2017, and Oct 5, 2019. 4620 patients were assessed for eligibility. 3483 participants were excluded, most owing to negative rapid diagnostic test or negative malaria slide (n=2982). 1137 children with a median age of 5 years were enrolled and randomly assigned (286 to the artemether-lumefantrine plus single low-dose primaquine group, 286 to the artemether-lumefantrine plus placebo group, 283 to the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus single low-dose primaquine group, and 282 to the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine plus placebo group). Genotyping of G6PD identified 239 G6PD-c.202T hemizygous males and 45 G6PD-c.202T homozygous females (defining the G6PD-deficient group), 119 heterozygous females, 418 G6PD-c.202C normal males and 299 G6PD-c.202C normal females (defining the non-G6PD-deficient group), and 17 children of unknown status. 67 patients were lost to follow-up and four patients withdrew during the study-these numbers were similar between groups. No participants developed profound anaemia and three developed severe anaemia: from the G6PD-deficient group, none (0%) of 133 patients who received placebo and one (0·66%) of 151 patients who received primaquine (difference -0·66%, 95% CI -1·96 to 0·63; p=0·35); and from the non-G6PD-deficient group, one (0·23%) of 430 patients who received placebo and one (0·25%) of 407 patients who received primaquine (-0·014%, -0·68 to 0·65; p=0·97). INTERPRETATION Gametocytocidal, age-dosed, single low-dose primaquine was well tolerated in children from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo who were infected with P falciparum, and the safety profile of this treatment was similar to that of the placebo. These data support the wider implementation of single low-dose primaquine in Africa. FUNDING UK Government Department for International Development, UK Medical Research Council, UK National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trials Scheme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda; Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Marie A Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pimnara Peerawaranun
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Peter Onyas
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - Joy Baseke
- Department of Public Health, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Daddy K Kayembe
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pauline O Ndjowo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin B Basara
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Georgette S Bongo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Grace Abongo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chiraporn Taya
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi Waithira
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caterina Fanello
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J P Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Clinical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hiransuthikul A, Janamnuaysook R, Himma L, Taya C, Amatsombat T, Chumnanwet P, Samitpol K, Chancham A, Kongkapan J, Rueannak J, Getwongsa P, Srimanus P, Teeratakulpisarn N, Thammajaruk N, Avery M, Wansom T, Mills S, Ramautarsing RA, Phanuphak N. Acceptability and satisfaction towards self-collection for chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing among transgender women in Tangerine Clinic, Thailand: shifting towards the new normal. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25801. [PMID: 34496152 PMCID: PMC8425782 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Provider‐collected swabs are an unappealing procedure for many transgender women and may have led to suboptimal rates of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) testing. Self‐collection for CT/NG testing is recommended for men who have sex with men. However, the information on acceptability and clinical performance to support a recommendation for transgender women is lacking. We aimed to determine the acceptability and satisfaction towards self‐collection for CT/NG testing among Thai transgender women. Methods Thai transgender women who attended Tangerine Clinic (a transgender‐led, integrated, gender‐affirming care and sexual health services clinic in Bangkok, Thailand) between May and July 2020 and had condomless sexual intercourse within the past six months were offered to collect urine and perform self‐swabs of pharyngeal, rectal, and if applicable, neovaginal compartments for pooled nucleic acid amplification testing for CT/NG infections. Participants received a diagram, video and oral instructions about how to perform self‐collection procedure. Those who accepted self‐collection were also offered to receive provider collection to evaluate the performance between the two methods. Self‐administered questionnaires were used to assess satisfaction. Results Among 216 transgender women enrolled, 142 (65.7%) accepted self‐collection. All who accepted had pharyngeal, rectal and urine samples collected. Of 31 transgender women who had undergone genital surgery, 28 (90.3%) accepted neovaginal self‐swab. The acceptance rate increased from 46.2% in May to 84.5% in July 2020. One participant had an invalid result. All transgender women who accepted self‐collection could perform it without assistance, and 82.8% were highly satisfied with the method. None reported dissatisfaction. Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, provider collection services were discontinued early, and only eight transgender women were able to perform both methods for performance evaluation. The performance agreement was 100%. Conclusions Thai transgender women had high acceptability and satisfaction towards self‐collection for CT/NG testing. The performance was promising compared to provider collection. Our results support the implementation of self‐collection to the sexually transmitted infection services, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic where physical distancing is the new normal. A larger study is warranted to determine the performance of self‐collection for CT/NG testing in each anatomical compartment and confirm the performance between self‐collection and provider collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akarin Hiransuthikul
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rena Janamnuaysook
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Transgend Health (CETH), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Linrada Himma
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Transgend Health (CETH), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chiraporn Taya
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Kritima Samitpol
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Peevara Srimanus
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation (IHRI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre of Excellence in Transgend Health (CETH), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kubo S, Matsuoka K, Taya C, Kitamura F, Takai T, Yonekawa H, Karasuyama H. Drastic up-regulation of Fcepsilonri on mast cells is induced by IgE binding through stabilization and accumulation of Fcepsilonri on the cell surface. J Immunol 2001; 167:3427-34. [PMID: 11544335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that IgE binding to FcepsilonRI on mast cells results in increased FcepsilonRI expression, which in turn enhances IgE-dependent chemical mediator release from mast cells. Therefore, prevention of the IgE-mediated FcepsilonRI up-regulation would be a promising strategy for management of allergic disorders. However, the mechanism of IgE-mediated FcepsilonRI up-regulation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed kinetics of FcepsilonRI on peritoneal mast cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells. In the presence of brefeldin A, which prevented transport of new FcepsilonRI molecules to the cell surface, levels of IgE-free FcepsilonRI on mast cells decreased drastically during culture, whereas those of IgE-bound FcepsilonRI were stable. In contrast, levels of FcgammaRIII on the same cells were stable even in the absence of its ligand, indicating that FcepsilonRI alpha-chain, but not beta- and gamma-chains, was responsible for the instability of IgE-free FcepsilonRI. As far as we analyzed, there was no evidence to support the idea that IgE binding to FcepsilonRI facilitated synthesis and/or transport of FcepsilonRI to the cell surface. Therefore, the stabilization and accumulation of FcepsilonRI on the cell surface through IgE binding appears to be the major mechanism of IgE-mediated FcepsilonRI up-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saito M, Iwawaki T, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Noda M, Inui Y, Mekada E, Kimata Y, Tsuru A, Kohno K. Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:746-50. [PMID: 11479567 DOI: 10.1038/90795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Specific cell ablation is a useful method for analyzing the in vivo function of cells. We have developed a simple and sensitive method for conditional cell ablation in transgenic mice, called "toxin receptor-mediated cell knockout." We expressed the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor in transgenic mice using a hepatocyte-specific promoter and found that injection of DT caused fulminant hepatitis. Three independently established transgenic lines demonstrated a good correlation between the sensitivity of hepatocytes to DT and the expression level of the DT receptors. Moreover, the degree of hepatocyte damage was easily controlled over a wide range of doses of injected DT without any obvious abnormalities in other cells or tissues. This system is useful for generating mouse models of disease and for studying the recovery or regeneration of tissues from cell damage or loss. As DT is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in both growing and non-growing cells, the method is applicable to a wide range of cells and tissues in mice or in other DT-insensitive animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Saito
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shitara H, Kaneda H, Sato A, Iwasaki K, Hayashi J, Taya C, Yonekawa H. Non-invasive visualization of sperm mitochondria behavior in transgenic mice with introduced green fluorescent protein (GFP). FEBS Lett 2001; 500:7-11. [PMID: 11434917 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using high sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we previously demonstrated that selective elimination of sperm mitochondrial DNA occurred during early embryogenesis in mouse. To analyze the process morphologically in more detail, a non-invasive, real-time observation of sperm mitochondria was used. Transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) exclusively in mitochondria (mtGFP-tg mice) were generated. The fluorescence in mtGFP-tg mice was strong and stable enough to carry out repeated observations under confocal laser scanning microscopy. In these mtGFP-tg mice it was revealed that the sperm mitochondria were selectively eliminated from egg cytoplasm during the two-cell stage of early embryogenesis. Therefore, mtGFP-tg mice should contribute to studies on sequential or repeated analysis of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shitara
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Machida K, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Seike E, Toné S, Shibasaki F, Shimizu M, Takahashi H, Hayashi Y, Funata N, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Kohara M. Inhibition of cytochrome c release in Fas-mediated signaling pathway in transgenic mice induced to express hepatitis C viral proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:12140-6. [PMID: 11278624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010137200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often progresses to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous viruses have been reported to escape from apoptotic mechanism to maintain persistent infection. In the present study, we characterized the effect of HCV proteins on the Fas signal using HCV transgenic mice, which expressed core, E1, E2, and NS2 proteins, regulated by the Cre/loxP switching system. The transgene expression of HCV transgenic mice caused resistance to Fas antibody stimulated lethality. Apoptotic cell death in the liver of HCV protein expressing mice was significantly reduced compared with nonexpressing mice. Histopathological analysis and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that the HCV proteins suppressed Fas-mediated apoptotic cell death. To identify the target pathway of HCV proteins, we characterized caspase activity. The activation of caspase-9 and -3/7 but not caspase-8 was inhibited by HCV proteins. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria was inhibited in HCV protein expressing mice. These results indicated that the expression of HCV proteins may directly or indirectly inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis and death in mice by repressing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, thereby suppressing caspase-9 and -3/7 activation. These results suggest that HCV may cause persistent infection, as a result of suppression of Fas-mediated cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Machida
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sekine M, Taya C, Kikkawa Y, Yonekawa H, Takenaka M, Matsuoka Y, Imai E, Izawa M, Kannagi R, Suzuki A. Regulation of mouse kidney tubular epithelial cell-specific expression of core 2 GlcNAc transferase. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:1129-35. [PMID: 11179979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A mouse gene, Gsl5, controls the expression of Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-6(Galbeta1-3)Gb4Cer and its precursor glycolipids in the kidney by regulating transcription of beta-1,6-GlcNAc transferase. Here we report that Gsl5 controls the expression of the core 2 structure [GlcNAcbeta1-6(Galbeta1-3)GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr] of glycoproteins as well as the glycolipid, GlcNAcbeta1-6(Galbeta1-3)GalNAcbeta1-3Galalpha1-4Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-ceramide. Immunohistochemical studies using an anti-(core 2-Lex) monoclonal antibody demonstrated that lysosome-like vesicles of proximal tubule cells were clearly stained in a Gsl5 wild type mouse, but not in a Gsl5 mutant strain of mice. Western blotting of microsomal fractions of kidney tissue with the same antibody confirmed the histological findings. In situ hybridization with an antisense probe to the kidney-specific mRNA demonstrated that the mRNA is localized at proximal tubule-cells in the cortex adjacent to the medulla, but not detected in glomeruli nor in collecting duct cells in the medulla. The results obtained by immunohistological staining and in situ hybridyzation are compatible and lead to the conclusion that the kidney specific mRNA is expressed in a proximal tubular cell specific manner and produces core 2 GlcNAc transferase responsible for the production of glycoproteins localized at vesicles in the proximal tubular cells. Glycosylation regulated by Gsl5 gene may modify functions of membrane glycoproteins in proximal tubular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sekine
- Departments of Membrane Biochemistry and Laboratory Animal Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wakita T, Katsume A, Kato J, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Miyamoto M, Hiasa Y, Kohara M. Possible role of cytotoxic T cells in acute liver injury in hepatitis C virus cDNA transgenic mice mediated by Cre/loxP system. J Med Virol 2001. [PMID: 11055240 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200011)62:3%3c308::aid-jmv2%3e3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A line of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgenic mice was established previously that was mediated by Cre/loxP system using HCV cDNA, including core, E1, E2 and NS2 genes. Intravenous infection of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses Cre DNA recombinase (AxCANCre) induced HCV structural protein expression in the liver of transgenic mice. HCV core protein production and transgene recombination in the mouse liver were serially evaluated after AxCANCre infusion. Core proteins were expressed efficiently and transgene was almost completely recombined in the liver of mice after 3 days and then the levels of both core protein production and transgene recombination decreased continuously for 28 days. However, 30.6% of the transgene recombination remained at 28 days and only 2.7% of core production remained at 28 days after infection. Compared with nontransgenic controls, the serum alanine aminotransferase levels in transgenic mice were significantly higher 10, 14, and 21 days after adenovirus infection. Histological scoring also indicated severe pathological changes in the liver of transgenic mice after adenovirus infection. AxCANCre infusion increased CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration into the liver of transgenic mice compared with that of non-transgenic controls. Furthermore, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) isolated from transgenic mice during liver injury were specific for the HCV proteins. These results suggest that HCV structural proteins expressed in the liver of transgenic mice enhanced liver injury. HCV-specific CTLs may be to enhance hepatitis. Thus, the present HCV transgenic mouse model provides a useful model of liver injury due to HCV, and the host immune response may play a pivotal role(s) in the pathogenesis of HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wakita
- Department of Microbiology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wakita T, Katsume A, Kato J, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Miyamoto M, Hiasa Y, Kohara M. Possible role of cytotoxic T cells in acute liver injury in hepatitis C virus cDNA transgenic mice mediated by Cre/loxP system. J Med Virol 2001. [PMID: 11055240 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200011)62:3<308::aid-jmv2>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A line of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgenic mice was established previously that was mediated by Cre/loxP system using HCV cDNA, including core, E1, E2 and NS2 genes. Intravenous infection of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses Cre DNA recombinase (AxCANCre) induced HCV structural protein expression in the liver of transgenic mice. HCV core protein production and transgene recombination in the mouse liver were serially evaluated after AxCANCre infusion. Core proteins were expressed efficiently and transgene was almost completely recombined in the liver of mice after 3 days and then the levels of both core protein production and transgene recombination decreased continuously for 28 days. However, 30.6% of the transgene recombination remained at 28 days and only 2.7% of core production remained at 28 days after infection. Compared with nontransgenic controls, the serum alanine aminotransferase levels in transgenic mice were significantly higher 10, 14, and 21 days after adenovirus infection. Histological scoring also indicated severe pathological changes in the liver of transgenic mice after adenovirus infection. AxCANCre infusion increased CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration into the liver of transgenic mice compared with that of non-transgenic controls. Furthermore, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) isolated from transgenic mice during liver injury were specific for the HCV proteins. These results suggest that HCV structural proteins expressed in the liver of transgenic mice enhanced liver injury. HCV-specific CTLs may be to enhance hepatitis. Thus, the present HCV transgenic mouse model provides a useful model of liver injury due to HCV, and the host immune response may play a pivotal role(s) in the pathogenesis of HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wakita
- Department of Microbiology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wakita T, Katsume A, Kato J, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Miyamoto M, Hiasa Y, Kohara M. Possible role of cytotoxic T cells in acute liver injury in hepatitis C virus cDNA transgenic mice mediated by Cre/loxP system. J Med Virol 2000; 62:308-17. [PMID: 11055240 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200011)62:3<308::aid-jmv2>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A line of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transgenic mice was established previously that was mediated by Cre/loxP system using HCV cDNA, including core, E1, E2 and NS2 genes. Intravenous infection of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses Cre DNA recombinase (AxCANCre) induced HCV structural protein expression in the liver of transgenic mice. HCV core protein production and transgene recombination in the mouse liver were serially evaluated after AxCANCre infusion. Core proteins were expressed efficiently and transgene was almost completely recombined in the liver of mice after 3 days and then the levels of both core protein production and transgene recombination decreased continuously for 28 days. However, 30.6% of the transgene recombination remained at 28 days and only 2.7% of core production remained at 28 days after infection. Compared with nontransgenic controls, the serum alanine aminotransferase levels in transgenic mice were significantly higher 10, 14, and 21 days after adenovirus infection. Histological scoring also indicated severe pathological changes in the liver of transgenic mice after adenovirus infection. AxCANCre infusion increased CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration into the liver of transgenic mice compared with that of non-transgenic controls. Furthermore, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) isolated from transgenic mice during liver injury were specific for the HCV proteins. These results suggest that HCV structural proteins expressed in the liver of transgenic mice enhanced liver injury. HCV-specific CTLs may be to enhance hepatitis. Thus, the present HCV transgenic mouse model provides a useful model of liver injury due to HCV, and the host immune response may play a pivotal role(s) in the pathogenesis of HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wakita
- Department of Microbiology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsujino S, Di Santo JP, Takaoka A, McKernan TL, Noguchi S, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Saito T, Taniguchi T, Fujii H. Differential requirement of the cytoplasmic subregions of gamma c chain in T cell development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10514-9. [PMID: 10962026 PMCID: PMC27056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.180063297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac), a shared component of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, is critical for the development and function of lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic domain of gammac consists of 85 aa, in which the carboxyl-terminal 48 aa are essential for its interaction with and activation of the Janus kinase, Jak3. Evidence has been provided that Jak3-independent signals might be transmitted via the residual membrane-proximal region; however, its role in vivo remains totally unknown. In the present study, we expressed mutant forms of gammac, which lack either most of the cytoplasmic domain or only the membrane-distal Jak3-binding region, on a gammac null background. We demonstrate that, unlike gammac or Jak3 null mice, expression of the latter, but not the former mutant, restores T lymphopoiesis in vivo, accompanied by strong expression of Bcl-2. On the other hand, the in vitro functions of the restored T cells still remained impaired. These results not only reveal the hitherto unknown role of the gammac membrane-proximal region, but also suggest the differential requirement of the cytoplasmic subregions of gammac in T cell development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tagawa K, Taya C, Hayashi Y, Nakagawa M, Ono Y, Fukuda R, Karasuyama H, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Katsui Y, Hata S, Ishiura S, Nonaka I, Seyama Y, Arahata K, Yonekawa H, Sorimachi H, Suzuki K. Myopathy phenotype of transgenic mice expressing active site-mutated inactive p94 skeletal muscle-specific calpain, the gene product responsible for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1393-402. [PMID: 10814721 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.9.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A defect of the gene for p94 (calpain 3), a skeletal muscle-specific calpain, is responsible for limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), or 'calpainopathy', which is an autosomal recessive and progressive neuromuscular disorder. To study the relationships between the physiological functions of p94 and the etiology of LGMD2A, we created transgenic mice that express an inactive mutant of p94, in which the active site Cys129 is replaced by Ser (p94:C129S). Three lines of transgenic mice expressing p94:C129S mRNA at various levels showed significantly decreased grip strength. Sections of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the aged transgenic mice showed increased numbers of lobulated and split fibers, respectively, which are often observed in limb girdle muscular dystrophy muscles. Centrally placed nuclei were also frequently found in the EDL muscle of the transgenic mice, whereas wild-type mice of the same age had almost none. There was more p94 protein produced in aged transgenic mice muscles and it showed significantly less autolytic degradation activity than that of wild-type mice. Although no necrotic-regenerative fibers were observed, the age and p94:C129S expression dependence of the phenotypes strongly suggest that accumulation of p94:C129S protein causes these myopathy phenotypes. The p94:C129S transgenic mice could provide us with crucial information on the molecular mech-anism of LGMD2A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Endo J, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Taya C, Kuramochi-Miyagawa S, Nagata K, Kuida K, Takashi T, Yonekawa H, Yoshizawa Y, Miyasaka N, Karasuyama H. Deficiency of a STE20/PAK family kinase LOK leads to the acceleration of LFA-1 clustering and cell adhesion of activated lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2000; 468:234-8. [PMID: 10692593 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-oriented kinase (LOK) is a member of the STE20/p21-activated kinase (PAK) family and expressed predominantly in lymphoid organs. Generation of LOK-deficient mice revealed that the leukocyte-function-associated antigen (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-mediated aggregation of mitogen-stimulated T cells was greatly enhanced in the absence of LOK. Though levels of total LFA-1 and ICAMs as well as the active form of LFA-1 on T cell blasts were comparable in the presence and absence of LOK, clustering of active LFA-1 detected by binding of soluble ICAM-1 was accelerated in the absence of LOK. These results suggest that LOK is potentially involved in the regulation of LFA-1-mediated lymphocyte adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Endo
- Department of Immunology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsuoka K, Taya C, Kubo S, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Kitamura F, Ra C, Yonekawa H, Karasuyama H. Establishment of antigen-specific IgE transgenic mice to study pathological and immunobiological roles of IgE in vivo. Int Immunol 1999; 11:987-94. [PMID: 10360973 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.6.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established transgenic mice that carry the genes coding for heavy and light chains of TNP-specific IgE. They produced high titers of TNP-specific IgE (20-40 microg/ml in serum) and their mast cells were heavily loaded with IgE. The level of FcepsilonRI expression on their mast cells was 6-8 times higher than that in non-transgenic littermates. The expression of low-affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRII (CD23) on splenic B cells was also 6-8 times higher in the transgenic mice. Consistent with this, substantial amounts of IgE were detected on B cells in the transgenic mice. When challenged with i.v. administration of the corresponding antigen, the transgenic mice exhibited systemic anaphylactic symptoms such as a drastic drop of body temperature and extravasation of administered dye. Biphasic (immediate and delayed) ear swelling response was also elicited in a TNP-specific manner by epicutaneous antigen challenge without any prior sensitization. Thus, IgE produced in the transgenic mice was found to be biologically active to induce both local and systemic allergic reactions in vivo upon the challenge of the corresponding antigen. Taken together, the antigen-specific IgE transgenic mice established for the first time in this study appear to provide an attractive model system to study the pathological roles of IgE in acute and chronic phases of allergic inflammation as well as their immunobiological roles in vivo. They may also be useful to develop novel therapeutic strategies for atopic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuoka
- Department of Immunology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mochizuki T, Saijoh Y, Tsuchiya K, Shirayoshi Y, Takai S, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Yamada K, Nihei H, Nakatsuji N, Overbeek PA, Hamada H, Yokoyama T. Cloning of inv, a gene that controls left/right asymmetry and kidney development. Nature 1998; 395:177-81. [PMID: 9744276 DOI: 10.1038/26006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most vertebrate internal organs show a distinctive left/right asymmetry. The inv (inversion of embryonic turning) mutation in mice was created previously by random insertional mutagenesis; it produces both a constant reversal of left/right polarity (situs inversus) and cyst formation in the kidneys. Asymmetric expression patterns of the genes nodal and lefty are reversed in the inv mutant, indicating that inv may act early in left/right determination. Here we identify a new gene located at the inv locus. The encoded protein contains 15 consecutive repeats of an Ank/Swi6 motif at its amino terminus. Expression of the gene is the highest in the kidneys and liver among adult tissues, and is seen in presomite-stage embryos. Analysis of the transgenic genome and the structure of the candidate gene indicate that the candidate gene is the only gene that is disrupted in inv mutants. Transgenic introduction of a minigene encoding the candidate protein restores normal left/right asymmetry and kidney development in the inv mutant, confirming the identity of the candidate gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mochizuki
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuida K, Haydar TF, Kuan CY, Gu Y, Taya C, Karasuyama H, Su MS, Rakic P, Flavell RA. Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell 1998; 94:325-37. [PMID: 9708735 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1226] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are essential components of the mammalian cell death machinery. Here we test the hypothesis that Caspase 9 (Casp9) is a critical upstream activator of caspases through gene targeting in mice. The majority of Casp9 knockout mice die perinatally with a markedly enlarged and malformed cerebrum caused by reduced apoptosis during brain development. Casp9 deletion prevents activation of Casp3 in embryonic brains in vivo, and Casp9-deficient thymocytes show resistance to a subset of apoptotic stimuli, including absence of Casp3-like cleavage and delayed DNA fragmentation. Moreover, the cytochrome c-mediated cleavage of Casp3 is absent in the cytosolic extracts of Casp9-deficient cells but is restored after addition of in vitro-translated Casp9. Together, these results indicate that Casp9 is a critical upstream activator of the caspase cascade in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kuida
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ishii S, Kase R, Sakuraba H, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Okumiya T, Matsuda Y, Mannen K, Takeshita M, Suzuki Y. Alpha-galactosidase transgenic mouse: heterogeneous gene expression and posttranslational glycosylation in tissues. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:591-4. [PMID: 9881765 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006915926732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We produced six transgenic mouse lines expressing human alpha-galactosidase (alpha-Gal) in order to evaluate its posttranslational modification. Among them, serum alpha-Gal activity increased 3000-fold in two transgenic mouse lines (TgN2 and TgN51), as compared to that in non-transgenic lines. The heart and liver of the TgN2 mouse expressed a high amount of transcript as well as high alpha-Gal activity. Its gene products in the heart and kidney were sensitive to endoglycosidase H digestion, but those in the spleen and liver were largely resistant. Glycopeptidase F treatment confirmed an identical molecular mass for the peptide moiety of the enzyme. We concluded that heterogeneous molecular mass of the gene products was caused by different degrees of posttranslational glycosylation in murine tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ishii
- Usuki Bio Research Center, Oita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kase R, Shimmoto M, Itoh K, Utsumi K, Kotani M, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Sakuraba H. Immunohistochemical characterization of transgenic mice highly expressing human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1406:260-6. [PMID: 9630664 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human lysosomal alpha-galactosidase predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside. A transgenic mouse line, C57BL/6CrSIc-TgN(GLA) 1951 Rin, highly expressing human alpha-galactosidase, has been established and investigated biochemically and immunohistochemically in order to clarify the distribution of the expressed enzyme proteins and to evaluate it as a donor model of organ transplantation therapy for Fabry disease caused by a genetic defect of alpha-galactosidase. In these transgenic mice, about five copies of the transgene were integrated, and alpha-galactosidase activity was expressed in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, small intestine, submaxillary gland, skeletal muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum, bone marrow cells and serum. The enzyme activity was about 22 to 11,080-fold higher than that in non-transgenic mice. In liver, heart and kidney tissues, which are important organs for transplantation studies, sufficient amounts of alpha-galactosidase mRNAs were transcribed, and the expressed enzymes, with molecular weights of 54-60 kDa, are abundant in the liver (enzyme activity: 53,965 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein) and heart (39,906 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein), followed by in the kidney tissue (9177 nmol h-1 mg-1 protein), respectively. An immunohistochemical microscopic study clearly demonstrated the distribution of the expressed enzyme proteins in kidney and liver tissues. Highly expressed alpha-galactosidase was detected in glomerular cells, tubular cells and hepatocytes. These transgenic mice will be useful as a donor model for experimental organ transplantation, and also it will enable recurrent biopsies and long-term observation. The organ transplantation data on mice will provide us with important information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kase
- Department of Clinical Genetics, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 18-22, Honkomagome-3, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wakita T, Taya C, Katsume A, Kato J, Yonekawa H, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Kohara M. Efficient conditional transgene expression in hepatitis C virus cDNA transgenic mice mediated by the Cre/loxP system. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:9001-6. [PMID: 9535887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.15.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene expression has greatly facilitated the examination of the functions of particular gene products. Using the Cre/loxP system, we developed efficient conditional transgene activation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cDNA (nucleotides 294-3435) in transgenic mice. Efficient recombination was observed in transgenic mouse liver upon intravenous administration of adenovirus that expresses Cre DNA recombinase. After transgene activation, most hepatocytes were stained with anti-core polyclonal antibody, and 21-, 37-, and 64-kDa proteins were detected by Western blot analysis in liver lysates using anti-core, E1, and E2 monoclonal antibodies, respectively. Serum core protein was detected in transgenic mice 7 days after transgene activation with concurrent increases in serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Subsequently, an anti-core antibody response was detected 14 days after infection. Furthermore, a CD4 and CD8 positive cell depletion assay normalized both the serum alanine aminotransferase increases and pathological changes in the liver. These results suggest that HCV proteins are not directly cytopathic and that the host immune response plays a pivotal role in HCV infection. Thus, this HCV cDNA transgenic mouse provides a powerful tool with which to investigate the immune responses and pathogenesis of HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wakita
- Department of Microbiology, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shimmoto M, Kase R, Itoh K, Utsumi K, Ishii S, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Sakuraba H. Generation and characterization of transgenic mice expressing a human mutant alpha-galactosidase with an R301Q substitution causing a variant form of Fabry disease. FEBS Lett 1997; 417:89-91. [PMID: 9395081 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing a human mutant alpha-galactosidase with an R301Q substitution, which was found in a patient with a variant form of Fabry disease, were established. The mice transcribed a sufficient amount of alpha-galactosidase mRNA, but the steady-state levels of the enzyme protein were decreased in liver, kidney and heart, only residual activity being detected in these tissues. The mice will be useful for the clarification of the defective regulation of the structurally altered enzyme protein expressed by the mutant gene at the organ or individual level as well as for the evaluation of drugs that stabilize and/or activate the mutant alpha-galactosidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shimmoto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaneda H, Hayashi J, Takahama S, Taya C, Lindahl KF, Yonekawa H. Elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses during early mouse embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4542-6. [PMID: 7753839 PMCID: PMC41980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine whether mtDNA is uni- or biparentally transmitted in mice, we developed an assay that can detect sperm mtDNA in a single mouse embryo. In intraspecific hybrids of Mus musculus, paternal mtDNA was detected only through the early pronucleus stage, and its disappearance co-incided with loss of membrane potential in sperm-derived mitochondria. By contrast, in interspecific hybrids between M. musculus and Mus spretus, paternal mtDNA was detected throughout development from pronucleus stage to neonates. We propose that oocyte cytoplasm has a species-specific mechanism that recognizes and eliminates sperm mitochondria and mtDNA. This mechanism must recognize nuclearly encoded proteins in the sperm midpiece, and not the mtDNA or the proteins it encodes, because sperm mitochondria from the congenic strain B6.mtspr, which carries M. spretus mtDNA on background of M. musculus (B6) nuclear genes, were eliminated early by B6 oocytes as in intraspecific crosses. We conclude that cytoplasmic genomes are transmitted uniparentally in intraspecific crosses in mammals as in Chlamydomonas and that leakage of parental mtDNA is limited to interspecific crosses, which rarely occur in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kaneda
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Koike S, Taya C, Aoki J, Matsuda Y, Ise I, Takeda H, Matsuzaki T, Amanuma H, Yonekawa H, Nomoto A. Characterization of three different transgenic mouse lines that carry human poliovirus receptor gene--influence of the transgene expression on pathogenesis. Arch Virol 1994; 139:351-63. [PMID: 7832641 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Three transgenic mouse lines, ICR-PVRTg1, ICR-PVRTg5, and ICR-PVRTg21, which are susceptible to poliovirus, have been established by introducing the human gene for poliovirus receptor (PVR) into the genome of mouse strain ICR. Genetic characterizations of the PVR gene were carried out on these mouse lines to define the approximate copy number, insertion site, and expression of the transgene in the central nervous system (CNS). The transgene was integrated in the chromosome 4, 12, and 13 of ICR-PVRTg1, ICR-PVRTg5 and ICR-PVRTg21 mice, respectively, and was stably transmitted to progeny mice. ICR-PVRTg1 appeared to have the most abundant copy numbers of the transgene and showed the highest level of PVR mRNA and membrane associated PVR protein in the CNS among the three mouse lines. Those in ICR-PVRTg21 and ICR-PVRTg5 were at intermediate and lowest levels, respectively. In the CNS, PVR mRNA was detected at high levels only in neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem where poliovirus can replicate, suggesting that the PVR mRNA expression confers cell specificity to poliovirus in the CNS. ICR-PVRTg1 and ICR-PVRTg5 showed the highest and the lowest sensitivity to poliovirus, respectively, whereas ICR-PVRTg21 was in-between. These results may suggest that poliovirus sensitivity of the mice is attributed to relative levels of PVR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koike
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Horie H, Koike S, Kurata T, Sato-Yoshida Y, Ise I, Ota Y, Abe S, Hioki K, Kato H, Taya C. Transgenic mice carrying the human poliovirus receptor: new animal models for study of poliovirus neurovirulence. J Virol 1994; 68:681-8. [PMID: 8289371 PMCID: PMC236503 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.2.681-688.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses between the virulent Mahoney and attenuated Sabin 1 strains of poliovirus type 1 were subjected to neurovirulence tests using a transgenic (Tg) mouse line, ICR-PVRTg1, that carried the human poliovirus receptor gene. The Tg mice were inoculated intracerebrally with these recombinant viruses and observed for clinical signs, histopathological lesions, and viral antigens as parameters of neurovirulence of the viruses. These parameters observed in the Tg mice were different for different inoculated viruses. Dose-dependent incidences of paralysis and of death were observed in the Tg mice inoculated with any viruses used. This indicates that values of 50% lethal dose are useful to score a wide range of neurovirulence of poliovirus. The neurovirulence of individual viruses estimated by the Tg mouse model had a strong correlation with those estimated by monkey model. Consequently, the mouse tests identified the neurovirulence determinants on the genome of poliovirus that had been identified by monkey tests. In addition, the mouse tests revealed new neurovirulence determinants, that is, different nucleotides between the two strains at positions 189 and 21 and/or 935 in the 5'-proximal 1,122 nucleotides. The Tg mice used in this study may be suitable for replacing monkeys for investigating poliovirus neurovirulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Horie
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Takahashi Y, Taya C, Hashimoto Y, Sakuma J, Uno M. [Contamination of nurses' protective gowns and gloves after various types of care for MRSA infected patients]. Kango Kenkyu 1994; 27:30-36. [PMID: 7996726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
27
|
Yonekawa H, Taya C. [Establishment of the transgenic mouse strains susceptible to poliovirus]. Jikken Dobutsu 1993; 42:290-6. [PMID: 8394821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yonekawa
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakamura K, Suzuki M, Taya C, Inagaki F, Yamakawa T, Suzuki A. A sialidase-susceptible ganglioside, IV3 alpha(NeuGc alpha 2-8NeuGc)-Gg4Cer, is a major disialoganglioside in WHT/Ht mouse thymoma and thymocytes. J Biochem 1991; 110:832-41. [PMID: 1783616 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The disialogangliosides of WHT/Ht mouse thymomas, which were obtained by subcutaneous transplantation of a thymoma that developed spontaneously in a WHT/Ht mouse, were purified and characterized. From the results of sugar-composition analysis, a permethylation study, enzymatic hydrolysis followed by TLC-immunostaining, negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS), and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the structure of one of the five purified disialogangliosides was determined to be IV3 alpha(NeuGc alpha 2-8NeuGc)-Gg4Cer. The other 4 disialogangliosides were tentatively characterized on the basis of sialidase treatment followed by TLC-immunostaining with cholera toxin B subunit and anti-Gg4Cer antibody to be IV alpha(NeuAc alpha-NeuGc)-Gg4Cer, IV alpha(NeuGc alpha-NeuAc)-Gg4Cer, IV alpha NeuAc,II3 alpha NeuAc-Gg4Cer, and IV alpha NeuGc,II3 alpha NeuGc-Gg4Cer. In addition, another component exhibiting one spot on TLC was a mixture of IV alpha NeuGc,II3 alpha NeuAc-Gg4Cer and IV alpha NeuAc,II3 alpha NeuGc-Gg4Cer. Then the occurrence of these gangliosides in WHT/Ht mouse thymocytes was examined. As one of two major disialogangliosides, the thymocytes contained IV3 alpha(NeuGc alpha 2-8NeuGc)-Gg4Cer, which was characterized with a mass spectrum and mass chromatograms obtained by micro high-performance liquid chromatography-FAB/MS. The other major disialoganglioside was tentatively characterized to be II3 alpha-(NeuGc alpha-NeuGc)-Gg4Cer by sialidase treatment followed by TLC-immunostaining. A sialidase-susceptible monosialoganglioside, IV3 alpha NeuGc-Gg4Cer [GM1b(NeuGc)], had been reported to be characteristic of mouse immune tissues [Nakamura, K. et al. (1988) J. Biochem, 103, 201-208]. Taken together, the results suggest that the pathway from Gg4Cer to IV3 alpha(NeuGc alpha 2-8NeuGc)-Gg4Cer through GM1b(NeuGc) is quite active in mouse immune tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Poliovirus-sensitive transgenic mice were produced by introducing the human gene encoding cellular receptors for poliovirus into the mouse genome. Expression of the receptor mRNAs in tissues of the transgenic mice was analyzed by using RNA blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. The human gene is expressed in many tissues of the transgenic mice just as in tissues of humans. The transgenic mice are susceptible to all three poliovirus serotypes, and the mice inoculated with poliovirus show clinical symptoms similar to those observed in humans and monkeys. Rabbit antipoliovirus serum detects the antigens mainly in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and in nerve cells in the medulla oblongata and pons of the paralyzed transgenic mice. Therefore, cell types sensitive to poliovirus in the central nervous system of the transgenic mice appear to be identical to those of humans and monkeys. Furthermore, many more doses of oral poliovirus vaccine strains than of the virulent strains are required to cause paralysis in the transgenic mice. This may reflect the observation that the virulent strain multiplies more efficiently in the central nervous system than the attenuated strain. Thus, the transgenic mice may become an excellent new animal model to study molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of poliovirus and to assess oral poliovirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koike
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wada H, Ohno S, Kubo K, Taya C, Tsuji S, Yonehara S, Suzuki K. Cell type-specific expression of the genes for the protein kinase C family: down regulation of mRNAs for PKC alpha and nPKC epsilon upon in vitro differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line neuro 2a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 165:533-8. [PMID: 2590242 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
By the use of cloned cDNAs for protein kinase C isozymes alpha, beta I, beta II, gamma, and those for novel protein kinase C, epsilon and zeta, the expression of the corresponding mRNA species was examined in various mouse tissues, human lymphoid cell lines, and mouse cell lines of neuronal origin. In adult brain, mRNAs for all the isozymes of PKC family are expressed. However, the expression of these mRNA species in brain is low at birth. A similar pattern of expression was also observed for beta I/beta II mRNAs in spleen. These expression patterns are in clear contrast to that for beta I/beta II mRNAs in thymus where the mRNAs are expressed at birth and the levels of expression decrease with age. Human lymphoid cell lines express large amounts of PKC beta mRNAs in addition to PKC alpha. Further, nPKC epsilon mRNA is expressed in some of these cell lines. On the other hand, all the mouse cell lines of neuronal origin tested express nPKC epsilon and zeta in addition to PKC alpha. In a mouse neuroblast cell line, Neuro 2a, down modulation of mRNAs for both PKC alpha and nPKC epsilon was observed in association with in vitro differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Wada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Taya C, Moriwaki K. Effect of H-2 complex on the growth of embryo-derived teratomas in mice. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1986; 10:35-8. [PMID: 3963297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1986.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven-day-old embryos of several H-2 congenic strains were transplanted under the kidney capsules of syngeneic adult recipients to determine the genetic factors(s) governing the in vivo growth of embryo-derived teratomas. A.TH(H-2t2) and A.TL(H-2t1) strains showed significantly greater tumor weights than A.BY(H-2b) and A.SW(H-2s) strains. The A(H-2a) strain was intermediate in tumor size. A comparison of the genic constitution of the H-2 complex in each congenic strain suggested that the H-2D locus and/or its distal regions affected the growth of embryo-derived teratomas. The teratoma induced in the B10.A(H-2a) strain was smaller than that in the A(H-2a) strain, indicating that the genetic background of the A strain is favorable for teratoma growth. Histological observations demonstrated that the existence of embryonal carcinoma cells was necessary for the growth of teratomas. A radiation-sensitive immunological factor in the recipient probably plays a role in stimulating teratoma growth.
Collapse
|