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Characterisation of Macrophage Polarisation in Mice Infected with Ninoa Strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111444. [PMID: 34832600 PMCID: PMC8622189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) play a key role in the development of the protective immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. To determine the role of MΦ subtypes M1 and M2 in the development of immunity against the Mexican strain of T. cruzi (Ninoa strain), we have analysed in a time course the infection and characterised the M1 and M2 subtypes in two mouse models, BALB/c and C57BL/6. After infection, BALB/c mice developed an increased blood parasite load and the parasites were cleared from the blood one week later than in C57BL/6 mice. However, similar cellular infiltrate and cardiac alterations were observed between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. At 36 days, the T. cruzi infection differentially modulated the expression of immune cells, and both the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced TCD4+ cells. However, BALB/c mice produced significantly more TCD8+ than C57BL/6 mice in the spleen and lymph nodes. Furthermore, BALB/c mice produce significantly more MΦ in the spleen, while C57BL/6 produce similar levels to uninfected mice. The M1 MΦ ratio increased significantly at 3-5 days post-infection (dpi), but then decreased slightly. On the contrary, the M2 MΦ were low at the beginning of the infection, but the proportion of M1 and M2 MΦ at 36 dpi was similar. Importantly, the MΦ subtypes M2c and M2d significantly increased the induction of tissue repair by the end of the acute phase of the infection. These results indicate that the Ninoa strain has developed strategies to modulate the immune response, with fine differences depending on the genetic background of the host.
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Hernández-Torres M, Silva do Nascimento R, Rebouças MC, Cassado A, Matteucci KC, D'Império-Lima MR, Vasconcelos JRC, Bortoluci KR, Alvarez JM, Amarante-Mendes GP. Absence of Bim sensitizes mice to experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:692. [PMID: 34247195 PMCID: PMC8272718 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a life-threatening disorder caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasite-specific antibodies, CD8+ T cells, as well as IFN-γ and nitric oxide (NO) are key elements of the adaptive and innate immunity against the extracellular and intracellular forms of the parasite. Bim is a potent pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family implicated in different aspects of the immune regulation, such as negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes and elimination of antigen-specific T cells at the end of an immune response. Interestingly, the role of Bim during infections remains largely unidentified. To explore the role of Bim in Chagas disease, we infected WT, Bim+/-, Bim-/- mice with trypomastigotes forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. Strikingly, our data revealed that Bim-/- mice exhibit a delay in the development of parasitemia followed by a deficiency in the control of parasite load in the bloodstream and a decreased survival compared to WT and Bim+/- mice. At the peak of parasitemia, peritoneal macrophages of Bim-/- mice exhibit decreased NO production, which correlated with a decrease in the pro-inflammatory Small Peritoneal Macrophage (SPM) subset. A similar reduction in NO secretion, as well as in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, was also observed in Bim-/- splenocytes. Moreover, an impaired anti-T. cruzi CD8+ T-cell response was found in Bim-/- mice at this time point. Taken together, our results suggest that these alterations may contribute to the establishment of a delayed yet enlarged parasitic load observed at day 9 after infection of Bim-/- mice and place Bim as an important protein in the control of T. cruzi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Hernández-Torres
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Cardozo Rebouças
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Cassado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kely Catarine Matteucci
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular - CTCMol - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Ronnie C Vasconcelos
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular - CTCMol - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina R Bortoluci
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular - CTCMol - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maria Alvarez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT-iii), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Medina-Buelvas DM, Estrada-Muñiz E, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Shibayama M, Vega L. Increased heart fibrosis and acute infection in a murine Chagas disease model associated with organophosphorus pesticide metabolite exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17539. [PMID: 31772338 PMCID: PMC6879754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some reports suggest that exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides increases the incidence of infections. Ethylated dialkylphosphates (EtDAPs) are metabolites of OP pesticides widely distributed with immunomodulatory potential. Chagas disease is produced by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites, and resolution of this infection requires the activation of inflammatory macrophages (MΦ), which results in cardiac fibrosis. Some reports indicate that EtDAPs increase the amount of the anti-inflammatory alternatively activated MΦ (M2; CD206+F4/80+). Therefore, we analyzed the course of T. cruzi infection, MΦ profiles from peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the heart of BALB/c mice exposed to diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) or diethylphosphate (DEP, 0.01 g/kg), common DAPs produced by OP pesticides, 24 h before infection with T. cruzi. We found that DEDTP increased the parasite burden in blood by 99% at the peak of the infection and enhanced the myocardial damage due to an increase in infiltrated inflammatory cells (induced by DEDTP or DETP) and fibrosis (induced by EtDAPs). In the PECs, exposure to EtDAPs increased the proportion of the MΦ subpopulations of M2a, M2b and M2d, which are associated with tissue repair. These results indicate that exposure to EtDAPs can exacerbate the acute phase of a parasitic infection and increase the long-term damage to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Margarita Medina-Buelvas
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabet Estrada-Muñiz
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México.
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Liu X, Li X, Wang Q, Sun X, Lu M, Ehsan M, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Toxoplasma gondii Histone 4 Affects Some Functions of Murine Ana-1 Macrophages In Vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:860-869. [PMID: 29722109 PMCID: PMC6282536 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can infect almost all nucleated cells. Histone proteins and DNA form the nucleosomes, which are the fundamental building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone 4 is an essential component of a histone octamer. In the present study, T. gondii histone 4 (TgH4) was cloned and the regulatory effect of TgH4 on murine macrophages was characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TgH4 was highly conserved in structure. Recombinant TgH4 (rTgH4) protein was identified by sera from rats experimentally infected with T. gondii and native TgH4 in the total soluble protein of T. gondii tachyzoites was recognized by polyclonal antibodies against rTgH4, as indicated by immunoblotting analysis. Immunofluorescence assay showed that TgH4 binds to macrophages. Following incubation with rTgH4, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) level of the macrophages was downregulated. Meanwhile, chemotaxis and the proliferation of macrophages were inhibited. However, rTgH4 can promote phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the secretion of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α from macrophages. Just 80 μg/ml rTgH4 can significantly elevate the secretion of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1β (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Viewed together, these outcomes indicated that rTgH4 can affect the functions of murine macrophages in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Freire-de-Lima L, Gentile LB, da Fonseca LM, da Costa KM, Santos Lemos J, Jacques LR, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Nunes MP, Takiya CM, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Role of Inactive and Active Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidases on T Cell Homing and Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1307. [PMID: 28744279 PMCID: PMC5504189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc-TS) belongs to a superfamily of proteins that may have enzymatic activity. While enzymatically active members (Tc-aTS) are able to transfer sialic acid from the host cell sialyl-glycoconjugates onto the parasite or to other molecules on the host cell surface, the inactive members (Tc-iTS) are characterized by their lectinic properties. Over the last 10 years, several papers demonstrated that, individually, Tc-aTS or Tc-iTS is able to modulate several biological events. Since the genes encoding Tc-iTS and Tc-aTS are present in the same copy number, and both proteins portray similar substrate-specificities as well, it would be plausible to speculate that such molecules may compete for the same sialyl-glycan structures and govern numerous immunobiological phenomena. However, their combined effect has never been evaluated in the course of an acute infection. In this study, we investigated the ability of both proteins to modulate the production of inflammatory signals, as well as the homing of T cells to the cardiac tissue of infected mice, events that usually occur during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection. The results showed that the intravenous administration of Tc-iTS, but not Tc-aTS protected the cardiac tissue from injury caused by reduced traffic of inflammatory cells. In addition, the ability of Tc-aTS to modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines was attenuated and/or compromised when Tc-iTS was co-injected in the same proportions. These results suggest that although both proteins present structural similarities and compete for the same sialyl-glycan epitopes, they might present distinct immunomodulatory properties on T cells following T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Gentile
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelli M da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Santos Lemos
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues Jacques
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde - Sala D1-035, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio G Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose O Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Arcanjo AF, Nunes MP, Silva-Junior EB, Leandro M, Rocha JDBD, Morrot A, Decote-Ricardo D, Freire-de-Lima CG. B-1 cells modulate the murine macrophage response to Leishmania major infection. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:151-162. [PMID: 28588758 PMCID: PMC5439166 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the modulatory effect of B-1 cells on murine peritoneal macrophages infected with Leishmania major (L. major) in vitro.
METHODS Peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c and BALB/c XID mice were infected with L. major and cultured in the presence or absence of B-1 cells obtained from wild-type BALB/c mice. Intracellular amastigotes were counted, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production was quantified in the cellular supernatants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined using a PGE2 enzyme immunoassay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), and the number of lipid bodies was quantified in the cytoplasm of infected macrophages in the presence and absence of B-1 cells. Culturing the cells with selective PGE2-neutralizing drugs inhibited PGE2 production and confirmed the role of this lipid mediator in IL-10 production. In contrast, we demonstrated that B-1 cells derived from IL-10 KO mice did not favor the intracellular growth of L. major.
RESULTS We report that B-1 cells promote the growth of L. major amastigotes inside peritoneal murine macrophages. We demonstrated that the modulatory effect was independent of physical contact between the cells, suggesting that soluble factor(s) were released into the cultures. We demonstrated in our co-culture system that B-1 cells trigger IL-10 production by L. major-infected macrophages. Furthermore, the increased secretion of IL-10 was attributed to the presence of the lipid mediator PGE2 in supernatants of L. major-infected macrophages. The presence of B-1 cells also favors the production of lipid bodies by infected macrophages. In contrast, we failed to obtain the same effect on parasite replication inside L. major-infected macrophages when the B-1 cells were isolated from IL-10 knockout mice.
CONCLUSION Our results show that elevated levels of PGE2 and IL-10 produced by B-1 cells increase L. major growth, as indicated by the number of parasites in cell cultures.
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7
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Decote-Ricardo D, Nunes MP, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG. Implication of Apoptosis for the Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:518. [PMID: 28536576 PMCID: PMC5422484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is induced during the course of immune response to different infectious agents, and the ultimate fate is the recognition and uptake of apoptotic bodies by neighboring cells or by professional phagocytes. Apoptotic cells expose specific ligands to a set of conserved receptors expressed on macrophage cellular surface, which are the main cells involved in the clearance of the dying cells. These scavenger receptors, besides triggering the production of anti-inflammatory factors, also block the production of inflammatory mediators by phagocytes. Experimental infection of mice with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi shows many pathological changes that parallels the evolution of human infection. Leukocytes undergoing intense apoptotic death are observed during the immune response to T. cruzi in the mouse model of the disease. T. cruzi replicate intensely and secrete molecules with immunomodulatory activities that interfere with T cell-mediated immune responses and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. This mechanism of immune evasion allows the infection to be established in the vertebrate host. Under inflammatory conditions, efferocytosis of apoptotic bodies generates an immune-regulatory phenotype in phagocytes, which is conducive to intracellular pathogen replication. However, the relevance of cellular apoptosis in the pathology of Chagas’ disease requires further studies. Here, we review the evidence of leukocyte apoptosis in T. cruzi infection and its immunomodulatory mechanism for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celio G Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Reyes A, Kim D, Simborio H, Hop H, Arayan L, Min W, Lee J, Chang H, Kim S. Methyl gallate limits infection in mice challenged with Brucella abortus
while enhancing the inflammatory response. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:552-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.W.B. Reyes
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of the Philippines Los Baños; Laguna Philippines
| | - D.G. Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - H.L.T. Simborio
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - H.T. Hop
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - L.T. Arayan
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - W. Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - J.J. Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - H.H. Chang
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
| | - S. Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju Korea
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9
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Luna-Gomes T, Filardy AA, Rocha JDB, Decote-Ricardo D, LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, Morrot A, Bozza PT, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, DosReis GA, Nunes MP, Freire-de-Lima CG. Neutrophils increase or reduce parasite burden in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages, depending on host strain: role of neutrophil elastase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90582. [PMID: 24599360 PMCID: PMC3944110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are involved in the initial steps of most responses to pathogens and are essential components of the innate immune response. Due to the ability to produce and release various soluble mediators, neutrophils may participate in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Little is known about the role of neutrophils during protozoan infections including infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. In the present study we investigated the importance of inflammatory neutrophils on macrophage activation and T. cruzi replication in vitro, in cells obtained from BALB/c mice and C57Bl/6 mice. Co-cultures of BALB/c apoptotic or live neutrophils with infected peritoneal macrophages resulted in increased replication of the parasites and in the production of TGF-β and PGE2. The treatment with anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody and COX inhibitor blocked the parasite replication in vitro. On the other hand, co-cultures of T. cruzi infected macrophages with live neutrophils isolated from C57BL/6 mice resulted in decreased number of trypomastigotes in culture and increased production of TNF-α and NO. The addition of anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody or elastase inhibitor resulted in the abolishment of macrophage microbicidal effect and increased parasite replication. Addition of elastase to infected macrophages reduced the replication of the parasites, and on the other hand, addition of a selective inhibitor of iNOS increased parasite growth, suggesting the role of NO in this system. Our findings reveal that neutrophils may regulate T. cruzi experimental infection and determine susceptibility and resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. Filardy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dutra B. Rocha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - George A. DosReis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Célio G. Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Jain S, Doshi AS, Iyer AK, Amiji MM. Multifunctional nanoparticles for targeting cancer and inflammatory diseases. J Drug Target 2013; 21:888-903. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.832769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Othman AA, Ashour DS, Mohamed DA. Toxocara-induced hepatic inflammation: Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations and Bcl-2 expression. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Jain S, Amiji M. Macrophage-Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery Systems. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2305-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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13
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Guillermo LVC, Pereira WF, De Meis J, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Silva EM, Kroll-Palhares K, Takiya CM, Lopes MF. Targeting caspases in intracellular protozoan infections. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 31:159-73. [PMID: 18785049 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802332164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine aspartases acting either as initiators (caspases 8, 9, and 10) or executioners (caspases 3, 6, and 7) to induce programmed cell death by apoptosis. Parasite infections by certain intracellular protozoans increase host cell life span by targeting caspase activation. Conversely, caspase activation, followed by apoptosis of lymphocytes and other cells, prevents effective immune responses to chronic parasite infection. Here we discuss how pharmacological inhibition of caspases might affect the immunity to protozoan infections, by either blocking or delaying apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landi V C Guillermo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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de Meis J, Ferreira LMS, Guillermo LVC, Silva EM, Dosreis GA, Lopes MF. Apoptosis differentially regulates mesenteric and subcutaneous lymph node immune responses to Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:139-46. [PMID: 18085669 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi causes expansion of subcutaneous (SLN) and atrophy of mesenteric (MLN) lymph nodes. Here we show that excision of MLN increased parasitemia in T. cruzi-infected mice. We then studied how apoptosis of MLN cells affects immune responses to infection. T cell apoptosis increased in the MLN compared to SLN in T. cruzi-infected mice. Absolute numbers of naïve T cells decreased, and activated T cells failed to accumulate in MLN during infection. In addition, activated T cells from MLN produced less IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 than T cells from SLN. Treatment with IL-4 or with caspase-9 inhibitor increased the recovery of viable T cells in vitro. Treatment with caspase-9 inhibitor also increased the production of cytokines by MLN T cells from infected mice. Moreover, injection of a pan caspase inhibitor prevented MLN atrophy during T. cruzi infection. Caspase-9, but not caspase-8, inhibitor also reduced MLN atrophy and increased the recovery of naïve and activated T cells from MLN. These findings indicate that caspase-mediated apoptosis and defective cytokine production are implicated in MLN atrophy and affect immune responses to T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Meis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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15
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Scharfstein J, Schmitz V, Svensjö E, Granato A, Monteiro AC. Kininogens Coordinate Adaptive Immunity through the Proteolytic Release of Bradykinin, an Endogenous Danger Signal Driving Dendritic Cell Maturation. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:128-36. [PMID: 17635790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategically positioned in peripheral tissues, immune sentinel cells sense microbes and/or their shed products through different types of pattern-recognition receptors. Upon secretion, pre-formed pro-inflammatory mediators activate the microvasculature, inducing endothelium/neutrophil adherence and impairing endothelium barrier function. As plasma proteins enter into peripheral tissues, short-lived proinflammatory peptides are rapidly generated by limited proteolysis of complement components and the kininogens (i.e. kinin-precursor proteins). While much emphasis has been placed on the studies of the vascular functions of kinins, their innate effector roles remain virtually unknown. A few years ago, we reported that exogenous bradykinin (BK) potently induces dendritic cell (DC) maturation, driving IL-12-dependent Th1 responses through the activation of G-protein-coupled BK B(2) receptors (B(2)R). The premise that immature DC might sense kinin-releasing pathogens through B(2)R was demonstrated in the subcutaneous mouse model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Analysis of the dynamics of parasite-evoked inflammation revealed that activation of TLR2/neutrophils drives the influx of plasma proteins, including kininogens, into peripheral tissues. Once associated to cell surfaces and/or extracellular matrices, the surface-bound kininogens are cleaved by T. cruzi cysteine proteases. Acting as short-lived 'danger' signals, kinins activate DC via B(2)R, converting them into Th1 inducers. Fine tuned control of the extravascular levels of these natural peptide adjuvants is exerted by kinin-degrading metallopeptidases, e.g. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE/CD143). In summary, the studies in the subcutaneous model of T. cruzi infection revealed that the peripheral levels of BK, a DC maturation signal, are controlled by TLR2/neutrophils and ACE, respectively characterized as positive and negative modulators of innate/adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Lopes MF, Guillermo LVC, Silva EM. Decoding caspase signaling in host immunity to the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:366-72. [PMID: 17625971 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteinyl-aspartate-specific proteases, induce apoptosis but are also involved in signal transduction in live cells. Caspase activation and apoptosis in T lymphocytes occur following infection with parasites and might affect immune responses. Rapid progress has occurred in the development and testing of caspase inhibitors and other apoptosis blockers, which are potentially useful for treating diseases associated with the pathogenic effects of apoptosis. Pharmacological approaches and the use of genetically modified hosts can be combined in research strategies to understand how apoptosis and caspase signaling affect the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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17
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Paiva CN, Arras RH, Lessa LP, Gibaldi D, Alves L, Metz CN, Gazzinelli R, Pyrrho AS, Lannes-Vieira J, Bozza MT. Unraveling the lethal synergism betweenTrypanosoma cruzi infection and LPS: A role for increased macrophage reactivity. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1355-64. [PMID: 17390393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various infections sensitize to lethal shock by promoting hyperactivation of macrophages to LPS stimulation. Although macrophages are thought to be deactivated upon contact with apoptotic cells during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, T. cruzi infection also sensitizes mice to endotoxemia. Herein, we studied the mechanisms of sensitization to endotoxemia in T. cruzi-infected mice in order to solve the paradox. Live (but not fixed) trypomastigotes from various stocks sensitized mice to endotoxemia. Mice deficient in glycolipid recognition (TLR2(-/-) and CD1d(-/-)) were sensitized by infection to challenge with LPS. Infected mice hyperproduced TNF and IL-10 upon LPS challenge. Infected TNF-R1(-/-), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)(-/-) and IFN-gamma(-/-) mice were lethally sensitized, but infected TNF-R1(-/-) mice administered anti-MIF survived shock with LPS. Macrophages from infected mice hyperproduced TNF in response to LPS stimulation and displayed increased expression of TLR4 compared to non-infected controls. Treatment with the PGE(2) synthesis inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) in vivo reduced parasitemia and enhanced LPS-stimulated production of TNF by macrophages, but the effect was less in infected mice than in normal mice. Nevertheless, AAS treatment did not increase the susceptibility of infected mice to sublethal shock with LPS. Our results point to independent MIF and TNF/TNF-R1 lethal pathways and suggest a role for hyperactivated macrophages in T. cruzi-sensitized LPS-induced shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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DosReis GA, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Guillermo LVC, Lopes MF. Cross-talk between apoptosis and cytokines in the regulation of parasitic infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:97-105. [PMID: 17337235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have worldwide medical and economical impact. Host T lymphocytes and the cytokines they produce determine the outcome of parasitic infections. Programmed cell death by apoptosis is induced in the course of parasitic infections, and affects cytokine production by removing activated effector T and B cells. In addition, engulfment of apoptotic cells promotes the secretion of cytokines that regulate intracellular replication of protozoan parasites. In this review, we discuss how the cross-talk between apoptosis and cytokines regulates parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A DosReis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil.
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 PMCID: PMC2600511 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Marino APMP, da Silva A, dos Santos P, Pinto LMDO, Gazzinelli RT, Teixeira MM, Lannes-Vieira J. Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) antagonist (Met-RANTES) controls the early phase of Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Circulation 2004; 110:1443-9. [PMID: 15337689 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000141561.15939.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehension of the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited myocarditis is crucial to delineate strategies aimed at ameliorating the inflammation associated with heart dysfunction. The augmented expression of CC chemokines, especially CCL5/RANTES and CCL3/MIP-1alpha, in the hearts of infected mice suggests a role for CC chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of T cruzi-elicited myocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that during the early phase of infection in C3H/HeJ mice infected with 100 blood trypomastigotes of T cruzi, most of the inflammatory cells invading the heart tissue were CD8+ cells and expressed CCR5, a CCL5/RANTES, and CCL3/MIP1-alpha receptor. Furthermore, peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes displayed increased expression of CCR5. These findings led us to use Met-RANTES, a selective CCR1 and CCR5 antagonist, to modulate the acute T cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Met-RANTES treatment did not interfere with parasitism but significantly decreased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CCR5+, and interleukin-4+ cells invading the heart, paralleling the diminished deposition of fibronectin. Moreover, Met-RANTES treatment resulted in increased survival of infected animals, compared with saline treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the massive influx of CCR5+ cells into cardiac tissue is not crucial for cell-mediated anti-T cruzi immunity but appears to be critical for pathogenesis of T cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Thus, CC chemokine receptors might become an attractive therapeutic target for further evaluation during T cruzi infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chagas Cardiomyopathy/blood
- Chagas Cardiomyopathy/drug therapy
- Chagas Cardiomyopathy/physiopathology
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CCL5/analogs & derivatives
- Chemokine CCL5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/therapeutic use
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Female
- Fibronectins/analysis
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Myocarditis/blood
- Myocarditis/drug therapy
- Myocarditis/parasitology
- Myocarditis/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/physiology
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
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21
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Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Otero AC, Gomes NA, Moniz-De-Souza MCA, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Arnholdt AC, Calich VL, Coutinho SG, Lopes MF, DosReis GA. Macrophage interactions with neutrophils regulate Leishmania major infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4454-62. [PMID: 15034061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are host cells for the pathogenic parasite Leishmania major. Neutrophils die and are ingested by macrophages in the tissues. We investigated the role of macrophage interactions with inflammatory neutrophils in control of L. major infection. Coculture of dead exudate neutrophils exacerbated parasite growth in infected macrophages from susceptible BALB, but killed intracellular L. major in resistant B6 mice. Coinjection of dead neutrophils amplified L. major replication in vivo in BALB, but prevented parasite growth in B6 mice. Neutrophil depletion reduced parasite load in infected BALB, but exacerbated infection in B6 mice. Exacerbated growth of L. major required PGE(2) and TGF-beta production by macrophages, while parasite killing depended on neutrophil elastase and TNF-alpha production. These results indicate that macrophage interactions with dead neutrophils play a previously unrecognized role in host responses to L. major infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Genotype
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leukocyte Elastase/physiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/enzymology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Neutrophils/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia L Ribeiro-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Katakura T, Miyazaki M, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN, Suzuki F. CCL17 and IL-10 as effectors that enable alternatively activated macrophages to inhibit the generation of classically activated macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1407-13. [PMID: 14734716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classically activated macrophages (CAMphi) have been described as a major effector cell on the host's innate immunities. However, CAMphi are not generated in immunocompromised hosts whose alternatively activated macrophages (AAMphi) predominate. In this study, the mechanism by which AAMphi suppress the ability of resident macrophages (RMphi) to generate CAMphi was investigated. AAMphi were isolated from peritoneal exudates of mice 2 days after third-degree thermal injuries affecting 15% total body surface area. CAMphi were generated from RMphi (peritoneal Mphi from normal mice) through stimulation with CpG DNA, a typical CAMphi inducer. RMphi did not polarize to CAMphi when they were cultured with AAMphi in a dual-chamber Transwell even when supplemented with CpG DNA. In addition, RMphi stimulated with CpG DNA did not convert to CAMphi when they were cultured with the culture fluids of AAMphi (AAMphi Culture-Sup). AAMphi Culture-Sup contained IL-6, IL-10, CCL17, PGE(2), and TGF-beta. Among these, CCL17 and IL-10 inhibited CAMphi generation. The ability of AAMphi Culture-Sup to inhibit CAMphi generation was eliminated when the Culture-Sup was treated with a mixture of mAbs directed against CCL17 and IL-10. These results indicate that CCL17 and IL-10 released from AAMphi inhibit CAMphi generation from RMphi stimulated with CpG DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Katakura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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23
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Jendro MC, Fingerle F, Deutsch T, Liese A, Köhler L, Kuipers JG, Raum E, Martin M, Zeidler H. Chlamydia trachomatis-infected macrophages induce apoptosis of activated T cells by secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro. Med Microbiol Immunol 2004; 193:45-52. [PMID: 12750883 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-003-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis-infected macrophages induce T cell apoptosis. This ability might promote intracellular survival of Chlamydia and perpetuate chronic chlamydial infection. The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular mechanisms by which C. trachomatis-infected macrophages induce T cell apoptosis. Monocytes and T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Macrophages were infected with C. trachomatis, and autologous T cells were stimulated by mitogen. After 6 days, both populations were cultured together using a two-chamber transwell membrane system to differentiate between mechanisms involving either cell-to-cell contact or secretion of apoptotic factors. Apoptotic T cells were identified by propidium iodide through-flow cytometry, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antagonists of TNF-alpha, the Fas (CD95) molecule, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and catalase were added to differentiate between the pathways of apoptosis. C. trachomatis-infected macrophages significantly induced T cell apoptosis by cell-to-cell contact (mean +/- standard deviation, 30+/-4%; P<0.001) and by humoral mechanisms (mean +/- standard deviation, 22+/-3%, P<0.001). Humoral apoptosis was mediated by secretion of TNF-alpha from infected macrophages. Inhibition of secretory TNF-alpha by the monoclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody adalimumab (D2E7) blocked T cell death in vitro. In contrast, T cell apoptosis mediated by cell-to-cell contact was not inhibited by the different anti-apoptotic reagents. In summary, TNF-alpha derived from infected macrophages is an important apoptosis factor for T cell apoptosis induced by C. trachomatis-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jendro
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical School Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Alexander AD, Villalta F, Lima MF. Transforming growth factor alpha binds to Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes to induce signaling and cellular proliferation. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4201-5. [PMID: 12819119 PMCID: PMC162019 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.7.4201-4205.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages secrete transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) to trigger proliferation of cancer cells. Here, we report a new role for TGF-alpha in modulating the direct cellular proliferation of a parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. Amastigotes present two classes of receptors for TGF-alpha with different binding affinities. (125)I-TGF-alpha binding was competed by an excess of cold epidermal growth factor and TGF-alpha but not by an irrelevant molecule. Upon binding of TGF-alpha to amastigotes, the ligand is internalized, inducing trypanosome tyrosine phosphorylation of 90- and 87-kDa proteins and increasing DNA synthesis and proliferation of amastigotes. Furthermore, exposure of macrophages to TGF-alpha induced increased amastigote proliferation. These results describe a novel mechanism used by amastigotes to regulate their proliferation mediated by a TGF-alpha-dependent signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deloris Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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25
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Dokić M. [Immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis--the basis for clinical variations]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2003; 60:181-4. [PMID: 12852161 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0302181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Dokić
- Vojnomedicinska akademnija, Klinika za infektivne i tropske bolesti, Beograd
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26
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Feng H, Zeng Y, Graner MW, Likhacheva A, Katsanis E. Exogenous stress proteins enhance the immunogenicity of apoptotic tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity. Blood 2003; 101:245-52. [PMID: 12393411 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that apoptotic tumor cells can be either immunogenic or nonimmunogenic in vivo, depending on whether or not these cells are heat stressed before induction of apoptosis. Stressed apoptotic cells express heat shock proteins on their plasma membranes and dendritic cells are capable of distinguishing them from nonstressed apoptotic cells. Here we provide evidence that when purified heat shock protein 70 or chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) from syngeneic normal tissue is used as an adjuvant with nonimmunogenic apoptotic tumor cells in vaccination, potent antitumor immunity can be generated. This antitumor immunity is mediated by T cells because antitumor effects are not observed in either severe combined immunodeficiency or T cell-depleted mice. We further demonstrate that vaccination of mice with apoptotic tumor cells mixed with liver-derived CRCL as adjuvant were capable of enhancing the production of T(H)1 cytokines, inducing specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and eliciting long-lasting antitumor immunity. Stress proteins from autologous normal tissue components therefore can serve as danger signals to enhance the immunogenicity of apoptotic tumor cells and stimulate tumor-specific immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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27
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Feng H, Zeng Y, Graner MW, Katsanis E. Stressed apoptotic tumor cells stimulate dendritic cells and induce specific cytotoxic T cells. Blood 2002; 100:4108-15. [PMID: 12393401 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that stressed apoptotic tumor cells are more immunogenic in vivo than nonstressed ones. Using confocal microscopy we have confirmed our previous observation that heat-stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 leukemia cells (BCR-ABL(+)) express HSP60 and HSP72 on their surface. To explore how the immune system distinguishes stressed from nonstressed apoptotic tumor cells, we analyzed the responses of dendritic cells to these 2 types of apoptotic cells. We found that nonstressed and heat-stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were taken up by dendritic cells in a comparable fashion. However, when stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were coincubated with immature dendritic cells for 24 hours, this resulted in greater up-regulation of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) on the surface of dendritic cells. Moreover, stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells were more effective in stimulating dendritic cells to secrete interleukin-12 (IL-12) and in enhancing their immunostimulatory functions in mixed leukocyte reactions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that immunization of mice with stressed apoptotic 12B1-D1 cells induced the secretion of T helper-1 (T(H)1) profile of cytokines by spleen cells. Splenocytes from mice immunized with stressed apoptotic cells, but not nonstressed ones, were capable of lysing 12B1-D1 and the parental 12B1 line, but not a B-cell leukemia line, A20. Our data indicate that stressed apoptotic tumor cells are capable of providing the necessary danger signals, likely through increased surface expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), resulting in activation/maturation of dendritic cells and, ultimately, the generation of potent antitumor T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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28
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Kim S, Watarai M, Makino SI, Shirahata T. Membrane sorting during swimming internalization of Brucella is required for phagosome trafficking decisions. Microb Pathog 2002; 33:225-37. [PMID: 12473437 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2002.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brucella infects macrophages by swimming internalization, after which it is enclosed in macropinosomes. We investigated the role of the uptake pathway in phagosome trafficking, which remains unclear. This study found membrane sorting during swimming internalization and is essential in intracellular replication of Brucella. The B. abortus virB mutant replicated intracellularly when it was in the macropinosome established by wild-type B. abortus that retained its ability to alter phagosome trafficking. Lipid rafts-associated molecules, such as GM1 ganglioside, were selectively included into macropinosomes, but Rab5 effector early endosome autoantigen (EEA1) and lysosomal glycoprotein LAMP-1 were excluded from macropinosomes containing B. abortus induced by swimming internalization. In contrast, when the swimming internalization was bypassed by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced macropinocytosis, lipid raft-associated molecules were excluded, and EEA1 and LAMP-1 were included into macropinosomes containing bacteria. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin that inhibits PMA-induced macropinocytosis blocked internalization of virB mutant, but not of wild-type of B. abortus and wortmannin treatment did not affect intracellular replication. Our results suggest that membrane sorting requires swimming internalization of B. abortus and decides the intracellular fate of the bacterium, and that Brucella -induced macropinosome formation is a different mechanism from PMA-induced macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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29
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Stempin C, Giordanengo L, Gea S, Cerbán F. Alternative activation and increase of
Trypanosoma cruzi
survival in murine macrophages stimulated by cruzipain, a parasite antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Stempin
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Giordanengo
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Susana Gea
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Cerbán
- Inmunología, Departamento Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional Córdoba, Argentina
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30
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Gregory SH, Wing EJ. Neutrophil‐Kupffer cell interaction: a critical component of host defenses to systemic bacterial infections. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence
| | - Edward J. Wing
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence
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31
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Borges VM, Lopes MF, Falcão H, Leite-Júnior JH, Rocco PRM, Davidson WF, Linden R, Zin WA, DosReis GA. Apoptosis underlies immunopathogenic mechanisms in acute silicosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:78-84. [PMID: 12091249 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.27.1.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated immunopathogenic roles for apoptosis in acute murine silicosis. Intratracheal silica instillation induced pulmonary inflammation and enlarged thoracic lymph nodes. Lymphocytes from silica-exposed lymph nodes showed reduced mitogenic responses to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and markedly increased activation-induced cell death, compared with control lymphocytes from saline-exposed lymph nodes. CD4(+) T cell death was mediated by Fas ligand, because CD4(+) T cells from Fas ligand-deficient gld mice did not undergo activation-induced apoptosis. Silica deposition also resulted in increased apoptosis associated with inflammatory infiltrates in lung parenchyma. In vivo treatment with caspase inhibitors reduced neutrophil accumulation, and alleviated inflammation in the lungs of silica-treated mice. These results suggest that silica-induced apoptosis plays an inflammatory role in the lung parenchyma, and creates immunologic abnormalities in regional lymph nodes, with pathogenic implications for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Borges
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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32
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Watarai M, Makino SI, Fujii Y, Okamoto K, Shirahata T. Modulation of Brucella-induced macropinocytosis by lipid rafts mediates intracellular replication. Cell Microbiol 2002; 4:341-55. [PMID: 12067319 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular replication of Brucella requires the VirB complex, which is highly similar to conjugative DNA transfer systems. In this study, we show that Brucella internalizes into macrophages by swimming on the cell surface with generalized membrane ruffling for several minutes, after which the bacteria are enclosed by macropinosomes. Lipid raft-associated molecules such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, GM1 gangliosides and cholesterol were selectively incorporated into macropinosomes containing Brucella. In contrast, lysosomal glycoprotein LAMP-1 and host cell transmembrane protein CD44 were excluded from the macropinosomes. Removing GPI-anchored proteins from the macrophage surface and cholesterol sequestration markedly inhibited the VirB-dependent macropinocytosis and intracellular replication. Our results suggest that the entry route of Brucella into the macrophage determines the intracellular fate of the bacteria that is modulated by lipid raft microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Watarai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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33
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Kurosaka K, Watanabe N, Kobayashi Y. Potentiation by human serum of anti‐inflammatory cytokine production by human macrophages in response to apoptotic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.6.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kahori Kurosaka
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoko Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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34
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Giordanengo L, Guiñazú N, Stempin C, Fretes R, Cerbán F, Gea S. Cruzipain, a major Trypanosoma cruzi antigen, conditions the host immune response in favor of parasite. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1003-11. [PMID: 11920566 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1003::aid-immu1003>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that humoral immune response to cruzipain, a major antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, is implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental Chagas' disease. In the present study, the spleen cell phenotype and the cytokine profile induced by cruzipain in immunized mice were analyzed. The results showed that cruzipain increases the number of spleen cells with large size and granularity. Splenocyte populations with CD19(+), Mac-1(+), Gr-1(+) and CD11c(+) positive surface markers significantly increased in immune mice compared to controls ones. Histological study revealed the presence of high number of megacariocyte and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, indicating extramedullary hemopoiesis in spleens of immune mice. The finding of high levels of IL-4, IL5 and IL-10 and low levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in supernatants of immune cells stimulated with cruzipain indicates a preferential activation of T2 type cells in immune animals. To investigate the role of innate immunity cells, the classical and alternative metabolic pathways of spleen macrophages from immune mice stimulated by cruzipain were also studied. The results showed an increase of urea associated with a decrease of nitrite levels, suggesting that cruzipain up-regulates the arginase way. Therefore, cruzipain leads to T2 type cytokine profile which may enhance the arginase via in the macrophages promoting a susceptible mechanism to infection. Thus, we postulate that during T. cruzi infection, cruzipain could be used by the parasite to spread inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giordanengo
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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35
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Saas P, Tiberghien P, de Carvalho Bittencourt M. Cell-based therapy approaches using dying cells: from tumour immunotherapy to transplantation tolerance induction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:249-63. [PMID: 11890865 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are promising approaches to treat uncontrolled pathologies, such as tumours. Apoptotic tumour cells have recently been proposed as a source of tumour-associated antigens to stimulate an efficient immune response. However, a complex relationship exists between apoptosis and the immune system. In this review, the different factors that may influence immune responses against apoptotic cells are detailed and discussed in the light of recent publications. These factors include the nature of the phagocytes and the receptors involved in apoptotic cell uptake, as well as the environment in which cells are dying. A possible distinction between apoptosis and necrosis by immune system sentinels adds a further level of complexity. The potential use of the immunomodulatory properties associated with apoptosis to favour engraftment and induce tolerance in transplantation is then discussed. In conclusion, this review will suggest appropriate conditions to efficiently and safely use apoptotic cells as a new cell therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM E0119/UPRES EA2284, Etablissement Fran ais du Sang de Bourgogne Franche-Comt , 1 Boulevard A. Fleming, BP1937, F-25020 Besan on, France.
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36
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Jendro MC, Köhler L, Kuipers JG, Zeidler H. Microbe-induced T cell apoptosis: subversion of the host defense system? FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 207:121-6. [PMID: 11958928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms are equipped with a self destruction program called apoptosis to ensure homeostasis of the organism. Contraction of the lymphocyte compartment following recovery from an infection is controlled by this mechanism. But apoptosis of lymphocytes might be an Achilles tendon accessible to microbes to subvert the immune system. Evidence is cumulating that microbes use this mechanism to destroy microbe-specific T cells. We present an overview of microbe-induced T cell apoptosis discussing the consequences for the pathogenesis of microbial infection. The conventional role of lymphocytes during infection is to impose apoptotic threat to infected cells, the subject of this review highlights the opposite, lymphocytes as targets of microbe-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jendro
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells present in most peripheral tissues. These cells are able to capture and present antigens to T cells. Such presentation can lead to two opposite outcomes: potent activation (immunogenicity) or inhibition (tolerance) of the immune response. The fine regulation of these two distinct functions is not completely understood to date. In this review, we discuss three potential variables that may influence dendritic cell function: the origin of dendritic cells, their maturation state, and their capture properties. Each hypothesis is illustrated with examples in the field of transplantation. Lastly, the criteria necessary for proposing tolerogenic dendritic cells to promote engraftment and long-term allograft survival are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM E0119/UPRES EA2284, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 25020 Besançon, France.
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38
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Abstract
The role of CTLA-4 in inducing the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from T cells during a Leishmania infection has only recently been recognized. However, CTLA-4 and TGF-beta affect T helper cells differently, depending on the maturation. This review discusses the data obtained from different experimental models and demonstrates that CTLA-4 is a target molecule for vaccination and therapy against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Gomes
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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39
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Lüder CG, Gross U, Lopes MF. Intracellular protozoan parasites and apoptosis: diverse strategies to modulate parasite-host interactions. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17:480-6. [PMID: 11587962 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an important regulator of the host's response during infection with a variety of intracellular protozoan parasites. Parasitic pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to induce or inhibit host-cell apoptosis, thereby modulating the host's immune response, aiding dissemination within the host or facilitating intracellular survival. Here, we review the molecular and cell-biological mechanisms of the pathogen-induced modulation of host-cell apoptosis and its effects on the parasite-host interaction and the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. We also discuss the previously unrecognized phenomenon of apoptotic cell death in (unicellular) protozoan parasites and its potential implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Lüder
- Department Bacteriology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Antigens that do not normally access the cytoplasm of antigen-presenting cells, such as certain tumor and viral antigens, become targets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Over the past 25 years, substantial evidence has emerged for an 'exogenous' pathway for loading MHC class I molecules. Dendritic cells are potent stimulators of T-cell responses and can induce CD8(+) CTLs by phagocytosis of dead tumor or virus-infected cells. Here, Marie Larsson and colleagues discuss the role of dendritic cells in stimulating MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses by exogenous routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Larsson
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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