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Shao S, Liu K, Du J, Yin C, Wang M, Wang Y. Functional characterization of serine proteinase inhibitor Kazal-Type in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109525. [PMID: 38537926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors Kazal type (SPINKs) function in physiological and immunological processes across multicellular organisms. In the present study, we identified a SPINK gene, designated as CqSPINK, in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, which is the ortholog of human SPINK5. The deduced CqSPINK contains two Kazal domains consisting of 45 amino acid residues with a typical signature motif C-X3-C-X5-PVCG-X5-Y-X3-C-X6-C-X12-14-C. Each Kazal domain contains six conserved cysteine residues forming three pairs of disulfide bonds, segmenting the structure into three rings. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CqSPINK as a homolog of human SPINK5. CqSPINK expression was detected exclusively in hepatopancreas and epithelium, with rapid up-regulation in hepatopancreas upon Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1 challenge. Recombinant CqSPINK protein (rCqSPINK) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for further study. Proteinase inhibition assays demonstrated that rCqSPINK could potently inhibit proteinase K and subtilisin A, weakly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and elastase, but extremely weak inhibit trypsin. Furthermore, CqSPINK inhibited bacterial secretory proteinase activity from Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and inhibited B. subtilis growth. These findings suggest CqSPINK's involvement in antibacterial immunity through direct inhibition of bacterial proteases, contributing to resistance against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoru Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Jiansen Du
- Qingdao International Travel Healthcare Center, Qingdao Customs District PR China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chenlin Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institution (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhanjiang Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, 524013, China; Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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Kim S, Shin J, Medagoda N, Choi S, Park SY, Park JY, Lee KJ. Dietary Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Improved the Growth, Non-specific Immunity, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Morphology, Phagocytic Activity, and Disease Resistance Against Vibrio parahaemolyticus of Pacific White Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024:10.1007/s10126-024-10317-9. [PMID: 38647908 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on growth performance, feed efficiency, non-specific immunity, digestive enzyme capacity, phagocytic activity, hemocyte count, intestinal morphology, and disease resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Six diets were prepared by supplementing graded levels of PHB at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00% (Con, P0.25, P0.5, P1.0, P2.0, and P4.0, respectively). Triplicate groups of 90 shrimps (initial body weight 0.25 ± 0.01 g) per treatment were randomly assigned and fed an experimental diet for 56 days. The growth performance of shrimp was significantly improved by 1% dietary PHB supplementation. PHB-included diets fed shrimp showed significantly improved hepatopancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin activities. Villus height was significantly increased with dietary PHB supplementation, and villus width was increased at a 1% inclusion level. P0.25, P0.5, and P4.0 groups significantly increased phenoloxidase activity, and the P2.0 group significantly increased anti-protease activity compared to the Con group. The survival of shrimp challenged against V. parahaemolyticus was higher in P0.5, P1.0, and P2.0 groups than in the Con diet. Dietary PHB supplementation improved weight gain, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, non-specific immunity, and disease resistance against V. parahaemolyticus of shrimp. According to the above observations, the optimal dietary PHB supplementation level for maximum weight gain would be 1% for Pacific white shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeok Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Jaebeom Shin
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Nalin Medagoda
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Protein Solution Department, CJ Cheiljedang BIO, Seoul, 04560, South Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- R&D, Cheiljedang White BIO, CJ, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Jeung-Yil Park
- R&D, Cheiljedang White BIO, CJ, Suwon, 16495, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea.
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63333, South Korea.
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Lin S, Li XW, Liu JL, Ou-Yang YY, Zhang B, Zhao SJ, Chai XQ, Ma YL, Liu J. The immune response mechanism of Nilaparvata lugens against a combined infection of rice ragged stunt virus and Metarhizium anisopliae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1193-1205. [PMID: 37888855 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, showed that carrying the plant pathogenic virus, rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), enhanced the lethality of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (YTTR). The underlying mechanism for this was not established but a serine protease cascade was hypothesized to be involved. RESULTS Two immune response genes, NlKPI and NlVenomase, were identified and shown to be involved. The synthesized double-strand RNA (dsRNA) techniques used in this study to explore gene function revealed that treatment with dsRNA to silence either gene led to a higher BPH mortality from M. anisopliae infection than the dsRNA control treatment. NlKPI and NlVenomase play vital roles in BPH immunity to defend against alien pathogens. Both genes participate in the immune response process of BPH against co-infection with RRSV and M. anisopliae YTTR by regulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides and phenoloxidase activity. CONCLUSION Our study provided new targets for BPH biocontrol and laid a solid foundation for further research on the interaction of virus-insect-EPF (entomopathogenic fungus). © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ying Ou-Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Jiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Qing Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-le Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, Australia
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Jiang H, Li H, Liu X, Zhang S, Li X, Wang L, Zhang M, Yu M, Li X, Qiao Z. The identification of a serpin with immune defense role in oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129747. [PMID: 38281536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Serpins are a protein superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. One of their functions is to participate in immune responses by inhibiting the activation of prophenoloxidase. To elucidate the immune role of serpin in Macrobrachium nipponense, a serpin gene (Mnserpin) was cloned from M. nipponense in this study. Mnserpin protein has an N-terminal signal peptide and a serpin domain that contains a hinge region, a signature sequence of serpin and a P1(arginine)-P1' scissile bond, and evolutionally closely related to the crustacean serpins. Mnserpin highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and gill. Mnserpin expression increased first and then decreased after Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila infection, and was knocked down by dsMnserpin injection with a maximum knockdown efficiency of 92 %. Mnserpin knockdown increased the expression of the clip domain serine protease and prophenoloxidase genes and phenoloxidase activity of M. nipponense as well as its mortality rate after V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila infection. The recombinant Mnserpin (rMnserpin) showed bacteria-binding and bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Moreover, rMnserpin injection decreased the bacterial number and the mortality rate of M. nipponense post V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila infection. These results suggested that Mnserpin plays a major role in the innate immune response of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China.
| | - Huanxin Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Miao Yu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Zhigang Qiao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
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Qie X, Yan X, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hao C, Lu Z, Ma L. Serpin-4 Negatively Regulates Prophenoloxidase Activation and Antimicrobial Peptide Synthesis in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:313. [PMID: 38203484 PMCID: PMC10778760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and Toll antimicrobial peptide synthesis pathways are two critical immune responses in the insect immune system. The activation of these pathways is mediated by the cascade of serine proteases, which is negatively regulated by serpins. In this study, we identified a typical serpin, BmSerpin-4, in silkworms, whose expression was dramatically up-regulated in the fat body and hemocytes after bacterial infections. The pre-injection of recombinant BmSerpin-4 remarkably decreased the antibacterial activity of the hemolymph and the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) gloverin-3, cecropin-D, cecropin-E, and moricin in the fat body under Micrococcus luteus and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O: 3 (YP III) infection. Meanwhile, the inhibition of systemic melanization, PO activity, and PPO activation by BmSerpin-4 was also observed. Hemolymph proteinase 1 (HP1), serine protease 2 (SP2), HP6, and SP21 were predicted as the candidate target serine proteases for BmSerpin-4 through the analysis of residues adjacent to the scissile bond and comparisons of orthologous genes in Manduca sexta. This suggests that HP1, SP2, HP6, and SP21 might be essential in the activation of the serine protease cascade in both the Toll and PPO pathways in silkworms. Our study provided a comprehensive characterization of BmSerpin-4 and clues for the further dissection of silkworm PPO and Toll activation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Qie
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Xizhong Yan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Yaya Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Chi Hao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.Q.); (X.Y.); (W.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (C.H.)
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Omondi D, Zweygarth E, Murungi E, Jongejan F, Nijhof AM. De novo assembly and annotation of the Amblyomma hebraeum tick midgut transcriptome response to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011554. [PMID: 37578991 PMCID: PMC10449191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The South African bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum is a hematophagous vector for the heartwater disease pathogen Ehrlichia ruminantium in southern Africa. During feeding, the tick's enterocytes express proteins that perform vital functions in blood digestion, including proteins that may be involved in E. ruminantium acquisition, colonization or immunity. To delineate the molecular mechanism of midgut response to E. ruminantium infection, we performed comparative analyses of midgut transcriptomes of E. ruminantium infected engorged A. hebraeum nymphs, and infected adult male and female ticks with their corresponding matched uninfected controls, before and during feeding. A total of 102,036 unigenes were annotated in public databases and their expression levels analyzed for engorged nymphs as well as unfed and partly-fed adult ticks. There were 2,025 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in midguts, of which 1,225 unigenes were up-regulated and 800 unigenes were down-regulated in the midguts of infected ticks. Annotation of DEGs revealed an increase in metabolic and cellular processes among E. ruminantium infected ticks. Notably, among the infected ticks, there was up-regulation in the expression of genes involved in tick immunity, histone proteins and oxidative stress responses. We also observed up-regulation of glycoproteins that E. ruminantium could potentially use as docking sites for host cell entry. Insights uncovered in this study offer a platform for further investigations into the molecular interaction between E. ruminantium and A. hebraeum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Omondi
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Health Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Amino Acid Substitutions at P1 Position Change the Inhibitory Activity and Specificity of Protease Inhibitors BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 from Bombyx mori. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052073. [PMID: 36903318 PMCID: PMC10004685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It was found that silkworm serine protease inhibitors BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 were very different from typical TIL-type protease inhibitors in sequence, structure, and activity. BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 with unique structure and activity may be good models for studying the relationship between the structure and function of small-molecule TIL-type protease inhibitors. In this study, site-directed saturation mutagenesis at the P1 position was conducted to investigate the effect of P1 sites on the inhibitory activity and specificity of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39. In-gel activity staining and protease inhibition experiments confirmed that BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 could strongly inhibit elastase activity. Almost all mutant proteins of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 retained the inhibitory activities against subtilisin and elastase, but the replacement of P1 residues greatly affected their intrinsic inhibitory activities. Overall, the substitution of Gly54 in BmSPI38 and Ala56 in BmSPI39 with Gln, Ser, or Thr was able to significantly enhance their inhibitory activities against subtilisin and elastase. However, replacing P1 residues in BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 with Ile, Trp, Pro, or Val could seriously weaken their inhibitory activity against subtilisin and elastase. The replacement of P1 residues with Arg or Lys not only reduced the intrinsic activities of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39, but also resulted in the acquisition of stronger trypsin inhibitory activities and weaker chymotrypsin inhibitory activities. The activity staining results showed that BmSPI38(G54K), BmSPI39(A56R), and BmSPI39(A56K) had extremely high acid-base and thermal stability. In conclusion, this study not only confirmed that BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 had strong elastase inhibitory activity, but also confirmed that P1 residue replacement could change their activity and inhibitory specificity. This not only provides a new perspective and idea for the exploitation and utilization of BmSPI38 and BmSPI39 in biomedicine and pest control, but also provides a basis or reference for the activity and specificity modification of TIL-type protease inhibitors.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhu R, Yang X, Wei M, Zhang Z, Chen C, Zhao P. Tandem Multimerization Can Enhance the Structural Homogeneity and Antifungal Activity of the Silkworm Protease Inhibitor BmSPI39. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050693. [PMID: 36899829 PMCID: PMC10000547 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that BmSPI39, a serine protease inhibitor of silkworm, can inhibit virulence-related proteases and the conidial germination of insect pathogenic fungi, thereby enhancing the antifungal capacity of Bombyx mori. The recombinant BmSPI39 expressed in Escherichia coli has poor structural homogeneity and is prone to spontaneous multimerization, which greatly limits its development and application. To date, the effect of multimerization on the inhibitory activity and antifungal ability of BmSPI39 remains unknown. It is urgent to explore whether a BmSPI39 tandem multimer with better structural homogeneity, higher activity and a stronger antifungal ability can be obtained by protein engineering. In this study, the expression vectors of BmSPI39 homotype tandem multimers were constructed using the isocaudomer method, and the recombinant proteins of tandem multimers were obtained by prokaryotic expression. The effects of BmSPI39 multimerization on its inhibitory activity and antifungal ability were investigated by protease inhibition and fungal growth inhibition experiments. In-gel activity staining and protease inhibition assays showed that tandem multimerization could not only greatly improve the structural homogeneity of the BmSPI39 protein, but also significantly increase its inhibitory activity against subtilisin and proteinase K. The results of conidial germination assays showed that tandem multimerization could effectively enhance the inhibitory ability of BmSPI39 on the conidial germination of Beauveria bassiana. A fungal growth inhibition assay showed that BmSPI39 tandem multimers had certain inhibitory effects on both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. The inhibitory ability of BmSPI39 against these the above two fungi could be enhanced by tandem multimerization. In conclusion, this study successfully achieved the soluble expression of tandem multimers of the silkworm protease inhibitor BmSPI39 in E. coli and confirmed that tandem multimerization can improve the structural homogeneity and antifungal ability of BmSPI39. This study will not only help to deepen our understanding of the action mechanism of BmSPI39, but also provide an important theoretical basis and new strategy for cultivating antifungal transgenic silkworms. It will also promote its exogenous production and development and application in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshan Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
- Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment (Incubation), Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng Wei
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Changqing Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Li X, Zhang B, Zou J, Li Q, Liu J, Cai S, Akutse KS, You M, Lin S. Immune Responses and Transcriptomic Analysis of Nilaparvata lugens against Metarhizium anisopliae YTTR Mediated by Rice Ragged Stunt Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:345. [PMID: 36679058 PMCID: PMC9865581 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can both elicit immune responses in insects. This study was designed to clarify whether plant viruses could affect the efficacy of EPF and explore the immune responses of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, in response to different pathogen infections. In this study, a strain of Metarhizium anisopliae YTTR with high pathogenicity against BPH was selected and explored whether rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) could affect its lethality against BPH. RNA-seq was used to detect the inner responses of BPH in response to RRSV and M. anisopliae YTTR infection. Results showed that M. anisopliae YTTR has strong lethality against BPH (RRSV-carrying and RRSV-free). RRSV invasion did not affect the susceptibility of BPH against M. anisopliae YTTR at all concentrations. At 1 × 108 spores/mL, M. anisopliae YTTR caused a cumulative mortality of 80% to BPH at 7 days post-treatment. The largest numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was obtained in BPH treated with the two pathogens than in other single pathogen treatment. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mostly enriched in immune and physiological mechanisms-related pathways. Both RRSV and M. anisopliae YTTR could induce the expression changes of immune-related genes. However, most of the immune genes had varying expression patterns in different treatment. Our findings demonstrated that RRSV invasion did not have any significant effect on the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae YTTR, while the co-infection of M. anisopliae YTTR and RRSV induced more immune and physiological mechanisms -related genes' responses. In addition, the presence of RRSV could render the interplay between BPH and M. anisopliae YTTR more intricate. These findings laid a basis for further elucidating the immune response mechanisms of RRSV-mediated BPH to M. anisopliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiaxing Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shouping Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation and Forest Products Processing and Utilization, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Komivi Senyo Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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10
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Ma W, Li Y, Yang Y, Han Q, Zhang W. Cloning and functional analysis of a pacifastin-like protein from the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:736-745. [PMID: 36309323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pacifastin family proteins play a crucial role in regulating innate immune responses such as phagocytosis in invertebrates. However, the function of the Ajpacifastin-like counterpart in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus remains elusive. In this study, the pacifastin gene of A. japonicus was cloned, characterized and named Ajpacifastin-like. The open reading frame of Ajpacifastin-like is 1497 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide containing 498 amino acid residues. Structural analysis revealed that the protein encoded by Ajpacifastin-like contains two pacifastin light chain domains (amino acids 287-322 and amino acids 376-407). Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR showed that Ajpacifastin-like mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression in muscle. Ajpacifastin-like mRNA expression was significantly upregulated to 3.27-fold after challenge with Vibrio splendidus for 24 h. To explore the function of the Ajpacifastin-like protein in the immune response of A. japonicus, dsRNA interference with Ajpacifastin-like expression and with the expression of its postulated target gene was performed. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the rate of phagocytosis by coelomocytes increased to 1.21-fold in individuals treated with specific Ajpacifastin-like siRNA. However, rate of phagocytosis by coelomocytes decreased to 86% in individuals treated with Ajphenoloxidase siRNA. These results show that the Ajpacifastin-like gene is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues and that Ajpacifastin-like protein acts as an immunomodulatory factor via phenoloxidase to mediate phagocytosis by coelomocytes in pathogen-challenged A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Ma
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Yiran Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Qingxi Han
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
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11
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Shen C, Zhang M, Liang H, He J, Zhang B, Liang B. Gene cloning and functional study of PmKSPI from Pinctada fucata martensii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1157-1165. [PMID: 36400373 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors (KSPI) are a family of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) and are extensively found in animals, plants, and microbes. SPI can inhibit proteases that may be harmful or unwanted to its cells. Here, a four-domain Kunitz-type SPI, PmKSPI, was cloned by RACE in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. The full-length cDNA sequence of PmKSPI was 1318 bp, including the 5' UTR (25 bp), the 3' UTR (96 bp) and ORF (1197 bp). Homology analysis indicated that PmKSPI had the highest resemblance (30.14%) with its homolog in Crassostrea gigas. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PmKSPI clustered with homologs in other molluscs. We found that PmKSPI mRNA expression in P. f. martensii was distributed in all six tissues, with the highest level in the mantle, and almost no expression in other tissues. After PAMPs challenge, expression of PmKSPI mRNA in the mantle was significantly up-regulated. The recombinant protein rPmKSPI significantly inhibited the growth of 5 kinds of Gram-negative bacteria but had little effect on Gram-positive bacterial activity. Transmission electron microscopy showed that plasmolysis occurred in two Gram-negative bacteria species when treated with rPmKSPI. rPmKSPI may thus have a bactericidal effect by destroying the bacterial cell membrane or cell walls and releasing its contents. Therefore, our results suggest that PmKSPI is tightly associated with the immunological defence of P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Shen
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Meizhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
| | - Junjun He
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Bidan Liang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
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Li GY, Yang L, Xiao KR, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Characterization and expression profiling of serine protease inhibitors in the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21948. [PMID: 35749627 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) act in diverse biological processes in insects such as immunity, development, and digestion by preventing the unwanted proteolysis. So far, the repertoire of genes encoding SPIs has been identified from few insect species. In this study, 62 SPI genes were identified from the genome of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. According to their modes of action, they were classified into three families, serpin (26), canonical SPI (31), and α-macroglobulins (A2M) (5). These SPIs feature eight domains including serpin, Kazal, TIL, Kunitz, WAP, Antistasin, pacifastin, and A2M. In total, 39 SPIs contain a single SPI domain, while the others encode at least two inhibitor units. Based on the amino acids in the cleaved reactive sites, the abilities of these SPIs to inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, or elastase-like enzymes are predicted. The expression profiling based on the RNA-seq data showed that these genes displayed stage-specific expression patterns during development, suggesting to us their significance in development. Some of the SPI genes were exclusively expressed in particular tissues such as hemocyte, fat body, gut, ovary, and testis, which may be involved in biological processes specific to the indicated tissues. These findings provide necessary information for further investigation of insect SPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai-Ran Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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13
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Kim BY, Kim YH, Park MJ, Yoon HJ, Lee KY, Kim HK, Lee KS, Jin BR. Dual function of a bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) serine protease inhibitor that acts as a microbicidal peptide and anti-fibrinolytic venom toxin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104478. [PMID: 35716829 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In bee venoms, low-molecular-weight peptides, including serine protease inhibitors (SPIs), exhibit multifunctional activities. Although SPIs in bee venoms are relatively well known, those that function in both the body and secreted venom of bees are not well-characterized. In this study, we identified a bumblebee (Bombus ignitus) SPI (BiSPI) that displays microbicidal and anti-fibrinolytic activities. BiSPI was found to consist of a trypsin inhibitor-like domain containing a P1 site and ten cysteine residues. We observed that the BiSPI gene was ubiquitously transcribed in the body, including the venom glands. In correlation, the BiSPI protein was detected both in the body and secreted venom by using an antibody against a recombinant BiSPI peptide produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Recombinant BiSPI exhibited inhibitory activity against trypsin but not chymotrypsin and inhibited microbial serine proteases and plasmin but not elastase or thrombin. Moreover, recombinant BiSPI recognized carbohydrates and bound to fungi and gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Consistent with these properties, recombinant BiSPI exhibited microbicidal activities against bacteria and fungi through induction of structural damage by binding to the microbial surfaces. Additionally, recombinant BiSPI inhibited the plasmin-mediated degradation of human fibrin and was thus concluded to exhibit anti-fibrinolytic activity. Moreover, the peptide showed no effect on hemolysis. These findings demonstrate the dual function of BiSPI, which acts as a microbicidal peptide and anti-fibrinolytic venom toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yeon Kim
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hui Kim
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Park
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Yong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Industrial Entomology, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Molecular Characterization of Kunitz-Type Protease Inhibitors from Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070988. [PMID: 35883544 PMCID: PMC9312475 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are widely studied since the unrestricted activity of proteases can cause extensive organ lesions. In particular, elastase activity is involved in the pathophysiology of acute lung injury, for example during SARS-CoV-2 infection, while serine proteases and thrombin-like proteases are involved in the development and/or pathology of the nervous system. Natural protease inhibitors have the advantage to be reversible and with few side effects and thus are increasingly considered as new drugs. Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (KTPIs), reported in the venom of various organisms, such as wasps, spiders, scorpions, and snakes, have been studied for their potent anticoagulant activity and widespread protease inhibitor activity. Putative KTPI anticoagulants have been identified in transcriptomic resources obtained for two blister beetle species, Lydus trimaculatus and Mylabris variabilis. The KTPIs of L. trimaculatus and M. variabilis were characterized by combined transcriptomic and bioinformatics methodologies. The full-length mRNA sequences were divided on the base of the sequence of the active sites of the putative proteins. In silico protein structure analyses of each group of translational products show the biochemical features of the active sites and the potential protease targets. Validation of these genes is the first step for considering these molecules as new drugs for use in medicine.
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15
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Cationic protein 8 plays multiple roles in Galleria mellonella immunity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11737. [PMID: 35817811 PMCID: PMC9273619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella cationic protein 8 (GmCP8) is a hemolymph protein previously identified as an opsonin and an inhibitor of fungal proteases. In this work, we showed its bactericidal activity toward Pseudomonas entomophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and against yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. The activity against E. coli was correlated with bacterial membrane permeabilization. In turn, in the case of P. entomophila, B. thuringiensis, and C. albicans, the atomic force microscopy analysis of the microbial surface showed changes in the topography of cells and changes in their nanomechanical properties. GmCP8 also showed the inhibitory activity toward the serine protease trypsin and the metalloproteinase thermolysin. The expression of the gene encoding the GmCP8 protein did not increase either in the gut or in the fat body of G. mellonella after oral infection with P. entomophila. Similarly, the amount of GmCP8 in the hemolymph of G. mellonella did not change in immune-challenged insects. However, when GmCP8 was injected into the G. mellonella hemocel, a change in the survival curve was observed in the infected larvae. Our results shed new light on the function of GmCP8 protein in insect immunity, indicating its role in humoral defence mechanisms.
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16
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A Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor mediates innate immunity in wild silkworm Actias selene Hübner. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang S, Feng T, Ji J, Wang L, An C. Serine protease SP7 cleaves prophenoloxidase and is regulated by two serpins in Ostrinia furnacalis melanization. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 141:103699. [PMID: 34920078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanization is an innate immune response in insects to defend against the invading pathogens and parasites. During melanization, prophenoloxidase (PPO) requires proteolytic activation by its upstream prophenoloxidase-activating protease (PAP). We here cloned a full-length cDNA for a serine protease, named as SP7, from Ostrinia furnacalis. The open reading frame of SP7 encodes 421-amino acid residue protein with a 19-residue signal peptide. qRT-PCR analysis showed that SP7 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated upon exposure to microbial infection. Recombinant SP7 zymogen was activated by serine protease SP2. The active SP7 could cleave O. furnacalis PPOs including PPO2, PPO1b and PPO3. Additionally, active SP7 could form covalent complexes with serine protease inhibitor serpin-3 and serpin-4. The activity of SP7 in cleaving a colorimetric substrate IEARpNA or O. furnacalis PPOs was efficiently blocked by either serpin-3 or serpin-4. Our work thus revealed that SP7 and SP2 partially constituted a PPO activation cascade in which SP7 was activated by SP2 and then likely worked as a PAP. SP7 was effectively regulated by serpin-3 and serpin-4. The results would allow further advances in the understanding of melanization mechanisms in O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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18
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Wang T, Wang T, Zhang M, Shi X, Zhang M, Wang H, Yang X, Yu Z, Liu J. The Ovarian Development Genes of Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis Evaluated by Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:783404. [PMID: 34977217 PMCID: PMC8714755 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.783404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis has two reproductive groups: a bisexual group (HLBP) and a parthenogenetic group (HLPP). The comparative molecular regulation of ovarian development in these two groups is unexplored. We conducted transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics on the ovaries of HLBP and HLPP, in different feeding stages, to evaluate the molecular function of genes associated with ovarian development. The ovarian tissues of HLBP and HLPP were divided into three feeding stages (early-fed, partially-fed and engorged). A total of 87,233 genes and 2,833 proteins were annotated in the ovary of H. longicornis in the different feeding stages. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of functional pathway analysis indicated that Lysosome, MAPK Signaling Pathway, Phagosome, Regulation of Actin Cytoskeleton, Endocytosis, Apoptosis, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Sphingolipid Metabolism were most abundant in the ovary of H. longicornis in the different feeding stages. Comparing the DEGs between HLBP and HLPP revealed that the ABC Transporter, PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway and cAMP Signaling Pathway were the most enriched and suggested that the functions of signal transduction mechanisms may have changed during ovarian development. The functions of the annotated proteome of ovarian tissues were strongly correlated with the transcriptome annotation results, and these were further validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the HLBP, the expression of cathepsin L, secreted proteins and glycosidase proteins was significantly up-regulated during feeding stages. In the HLPP, the lysozyme, yolk proteins, heat shock protein, glutathione S transferase, myosin and ATP synthase proteins were up-regulated during feeding stages. The significant differences of the gene expression between HLBP and HLPP indicated that variations in the genetic background and molecular function might exist in the two groups. These results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism and exploring the functions of genes in the ovarian development of different reproductive groups of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tongxuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyue Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Lu J, Liu S, Ruan Z, Ye J, Wu Q, Wang S, Lin Z, Xue Q. Family I84 protease inhibitors likely constitute a Mollusca-specific protein family functioning in host defense. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 145:89-100. [PMID: 34137379 DOI: 10.3354/dao03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are proteins or small polypeptides functioning in numerous biological processes in all organisms. The I84 family of protease inhibitors in the MEROPS database represents a novel protease inhibitor family that has been reported in 2 bivalves, Crassostrea virginica and Sinonovacula constricta, and is believed to play a role in host defense. In the present study, 7 new members of Family I84 were identified in 2 bivalves, Meretrix meretrix and Mytilus galloprovincialis, and 1 gastropod, Haliotis discus hannai, at the mRNA level via cDNA cloning. The expression patterns of the newly identified genes varied in response to salinity stresses and pathogen-associated molecular pattern stimulations, suggesting their involvement in the host defense of related species. Additionally, analyses of sequence data in public databases did not reveal any Family I84 protease inhibitor molecules in non-molluscan animals. The results indicated that Family I84 protease inhibitors are likely mollusk specific, constituting a unique host defense mechanism in molluscan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
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20
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Sheng S, Wang J, Chu J, Ding J, Liu ZX, Jiang D, Liang X, Shao Z, Wang J, Wu FA. Analysis of the Glyphodes pyloalis larvae immune transcriptome in response to parasitization by its endoparasitoid, Aulacococentrum confusum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 38:100803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mai HN, Caro LFA, Cruz-Flores R, White BN, Dhar AK. Differentially Expressed Genes in Hepatopancreas of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Tolerant and Susceptible Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei). Front Immunol 2021; 12:634152. [PMID: 34054803 PMCID: PMC8155527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a lethal disease in marine shrimp that has caused large-scale mortalities in shrimp aquaculture in Asia and the Americas. The etiologic agent is a pathogenic Vibrio sp. carrying binary toxin genes, pirA and pirB in plasmid DNA. Developing AHPND tolerant shrimp lines is one of the prophylactic approaches to combat this disease. A selected genetic line of Penaeus vannamei was found to be tolerant to AHPND during screening for disease resistance. The mRNA expression of twelve immune and metabolic genes known to be involved in bacterial pathogenesis were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in two populations of shrimp, namely P1 that showed susceptibility to AHPND, and P2 that showed tolerance to AHPND. Among these genes, the mRNA expression of chymotrypsin A (ChyA) and serine protease (SP), genes that are involved in metabolism, and crustin-P (CRSTP) and prophenol oxidase activation system 2 (PPAE2), genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis in shrimp, showed differential expression between the two populations. The differential expression of these genes shed light on the mechanism of tolerance against AHPND and these genes can potentially serve as candidate markers for tolerance/susceptibility to AHPND in P. vannamei. This is the first report of a comparison of the mRNA expression profiles of AHPND tolerant and susceptible lines of P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Mai
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brenda Noble White
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Sheehan G, Margalit A, Sheehan D, Kavanagh K. Proteomic profiling of bacterial and fungal induced immune priming in Galleria mellonella larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104213. [PMID: 33662378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Some insects display immunological priming as a result of elevated humoral and cellular responses which give enhanced survival against subsequent infection. The humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae following pre-exposure to heat killed Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans cells was determined by quantitative mass spectrometry in order to assess the relationship between the humoral immune response and resistance to subsequent bacterial or fungal infection. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed S. aureus showed increased resistance to subsequent bacterial and fungal infection. Larvae displayed an increased hemocyte density (14.08 ± 2.14 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.05) compared to the PBS injected control [10.41 ± 1.67 × 106 larva-1]) and increased abundance of antimicrobial proteins (cecropin-D-like peptide (+22.23 fold), hdd11 (+12.61 fold) and prophenol oxidase activating enzyme 3 (+5.96 fold) in response to heat killed S. aureus. Larvae pre-exposed to heat killed C. albicans cells were resistant to subsequent fungal infection but not bacterial infection and showed a reduced hemocyte density (6.01 ± 1.63 × 106 larva-1 (p < 0.01) and increased abundance of hdd11 (+32.73 fold) and moricin-like peptide C1 (+16.76 fold). While immune priming is well recognised in G. mellonella larvae the results presented here indicate distinct differences in the response of larvae following exposure to heat killed bacterial and fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anatte Margalit
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - David Sheehan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Molecular Identification and Immunity Functional Characterization of Lmserpin1 in Locusta migratoria manilensis. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020178. [PMID: 33670781 PMCID: PMC7922424 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect serpins play a vital role in the defense mechanism of insects, especially in the Toll pathway and PPO (prophenoloxidase) cascade. In this study, we provided an answer to the open question of whether serpin1 was involved in the humoral immune responses of Locusta migratoria manilensis. We identified a new Lmserpin1 gene from L. migratoria manilensis and investigated its expression profiles in all examined stages and tissues. Meanwhile, by interfering with Lmserpin1 gene, we examined the mortality of L. migratoria manilensis under Metarhizium anisopliae infection, as well as the activities of protective enzymes and detoxifying enzymes and the expression level of three immune-related genes (PPAE (prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme), PPO, and defensin). The results indicated that Lmserpin1 gene up-regulated the immune responses of L. migratoria manilensis and inhibited the infection of M. anisopliae. Our results are of great importance for better understanding of the mechanism characterization of Lmserpin1 in L. migratoria manilensis. Abstract Serine protease inhibitors (Serpins) are a broadly distributed superfamily of proteins that exist in organisms with the role of immune responses. Lmserpin1 gene was cloned firstly from Locusta migratoria manilensis and then was detected in all tested stages from eggs to adults and six different tissues through qRT-PCR analysis. The expression was significantly higher in the 3rd instars and within integument. After RNAi treatment, the expression of Lmserpin1 was significantly down-regulated at four different time points. Moreover, it dropped significantly in the fat body and hemolymph at 24 h after treatment. The bioassay results indicated that the mortality of L. migratoria manilensis treated with dsSerpin1 + Metarhizium was significantly higher than the other three treatments. Furthermore, the immune-related genes (PPAE, PPO, and defensin) treated by dsSerpin1 + Metarhizium were significantly down-regulated compared with the Metarhizium treatment, but the activities of phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and multifunctional oxidase (MFO) were fluctuating. Our results suggest that Lmserpin1 plays a crucial role in the innate immunity of L. migratoria manilensis. Lmserpin1 probably took part in regulation of melanization and promoted the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
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Integrative multiomics analysis of Premolis semirufa caterpillar venom in the search for molecules leading to a joint disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1995. [PMID: 33479267 PMCID: PMC7820220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint disease called pararamosis is an occupational disease caused by accidental contact with bristles of the caterpillar Premolis semirufa. The chronic inflammatory process narrows the joint space and causes alterations in bone structure and cartilage degeneration, leading to joint stiffness. Aiming to determine the bristle components that could be responsible for this peculiar envenomation, in this work we have examined the toxin composition of the caterpillar bristles extract and compared it with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in synovial biopsies of patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Among the proteins identified, 129 presented an average of 63% homology with human proteins and shared important conserved domains. Among the human homologous proteins, we identified seven DEGs upregulated in synovial biopsies from RA or OA patients using meta-analysis. This approach allowed us to suggest possible toxins from the pararama bristles that could be responsible for starting the joint disease observed in pararamosis. Moreover, the study of pararamosis, in turn, may lead to the discovery of specific pharmacological targets related to the early stages of articular diseases.
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Wang Y, Wang B, Liu M, Jiang K, Wang M, Wang L. Characterization and function analysis of a Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor in the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103871. [PMID: 32946920 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors (KPIs) function in physiological and immunological processes requiring proteinase action. In the present study, the first Cherax quadricarinatus KPI gene (designated CqKPI) was identified and characterized. The open reading frame of CqKPI contains 405 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 134 amino acids. CqKPI has two Kazal domains comprising 44 amino acid residues with the conserved amino acid sequence C-X3-C-X7-C-X6-Y-X3-C-X6-C-X12-C. Each Kazal domain has six conserved cysteine residues, which can form a structural conformation of three pairs of disulfide bonds stabilizing the Kazal domain. CqKPI exhibited high similarity with previously identified KPIs from crayfish hemocytes. The results of tissue distribution showed that CqKPI had the highest expression level in hemocytes, and this was in agreement with phylogenic relationships. Recombinant CqKPI (rCqKPI) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for further study. The proteinase inhibition assays suggested that rCqKPI could potently inhibit elastase and weakly inhibit trypsin, subtilisin A, and proteinase K, but not α-chymotrypsin. It can firmly bind to Bacillus hwajinpoensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with weak binding to Candida albicans. In addition, CqKPI inhibited bacterial secretory proteinase activity and inhibited the growth of B. hwajinpoensis and C. albicans. These data suggest that CqKPI might be involved in anti-bacterial immunity, acting as an inhibitor of the proteinase cascade in the resistance to invasion of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Keyong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; The Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, SANYA Oceanographic Institution of the Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China; Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266400, China.
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26
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Guo H, Chen T, Liang Z, Fan L, Shen Y, Zhou D. iTRAQ and PRM-based comparative proteomic profiling in gills of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under copper stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128270. [PMID: 33297214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans are particularly sensitive to heavy metal pollution. Copper (Cu) is one of typical heavy metal pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. However, limited attention has been paid on the proteomic responses of shrimp under Cu stress. White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei held in 5‰ seawater were exposed to 5 mg L-1 Cu for 3 h, and the regulatory mechanism in the gills was elucidated using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. The results showed that a total of 5034 proteins were identified, 385 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 147 differentially up-regulated proteins (DUPs) and 238 differentially down-regulated proteins (DDPs) were found. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the DEPs responding to Cu stress mainly involved in cytoskeleton, immune response, stress response, protein synthesis, detoxification, ion homeostasis and apoptosis. Furthermore, we still performed PRM analysis on sarcoplasmic calcium binding protein (SCP), serine proteinase inhibitor B3 (SPIB3), C-type lectin 4 (CTL4), cathepsin L (CATHL), JHE-like carboxylesterase 1 (CXE1) and paramyosin (PMY), and biochemical analysis on Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) to validate the iTRAQ results, respectively. The present proteome analysis revealed that Cu stress disrupted the ion homeostasis and protein synthesis, and L.vannamei mainly regulates a series of molecular pathways which contained many key proteins involved in the immune process to protect the organism from Cu stress. Our data provides more insight about the underlying mechanisms that related to the stress response of Cu exposure in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianci Chen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuchun Shen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Dayan Zhou
- Aquatic Species Introduction and Breeding Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530031, China.
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Martins LA, Bensaoud C, Kotál J, Chmelař J, Kotsyfakis M. Tick salivary gland transcriptomics and proteomics. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12807. [PMID: 33135186 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
'Omics' technologies have facilitated the identification of hundreds to thousands of tick molecules that mediate tick feeding and play a role in the transmission of tick-borne diseases. Deep sequencing methodologies have played a key role in this knowledge accumulation, profoundly facilitating the study of the biology of disease vectors lacking reference genomes. For example, the nucleotide sequences of the entire set of tick salivary effectors, the so-called tick 'sialome', now contain at least one order of magnitude more transcript sequences compared to similar projects based on Sanger sequencing. Tick feeding is a complex and dynamic process, and while the dynamic 'sialome' is thought to mediate tick feeding success, exactly how transcriptome dynamics relate to tick-host-pathogen interactions is still largely unknown. The identification and, importantly, the functional analysis of the tick 'sialome' is expected to shed light on this 'black box'. This information will be crucial for developing strategies to block pathogen transmission, not only for anti-tick vaccine development but also the discovery and development of new, pharmacologically active compounds for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Almeida Martins
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Chmelař
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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28
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Yang L, Qiu LM, Fang Q, Ye GY. A venom protein, Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, of ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae inhibits the hemolymph melanization of host Drosophila melanogaster. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21736. [PMID: 32918775 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic wasps inject various virulence factors into the host insects while laying eggs, among which the venom proteins, one of the key players in host insect/parasitoid relationships, act in host cellular and humoral immune regulation to ensure successful development of wasp progeny. Although the investigations into actions of venom proteins are relatively ample in larval parasitoids, their regulatory mechanisms have not been thoroughly understood in pupal parasitoids. Here, we identified a venom protein, Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, in the pupal ectoparasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (PvKazal). Sequence analysis revealed that PvKazal is packed by a signal peptide and a highly conserved "Kazal" domain. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis recorded a higher transcript level of PvKazal in the venom apparatus relative to that in the carcass, and the PvKazal messenger RNA level appeared to reach a peak on day 5 posteclosion. Recombinant PvKazal strongly inhibited the hemolymph melanization of host Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, the heterologous expression of PvKazal in transgenic Drosophila reduced the crystal cell numbers and blocked the melanization of host pupal hemolymph. Our present work underlying the roles of PvKazal undoubtedly increases the understanding of venom-mediated host-parasitoid crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ming Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Tirloni L, Braz G, Nunes RD, Gandara ACP, Vieira LR, Assumpcao TC, Sabadin GA, da Silva RM, Guizzo MG, Machado JA, Costa EP, Santos D, Gomes HF, Moraes J, dos Santos Mota MB, Mesquita RD, de Souza Leite M, Alvarenga PH, Lara FA, Seixas A, da Fonseca RN, Fogaça AC, Logullo C, Tanaka AS, Daffre S, Oliveira PL, da Silva Vaz I, Ribeiro JMC. A physiologic overview of the organ-specific transcriptome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/nikkashi.1979.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTo further obtain insights into the Rhipicephalus microplus transcriptome, we used RNA-seq to carry out a study of expression in (i) embryos; (ii) ovaries from partially and fully engorged females; (iii) salivary glands from partially engorged females; (iv) fat body from partially and fully engorged females; and (v) digestive cells from partially, and (vi) fully engorged females. We obtained > 500 million Illumina reads which were assembled de novo, producing > 190,000 contigs, identifying 18,857 coding sequences (CDS). Reads from each library were mapped back into the assembled transcriptome giving a view of gene expression in different tissues. Transcriptomic expression and pathway analysis showed that several genes related in blood digestion and host-parasite interaction were overexpressed in digestive cells compared with other tissues. Furthermore, essential genes for the cell development and embryogenesis were overexpressed in ovaries. Taken altogether, these data offer novel insights into the physiology of production and role of saliva, blood digestion, energy metabolism, and development with submission of 10,932 novel tissue/cell specific CDS to the NCBI database for this important tick species.
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A physiologic overview of the organ-specific transcriptome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18296. [PMID: 33106528 PMCID: PMC7588415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75341-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To further obtain insights into the Rhipicephalus microplus transcriptome, we used RNA-seq to carry out a study of expression in (i) embryos; (ii) ovaries from partially and fully engorged females; (iii) salivary glands from partially engorged females; (iv) fat body from partially and fully engorged females; and (v) digestive cells from partially, and (vi) fully engorged females. We obtained > 500 million Illumina reads which were assembled de novo, producing > 190,000 contigs, identifying 18,857 coding sequences (CDS). Reads from each library were mapped back into the assembled transcriptome giving a view of gene expression in different tissues. Transcriptomic expression and pathway analysis showed that several genes related in blood digestion and host-parasite interaction were overexpressed in digestive cells compared with other tissues. Furthermore, essential genes for the cell development and embryogenesis were overexpressed in ovaries. Taken altogether, these data offer novel insights into the physiology of production and role of saliva, blood digestion, energy metabolism, and development with submission of 10,932 novel tissue/cell specific CDS to the NCBI database for this important tick species.
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31
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Xu Z, Liu A, Li S, Wang G, Ye H. Hepatopancreas immune response during molt cycle in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13102. [PMID: 32753724 PMCID: PMC7403367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molt is a critical developmental process in crustaceans. Recent studies have shown that the hepatopancreas is an important source of innate immune molecules, yet hepatopancreatic patterns of gene expression during the molt cycle which may underlie changes in immune mechanism are unknown. In this study, we performed Illumina sequencing for the hepatopancreas of the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain during molt cycle (pre-molt stage, post-molt stage, and inter-molt stage). A total of 44.55 Gb high-quality reads were obtained from the normalized cDNA of hepatopancreas. A total of 70,591 transcripts were assembled; 55,167 unigenes were identified. Transcriptomic comparison revealed 948 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreas from the three molt stages. We found that genes associated with immune response patterns changed in expression during the molt cycle. Antimicrobial peptide genes, inflammatory response genes, Toll signaling pathway factors, the phenoloxidase system, antioxidant enzymes, metal-binding proteins and other immune related genes are significantly up-regulated at the post-molt stage and inter-molt stage compared with the pre-molt stage, respectively. These genes are either not expressed or are expressed at low levels at the pre-molt stage. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic transcriptome analysis of genes capable of mobilizing a hepatopancreas immune response during the molt cycle in crustaceans, and this study will contribute to a better understanding of the hepatopancreas immune system and mud crab prophylactic immune mechanisms at the post-molt stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanning Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Guizhong Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Expression and function assessment of two serpin-type serine protease inhibitors from Haemaphysalis doenitzi. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:1-9. [PMID: 32464311 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in ticks are implicated in the modulation of the vertebrate host response to the tick bite. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that serpins interfere with tick-borne pathogen transmission. However, knowledge on serpins in the tick Haemaphysalis doenitzi is lacking. In this study, the expression of two serpin genes, named HDS1 and HDS2, were assessed in H. doenitzi, and their roles in immune regulation were further investigated. The expression of HDS1 and HDS2 showed no tissue specificity, with maximum expression levels detected in the hemolymph and salivary gland, respectively. Among the developmental stages, the highest expression of HDS1 and HDS2 were detected in larvae and adults, respectively. The recombinant protein rHDS1 displayed obvious inhibitory effects on trypsin and thrombin, whereas rHDS2 clearly inhibited thrombin only. In addition, rHDS1 and rHDS2 showed certain inhibitory activities against bacteria and fungi. The female engorgement body weight, female engorgement rate, and egg hatchability were significantly decreased after injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of HDS1 gene, whereas no significant effects were observed concerning the feeding period or attachment rate at 24 h after introduction via rabbit ears. When injected with dsRNA of HDS2 gene, no significant effect was observed on the attachment rate at 24 h after introduction into the rabbit ears, but the engorgement body weight and engorgement rate of female ticks were significantly decreased, and no egg hatchment occurred. The above results contribute to better understanding the function of serpins in the development and innate immunity of H. doenitzi.
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Apitanyasai K, Chang CC, Ng TH, Ng YS, Liou JH, Lo CF, Lin SS, Wang HC. Penaeus vannamei serine proteinase inhibitor 7 (LvSerpin7) acts as an immune brake by regulating the proPO system in AHPND-affected shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103600. [PMID: 31927270 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a recently emerged disease in aqua cultured shrimp that is caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP). Our previous study used transcriptomics to identify key pathogenic factors in the stomach of AHPND-infected shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and here we used a different subset of the same data to construct a gene-to-gene expression correlation network to identify immune-responsive genes. LvSerpin7 was found to have the highest number of correlations after infection, and it also showed a significant increase in mRNA expression. LvSerpin7 is expressed in all tissues but its expression levels are highest in hemocytes. After successfully silencing LvSerpin7 transcript prior to AHPND challenge, mortality was significantly increased relative to the controls and reached 100% within 36 h post infection. Compared to the controls, the phenoloxidase (PO) activity also increased in both hemolymph and stomach. Recombinant LvSerpin7 inhibited shrimp PO activity in vitro, and we also found that rLvSerpin7 inhibited the growth of AHPND-causing bacteria. These results suggest that LvSerpin7 might reduce the toxic effects that result from unregulated activation of the PO defense system by AHPND-causing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantamas Apitanyasai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chih Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Siong Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Hung Liou
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Martins LA, Kotál J, Bensaoud C, Chmelař J, Kotsyfakis M. Small protease inhibitors in tick saliva and salivary glands and their role in tick-host-pathogen interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Özbek R, Wielsch N, Vogel H, Lochnit G, Foerster F, Vilcinskas A, von Reumont BM. Proteo-Transcriptomic Characterization of the Venom from the Endoparasitoid Wasp Pimpla turionellae with Aspects on Its Biology and Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E721. [PMID: 31835557 PMCID: PMC6950128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Within mega-diverse Hymenoptera, non-aculeate parasitic wasps represent 75% of all hymenopteran species. Their ovipositor dual-functionally injects venom and employs eggs into (endoparasitoids) or onto (ectoparasitoids) diverse host species. Few endoparasitoid wasps such as Pimpla turionellae paralyze the host and suppress its immune responses, such as encapsulation and melanization, to guarantee their offspring's survival. Here, the venom and its possible biology and function of P. turionellae are characterized in comparison to the few existing proteo-transcriptomic analyses on parasitoid wasp venoms. Multiple transcriptome assembly and custom-tailored search and annotation strategies were applied to identify parasitoid venom proteins. To avoid false-positive hits, only transcripts were finally discussed that survived strict filter settings, including the presence in the proteome and higher expression in the venom gland. P. turionella features a venom that is mostly composed of known, typical parasitoid enzymes, cysteine-rich peptides, and other proteins and peptides. Several venom proteins were identified and named, such as pimplin2, 3, and 4. However, the specification of many novel candidates remains difficult, and annotations ambiguous. Interestingly, we do not find pimplin, a paralytic factor in Pimpla hypochondriaca, but instead a new cysteine inhibitor knot (ICK) family (pimplin2), which is highly similar to known, neurotoxic asilid1 sequences from robber flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Özbek
- Project group Bioressources, Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Frank Foerster
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Project group Bioressources, Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Björn Marcus von Reumont
- Project group Bioressources, Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff Ring 58, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
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Toufeeq S, Wang J, Zhang SZ, Li B, Hu P, Zhu LB, You LL, Xu JP. Bmserpin2 Is Involved in BmNPV Infection by Suppressing Melanization in Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110399. [PMID: 31717928 PMCID: PMC6921080 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanization, an important defense response, plays a vital role in arthropod immunity. It is mediated by serine proteases (SPs) that convert the inactive prophenoloxidase (PPO) to active phenoloxidase (PO) and is tightly regulated by serine protease inhibitors (serpins) which belong to a well distributed superfamily in invertebrates, participating in immune mechanisms and other important physiological processes. Here, we investigated the Bmserpin2 gene which was identified from a transcriptome database in response to Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that Bmserpin2 was expressed in all tissues, with maximum expression in fat body. Upon BmNPV infection, the expression of Bmserpin2 was up-regulated in P50 (susceptible strain) and BC9 (resistant strain) in haemocytes, fat body and the midgut. However, up-regulation was delayed in BC9 (48 or 72 h), in contrast to P50 (24 h), after BmNPV infection. Meanwhile, Bmserpin2 could delay or inhibit melanization in silkworm haemolymph. Significant increased PO activity can be observed in Bmserpin2-depleted haemolymph under NPV infection. Furthermore, the viral genomic DNA copy number was decreased in Bmserpin2-depleted haemolymph. We conclude that Bmserpin2 is an inducible gene which might be involved in the regulation of PPO activation and suppressed melanization, and have a potential role in the innate immune system of B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ling-Ling You
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (S.T.); (J.W.); (S.-Z.Z.); (B.L.); (P.H.); (L.-B.Z.); (L.-L.Y.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang F, Song Z, Chen J, Wu Q, Zhou X, Ni X, Dai J. The immunosuppressive functions of two novel tick serpins, HlSerpin-a and HlSerpin-b, from Haemaphysalis longicornis. Immunology 2019; 159:109-120. [PMID: 31606893 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serpins are evolutionarily conserved serine protease inhibitors that are widely distributed in animals, plants and microbes. In this study, we reported the cloning and functional characterizations of two novel serpin genes, HlSerpin-a and HlSerpin-b, from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis of China. Recombinant HlSerpin-a and HlSerpin-b displayed protease inhibitory activities against multiple mammalian proteases. Similar to other tick serpins, HlSerpin-a and HlSerpin-b suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The minimum active region (reaction centre loop) of HlSerpin-a, named SA-RCL, showed similar biological activities as HlSerpin-a in the protease inhibition and immune suppression assays. The immunosuppressive activities of full-length HlSerpin-a and SA-RCL are impaired in Cathepsin G or Cathepsin B knockout mouse macrophages, suggesting that the immunomodulation functions of SA and SA-RCL are dependent on their protease inhibitory activity. Finally, we showed that both full-length HlSerpins and SA-RCL can relieve the joint swelling and inflammatory response in collagen-induced mouse arthritis models. These results suggested that HlSerpin-a and HlSerpin-b are two functional arthropod serpins, and the minimal reactive peptide SA-RCL is a potential candidate for drug development against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Song
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihan Wu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ni
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Guo H, Deng M, Liang J, Lu W, Shen Y. Gill transcriptome alterations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii under copper exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:796-808. [PMID: 31200138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of common contaminants in estuaries and coastal zones, which may cause physiological dysfunction in aquatic organisms. However, molecular response triggered by Cu have remained largely unknown in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis to characterize molecular mechanisms of copper immunotoxicity in gills from M. rosenbergii. A large number of potential simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci in the transcriptome were identified. 19,417 and 8989 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained at 3 h and 48 h after exposure, respectively. Most of these DEGs were down-regulated implying that gene expressions were largely inhibited by Cu, which might lead to impairments of biological functions. Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed that immune, detoxification and apoptosis were the differentially regulated processes by Cu stress. 12 DGEs involved in immune response and heavy metal detoxification were discovered and validated by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that the M. rosenbergii might counteract the toxicity of Cu at the transcriptomic level by increasing expressions of immune- and heavy metal detoxification-related genes, and these selected genes could be used as molecular indicators for Cu stress. Our study firstly reported the stress response at transcriptional level in M. rosenbergii during Cu exposure. The genes and pathways identified here not only give us new insight into molecular mechanisms underlying Cu toxicity effects in prawn, but facilitate biomarker identification and stress-resistant breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Mingyue Deng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Jinrong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Yuchun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China.
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Wang G, Na S, Qin L. Uncovering the cellular and humoral immune responses of Antheraea pernyi hemolymph to Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus infection by transcriptome analysis. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gu QJ, Zhou SM, Zhou YN, Huang JH, Shi M, Chen XX. A trypsin inhibitor-like protein secreted by Cotesia vestalis teratocytes inhibits hemolymph prophenoloxidase activation of Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:41-48. [PMID: 31026441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To establish successful infections, endoparasitoid wasps must develop strategies to evade immune responses of the host. Here, we identified and characterized a teratocytes-expressed gene encoding a trypsin inhibitor-like protein containing a cysteine-rich domain from Cotesia vestalis, CvT-TIL. CvT-TIL had a high expression level during the later developmental stage of teratocytes and was secreted into host hemolymph. Further experiments showed CvT-TIL strongly suppressed the prophenoloxidase activation of host hemolymph in a dose-dependent manner by interacting with PxPAP3 of PO cascade. Our results not only provide evidence for an inhibition between CvT-TIL gene and the host's melanization activity, but also expand our knowledge about the mechanisms by which parasitoids regulate humoral immunity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Juan Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Pongprayoon P, Niramitranon J, Kaewhom P, Kaewmongkol S, Suwan E, Stich RW, Jittapalapong S. Dynamic and structural insights into tick serpin from Ixodes ricinus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2296-2303. [PMID: 31215334 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1630003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks have a crucial impact on people and domestic animals worldwide. These parasites also pose a serious threat to livestock. To date, vaccination of hosts against ticks is a safer, more sustainable alternative to chemical control of ticks and the disease agents they transmit. Because of their roles in tick physiology, serpins (serine protease inhibitors) from tick saliva are among the candidates for anti-tick vaccines. Inhibitory serpins employ a suicide inhibition mechanism to inhibit proteases, where the serpin reactive centre loop (RCL) is cleaved, by the targeted protease, and then inserted into the main β-sheet of the serpin. This causes a massive conformational change called the 'stressed to relaxed' (S→R) transition, leading to the breakdown of serpin into two regions (core domain and cleaved polypeptide). Recently, the first tick serpin crystal structure from Ixodes ricinus in R-state was reported. We thus employed molecular dynamics simulations to better understand serpin structure and dynamics in atomic detail. Overall, R-state serpin showed high rigidity, especially the core domain. The most flexible region is the terminal of the cleaved polypeptide, due to its high-water exposure, while the rest of the cleaved polypeptide is stably trapped behind the core domain. T363, D367 and N375 are found to play a vital role in protein-protein attachment. This finding can be used to explain the high stability of the R-state serpin at the atomic level and provides insight into this tick serpin which will be useful for rational anti-tick vaccine development. AbbreviationsMDMolecular DynamicsRCLReactive centre loopCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapasiri Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitti Niramitranon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phaitoon Kaewhom
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Burapha University, Sakaeo Campus, Sakaeo, Thailand
| | | | - Eukote Suwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roger W Stich
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sathaporn Jittapalapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sang M, Xu C, Wei Z, Wu X, Guo Y, Li J, Wang Z, Zhang J. Cloning and high-level SUMO-mediated fusion expression of a serine protease inhibitor from Hyphantria cunea Drury that exhibits activity against papain. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 158:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ning J, Liu Y, Gao F, Song C, Cui Z. Two alpha-2 macroglobulin from Portunus trituberculatus involved in the prophenoloxidase system, phagocytosis and regulation of antimicrobial peptides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:574-585. [PMID: 30995541 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2M) is a ubiquitous protease inhibitor involved in the innate host defense system. Herein, two distinct A2M genes (designated as PtA2M-1 and PtA2M-2, respectively) were isolated from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. PtA2M-1 and PtA2M-2 encoded proteins with 1541 or 1516 amino acids, respectively, containing the typically functional domains of A2M. Unlike highly expressed in hemocytes of most arthropods, PtA2M-1 and PtA2M-2 were predominantly detected in gill, eyestalk and digestive tracks. During the embryonic stages, PtA2Ms were found to be expressed most highly in fertilized eggs, suggesting their maternal origin. After challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus, the transcripts of PtA2Ms showed similar time-dependent response expression pattern, while PtA2M-1 was more sensitive to Micrococcus luteus and Pichia pastoris infection than PtA2M-2. Knockdown of PtA2M-1 or PtA2M-2 could significantly enhance the expression of prophenoloxidase (proPO) associated genes (PtproPO and PtPPAF) and serine protease related genes (PtcSP1-3 and PtSPH), however, PtLSZ and the phagocytosis-related genes (PtMyosin and PtRab5) were effectively inhibited. These results were further supported by the PO and lysozyme activities in hemolymph of the PtA2M-1- or PtA2M-2-silenced crabs. In addition, PtA2M-1 and PtA2M-2 could regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (PtALF1-3, PtCrustin1 and PtCrustin3) through the Toll and NF-κB pathways. Our findings together suggest that PtA2Ms might function in crab host defense via regulating the proPO system, phagocytosis and the expression of AMP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fengtao Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chengwen Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Dong WT, Ling XD, Xiao LF, Hu JJ, Zhao XX, Liu JX, Zhang Y. Effects of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus on serpin and antibacterial peptide expression in B. mori. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:137-145. [PMID: 30858008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a typical and economically important lepidopteran species, and research has resulted in the development and accumulation of breeding lines. Studies of immune-related silkworm genes not only promote our understanding of silkworm immune response mechanisms, but they also inform insect immune molecular diversity research. Here, silkworm proteins were screened using proteomics after Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) infection, and 2368 silkworm proteins were identified, including six antimicrobial peptides and 12 serpins. The mRNA expression levels of these 18 proteins were examined at different times. The results indicated that attacin had the highest expression level, while serpin-5 and cecropin-D exhibited a negative regulatory correlation. These results provide a significant step toward a deeper understanding of B. mori immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Long-Fei Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xing-Xu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R & D,Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Wang HZ, Zhong X, Gu L, Li SS, Zhang GR, Liu X. Analysis of the Gynaephora qinghaiensis pupae immune transcriptome in response to parasitization by Thektogaster sp. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21553. [PMID: 30656736 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a pest on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Gynaephora qinghaiensis causes severe damage to grassland vegetation and its pupae are also natural hosts of Thektogaster sp. To successfully parasitize, endoparasitoids generally introduce or secrete multiple parasitic factors into the host body during the spawning stage to suppress the host immune response. To study the parasitic effects of Thektogaster sp. on G. qinghaiensis, a transcriptome analysis of immune-related genes in parasitized and nonparasitized G. qinghaiensis pupae was performed. A total of 371,260,704 clean reads were assembled into 118,144 unigenes with an average length of 884.33 base pairs. Of these, 23,660 unigenes were annotated in at least one database and 94,484 unigenes were not annotated in any databases. These findings indicated that the majority of the genetic resources (79.97% of all unigenes) in Gynaephora should be further explored. Parasitization significantly affected the transcriptional profile of G. qinghaiensis pupae. The present study identified 12,322 differentially expressed genes and 57 immune-related genes were identified in parasitized G. qinghaiensis pupae. Most immune-related genes were downregulated, potentially resulting from the inhibitory effect of Thektogaster sp. on G. qinghaiensis pupae after parasitization. Overall, the transcriptome analysis sheds valuable light on the molecular mechanisms of G. qinghaiensis parasitization by Thektogaster sp. and promotes the development of novel biocontrol strategies for Gynaephora based on immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhen Wang
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of the State Education Ministry, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of the State Education Ministry, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of the State Education Ministry, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Song Li
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of the State Education Ministry, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gu-Ren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of the State Education Ministry, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Baruah GS, Sarma HK, Bardoloi S, Bora D. Purification and characterization of phenoloxidase from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): Effects of certain biological components and chemical agents on enzyme activity. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21531. [PMID: 30588648 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a dimeric phenoloxidase (PO) from the hemolymph of healthy and diseased (pebrine infected) larvae of Antheraea assamensis Helfer was extracted and purified. The protein was subjected to purification using Sephacryl S-100 and CM Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme comprised of two subunits of ~76.8 and 76 kDa that showed PO activity in 6 mM l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 8 mM catechol but not in hydroquinone. Optimum temperature for PO activity was 30°C in l-DOPA and 37°C in catechol. Optimum pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.0 in L-DOPA and 7.0-7.2 in catechol. Specific activity of the purified PO from healthy larvae was 53.9 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 50.77 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Specific activity of PO from diseased larvae was 30.0 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in L-DOPA and 28.55 µM/min per mg of protein per ml in catechol. Purification fold was 3.27-4.21 for healthy and 2.38-2.56 for diseased fractions. The enzyme showed the Michaelis constant (Km ) of 2.46-2.85 mM for healthy and diseased fractions in L-DOPA. In catechol Km of 9.23-17.71 mM was observed. Peptidoglycan was the best activator of purified PO from both healthy and diseased fractions. Interactions between controls and activators appeared statistically significant (F = 767.5; df = 3; P < 0.0001). Na+ , K+ , and Cu2+ increased, whereas Ca2+ , Zn2+ , Mg2+ , and Co2+ decreased PO activity. The overall interactions appeared highly significant (F = 217.0; df = 27; P < 0.0001). Kojic acid, dithiothreitol, thiourea, phenylthiourea, carbendazim, N-bromosuccinimide, N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and diethyldithiocarbamate inhibited PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sarma Baruah
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Sunayan Bardoloi
- Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahati, India
| | - Dipsikha Bora
- Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Wang L, Liu H, Fu H, Zhang L, Guo P, Xia Q, Zhao P. Silkworm serpin32 functions as a negative-regulator in prophenoloxidase activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:123-131. [PMID: 30339875 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular serine protease cascade is an essential component of insect humoral immunity. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) play an important regulatory role in the process of insect immunity by regulating the serine protease cascade pathway. We aimed to clarify the function of Bmserpin32 in this study. First, we performed homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of Bmserpin32. Bmserpin32 was found to share 64% amino acid sequence identity with Manduca sexta serpin7, an immunomodulatory protein. Bmserpin32 cDNA was cloned, and the recombinant Bmserpin32 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The activity assay showed that Bmserpin32 had significant inhibitory activity against trypsin. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis combined with activity assays indicated that the cleavage site of Bmserpin32 is between Arg359 and Ile360. After infection with E. coli or Micrococcus luteus, the expression level of Bmserpin32 in immune-related tissues was significantly upregulated. In addition, Bmserpin32 could delay or inhibit the melanization of hemolymph by inhibiting the activation of prophenoloxidase in larval hemolymph. Furthermore, a physiological target of Bmserpin32 was identified as the clip protease, BmPAP3, an apparent ortholog of M. sexta propenoloxidase-activating protease-3. Our observations enable a better understanding of the physiological role of Bmserpin32 in regulating melanization in silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanyi Fu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Lin Z, Wang RJ, Cheng Y, Du J, Volovych O, Han LB, Li JC, Hu Y, Lu ZY, Lu Z, Zou Z. Insights into the venom protein components of Microplitis mediator, an endoparasitoid wasp. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 105:33-42. [PMID: 30602123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps deliver a variety of maternal factors, such as venom proteins, viruses, and virus-like particles, from their venom and calyx fluid into hosts and thereby regulate the hosts' immune response, metabolism and development. The endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator, is used as an important biological agent for controlling the devastating pest Helicoverpa armigera. In this study, using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis approach, we identified 75 putative venom proteins in M. mediator. The identified venom components were consistent with other known parasitoid wasps' venom proteins, including metalloproteases, serine protease inhibitors, and glycoside hydrolase family 18 enzymes. The metalloprotease and serpin family showed extensive gene duplications in venom apparatus. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based quantitative proteomics revealed 521 proteins that were differentially expressed at 6 h and 24 h post-parasitism, including 10 wasp venom proteins that were released into the host hemolymph. Further analysis indicated that 511 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) from the host are primarily involved in the immune response, material metabolism, and extracellular matrix receptor interaction. Taken together, our results on parasitoid wasp venoms have the potential to enhance the application of endoparasitoid wasps for controlling insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olga Volovych
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yun Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Maralit BA, Jaree P, Boonchuen P, Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K. Differentially expressed genes in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND (VP AHPND) and VP AHPND toxin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:284-296. [PMID: 29966688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While toxin-harboring Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been previously established as the causative agent of early mortality syndrome (EMS) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp, information on the mechanistic processes that happen in the host during infection is still lacking. Here, we examined the expression responses of the shrimp hemocyte transcriptome to V. parahaemolyticus AHPND (VPAHPND) by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Using libraries (SRA accession number SRP137285) prepared from shrimp hemocytes under experimental conditions, a reference library was de novo assembled for gene expression analysis of VPAHPND-challenged samples at 0, 3/6, and 48 h post infection (hpi). Using the library from 0-hpi as the control, 359 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the 3/6-hpi library, while 429 were differentially expressed in the 48-hpi library. The expression patterns reported in the RNA-seq of 9 representative genes such as anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (LvALF), crustin p (CRU), serpin 3 (SER), C-type lectin 3 (CTL), clottable protein 2 (CLO), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38), protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1 (PKA) and DNAJ homolog subfamily C member 1-like (DNJ) were validated by qRT-PCR. The expression of these genes was also analyzed in shrimp that were injected with the partially purified VPAHPND toxin. A VPAHPND toxin-responsive gene, LvALF was identified, and its function was characterized by RNA interference. LvALF knockdown resulted in significantly rapid increase of shrimp mortality caused by toxin injection. Protein-protein interaction analysis by molecular docking suggested that LvALF possibly neutralizes VPAHPND toxin through its LPS-binding domain. The data generated in this study provide preliminary insights into the differences in the immune response of shrimp to the bacterial and toxic aspect of VPAHPND as a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict A Maralit
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; Omics Science and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; Omics Science and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
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50
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Namara LM, Griffin CT, Fitzpatrick D, Kavanagh K, Carolan JC. The effect of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate on the immune response and haemolymph proteome of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 101:1-13. [PMID: 30026094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The large pine weevil Hylobius abietis L. is a major forestry pest in 15 European countries, where it is a threat to 3.4 million hectares of forest. A cellular and proteomic analysis of the effect of culture filtrate of three entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species on the immune system of H. abietis was performed. Injection with Metarhizium brunneum or Beauvaria bassiana culture filtrate facilitated a significantly increased yeast cell proliferation in larvae. Larvae co-injected with either Beauvaria caledonica or B. bassiana culture filtrate and Candida albicans showed significantly increased mortality. Together these results suggest that EPF culture filtrate has the potential to modulate the insect immune system allowing a subsequent pathogen to proliferate. Injection with EPF culture filtrate was shown to alter the abundance of protease inhibitors, detoxifing enzymes, antimicrobial peptides and proteins involved in reception/detection and development in H. abietis larvae. Larvae injected with B. caledonica culture filtrate displayed significant alterations in abundance of proteins involved in cellulolytic and other metabolic processes in their haemolymph proteome. Screening EPF for their ability to modulate the insect immune response represents a means of assessing EPF for use as biocontrol agents, particularly if the goal is to use them in combination with other control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mc Namara
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; Teagasc, Oak Park, Crop Research Centre, Co. Carlow, Ireland.
| | | | - David Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - James C Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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