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Zhang JM, Wang Y, Mouton M, Zhang J, Shi M. Public Discourse, User Reactions, and Conspiracy Theories on the X Platform About HIV Vaccines: Data Mining and Content Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e53375. [PMID: 38568723 PMCID: PMC11024739 DOI: 10.2196/53375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiation of clinical trials for messenger RNA (mRNA) HIV vaccines in early 2022 revived public discussion on HIV vaccines after 3 decades of unsuccessful research. These trials followed the success of mRNA technology in COVID-19 vaccines but unfolded amid intense vaccine debates during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is crucial to gain insights into public discourse and reactions about potential new vaccines, and social media platforms such as X (formerly known as Twitter) provide important channels. OBJECTIVE Drawing from infodemiology and infoveillance research, this study investigated the patterns of public discourse and message-level drivers of user reactions on X regarding HIV vaccines by analyzing posts using machine learning algorithms. We examined how users used different post types to contribute to topics and valence and how these topics and valence influenced like and repost counts. In addition, the study identified salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories through manual coding. METHODS We collected 36,424 English-language original posts about HIV vaccines on the X platform from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. We used topic modeling and sentiment analysis to uncover latent topics and valence, which were subsequently analyzed across post types in cross-tabulation analyses and integrated into linear regression models to predict user reactions, specifically likes and reposts. Furthermore, we manually coded the 1000 most engaged posts about HIV and COVID-19 to uncover salient aspects of HIV vaccines related to COVID-19 and the 1000 most engaged negative posts to identify prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories. RESULTS Topic modeling revealed 3 topics: HIV and COVID-19, mRNA HIV vaccine trials, and HIV vaccine and immunity. HIV and COVID-19 underscored the connections between HIV vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, as evidenced by subtopics about their reciprocal impact on development and various comparisons. The overall valence of the posts was marginally positive. Compared to self-composed posts initiating new conversations, there was a higher proportion of HIV and COVID-19-related and negative posts among quote posts and replies, which contribute to existing conversations. The topic of mRNA HIV vaccine trials, most evident in self-composed posts, increased repost counts. Positive valence increased like and repost counts. Prominent anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories often falsely linked HIV vaccines to concurrent COVID-19 and other HIV-related events. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight COVID-19 as a significant context for public discourse and reactions regarding HIV vaccines from both positive and negative perspectives. The success of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines shed a positive light on HIV vaccines. However, COVID-19 also situated HIV vaccines in a negative context, as observed in some anti-HIV vaccine conspiracy theories misleadingly connecting HIV vaccines with COVID-19. These findings have implications for public health communication strategies concerning HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueman M Zhang
- Harrington School of Communication and Media, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Magali Mouton
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jixuan Zhang
- Polk School of Communications, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Molu Shi
- College of Business, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Prasad V, Haslam A. COVID-19 vaccines: history of the pandemic's great scientific success and flawed policy implementation. Monash Bioeth Rev 2024:10.1007/s40592-024-00189-z. [PMID: 38459404 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine has been a miraculous, life-saving advance, offering staggering efficacy in adults, and was developed with astonishing speed. The time from sequencing the virus to authorizing the first COVID-19 vaccine was so brisk even the optimists appear close-minded. Yet, simultaneously, United States' COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and related policies have contained missed opportunities, errors, run counter to evidence-based medicine, and revealed limitations in the judgment of public policymakers. Misplaced utilization, contradictory messaging, and poor deployment in those who would benefit most-the elderly and high-risk-alongside unrealistic messaging, exaggeration, and coercion in those who benefit least-young, healthy Americans-is at the heart. It is important to consider the history of COVID-19 vaccines to identify where we succeeded and where we failed, and the effects that these errors may have more broadly on vaccination hesitancy and routine childhood immunization programs in the decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Prasad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16 St, 2 Fl, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Alyson Haslam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 16 St, 2 Fl, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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4
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Maiti AK. Therapeutic Challenges in COVID-19. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:14-25. [PMID: 36567277 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221222162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV2 is a novel respiratory coronavirus and, understanding its molecular mechanism is a prerequisite to developing effective treatment for COVID-19. This RNA genome-carrying virus has a protein coat with spikes (S) that attaches to the ACE2 receptor at the cell surface of human cells. Several repurposed drugs are used to treat COVID-19 patients that are proven to be largely unsuccessful or have limited success in reducing mortalities. Several vaccines are in use to reduce the viral load to prevent developing symptoms. Major challenges to their efficacy include the inability of antibody molecules to enter cells but remain effective in the bloodstream to kill the virus. The efficacy of vaccines also depends on their neutralizing ability to constantly evolve new virus strains due to novel mutations and evolutionary survival dynamics. Taken together, SARS-CoV2 antibody vaccines may not be very effective and other approaches based on genetic, genomic, and protein interactome could be fruitful to identify therapeutic targets to reduce disease-related mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, 28475 Greenfield Rd, Southfield MI 48076, USA
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5
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Nomah DK, Reyes-Urueña J, Alonso L, Díaz Y, Moreno-Fornés S, Aceiton J, Bruguera A, Martín-Iguacel R, Imaz A, Gutierrez MDM, Román RW, Suanzes P, Ambrosioni J, Casabona J, Miro JM, Llibre JM. Comparative Analysis of Primary and Monovalent Booster SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage in Adults with and without HIV in Catalonia, Spain. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 38250857 PMCID: PMC10819920 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and worse clinical outcomes. We investigated the disparity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination coverage between PWH and those without HIV (PWoH) in Catalonia, Spain, assessing primary and monovalent booster vaccination coverage from December 2021 to July 2022. The vaccines administered were BNT162, ChAdOx1-S, mRNA-127, and Ad26.COV2.S. Using a 1:10 ratio of PWH to PWoH based on sex, age, and socioeconomic deprivation, the analysis included 201,630 individuals (183,300 PWoH and 18,330 PWH). Despite a higher prevalence of comorbidities, PWH exhibited lower rates of complete primary vaccination (78.2% vs. 81.8%, p < 0.001) but surpassed PWoH in booster coverage (68.5% vs. 63.1%, p < 0.001). Notably, complete vaccination rates were lower among PWH with CD4 <200 cells/μL, detectable HIV viremia, and migrants compared to PWoH (p < 0.001, all). However, PWH with CD4 < 200 cells/μL received more boosters (p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis of the overall population, a prior SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, HIV status, migrants, and mild-to-severe socioeconomic deprivation were associated with lower primary vaccination coverage, reflecting barriers to healthcare and vaccine access. However, booster vaccination was higher among PWH. Targeted interventions are needed to improve vaccine coverage and address hesitancy in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kwakye Nomah
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Juliana Reyes-Urueña
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
| | - Lucía Alonso
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
| | - Yesika Díaz
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Moreno-Fornés
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Aceiton
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Andreu Bruguera
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, d’Obstetrícia i Ginecologia i de Medicina Preventiva i de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Iguacel
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Arkaitz Imaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-(IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| | | | - Ramón W. Román
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.); (J.M.M.)
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Center for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Department of Health, Government of Catalunya, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.A.); (Y.D.); (S.M.-F.); (J.A.); (A.B.); (R.M.-I.); (J.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, d’Obstetrícia i Ginecologia i de Medicina Preventiva i de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose M. Miro
- Hospital Clínic-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.); (J.M.M.)
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M. Llibre
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
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Orefice NS, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Logozzi M, Fais S. Purposing plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles for drug delivery: patents and literature review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:89-100. [PMID: 36947052 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2195093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION How can biotechnology and organic agriculture be fused and promoted simultaneously to overcome the main challenges in drug delivery systems, improving the quality of the care provided, [1] patient outcomes, and [2] reducing the side effects of most of the current treatments? Unfortunately, the role of organic agriculture in future human health treatment still represents a binary organic-conventional question, a debate perpetuating an either/or mentality. However, extracellular exosomes-like nanoparticles define a new organic path that plants and vegetables can release. In this review, we concisely propose plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles and discuss their most important biological and pharmacological roles, representing a new tool for drug delivery. AREAS COVERED plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles; nature farming; green manufacturing practice; drug delivery; organic agriculture. EXPERT OPINION There is growing interest in the potential use of plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications that should translate into a supplement to current nano-pharmaceuticals. Despite their clinical potential, the lack of sensitive preparatory and analytical technologies for plant-derived exosomes-like nanovesicles poses a barrier to clinical translation. An increasing number of articles are recently published on new analytical platforms to address these challenges in cross-comparison with conventional assay methods. This review also mentions two patents from ExoLab-Italia on plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, respectively, on plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles' ability to naturally deliver a series of potentially therapeutic molecules and a novel approach to upload them with therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17 Loc. Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17 Loc. Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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7
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Venturas JP. HIV and COVID-19 Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:35-49. [PMID: 36646084 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infected individuals throughout the world remain at significant risk of respiratory infections and non-communicable disease. Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a hyperinflammatory phenotype which manifests in the lungs as pneumonia and in some cases can lead to acute respiratory failure. Progression to severe COVID-19 is associated with comorbid disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, however data concerning the associated risks of HIV coinfection are still conflicting, with large population studies demonstrating poorer outcomes, whilst smaller, case-controlled studies showing better outcomes. Furthermore, underlying immunopathological processes within the lungs and elsewhere, including interactions with other opportunistic infections (OI), remain largely undefined. Nonetheless, new and repurposed anti-viral therapies and vaccines which have been developed are safe to use in this population, and anti-inflammatory agents are recommended with the caveat that the coexistence of opportunistic infections is considered and excluded. Finally, HIV infected patients remain reliant on good ART adherence practices to maintain HIV viral suppression, and some of these practices were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, putting these patients at further risk for acute and long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui P Venturas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Universtity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Provine NM, Klenerman P. Adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines: Mechanisms regulating their immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2022:10.1002/eji.202250022. [PMID: 36330560 PMCID: PMC9877955 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad) vector and mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) constructs represent two modular vaccine platforms that have attracted substantial interest over the past two decades. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rapid development of multiple successful vaccines based on these technologies, there is now clear real-world evidence of the utility and efficacy of these platforms. Considerable optimization and refinement efforts underpin the successful application of these technologies. Despite this, our understanding of the specific pathways and processes engaged by these vaccines to stimulate the immune response remains incomplete. This review will synthesize our current knowledge of the specific mechanisms by which CD8+ T cell and antibody responses are induced by each of these vaccine platforms, and how this can be impacted by specific vaccine construction techniques. Key gaps in our knowledge are also highlighted, which can hopefully focus future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Jin J, Wang X, Carapito R, Moog C, Su B. Advances in Research on COVID-19 Vaccination for People Living with HIV. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & IMMUNITY 2022; 2:213-218. [PMID: 37520898 PMCID: PMC9612416 DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Raphael Carapito
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Nagpal D, Nagpal S, Kaushik D, Kathuria H. Current clinical status of new COVID-19 vaccines and immunotherapy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70772-70807. [PMID: 36063274 PMCID: PMC9442597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a positive-strand RNA belonging to Coronaviridae family, along with MERS and SARS. Since its first report in 2019 in Wuhan, China, it has affected over 530 million people and led to 6.3 million deaths worldwide until June 2022. Despite eleven vaccines being used worldwide already, new variants are of concern. Therefore, the governing bodies are re-evaluating the strategies for achieving universal vaccination. Initially, the WHO expected that vaccines showing around 50-80% efficacy would develop in 1-2 years. However, US-FDA announced emergency approval of the two m-RNA vaccines within 11 months of vaccine development, which enabled early vaccination for healthcare workers in many countries. Later, in January 2021, 63 vaccine candidates were under human clinical trials and 172 under preclinical development. Currently, the number of such clinical studies is still increasing. In this review, we have summarized the updates on the clinical status of the COVID-19 and the available treatments. Additionally, COVID-19 had created negative impacts on world's economy; affected agriculture, industries, and tourism service sectors; and majorly affected low-income countries. The review discusses the clinical outcomes, latest statistics, socio-economic impacts of pandemic and treatment approaches against SARS-CoV-2, and strategies against the new variant of concern. The review will help understand the current status of vaccines and other therapies while also providing insights about upcoming vaccines and therapies for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Nagpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Shakti Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Himanshu Kathuria
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Republic of Singapore
- Nusmetics Pte Ltd, Makerspace, i4 building, 3 Research Link, Singapore, 117602 Republic of Singapore
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Masoomi Nomandan SZ, Azimzadeh Irani M, Hosseini SM. In silico design of refined ferritin-SARS-CoV-2 glyco-RBD nanoparticle vaccine. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:976490. [PMID: 36148012 PMCID: PMC9486171 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.976490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With the onset of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, all attention was drawn to finding solutions to cure the coronavirus disease. Among all vaccination strategies, the nanoparticle vaccine has been shown to stimulate the immune system and provide optimal immunity to the virus in a single dose. Ferritin is a reliable self-assembled nanoparticle platform for vaccine production that has already been used in experimental studies. Furthermore, glycosylation plays a crucial role in the design of antibodies and vaccines and is an essential element in developing effective subunit vaccines. In this computational study, ferritin nanoparticles and glycosylation, which are two unique facets of vaccine design, were used to model improved nanoparticle vaccines for the first time. In this regard, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation were carried out to construct three atomistic models of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain (RBD)-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine, including unglycosylated, glycosylated, and modified with additional O-glycans at the ferritin–RBD interface. It was shown that the ferritin–RBD complex becomes more stable when glycans are added to the ferritin–RBD interface and optimal performance of this nanoparticle can be achieved. If validated experimentally, these findings could improve the design of nanoparticles against all microbial infections.
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12
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Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Muscogiuri G, Dalamaga M. Use of adenovirus type-5 vector vaccines in COVID-19: potential implications for metabolic health? Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:264-269. [PMID: 35621112 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece -
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Medical School, Attikon General University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Patiente con Obesità (CIBO), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Buchbinder SP, McElrath MJ, Dieffenbach C, Corey L. COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition - Authors' reply. Lancet 2022; 399:e36. [PMID: 35397867 PMCID: PMC8989399 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA; Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carl Dieffenbach
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Logunov DY, Livermore DM, Ornelles DA, Bayer W, Marques E, Czerkinsky C, Dolzhikova IV, Ertl HC. COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition. Lancet 2022; 399:e34-e35. [PMID: 35397866 PMCID: PMC8989395 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Y Logunov
- NF Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - David A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ernesto Marques
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-IAM, Department of Virology and Experimental Therapeutics, Recife, Brazil; University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- NF Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Garbuglia AR, Minosse C, Del Porto P. mRNA- and Adenovirus-Based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV-Positive People. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040748. [PMID: 35458478 PMCID: PMC9031858 DOI: 10.3390/v14040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About two years have passed since the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in China. The rapid spread of this virus all over the world and its high transmissibility and pathogenicity in humans have resulted in a global pandemic. The negative impact of COVID-19 on health, society and the economy at the global level has pushed researchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop effective vaccines to fight SARS-CoV-2. Thanks to this collaborative effort, the first COVID-19 vaccine was developed in less than a year. Since then, several COVID-19 vaccines have been validated for use by the World Health Organization. Among these, mRNA- (BNT162b2 and mRNA1273) and adenovirus-based (ChAdOx1) vaccines were developed through the use of novel technologies. While all three of these vaccines have shown effectiveness against the COVID-19 disease and their immunogenicity was characterized in clinical trials in the general population, data on their efficacy and immunogenicity in people living with HIV (PLWH) are limited. In this review, we provide a description of the characteristics of mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccines and of the immune response elicited in the general population by vaccination. Then we describe the use of these vaccines and their efficacy and immunogenicity in people living with HIV and we conclude with a discussion regarding some open questions concerning the use of mRNA- and adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Del Porto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘C. Darwin’, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy;
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16
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Liu Y, Ye Q. Safety and Efficacy of the Common Vaccines against COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040513. [PMID: 35455262 PMCID: PMC9027683 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed a challenge on human health worldwide, and vaccination represents a vital strategy to control the pandemic. To date, multiple COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization, including inactivated vaccines, adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines have different technical principles, which will necessarily lead to differences in safety and efficacy. Therefore, we aim to implement a systematic review by synthesizing clinical experimental data combined with mass vaccination data and conducting a synthesis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Compared with other vaccines, adverse reactions after vaccination with inactivated vaccines are relatively low. The efficacy of inactivated vaccines is approximately 60%, adenovirus-vectored vaccines are 65%, and mRNA vaccines are 90%, which are always efficient against asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, severe or critical hospitalization, and death. RNA-based vaccines have a number of advantages and are one of the most promising vaccines identified to date and are particularly important during a pandemic. However, further improvements are required. In time, all the antibody levels weaken gradually, so a booster dose is needed to maintain immunity. Compared with homologous prime-boost immunization, heterologous prime-boost immunization prompts more robust humoral and cellular immune responses.
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17
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Casella C, Lo Giudice M, Niola M, DI Lorenzo P, Adamo M, Bianco C, Gragnano E, Saccone G, Guida M. Need for fair inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials: scientific and ethical considerations about the lesson from the COVID-19 vaccines development. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2022; 74:112-113. [PMID: 35196854 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-606x.21.04922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Casella
- School of Medicine, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Giudice
- School of Medicine, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Niola
- School of Medicine, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo DI Lorenzo
- School of Medicine, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Adamo
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Bianco
- Department of Law, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gragnano
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
| | - Gabriele Saccone
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guida
- School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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18
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HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Co-infection: Epidemiological, Clinical Features, and Future Implications for Clinical Care and Public Health for People Living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV Most-at-Risk Groups. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:17-25. [PMID: 35113346 PMCID: PMC8810339 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to use the currently available clinical and epidemiological data, to identify key aspects to improve both the clinical management and public health response to SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection among HIV vulnerable populations and people living with HIV (PLWH). Recent Findings While at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of robust information on SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection, prevented a clear picture of the synergies between them, currently available data strongly support the importance of common structural factors on both the acquisition and clinical impact of these infections and the relevance of age, comorbidities, and detectable HIV viral load as associated worse prognostic factors among PLWH. Summary Although more information is needed to better understand the biological, clinical, and epidemiological relationship between both infections, a syndemic approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 among HIV high-risk groups and PLWH, targeting these populations for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and protocolizing early identification of PLWH with worse COVID-19 prognosis factors, is crucial strategies to decrease the overall impact of SARS-CoV-2 /HIV co-infection.
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19
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Park H, Otte A, Park K. Evolution of drug delivery systems: From 1950 to 2020 and beyond. J Control Release 2022; 342:53-65. [PMID: 34971694 PMCID: PMC8840987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern drug delivery technology began in 1952 with the advent of the Spansule® sustained-release capsule technology, which can deliver a drug for 12 h after oral administration through an initial immediate dose followed by the remaining released gradually. Until the 1980s, oral and transdermal formulations providing therapeutic durations up to 24 h for small molecules dominated the drug delivery field and the market. The introduction of Lupron Depot® in 1989 opened the door for long-acting injectables and implantables, extending the drug delivery duration from days to months and occasionally years. Notably, the new technologies allowed long-term delivery of peptide and protein drugs, although limited to parenteral administration. The introduction of the first PEGylated protein, Adagen®, in 1990 marked the new era of PEGylation, resulting in Doxil® (doxorubicin in PEGylated liposome) in 1995, Movantik® (PEGylated naloxone - naloxegol) in 2014, and Onpattro® (Patisiran - siRNA in PEGylated lipid nanoparticle) in 2018. Drug-polymer complexes were introduced, e.g., InFed® (iron-dextran complex injection) in 1974 and Abraxane® (paclitaxel-albumin complex) in 2005. In 2000, both Mylotarg™ (antibody-drug conjugate - gemtuzumab ozogamicin) and Rapamune® (sirolimus nanocrystal formulation) were introduced. The year 2000 also marked the launching of the National Nanotechnology Initiative by the U.S. government, which was soon followed by the rest of the world. Extensive work on nanomedicine, particularly formulations designed to escape from endosomes after being taken by tumor cells, along with PEGylation technology, ultimately resulted in the timely development of lipid nanoparticle formulations for COVID-19 vaccine delivery in 2020. While the advances in drug delivery technologies for the last seven decades are breathtaking, they are only the tip of an iceberg of technologies that have yet to be utilized in an approved formulation or even to be discovered. As life expectancy continues to increase, more people require long-term care for various diseases. Filling the current and future unmet needs requires innovative drug delivery technologies to overcome age-old familiar hurdles, e.g., improving water-solubility of poorly soluble drugs, overcoming biological barriers, and developing more efficient long-acting depot formulations. The lessons learned from the past are essential assets for developing future drug delivery technologies implemented into products. As the development of COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated, meeting the unforeseen crisis of the uncertain future requires continuous cumulation of failures (as learning experiences), knowledge, and technologies. Conscious efforts of supporting diversified research topics in the drug delivery field are urgently needed more than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906,Purdue University, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
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20
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Pavia CS, Plummer MM. COVID-19 vaccines for high risk and immunocompromised patients. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 50:269-279. [PMID: 38620783 PMCID: PMC8797165 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of multiple versions of vaccines designed to help prevent COVID-19 has offered an opportunity to at least control the current pandemic, and possibly to quickly eradicate this disease fully, along with the implementation of other preventive measures. In order to accomplish this feat more effectively, as many people as possible need to be vaccinated, especially for high-risk groups having co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, obesity and old age, and possibly those with various forms of immunodeficiencies, such as HIV/AIDS. This chapter focuses primarily on some of the basic biomedical aspects on vaccine design and use, and any possible concerns that need to be considered in getting people in the high-risk category vaccinated and monitored thereafter for their continuous health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Maria M Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, Division of Pathology, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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21
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Adenovirus-based vaccines - a platform for pandemic preparedness against emerging viral pathogens. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1822-1849. [PMID: 35092844 PMCID: PMC8801892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses continually pose a pandemic threat. Infection of humans with viruses for which we typically have little or no prior immunity can result in epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. These epidemics can have public health and economic impact and can exacerbate civil unrest or political instability. Changes in human behavior in the past few decades—increased global travel, farming intensification, the exotic animal trade, and the impact of global warming on animal migratory patterns, habitats, and ecosystems—contribute to the increased frequency of cross-species transmission events. Investing in the pre-clinical advancement of vaccine candidates against diverse emerging viral threats is crucial for pandemic preparedness. Replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors have demonstrated their utility as an outbreak-responsive vaccine platform during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Ad vectors are easy to engineer; are amenable to rapid, inexpensive manufacturing; are relatively safe and immunogenic in humans; and, importantly, do not require specialized cold-chain storage, making them an ideal platform for equitable global distribution or stockpiling. In this review, we discuss the progress in applying Ad-based vaccines against emerging viruses and summarize their global safety profile, as reflected by their widespread geographic use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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22
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Nomah DK, Reyes-Urueña J, Llibre JM, Ambrosioni J, Ganem FS, Miró JM, Casabona J. HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Co-infection: Epidemiological, Clinical Features, and Future Implications for Clinical Care and Public Health for People Living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV Most-at-Risk Groups. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:518-526. [PMID: 34890019 PMCID: PMC8661831 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is using the currently available clinical and epidemiological data, to identify key aspects to improve both the clinical management and public health response with regard SARS-CoV-2/HIV co-infection among HIV vulnerable populations and people living with HIV (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS While at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of robust information on SARS-CoV-2/HIV coinfection prevented to have a clear picture of the synergies between them, currently available data strongly supports the importance of common structural factors on both the acquisition and clinical impact of these infections and the relevance of age, co-morbidities, and HIV viral load as associated worse prognosis factors among PLWH. Although more information is needed to better understand the biological, clinical, and epidemiological relationship between both infections, in the meanwhile, syndemic approaches to prevent SARS-CoV-2 among HIV higher risk groups and PLWH, targeting these population for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and protocolizing early identification of HIV + patients with worse COVID-19 prognosis factors, are crucial strategies to decrease the overall impact of SARS-CoV-2 /HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Nomah
- Centre Estudis Epidemiològics Sobre Les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual I Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de Can Ruti, Josep Carreras Building, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetrícia I Ginecologia I de Medicina Preventiva I de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Juliana Reyes-Urueña
- Centre Estudis Epidemiològics Sobre Les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual I Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de Can Ruti, Josep Carreras Building, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Ma Llibre
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabiana S Ganem
- Centre Estudis Epidemiològics Sobre Les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual I Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de Can Ruti, Josep Carreras Building, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetrícia I Ginecologia I de Medicina Preventiva I de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - José Ma Miró
- Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Centre Estudis Epidemiològics Sobre Les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual I Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Campus de Can Ruti, Josep Carreras Building, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetrícia I Ginecologia I de Medicina Preventiva I de Salut Publica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiologia Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Yang Y, Iwasaki A. Impact of Chronic HIV Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19 Disease and Vaccines. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 19:5-16. [PMID: 34843064 PMCID: PMC8628277 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic that affect the health of hundreds of millions worldwide. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with chronic human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection is of concern, due to their already immunocompromised status. Yet, whether and how the immunological changes brought about by HIV will affect the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 acute infection and impact the effectiveness of vaccines remain unclear. We discuss the intersection of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals. Recent Findings People living with HIV (PLWH) may be at increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease complication due to functional impairment of the immune system and persistent inflammation, which can be ameliorated by antiretroviral therapy. Importantly, limited data suggest that current approved vaccines may be safe and efficacious in PLWH. Summary To address remaining questions and supplement limited experimental evidence, more studies examining the interplay between HIV and SARS-CoV-2 through their impact on the host immune system are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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24
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Gong Y, Qin S, Dai L, Tian Z. The glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:396. [PMID: 34782609 PMCID: PMC8591162 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 235 million individuals and led to more than 4.8 million deaths worldwide as of October 5 2021. Cryo-electron microscopy and topology show that the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes lots of highly glycosylated proteins, such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and ORF3a proteins, which are responsible for host recognition, penetration, binding, recycling and pathogenesis. Here we reviewed the detections, substrates, biological functions of the glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 proteins as well as the human receptor ACE2, and also summarized the approved and undergoing SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics associated with glycosylation. This review may not only broad the understanding of viral glycobiology, but also provide key clues for the development of new preventive and therapeutic methodologies against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Suideng Qin
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhixin Tian
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Jilich D, Skrzat-Klapaczyńska A, Fleischhans L, Bursa D, Antoniak S, Balayan T, Begovac J, Cicic A, Dragovic G, Goekengin D, Harxhi A, Kase K, Lakatos B, Matulionyte R, Mulabdic V, Oprea C, Papadopoulos A, Rukhadze N, Tomazic J, Tovba L, Soják Ľ, Vassilenko A, Yancheva N, Yurin O, Kowalska J. National strategies for vaccination against COVID-19 in people living with HIV in Central and Eastern European region. HIV Med 2021; 23:546-552. [PMID: 34704331 PMCID: PMC8653080 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction People living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk of poorer COVID‐19 outcomes. Vaccination is a safe and effective method of prevention against many infectious diseases, including COVID‐19. Here we investigate the strategies for national COVID‐19 vaccination programmes across central and eastern Europe and the inclusion of PLWH in vaccination programmes. Methods The Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group consists of experts in the field of infectious diseases from 24 countries in the region. Between 1 November 2020 and 19 March 2021 the group proceeded an on‐line survey consisting of 20 questions. Results Twenty‐two countries (out of 24 invited) participated in the survey and 20/22 countries in the period between December 2020 and March 2021 had already started their COVID‐19 vaccination programme. In total, seven different vaccines were used by participating countries. In 17/21 countries (81%), vaccinated persons were centralized within the national registry. In 8/21 countries (38%) PLWH were prioritized for vaccination (the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) and the Czech Republic, Greece and Serbia had put in place national guidelines for vaccination of PLWH. In 14/20 countries (70%) vaccination was only provided by designated centres. Eighteen respondents (18/21; 85.7%) reported that they planned to follow up HIV patients vaccinated against COVID‐19, mainly by measuring antibody levels and checking COVID‐19 incidence (11/21; 52.3%). Conclusions This survey‐based study suggests that there are significant differences in terms of prioritizing PLWH, the types of vaccines used, vaccination coverage, and the development and implementation of a vaccination programmes within the region. Regardless of heterogenicity and existing barriers within the region, systematic vaccination in PLWH should have the highest priority, especially in those with severe immunodeficiency, risk factors, and in the elderly, aiming for prompt and high vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jilich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Faculty Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Agata Skrzat-Klapaczyńska
- Department of Adults' Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukas Fleischhans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Faculty Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Bursa
- Department of Adults' Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergii Antoniak
- Viral Hepatitis and AIDS Department at the Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tatevik Balayan
- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Josip Begovac
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alma Cicic
- Institute for Public Health of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gordana Dragovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine; University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Arjan Harxhi
- University Hospital Center of Tirana, Infectious Disease Service, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Botond Lakatos
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, South-Pest Central Hospital, National Center of HIV, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Raimonda Matulionyte
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Velida Mulabdic
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Cristiana Oprea
- Victor Babes Clinical Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonios Papadopoulos
- University General Hospital Attikon - Medical School - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nino Rukhadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Janez Tomazic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lida Tovba
- USMF Nicolae Testemitanu, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Ľubomír Soják
- Department of Infectology and Geographical Medicine, Center for Treatment of HIV/AIDS Patients, Academic L. Dérer's University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anne Vassilenko
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Technologies, Global Fund Grant Management Department, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Nina Yancheva
- Department for AIDS. Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Disease Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oleg Yurin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moskov, Russia
| | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Adults' Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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McLean-Tooke A, Lucas M, French M. Autoimmunity elicited by the chemokine response to adenovirus vector vaccines may underlie vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1349. [PMID: 34691454 PMCID: PMC8517088 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McLean-Tooke
- Department of Clinical Immunology Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth WA Australia.,Department of Laboratory Immunology PathWest QEII Medical Centre Perth WA Australia
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Department of Clinical Immunology Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Perth WA Australia.,Department of Laboratory Immunology PathWest QEII Medical Centre Perth WA Australia.,Medical School University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Martyn French
- Division of Immunology PathWest Laboratory Medicine Perth WA Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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27
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Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Mazzeo F, Matera MG. Controversy surrounding the Sputnik V vaccine. Respir Med 2021; 187:106569. [PMID: 34399368 PMCID: PMC8352655 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine is a member of the so-called vector vaccines and uses two different vectors (Ad26 priming and Ad5 boost) to reduce the risk of a reduction in the effectiveness of the vaccination. Real life data indicate an efficacy of the vaccine above 97%. Low cost and no need for ultra-cold storage temperature temperatures are other pluses of the Sputnik V vaccine. However, there are also several important shortcomings that must be considered such as the possible reduction of its immunogenicity in the presence of very high Ad5 neutralizing antibody titres and the decrease with age of the antibody titres neutralizing the virus. Furthermore, there is emerging documentation that Sputnik V has a reduced neutralizing capacity against the Beta variant and all variants with the spike protein carrying the E484K substitution. Nevertheless, due to its characteristics, Sputnik V could be another useful means of satisfying the need for mass vaccination. However, it is imperative to document the efficacy and safety of the Sputnik V vaccine in individuals with high pre-existing anti-Ad26 and Ad5-neutralizing antibody titres and in those under the age of 18 or older than 60 years and be certain that Sputnik V does not cause the rare development of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. It is hoped that the now widespread use of this vaccine will generate a large pragmatic real-world study with data accessible to anyone interested in verifying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Filomena Mazzeo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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28
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Plummer MM, Pavia CS. COVID-19 Vaccines for HIV-Infected Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:1890. [PMID: 34696319 PMCID: PMC8540182 DOI: 10.3390/v13101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 40 years have passed since the initial cases of infection with the human mmunodeficiency virus (HIV) were identified as a new disease entity and the cause of acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). This virus, unlike any other, is capable of causing severe suppression of our adaptive immune defense mechanisms by directly infecting and destroying helper T cells leading to increased susceptibility to a wide variety of microbial pathogens, especially those considered to be intracellular or opportunistic. After T cells are infected, HIV reproduces itself via a somewhat unique mechanism involving various metabolic steps, which includes the use of a reverse transcriptase enzyme that enables the viral RNA to produce copies of its complementary DNA. Subsequent physiologic steps lead to the production of new virus progeny and the eventual death of the invaded T cell. Fortunately, both serologic and molecular tests (such as PCR) can be used to confirm the diagnosis of an HIV infection. In the wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that people living with HIV/AIDS are equally or slightly more susceptible to the etiologic agent, SARS-CoV-2, than the general population having intact immune systems, but they may have more serious outcomes. Limited clinical trials have also shown that the currently available COVID-19 vaccines are both safe and effective in affording protection to HIV/AIDS patients. In this review, we further explore the unique dynamic of HIV/AIDS in the context of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of vaccines as a protective measure against COVID-19, as well as what immune parameters and safeguards should be monitored in this immunocompromised group following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, Division of Pathology, New York Institute of Technology, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Charles S. Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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29
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Günl F, Mecate-Zambrano A, Rehländer S, Hinse S, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Shooting at a Moving Target-Effectiveness and Emerging Challenges for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1052. [PMID: 34696160 PMCID: PMC8540924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019 the newly emerged pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has hit the world with recurring waves of infections necessitating the global implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including strict social distancing rules, the wearing of masks and the isolation of infected individuals in order to restrict virus transmissions and prevent the breakdown of our healthcare systems. These measures are not only challenging on an economic level but also have a strong impact on social lifestyles. Using traditional and novel technologies, highly efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and underwent rapid clinical evaluation and approval to accelerate the immunization of the world population, aiming to end the pandemic and return to normality. However, the emergence of virus variants with improved transmission, enhanced fitness and partial immune escape from the first generation of vaccines poses new challenges, which are currently being addressed by scientists and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. In this ongoing pandemic, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines underlies diverse unpredictable dynamics, posed by the first broad application of the mRNA vaccine technology and their compliance, the occurrence of unexpected side effects and the rapid emergence of variations in the viral antigen. However, despite these hurdles, we conclude that the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are very safe and efficiently protect from severe COVID-19 and are thereby the most powerful tools to prevent further harm to our healthcare systems, economics and individual lives. This review summarizes the unprecedented pathways of vaccine development and approval during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We focus on the real-world effectiveness and unexpected positive and negative side effects of the available vaccines and summarize the timeline of the applied adaptations to the recommended vaccination strategies in the light of emerging virus variants. Finally, we highlight upcoming strategies to improve the next generations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Selina Rehländer
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Saskia Hinse
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Gabitzsch E, Safrit JT, Verma M, Rice A, Sieling P, Zakin L, Shin A, Morimoto B, Adisetiyo H, Wong R, Bezawada A, Dinkins K, Balint J, Peykov V, Garban H, Liu P, Bacon A, Bone P, Drew J, Sanford DC, Spilman P, Sender L, Rabizadeh S, Niazi K, Soon-Shiong P. Dual-Antigen COVID-19 Vaccine Subcutaneous Prime Delivery With Oral Boosts Protects NHP Against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729837. [PMID: 34603305 PMCID: PMC8481919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a dual-antigen COVID-19 vaccine incorporating genes for a modified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-Fusion) and the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein with an Enhanced T-cell Stimulation Domain (N-ETSD) to increase the potential for MHC class II responses. The vaccine antigens are delivered by a human adenovirus serotype 5 platform, hAd5 [E1-, E2b-, E3-], previously demonstrated to be effective in the presence of Ad immunity. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with the hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine by subcutaneous prime injection followed by two oral boosts elicited neutralizing anti-S IgG and T helper cell 1-biased T-cell responses to both S and N that protected the upper and lower respiratory tracts from high titer (1 x 106 TCID50) SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Notably, viral replication was inhibited within 24 hours of challenge in both lung and nasal passages, becoming undetectable within 7 days post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohit Verma
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Rice
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Lise Zakin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Annie Shin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Raymond Wong
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Kyle Dinkins
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Philip Liu
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Pete Bone
- IosBio, Burgess Hill, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Drew
- IosBio, Burgess Hill, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Kayvan Niazi
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
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31
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Abdulla ZA, Al-Bashir SM, Al-Salih NS, Aldamen AA, Abdulazeez MZ. A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development. Pathogens 2021; 10:788. [PMID: 34206507 PMCID: PMC8308489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been in a race to develop vaccines that can control the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 250 projects have been initiated for this purpose, but only 14 of them have been authorized for use, despite being in phase 3 clinical trials. More than 40 other vaccines are also in phase 1/2 clinical trials and show promising outcomes. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccines for each country or region, we reviewed the currently used vaccines in light of the different influencing parameters. These factors include the mode of action, dosage protocol, age group of the vaccinee, side effects, storage conditions, mounted immune response, and cost. Technically, there are seven types of vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2: messenger RNA (mRNA), nonreplicating and replicating vectors, inactivated viruses, protein subunits, viral-like particles, DNA vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines. The mRNA type is being used for the first time in humans. Unfortunately, mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 have started to appear worldwide, and researchers are investigating the effects of the currently used vaccines on them. There are many concerns regarding the long-term protection afforded by these vaccines and their side effects, and whether they require future modifications to be effective against the mutated variants. The development of new vaccines using more advanced technology is paramount for overcoming the difficulties in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharaf M. Al-Bashir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Noor S. Al-Salih
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ala A. Aldamen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.A.)
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32
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Alpalhão M, Maia-Silva J, Filipe P. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccines and Cutaneous Adverse Reactions: A Review. Dermatitis 2021; 32:133-139. [PMID: 33851937 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We are entering a new stage of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic with the initiation of large-scale vaccination programs globally. In these circumstances, even rare adverse effects of vaccines may be encountered more often, if millions of people are to be vaccinated in a short period. Vaccination has the potential for causing cutaneous adverse effects. Thus, it is paramount that dermatologists worldwide are acquainted with the possible skin reaction patterns to the coming vaccines. Herein, we conduct a review to discuss the most frequent cutaneous adverse effects of vaccines and their management, with a particular focus on the expected adverse reactions for the coming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines, such as local reactions, as well as immediate- and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrosis, serum sickness-like reactions, and vasculitides. We also discuss the yet unanswered questions on vaccines for which we may soon be asked to provide an expert opinion.
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33
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Choi EM. COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:447-456. [PMID: 33733663 PMCID: PMC7989148 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest threat to public health in a century. Through hard work and ingenuity, scientists have developed a number of safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 disease. However, demand far outstrips supply and countries around the world are competing for available vaccines. This review describes how low- and middle-income countries access COVID-19 vaccines, what is being done to distribute vaccines fairly, as well as the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Choi
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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34
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Ambrosioni J, Blanco JL, Reyes-Urueña JM, Davies MA, Sued O, Marcos MA, Martínez E, Bertagnolio S, Alcamí J, Miro JM. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e294-e305. [PMID: 33915101 PMCID: PMC8075775 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Around 2·5 million deaths and more than 110 million COVID-19 cases have been reported globally. Although it initially appeared that HIV infection was not a risk factor for COVID-19 or more severe disease, more recent large studies suggest that people living with HIV (particularly with low CD4 cell counts or untreated HIV infection) might have a more severe clinical course than those who are HIV-negative. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted HIV prevention and treatment services worldwide, creating huge challenges to the continuity of essential activities. We have reviewed the most relevant features of COVID-19 in people living with HIV and highlighted topics where further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ambrosioni
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Luis Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana M Reyes-Urueña
- Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Omar Sued
- Fundación Huésped, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Angeles Marcos
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clinic-ISGlobal, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Martínez
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Bertagnolio
- Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STI Programmes, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Alcamí
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Miro
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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35
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Bezbaruah R, Borah P, Kakoti BB, Al-Shar’I NA, Chandrasekaran B, Jaradat DMM, Al-Zeer MA, Abu-Romman S. Developmental Landscape of Potential Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Vector for Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:635337. [PMID: 33937326 PMCID: PMC8082173 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.635337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, arose at the end of 2019 as a zoonotic virus, which is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus outbreak COVID-19. Without any clear indications of abatement, the disease has become a major healthcare threat across the globe, owing to prolonged incubation period, high prevalence, and absence of existing drugs or vaccines. Development of COVID-19 vaccine is being considered as the most efficient strategy to curtail the ongoing pandemic. Following publication of genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2, globally extensive research and development work has been in progress to develop a vaccine against the disease. The use of genetic engineering, recombinant technologies, and other computational tools has led to the expansion of several promising vaccine candidates. The range of technology platforms being evaluated, including virus-like particles, peptides, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), recombinant proteins, inactivated virus, live attenuated viruses, and viral vectors (replicating and non-replicating) approaches, are striking features of the vaccine development strategies. Viral vectors, the next-generation vaccine platforms, provide a convenient method for delivering vaccine antigens into the host cell to induce antigenic proteins which can be tailored to arouse an assortment of immune responses, as evident from the success of smallpox vaccine and Ervebo vaccine against Ebola virus. As per the World Health Organization, till January 22, 2021, 14 viral vector vaccine candidates are under clinical development including 10 nonreplicating and four replicating types. Moreover, another 39 candidates based on viral vector platform are under preclinical evaluation. This review will outline the current developmental landscape and discuss issues that remain critical to the success or failure of viral vector vaccine candidates against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhushan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’I
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Da’san M. M. Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Munir A. Al-Zeer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeid Abu-Romman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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36
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Darwish RM. COVID-19 immunity and vaccines: what a pharmacist needs to know. ASIAN BIOMED 2021; 15:51-67. [PMID: 37551403 PMCID: PMC10388771 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are being produced using different platforms by different companies, some of which are entering Phase 3 and 4 trials. Due to the pandemic, this production has been accelerated, which leaves a window for speculation on the method of production and safety. Pharmacists are familiar with vaccination; however, COVID-19 vaccines are still new and further work is needed to clarify many aspects, including side effects, methods of storage, and number of doses. Prioritization of vaccination has been implemented to a certain extent, but no clear strategy is available. A comprehensive overview on immunity and immunological principles for the design of COVID-19 vaccine strategies is provided in this narrative review and the current COVID-19 vaccine landscape is discussed, in addition to exploring the principles for prioritization of vaccination using data from articles available in PubMed and from health organizations. Pharmacists should have a better understanding of COVID-19 vaccines and their manufacture. This would also allow better counseling of the public on COVID 19, immunization, and explaining prioritization basis and vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rula M. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Aljubeiha, Amman00962, Jordan
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Bhopal SS, Olabi B, Bhopal R. Vaccines for COVID-19: learning from ten phase II trials to inform clinical and public health vaccination programmes. Public Health 2021; 193:57-60. [PMID: 33743214 PMCID: PMC7846205 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Public health professionals and clinicians, in many countries, are immersed in the ongoing and upcoming vaccination programmes for COVID-19. Published information from vaccine trials is complex. There are important and helpful insights about the nature of the available and forthcoming vaccines, immune responses and side-effects from phase II trials. We have systematically summarised information from 10 such trials on the nature of the vaccines, exclusions from the trials, immunological effects and side-effects. Some important information within these trial reports is not available in the phase III trial articles, so a complete picture requires examination of phase II and phase III trials for each vaccine. We recommend our systematic approach for the examination of other upcoming COVID-19 vaccine phase II and III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Bhopal
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Bayanne Olabi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Klasse PJ, Nixon DF, Moore JP. Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe8065. [PMID: 33608249 PMCID: PMC7978427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple preventive vaccines are being developed to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The leading candidates have now been evaluated in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and human phase 1 and/or phase 2 clinical trials. Several vaccines have already advanced into phase 3 efficacy trials, while others will do so before the end of 2020. Here, we summarize what is known of the antibody and T cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in NHPs and humans. To the extent possible, we compare how the vaccines have performed, taking into account the use of different assays to assess immunogenicity and inconsistencies in how the resulting data are presented. We also review the outcome of challenge experiments with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Press releases on the outcomes of vaccine efficacy trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Dumonteil E, Herrera C. The Case for the Development of a Chagas Disease Vaccine: Why? How? When? Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010016. [PMID: 33530605 PMCID: PMC7851737 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major neglected tropical disease, transmitted predominantly by triatomine insect vectors, but also through congenital and oral routes. While endemic in the Americas, it has turned into a global disease. Because of the current drug treatment limitations, a vaccine would represent a major advancement for better control of the disease. Here, we review some of the rationale, advances, and challenges for the ongoing development of a vaccine against Chagas disease. Recent pre-clinical studies in murine models have further expanded (i) the range of vaccine platforms and formulations tested; (ii) our understanding of the immune correlates for protection; and (iii) the extent of vaccine effects on cardiac function, beyond survival and parasite burden. We further discuss outstanding issues and opportunities to move Chagas disease development forward in the near future.
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40
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Johnston R. What Might Surviving Coronavirus Disease 2019 Look Like for People Living with HIV? AIDS Patient Care STDS 2021; 35:1-4. [PMID: 33347338 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2020.29006.com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Johnston
- amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, New York, New York, USA
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Rockman S, Laurie KL, Parkes S, Wheatley A, Barr IG. New Technologies for Influenza Vaccines. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111745. [PMID: 33172191 PMCID: PMC7694987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development has been hampered by the long lead times and the high cost required to reach the market. The 2020 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in late 2019, has seen unprecedented rapid activity to generate a vaccine, which belies the traditional vaccine development cycle. Critically, much of this progress has been leveraged off existing technologies, many of which had their beginnings in influenza vaccine development. This commentary outlines the most promising of the next generation of non-egg-based influenza vaccines including new manufacturing platforms, structure-based antigen design/computational biology, protein-based vaccines including recombinant technologies, nanoparticles, gene- and vector-based technologies, as well as an update on activities around a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Karen L. Laurie
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Parkes
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Adam Wheatley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Ian G. Barr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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