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Schüß C, Behr V, Beck-Sickinger AG. Illuminating the neuropeptide Y 4 receptor and its ligand pancreatic polypeptide from a structural, functional, and therapeutic perspective. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102416. [PMID: 38430725 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R), a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the hormone pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are members of the neuropeptide Y family consisting of four receptors (Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, Y5R) and three highly homologous peptide ligands (neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, PP). In this family, the Y4R is of particular interest as it is the only subtype with high affinity to PP over NPY. The Y4R, as a mediator of PP signaling, has a pivotal role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis, offering potential avenues for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity. PP as anorexigenic peptide is released postprandial from the pancreas in response to food intake, induces satiety signals and contributes to hamper excessive food intake. Moreover, this system was also described to be associated with different types of cancer: overexpression of Y4R have been found in human adenocarcinoma cells, while elevated levels of PP are related to the development of pancreatic endocrine tumors. The pharmacological relevance of the Y4R advanced the search for potent and selective ligands for this receptor subtype, which will be significantly progressed through the elucidation of the active state PP-Y4R cryo-EM structure. This review summarizes the development of novel PP-derived ligands, like Obinepitide as dual Y2R/Y4R agonist in clinical trials or UR-AK86c as small hexapeptide agonist with picomolar affinity, as well as the first allosteric modulators that selectively target the Y4R, e.g. VU0506013 as potent Y4R positive allosteric modulator or (S)-VU0637120 as allosteric antagonist. Here, we provide valuable insights into the complex physiological functions of the Y4R and PP and the pharmacological relevance of the system in appetite regulation to open up new avenues for the development of tool compounds for targeted therapies with potential applications in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schüß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany.
| | - Victoria Behr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany
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2
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Gleixner J, Gattor AO, Humphrys LJ, Brunner T, Keller M. [ 3H]UR-JG102-A Radiolabeled Cyclic Peptide with High Affinity and Excellent Selectivity for the Neuropeptide Y Y 4 Receptor. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13788-13808. [PMID: 37773891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The family of human neuropeptide Y receptors (YRs) comprises four subtypes (Y1R, Y2R, Y4R, and Y5R) that are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological processes. Until now, Y4R binding studies have been predominantly performed in hypotonic sodium-free buffers using 125I-labeled derivatives of the endogenous YR agonists pancreatic polypeptide or peptide YY. A few tritium-labeled Y4R ligands have been reported; however, when used in buffers containing sodium at a physiological concentration, their Y4R affinities are insufficient. Based on the cyclic hexapeptide UR-AK86C, we developed a new tritium-labeled Y4R radioligand ([3H]UR-JG102, [3H]20). In sodium-free buffer, [3H]20 exhibits a very low Y4R dissociation constant (Kd 0.012 nM). In sodium-containing buffer (137 mM Na+), the Y4R affinity is lower (Kd 0.11 nM) but still considerably higher compared to previously reported tritiated Y4R ligands. Therefore, [3H]20 represents a useful tool compound for the determination of Y4R binding affinities under physiological-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gleixner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albert O Gattor
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura J Humphrys
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Dukorn S, Littmann T, Keller M, Kuhn K, Cabrele C, Baumeister P, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. Fluorescence- and Radiolabeling of [Lys4,Nle17,30]hPP Yields Molecular Tools for the NPY Y4 Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1291-1304. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dukorn
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Kuhn
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Division
of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstraße 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paul Baumeister
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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5
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6
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Neuropeptide Y. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_45.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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7
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Umeda T, Kanatani A, Iwaasa H. Cloning and characterization of rabbit neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes. Peptides 2009; 30:1441-7. [PMID: 19481128 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are structurally related peptides that have numerous functions in both neural and endocrine signaling. These effects are mediated by the NPY receptor family and five members of this family have been cloned in mammals. To better characterize these receptor subtypes, we cloned and expressed the Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes from the rabbit. Comparison of these sequences with human orthologs revealed that the Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors have generally strong amino-acid sequence conservation, with 91-96% identity, while Y4 receptor showed relatively weak similarity with 82% identity, as with other species. Particularly in the transmembrane regions, Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes showed remarkable conservation, with 98-99% amino acid identity. Competitive binding studies by NPY-family peptides and analogs showed that Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors had similar pharmacological profiles between the respective rabbit and human receptor subtypes. Interestingly, all the tested peptides had a greater affinity for rabbit Y4 receptor than human Y4 receptor. These results suggest that rabbit and human Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptor subtypes are well conserved, whereas Y4 receptors are less well conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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8
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Ziemek R, Schneider E, Kraus A, Cabrele C, Beck-Sickinger AG, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. Determination of Affinity and Activity of Ligands at the Human Neuropeptide Y Y4Receptor by Flow Cytometry and Aequorin Luminescence. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 27:217-33. [PMID: 17885919 DOI: 10.1080/10799890701505206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-labeled neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been used in flow cytometric binding assays for the determination of affinity constants of NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor ligands. Because the binding of fluorescent NPY is insufficient for competition studies at the human Y4 receptor (hY4R), we replaced Glu-4 in hPP with Lys for the derivatization with cyanine-5. Because cy5-[K(4)]hPP has high affinity (Kd 5.6 nM) to the hY4R, it was used as a probe in a flow cytometric binding assay. Specific binding of cy5-[K(4)]hPP to hY4R was visualized by confocal microscopy. The hY(4)R, the chimeric G protein G(qi5) and mitochondrially targeted apoaequorin were stably coexpressed in CHO cells. Aequorin luminescence was quantified in a microplate reader and by a CCD camera. By application of these methods 3-cyclohexyl-N-[(3-1H-imidazol-4-ylpropylamino)(imino)methyl]propanamide (UR-AK49) was discovered as the first nonpeptidic Y4R antagonist (pKi 4.17), a lead to be optimized in terms of potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Ziemek
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Merten N, Lindner D, Rabe N, Römpler H, Mörl K, Schöneberg T, Beck-Sickinger AG. Receptor Subtype-specific Docking of Asp6.59 with C-terminal Arginine Residues in Y Receptor Ligands. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7543-51. [PMID: 17204471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608902200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Y receptors (YRs) are G protein-coupled receptors whose Y(1)R, Y(2)R, and Y(5)R subtypes preferentially bind neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY, whereas mammalian Y(4)Rs show a higher affinity for pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Comparison of YR orthologs and paralogs revealed Asp(6.59) to be fully conserved throughout all of the YRs reported so far. By replacing this conserved aspartic acid residue with alanine, asparagine, glutamate, and arginine, we now show that this residue plays a crucial role in binding and signal transduction of NPY/PP at all YRs. Sensitivity to distinct replacements is, however, receptor subtype-specific. Next, we performed a complementary mutagenesis approach to identify the contact site of the ligand. Surprisingly, this conserved residue interacts with two different ligand arginine residues by ionic interactions; although in Y(2)R and Y(5)R, Arg(33) is the binding partner of Asp(6.59), in Y(1)R and Y(4)R, Arg(35) of human PP and NPY interacts with Asp(6.59). Furthermore, Arg(25) of PP and NPY is involved in ligand binding only at Y(2)R and Y(5)R. This suggests significant differences in the docking of YR ligands between Y(1/4)R and Y(2/5)R and provides new insights into the molecular binding mode of peptide agonists at GPCRs. Furthermore, the proposed model of a subtype-specific binding mode is in agreement with the evolution of YRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Merten
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Merten N, Beck-Sickinger AG. Molecular ligand-receptor interaction of the NPY/PP peptide family. EXS 2006:35-62. [PMID: 16382996 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Merten
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Neuropeptide Y. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Holmberg SKS, Johnson AE, Bergqvist C, Källström L, Larhammar D. Localization of neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 mRNA in the guinea pig brain by in situ hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 117:61-7. [PMID: 14687702 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has prominent stimulatory effects on food intake in virtually all animals that have been studied. In mammals, the effect is primarily mediated by receptors Y1 and Y5, which seem to contribute to different aspects of feeding behavior in guinea pigs and rats/mice. Interestingly, differences in receptor distribution among mammalian species have been reported. To get a broader perspective on the role of Y5, we describe here studies of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), a species which due to its phylogenetic position in the mammalian radiation is an interesting complement to previous studies in rat and mouse. Guinea pig brain sections were hybridized with two 35S-labeled oligonucleotides complementary to Y5 mRNA. The highest expression levels of Y5 mRNA were observed in the hippocampus and several hypothalamic and brain stem nuclei implicated in the regulation of feeding, such as the paraventricular, arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. This contrasts with autoradiography studies that detected low Y5-like binding in these areas, a discrepancy observed also in rat and human. Y5 mRNA expression was also seen in the striatum, in great contrast to mouse and rat. Taken together, these data show that Y5 mRNA distribution displays some interesting species differences, but that its expression in feeding centers seems to be essentially conserved among mammals, adding further support for an important role in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K S Holmberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system consists in mammals of three peptides and 4-5 G-protein-coupled receptors called Y receptors that are involved in a variety of physiological functions such as appetite regulation, circadian rhythm and anxiety. Both the receptor family and the peptide family display unexpected evolutionary complexity and flexibility as shown by information from different classes of vertebrates. The vertebrate ancestor most likely had a single peptide gene and three Y receptor genes, the progenitors of the Y1, Y2 and Y5 subfamilies. The receptor genes were probably located in the same chromosomal segment. Additional gene copies arose through the chromosome quadruplication that took place before the emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) whereupon differential losses of the gene copies ensued. The inferred ancestral gnathostome gene repertoire most likely consisted of two peptide genes, NPY and PYY, and no less than seven Y receptor genes: four Y1-like (Y1, Y4/a, Y6, and Yb), two Y2-like (Y2 and Y7), and a single Y5 gene. Whereas additional peptide genes have arisen in various lineages, the most common trend among the Y receptor genes has been further losses. Mammals have lost Yb and Y7 (the latter still exists in frogs) and Y6 is a pseudogene in several mammalian species but appears to be still functional in some. One challenge is to find out if mammals have been deprived of any functions through these gene losses. Teleost fishes like zebrafish and pufferfish, on the other hand, have lost the two major appetite-stimulating receptors Y1 and Y5. Nevertheless, teleost fishes seem to respond to NPY with increased feeding why some other subtype probably mediates this effect. Another challenge is to deduce how Y2 and Y4 came to evolve an inhibitory effect on appetite. Changes in anatomical distribution of receptor expression may have played an important part in such functional switching along with changes in receptor structures and ligand preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Box 593 Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was first reported as an abundant peptide in brain tissue in 1982. Shortly thereafter, NPY was found to be a member of a peptide family consisting of the endocrine peptides pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide YY (PYY). These peptides exert most of their biological effects through five G-protein coupled receptors termed Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and y6 that mediate either inhibition adenylate cyclase or increases in intracellular calcium. Since the discovery of NPY, a robust a body of literature has developed around the potential functions of this peptide. While initial findings identified NPY is an important contributor to the regulation of feeding, body weight and blood pressure, more recent work as revealed more subtle functions of this peptide and its potential role in affective disorders, bone formation and cravings. The accompanying twelve reviews detail important developments in our understanding of the functional role of NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Gehlert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Mail Code 0510, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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15
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Dumont Y, Chabot JG, Quirion R. Receptor autoradiography as mean to explore the possible functional relevance of neuropeptides: focus on new agonists and antagonists to study natriuretic peptides, neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptides. Peptides 2004; 25:365-91. [PMID: 15134861 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, receptor autoradiography has proven most useful to provide clues as to the role of various families of peptides expressed in the brain. Early on, we used this method to investigate the possible roles of various brain peptides. Natriuretic peptide (NP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin (CT) peptide families are widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system and induced multiple biological effects by activating plasma membrane receptor proteins. The NP family includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). The NPY family is composed of at least three peptides NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and the pancreatic polypeptides (PPs). The CT family includes CT, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), amylin (AMY), adrenomedullin (AM) and two newly isolated peptides, intermedin and calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP). Using quantitative receptor autoradiography as well as selective agonists and antagonists for each peptide family, in vivo and in vitro assays revealed complex pharmacological responses and radioligand binding profile. The existence of heterogeneous populations of NP, NPY and CT/CGRP receptors has been confirmed by cloning. Three NP receptors have been cloned. One is a single-transmembrane clearance receptor (NPR-C) while the other two known as CG-A (or NPR-A) and CG-B (or NPR-B) are coupled to guanylate cyclase. Five NPY receptors have been cloned designated as Y(1), Y(2), Y(4), Y(5) and y(6). All NPY receptors belong to the seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors family (GPCRs; subfamily type I). CGRP, AMY and AM receptors are complexes which include a GPCR (the CT receptor or CTR and calcitonin receptor-like receptor or CRLR) and a single-transmembrane domain protein known as receptor-activity-modifying-proteins (RAMPs) as well as an intracellular protein named receptor-component-protein (RCP). We review here tools that are currently available in order to target each NP, NPY and CT/CGRP receptor subtype and establish their respective pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Mcgill University, 6875 Boul LaSalle, Montreal, Que., Canada H4H 1R3
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16
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Berglund MM, Schober DA, Esterman MA, Gehlert DR. Neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor homodimers dissociate upon agonist stimulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:1120-6. [PMID: 14551289 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.055673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic polypeptide-fold family of peptides consists of three 36-amino acid peptides, namely neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). These peptides regulate important functions, including food intake, circadian rhythms, mood, blood pressure, intestinal secretion, and gut motility, through four receptors: Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5. Additional receptor subtypes have been proposed based on pharmacology observed in native tissues. Recent studies with other G-protein-coupled receptors have shown that homo- and heterodimerization may be important in determining receptor function and pharmacology. In the present study, the recently cloned rhesus (rh) Y4 receptor was evaluated using radioligand binding, and the pharmacological profile was found to be very similar to the human Y4 receptor. To study homo- and heterodimerization involving the Y4 receptor using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 2 (BRET(2)), the carboxy termini of the rhesus Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptors were fused to Renilla luciferase, and rhY4 was also fused to green fluorescent protein. Dimerization was also studied using Western blot analysis. Using both BRET(2) and Western analysis, we found that the rhY4 receptor is present at the cell surface as a homodimer. Furthermore, agonist stimulation using the Y4-selective agonists PP and 1229U91 can dissociate these dimers in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, rhY4 did not heterodimerize with other members of the NPY receptor family or with human opioid delta and mu receptors. Therefore, homodimerization is an important component in the regulation of the Y4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus M Berglund
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, LCC, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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17
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Lecklin A, Lundell I, Salmela S, Männistö PT, Beck-Sickinger AG, Larhammar D. Agonists for neuropeptide Y receptors Y1 and Y5 stimulate different phases of feeding in guinea pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:1433-40. [PMID: 12922930 PMCID: PMC1573983 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The stimulatory effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on food intake is well established but the roles of the receptor subtypes Y(1) and Y(5) have been difficult to define. We have studied the effects of two novel Y(1)-preferring and two Y(5)-preferring agonists on feeding in guinea pigs. 2. The Y(1)-preferring receptor agonists [Arg(6),Pro(34)]pNPY and [Phe(7),Pro(34)]pNPY had high affinity for the Y(1) receptor (K(i) values 0.07 and 0.04 nM, respectively) and nanomolar affinity for the Y(5) receptor. Administration of either compound into the third brain ventricle increased food intake equally to NPY. 3. The Y(5) agonist [Ala(31),Aib(32)]pNPY displayed a moderate affinity for the Y(5) receptor (K(i) 7.42 nM) and a low affinity for Y(1) (K(i) 1.7 micro M). This compound had only a modest effect on feeding. 4. The other Y(5)-preferring peptide [cPP(1-7),NPY(19-23),Ala(31),Aib(32),Gln(34)]hPP had a higher affinity at the Y(5) receptor (K(i) 1.32 nM) and also at the Y(1) receptor (K(i) 85 nM). It potently stimulated feeding: the food consumption after administration of this peptide was two-fold compared to NPY. 5. Our results support the view that both the receptor subtypes Y(1) and Y(5) are involved in the stimulation of feeding. As the action profiles of the Y(1) and Y(5) agonists on feeding parameters were different, it seems that they influence different phases of eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lecklin
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Berglund MM, Hipskind PA, Gehlert DR. Recent developments in our understanding of the physiological role of PP-fold peptide receptor subtypes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:217-44. [PMID: 12626767 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The three peptides pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) share a similar structure known as the PP-fold. There are four known human G-protein coupled receptors for the PP-fold peptides, namely Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5, each of them being able to bind at least two of the three endogenous ligands. All three peptides are found in the circulation acting as hormones. Although NPY is only released from neurons, PYY and PP are primarily found in endocrine cells in the gut, where they exert such effects as inhibition of gall bladder secretion, gut motility, and pancreatic secretion. However, when PYY is administered in an experimental setting to animals, cloned receptors, or tissue preparations, it can mimic the effects of NPY in essentially all studies, making it difficult to study the effects of PP-fold peptides and to delineate what receptor and peptide accounts for a particular effect. Initial studies with transgenic animals confirmed the well-established action of NPY on metabolism, food-intake, vascular systems, memory, mood, neuronal excitability, and reproduction. More recently, using transgenic techniques and novel antagonists for the Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors, NPY has been found to be a key player in the regulation of ethanol consumption and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus M Berglund
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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19
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Smith-White MA, Herzog H, Potter EK. Cardiac function in neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor-knockout mice. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 110:47-54. [PMID: 12468109 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic control of cardiovascular function in neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y4 receptor-knockout mice was investigated using pancreatic polypeptide (PP), NPY and specific agonists and antagonists for other NPY receptors well characterised in cardiovascular function. Y4 receptor-knockout mice, anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone, displayed slower heart rate, indicated by a higher pulse interval and lower blood pressure compared to control mice. After vagus nerves were cut heart rate increased but was still significantly slower than in control mice. PP had no effect on blood pressure or cardiac vagal activity in either group of mice, which was consistent with earlier studies in other species. Injection of NPY evoked an increase in blood pressure but the response was significantly reduced in Y4 receptor-knockout mice compared to the controls. The reduction in pressor activity was not Y1 mediated as the selective Y1 antagonist, BIBP 3226, was effective in blocking NPY pressor activity in knockout mice. In addition, cardiac vagal inhibitory activity evoked by low doses of NPY was also reduced when compared to control responses. As N-acetyl [Leu(28, 31)] NPY 24-36 inhibited vagal activity dose dependently in both groups of mice with no difference in response at any dose, it is unlikely that this effect also is receptor mediated. We propose that the reduced vasoconstrictor and vagal inhibitory activity evoked by NPY in Y4 receptor-knockout mice is due to a lack of adrenergic tone bought about by a proposed reduction in sympathetic activity, possibly resulting from altered NPY activity secondarily affecting adrenergic transmission. We conclude that Y4 receptor deletion disrupts autonomic balance within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Smith-White
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Barker St., Randwick, 2031 Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Quirion R. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and depression: from animal studies to the human condition. Life Sci 2002; 71:2921-37. [PMID: 12384178 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and is one of the most conserved peptides in evolution, suggesting an important role in the regulation of basic physiological functions. In addition, both pre-clinical and clinical evidence have suggested that NPY, together with its receptors, may have a direct implication in several psychiatric disorders, including depression and related illnesses. NPY-like immunoreactivity and NPY receptors are expressed throughout the brain, with varying concentrations being found throughout the limbic system. Such brain structures have been repeatedly implicated in the modulation of emotional processing, as well as in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. This review will concentrate on the distribution of NPY, its receptors, and the putative role played by this peptide in depressive illness based on both pre-clinical and clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Redrobe
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Addiction, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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21
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Parker MS, Lundell I, Parker SL. Internalization of pancreatic polypeptide Y4 receptors: correlation of receptor intake and affinity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 452:279-87. [PMID: 12359268 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Unlike neuropeptide Y receptors, the pancreatic polypeptide Y4 receptors display considerable differences in sequence and ligand-binding affinity across mammalian species. This could produce different receptor turnover rates in the same cellular membrane environment. Comparing rat, human and guinea-pig Y4 receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (K(d) with human pancreatic polypeptide 14, 45 and 116 pM, respectively), we indeed found human pancreatic polypeptide internalization in the rank order of receptor affinities. A large fraction of the internalized human pancreatic polypeptide, similar across the Y4 species, was associated with secondary endosomes (density approximately 1.05 in Percoll gradients) and lysosomes (density approximately 1.11). For all Y4 receptors examined, this intake was potently and selectively inhibited by cholesterol-complexing polyene antibiotic filipin III and also by clathrin lattice formation inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide. Internalization differences found across Y4 receptor species to a degree compare with those observed for the cloned guinea-pig neuropeptide Y Y1 and human neuropeptide Y Y5 receptors and, generally, support ligand-binding affinities as important determinants of internalization for neuropeptide receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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22
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Lerch M, Gafner V, Bader R, Christen B, Folkers G, Zerbe O. Bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bPP) undergoes significant changes in conformation and dynamics upon binding to DPC micelles. J Mol Biol 2002; 322:1117-33. [PMID: 12367532 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a 36-residue, C-terminally amidated polypeptide hormone is a member of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family. Here, we have studied the structure and dynamics of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bPP) when bound to DPC-micelles as a membrane-mimicking model as well as the dynamics of bPP in solution. The comparison of structure and dynamics of bPP in both states reveals remarkable differences. The overall correlation time of 5.08ns derived from the 15N relaxation data proves unambiguously that bPP in solution exists as a dimer. Therein, intermolecular as well as intramolecular hydrophobic interactions from residues of both the amphiphilic helix and of the back-folded N terminus contribute to the stability of the PP fold. The overall rigidity is well-reflected in positive values for the heteronuclear NOE for residues 4-34. The membrane-bound species displays a partitioning into a more flexible N-terminal region and a well-defined alpha-helical region comprising residues 17-31. The average RMSD value for residues 17-31 is 0.22(+/-0.09)A. The flexibility of the N terminus is compatible with negative values of the heteronuclear NOE observed for the N-terminal residues 4-12 and low values of the generalized order parameter S(2). The membrane-peptide interface was investigated by micelle-integrating spin-labels and H,2H exchange measurements. It is formed by those residues which make contacts between the C-terminal alpha-helix and the polyproline helix. In contrast to pNPY, also residues from the N terminus display spatial proximity to the membrane interface. Furthermore, the orientation of the C terminus, that presumably contains residues involved in receptor binding, is different in the two environments. We speculate that this pre-positioning of residues could be an important requirement for receptor activation. Moreover, we doubt that the PP fold is of functional relevance for binding at the Y(4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Lerch
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Schiöth HB, Bouifrouri AA, Rudzish R, Muceniece R, Watanobe H, Wikberg JES, Larhammar D. Pharmacological comparison of rat and human melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors in vitro. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 106:7-12. [PMID: 12047904 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors found in the hypothalamus with important role in regulation of the energy balance. In this study, we performed pharmacological comparison of the rat and human melancortin (MC) 3 and MC4 receptors. We transiently expressed the genes for these receptors individually in a mammalian cell line and determined the binding affinities to several MSH peptides. The results showed no major difference between the rat and human MC3 receptors while the rat MC4 receptor had higher affinity to several peptides compared with the human MC4 receptor. NDP-, alpha-, beta-, gamma-MSH, ACTH(1-24), HS014 and MTII had from 5- to 34-fold higher affinity for the rat MC4 receptor, while SHU9119, HS024 and HS028 had similar affinity for both the MC4 receptors. Pharmacological species difference have earlier been reported for the MC1 and MC5 receptors but this is the first report showing important differences between the rat and human MC4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Kask A, Harro J, von Hörsten S, Redrobe JP, Dumont Y, Quirion R. The neurocircuitry and receptor subtypes mediating anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26:259-83. [PMID: 12034130 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to give a brief overview of NPY receptor distribution and physiology in the brain and summarizes series of studies, test by test and region by region, aimed at identification receptor subtypes and neuronal circuitry mediating anxiolytic-like effects of NPY. We conclude that from four known NPY receptor subtypes in the rat (Y(1), Y(2), Y(4), Y(5)), only the NPY Y(1) receptor can be linked to anxiety-regulation with certainty in the forebrain, and that NPY Y(2) receptor may have a role in the pons. Microinjection studies with NPY and NPY receptor antagonists support the hypothesis that the amygdala, the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter, dorsocaudal lateral septum and locus coeruleus form a neuroanatomical substrate that mediates anxiolytic-like effects of NPY. The release of NPY in these areas is likely phasic, as NPY receptor antagonists are silent on their own. However, constant NPY-ergic tone seems to exist in the dorsal periaqueductal gray, the only brain region where NPY Y(1) receptor antagonists had anxiogenic-like effects. We conclude that endogenous NPY has an important role in reducing anxiety and serves as a physiological stabilizer of neural activity in circuits involved in the regulation of arousal and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ants Kask
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, 50090, Tartu, Estonia.
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25
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Lecklin A, Lundell I, Paananen L, Wikberg JES, Männistö PT, Larhammar D. Receptor subtypes Y1 and Y5 mediate neuropeptide Y induced feeding in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:2029-37. [PMID: 11959807 PMCID: PMC1573328 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most potent stimulants of food intake. It has been debated which receptor subtype mediates this response. Initially Y(1) was proposed, but later Y(5) was announced as a 'feeding' receptor in rats and mice. Very little is known regarding other mammals. The present study attempts to characterize the role of NPY in feeding behaviour in the distantly related guinea-pig. When infused intracerebroventricularly, NPY dose-dependently increased food intake. 2. PYY, (Leu(31),Pro(34))NPY and NPY(2 - 36) stimulated feeding, whereas NPY(13 - 36) had no effect. These data suggest that either Y(1) or Y(5) receptors or both may mediate NPY induced food intake in guinea-pigs. 3. The Y(1) receptor antagonists, BIBO 3304 and H 409/22 displayed nanomolar affinity for the Y(1) receptor (K(i) values 1.1+/-0.2 nM and 5.6+/-0.9 nM, respectively), but low affinity for the Y(2) or Y(5) receptors. When guinea-pigs were pretreated with BIBO 3304 and H 409/22, the response to NPY was inhibited. 4. The Y(5) antagonist, CGP 71683A had high affinity for the Y(5) receptor (K(i) 1.3+/-0.05 nM) without having any significant activities at the Y(1) and Y(2) receptors. When CGP 71683A was infused into brain ventricles, the feeding response to NPY was attenuated. 5. The present study shows that NPY stimulates feeding in guinea-pigs through Y(1) and Y(5) receptors. As the guinea-pig is very distantly related to the rat and mouse, this suggests that both Y(1) and Y(5) receptors may mediate NPY-induced hyperphagia also in other orders of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lecklin
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Söll RM, Dinger MC, Lundell I, Larhammer D, Beck-Sickinger AG. Novel analogues of neuropeptide Y with a preference for the Y1-receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 268:2828-37. [PMID: 11358498 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian brain and acts in humans via at least three receptor subtypes: Y1, Y2, and Y5. Whereas selective agonists and antagonists are known for the Y2- and Y5-receptors, the Y1-receptor still lacks a highly selective agonist. This work presents the first NPY-based analogues with Y1-receptor preference and agonistic properties. Furthermore, the importance of specific amino acids of NPY for binding to the Y-receptor subtypes is presented. Amongst the analogues tested, [Phe7,Pro34]pNPY (where pNPY is porcine neuropeptide Y) showed the most significant Y1-receptor preference (> 1 : 3000-fold), with subnanomolar affinity to the Y1-receptor, and Ki values of approximately 30 nM for the Y2- and Y5-subtype, respectively. Variations of position 6, especially [Arg6,Pro34]pNPY and variations within positions 20-23 of NPY were found to result in further analogues with significant Y1-receptor preference (1 : 400-1 : 2000). In contrast, cyclo S-S [Cys20,Cys24]pNPY was found to be a highly selective ligand at the Y2-receptor, binding only threefold less efficiently than NPY. Analogues containing variations of positions 31 and 32 showed highly reduced affinity to the Y1-receptor, while binding to the Y5-receptor was affected less. Inhibition of cAMP-accumulation of selected peptides with replacements within position 20-23 of NPY showed preserved agonistic properties. The NPY analogues tested give insights into ligand-receptor interaction of NPY at the Y1-, Y2- and Y5-receptor and contribute to our understanding of subtype selectivity. Furthermore, the Y1-receptor-preferring peptides are novel tools that will provide insight into the physiological role of the Y1-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Söll
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Berglund MM, Saar K, Lundell I, Langel U, Larhammar D. Binding of chimeric NPY/galanin peptides M32 and M242 to cloned neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5. Neuropeptides 2001; 35:148-53. [PMID: 11884204 DOI: 10.1054/npep.2001.0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligand binding to neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 from guinea-pig was investigated using the two NPY-galanin hybrids M32 (galanin1-13-NPY25-36-amide) and M242 ([D-Trp(32)]M32). The affinity of M32 for Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors was 13, 4, and 30nM, respectively, similar to that of NPY18-36 and NPY22-36 but 40-fold to 300-fold lower than the affinity of intact porcine NPY. M242 bound to the Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors with 9-fold to 20-fold lower affinity than did M32. The affinities of M32 and M242 for Y5 were 400 and 800 nM, respectively. Thus, M32 seems to gain affinity relative to both of its constituent peptide portions although the NPY25-36 part may be sufficient for NPY-receptor recognition, especially at the Y2 receptor. This suggests that the galanin portion of M32 influences and/or stabilizes the conformation of the NPY portion, similar to the effect seen for the NPY portion of M32 in binding to galanin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Berglund
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Parker MS, Berglund MM, Lundell I, Parker SL. Blockade of pancreatic polypeptide-sensitive neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors by agonist peptides is prevented by modulators of sodium transport. Implications for receptor signaling and regulation. Peptides 2001; 22:887-98. [PMID: 11390018 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligand binding to rodent pancreatic polypeptide-responding neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors (here termed PP/NPY receptors), or to cloned Y4 or Y5 receptors, is selectively inhibited by amiloride, peptide or alkylating modulators of sodium transport. The PP/NPY and Y4 receptors are also selectively blocked by human or rat pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and the blocking peptides are not dissociated by high concentrations of alkali chlorides (which restore most of the binding of subtype-selective agonists to Y1 and Y2 sites). The PP/NPY receptors could also be blocked by NPY and related full-length peptides, including Y1-selective agonists (IC50 300-400 pM). The cloned Y(4) receptors from three species are much less sensitive to NPY or PYY. The sensitivity of both the PP/NPY sites and the Y(4) sites to Y2-selective peptides is quite low. The ligand attachment to PP/NPY sites is also very sensitive to peptidic Y1 antagonist ((Cys31,NVal34NPY27-36))2, which however blocks these sites at much higher molarities. Blockade of PP/NPY and Y4 sites by agonist peptides can be largely prevented by N5-substituted amiloride modulators of Na+ transport, and by RFamide NRNFLRF.NH2, but not by Ca2+ channel blockers, or by inhibitors of K+ transport. Protection of both PP/NPY and Y4 sites against blockade by human or rat pancreatic polypeptide is also afforded by short N-terminally truncated NPY-related peptides. The above results are consistent with a stringent and selective activity regulation for rabbit PP/NPY receptor(s) that may serve to differentiate agonists and constrain signaling, and could involve transporter-like interactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Parker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The NPY system has a multitude of effects and is particularly well known for its role in appetite regulation. We have found that the five presently known receptors in mammals arose very early in vertebrate evolution before the appearance of jawed vertebrates 400 million years ago. The genes Y(1), Y(2) and Y(5) arose by local duplications and are still present on the same chromosome in human and pig. Duplications of this chromosome led to the Y(1)-like genes Y(4) and y(6). We find evidence for two occasions where receptor subtypes probably arose before peptide genes were duplicated. These observations pertain to the discussion whether ligands or receptors tend to appear first in evolution. The roles of Y(1) and Y(5) in feeding may differ between species demonstrating the importance of performing functional studies in additional mammals to mouse and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, S-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Berglund MM, Lundell I, Eriksson H, Söll R, Beck-Sickinger AG, Larhammar D. Studies of the human, rat, and guinea pig Y4 receptors using neuropeptide Y analogues and two distinct radioligands. Peptides 2001; 22:351-6. [PMID: 11287089 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y-family receptor Y4 differs extensively between human and rat in sequence, receptor binding, and anatomical distribution. We have investigated the differences in binding profile between the cloned human, rat, and guinea pig Y4 receptors using NPY analogues with single amino acid replacements or deletion of the central portion. The most striking result was the increase in affinity for the rat receptor, but not for human or guinea pig, when amino acid 34 was replaced with proline; [Ahx(8-20),Pro(34)]NPY bound to the rat Y4 receptor with 20-fold higher affinity than [Ahx(8-20)]NPY. Also, the rat Y4 tolerates alanine in position 34 since p[Ala(34)]NPY bound with similar affinity as pNPY while the affinity for hY4 and gpY4 decreased about 50-fold. Alanine substitutions in position 33, 35, and 36 as well as the large loop-deletion, [Ahx(5-24)]NPY, reduced the binding affinity to all three receptors more than 100-fold. NPY and PYY competed with (125)I-hPP at Y4 receptors expressed in CHO cells according to a two-site model. This was investigated for gpY4 by saturation with either radiolabeled hPP or pPYY. The number of high-affinity binding-sites for (125)I-pPYY was about 60% of the receptors recognized by (125)I-hPP. Porcine [Ala(34)]NPY and [Ahx(8-20)]NPY bound to rY4 (but not to hY4 or gpY4) according to a two-site model. These results suggest that different full agonists can distinguish between different active conformations of the gpY4 receptor and that Y4 may display functional differences in vivo between human, guinea pig, and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Berglund
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Lundell I, Eriksson H, Marklund U, Larhammar D. Cloning and characterization of the guinea pig neuropeptide Y receptor Y5. Peptides 2001; 22:357-63. [PMID: 11287090 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Y5 receptor has been postulated to be the main receptor mediating NPY-induced food intake in rats, based on its pharmacological profile and mRNA distribution. To further characterize this important receptor subtype, we isolated the Y5 gene in the guinea pig, a widely used laboratory animal in which all other known NPY receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4, y6) [2,13,33,37] have recently been cloned by our group. Our results show that the Y5 receptor is well conserved between species; guinea pig Y5 displays 96% overall amino acid sequence identity to human Y5, the highest identity reported for any non-primate NPY receptor orthologue, regardless of subtype. Thirteen of the twenty substitutions occur in the large third cytoplasmic loop. The identities between the guinea pig Y5 receptor and the dog, rat, and mouse Y5 receptors are 93%, 89%, and 89% respectively. When transiently expressed in EBNA cells, the guinea pig Y5 receptor showed a high binding affinity to iodinated porcine PYY with a dissociation constant of 0.41 nM. Competition experiments showed that the rank order of potency for NPY-analogues was PYY = NPY = NPY2-36 > gpPP > rPP >> NPY 22-36. Thus the pharmacological profile of the guinea pig Y5 receptor agrees well with that reported for the Y5 receptor from other cloned species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lundell
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Box 593, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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32
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Berglund MM, Lundell I, Cabrele C, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Beck-Sickinger AG, Larhammar D. Binding properties of three neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes from zebrafish: comparison with mammalian Y1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1815-22. [PMID: 11108796 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are two related 36-amino-acid peptides found in all vertebrates and are involved in many physiological processes. Five receptor subtypes have been cloned in mammals (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and y6). We have recently cloned three NPY/PYY receptor subtypes in zebrafish, called Ya, Yb, and Yc. Here we report on a direct comparison of the pharmacological properties of these three receptors in vitro using porcine NPY with alanine substitutions in positions 33-36 as ligands and three analogues with internal deletions: [Ahx(8-20)]NPY, [Ahx(8-20), Pro(34)]NPY, and [Ahx(5-24)]NPY. In all cases, the zYc receptor was the most sensitive to the modifications of the NPY molecule and zYa was the least sensitive (except for the Arg --> Ala replacement at position 33). Our data identified zYa as a receptor that can bind ligands specific for Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors, while zYb and zYc were more Y1-like. All peptides with internal deletions bound to the zYa receptor with affinities similar to that of intact pNPY. Neither the Y1-selective antagonists BIBP3226 and SR120819A nor the Y2-selective BIIE0246 bound to any of the zebrafish receptors, although the amino acids identified as important for BIBP3226 binding were almost completely conserved. These results may prove helpful in molecular modeling of the three-dimensional receptor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Berglund
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Starbäck P, Wraith A, Eriksson H, Larhammar D. Neuropeptide Y receptor gene y6: multiple deaths or resurrections? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:264-9. [PMID: 11027673 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y family of G-protein-coupled receptors consists of five cloned members in mammals. Four genes give rise to functional receptors in all mammals investigated. The y6 gene is a pseudogene in human and pig and is absent in rat, but generates a functional receptor in rabbit and mouse and probably in the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), a distant relative of the pig family. We report here that the guinea pig y6 gene has a highly distorted nucleotide sequence with multiple frame-shift mutations. One evolutionary scenario may suggest that y6 was inactivated before the divergence of the mammalian orders and subsequently resurrected in some lineages. However, the pseudogene mutations seem to be distinct in human, pig, and guinea pig, arguing for separate inactivation events. In either case, the y6 gene has a quite unusual evolutionary history with multiple independent deaths or resurrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Starbäck
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75124, Sweden
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Dumont Y, Jacques D, St-Pierre JA, Tong Y, Parker R, Herzog H, Quirion R. Chapter IX Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide receptor proteins and mRNAs in mammalian brains. HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(00)80011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Examination of families of neuropeptides and their receptors can provide information about phyletic relationships and evolutionary processes. Within an individual a given signal molecule may serve many diverse functions, mediated via subtypes of the receptor which may be coupled to their transduction mechanisms in different ways. The rate of evolution of a peptide may reflect or be reflected in the rate of evolution of its receptor. For example, in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) shows significant structural diversity, while NPY is highly conserved. Molecular forms of a given subtype of NPY receptor that is selectively activated by NPY (Y1 or Y2 or Y5) are also highly conserved, but the subtype that is primarily activated by PP (Y4), shows remarkable diversity. Also, between receptor subtypes there can be remarkable diversity. This is evident in several neuropeptide families, where a neuropeptide sequence is highly conserved across a wide range of species but where the receptor homology of subtypes with species tends to be much lower than homology between species. For example, human and rat vasopressin are identical, but the human V(1)- or V(2)-vasopressin receptors are approximately 80% homologous with rat V(1)- or V(2)-receptors, but within humans or rats the V(1)-receptor is less than 50% homologous with the V(2)-receptor. Furthermore, duplication of an ancestral gene is thought to have led to the co-presence in eutherian mammals of oxytocin and vasopressin, which have maintained a close structural similarity, yet in many species the oxytocin receptor is only 30 to 50% homologous with vasopressin receptors. Thus it appears that there has been greater evolutionary pressure to conserve the signal molecule, than to conserve the structure of the receptor. Evaluation of the evolution of neuropeptides and their receptors may be useful in determining phyletic relationships. Traditional classification places the guinea pig as a hystricomorph rodent within the same order (Rodentia) as the muriform or myomorph rat and mouse. However, molecular analyses of polypeptides have led to the suggestion that guinea pigs belong to a distinct order. Analysis of several neuropeptide sequences and the Y4 receptor supports this view. In general terms for both neuropeptides and receptors, sequence homology reflects phylogeny and taxonomy as based on morphological features. Within the oxytocin/vasopressin family in which peptides and receptors have been characterised in invertebrate representatives as well as fish and amphibia in addition to mammals, the molecular diversity correlates well with evolutionary diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Hoyle
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Centre for Neuroscience, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.
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Berglund MM, Holmberg SK, Eriksson H, Gedda K, Maffrand JP, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Chhajlani V, Grundemar L, Larhammar D. The cloned guinea pig neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 conforms to other mammalian Y1 receptors. Peptides 1999; 20:1043-53. [PMID: 10499421 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned the guinea pig neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor and found it to be 92-93% identical to other cloned mammalian Y1 receptors. Porcine NPY and peptide YY (PYY) displayed affinities of 43 pM and 48 pM, respectively. NPY2-36 and NPY3-36 had 6- and 46-fold lower affinity, respectively, than intact NPY. Functional coupling was measured by using a microphysiometer. Human NPY and PYY were equipotent in causing extracellular acidification with EC50 values of 0.59 nM and 0.69 nM, respectively, whereas NPY2-36 and NPY3-36 were about 15-fold and 500-fold less potent, respectively, than NPY. The present study shows that the cloned guinea pig Y1 receptor is very similar to its orthologues in other mammals, both with respect to sequence and pharmacology. Thus, results from previous studies on guinea pig NPY receptors might imply the existence of an additional Y1-like receptor sensitive to B1BP3226.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Berglund
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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