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Cao H, Molday RS, Hu J. Gene therapy: light is finally in the tunnel. Protein Cell 2012; 2:973-89. [PMID: 22231356 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After two decades of ups and downs, gene therapy has recently achieved a milestone in treating patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). LCA is a group of inherited blinding diseases with retinal degeneration and severe vision loss in early infancy. Mutations in several genes, including RPE65, cause the disease. Using adeno-associated virus as a vector, three independent teams of investigators have recently shown that RPE65 can be delivered to retinal pigment epithelial cells of LCA patients by subretinal injections resulting in clinical benefits without side effects. However, considering the whole field of gene therapy, there are still major obstacles to clinical applications for other diseases. These obstacles include innate and immune barriers to vector delivery, toxicity of vectors and the lack of sustained therapeutic gene expression. Therefore, new strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles for achieving safe and effective gene therapy. In this article, we shall review the major advancements over the past two decades and, using lung gene therapy as an example, discuss the current obstacles and possible solutions to provide a roadmap for future gene therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibi Cao
- Programme in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G, 1X8, Canada
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Beauchesne PR, Bruce KJ, Bowen BD, Piret JM. Effect of cell lysates on retroviral transduction efficiency of cells in suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:1168-77. [PMID: 20014140 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant retroviruses are effective vectors able to integrate transgenes into the target cell's genome to achieve longer-term expression. This study investigates the effect of cell lysis products, a common cell culture by-product, on the transduction of suspension cells by gammaretroviral vectors. Cell lysates derived from human and murine suspension cell lines significantly increased the transduction of human TF-1 and K-562 cell lines by gibbon ape leukemia virus-pseudotyped retroviral vectors without altering tropism. The transduction efficiency of TF-1 cells increased as a function of lysate concentration and decreased with increasing target cell concentrations. This was adequately predicted using a saturation equation based on the lysed-to-target cell concentration ratio, R, where: Fold increase = 1+Fold_(Max) (R/(K_(L)+R)). Lysate completely masked the effects of fibronectin when the two were added in combination. With protamine sulfate, the transduction efficiency was increased by lysate to 58% from 20% for protamine sulfate alone. Overall, the presence of cell lysate significantly influenced the outcome of the transduction process, either alone or in the presence of protamine sulfate or fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal R Beauchesne
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Tayi VS, Bowen BD, Piret JM. Mathematical model of the rate-limiting steps for retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:195-209. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, i.e., myelosuppression, can limit their effectiveness. The transfer and expression of drug-resistance genes might decrease the risks associated with acute hematopoietic toxicity. Protection of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells by transfer of drug-resistance genes provides the possibility of intensification or escalation of antitumor drug doses and consequently an improved therapeutic index. This chapter reviews drug-resistance gene transfer strategies for either myeloprotection or therapeutic gene selection. Selecting candidate drug-resistance gene(s), gene transfer methodology, evaluating the safety and the efficiency of the treatment strategy, relevant in vivo models, and oncoretroviral transduction of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells under clinically applicable conditions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Budak-Alpdogan T, Rivière I. Genetic modification of human hematopoietic cells: preclinical optimization of oncoretroviral-mediated gene transfer for clinical trials. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 506:33-58. [PMID: 19110618 PMCID: PMC4360985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-409-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides information about the oncoretroviral transduction of human hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cells under clinically applicable conditions. We describe in detail a short -60 h transduction protocol which consistently yields transduction efficiencies in the range of 30-50% with five different oncoretroviral vectors. We discuss a number of parameters that affect transduction efficiency, including the oncoretroviral vector characteristics, the vector stock collection, the source of CD34+ cells and transduction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Bonde J, Wirthlin L, Kohn DB, Nolta JA. Human hematopoietic cell culture, transduction, and analyses. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2008; Chapter 13:Unit 13.7. [PMID: 18428422 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg1307s56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This unit provides methods for introducing genes into human hematopoietic progenitor cells. The Basic Protocol describes isolation of CD34(+) cells, transduction of these cells with a retroviral vector on fibronectin-coated plates, assaying the efficiency of transduction, and establishing long-term cultures. Support protocols describe methods for maintenance of vector-producing fibroblasts (VPF) and supernatant collection from these cells, screening medium components for the ability to support hematopoietic cell growth, and establishing colonies from long-term cultures. Other protocols provide PCR-based methods to analyze individual colonies for transduction, methods to analyze cells harvested from long-term cultures, and procedures for freezing and thawing of hematopoietic cells.
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Ebeling P, Bach P, Sorg U, Schneider A, Trarbach T, Dilloo D, Hanenberg H, Niesert S, Seeber S, Moritz T, Flasshove M. Evaluation of different protocols for gene transfer into non-obese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency disease mouse repopulating cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 133:199-209. [PMID: 17053889 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although gene transfer with retroviral vectors has shown distinct clinical success in defined settings, efficient genetic manipulation of hematopoietic progenitor cells remains a challenge. To address this issue we have evaluated different transduction protocols and retroviral constructs in the non-obese diabetes (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) xenograft model. METHODS An extended transduction protocol requiring 144 h of in vitro manipulation was compared to a more conventional protocol requiring 96 h only. RESULT While pretransplantation analysis of cells transduced with a retroviral vector, expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) marker gene, demonstrated significantly higher overall transduction rates for the extended protocol (33.6 +/- 2.3 vs. 22.1 +/- 3.8%), EGFP expression in CD34+ cells before transplantation (4.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 11.6 +/- 2.5%), engraftment of human cells in NOD/SCID bone marrow 4 weeks after transplantation (4.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 36.5 +/- 9.4%) and EGFP expression in these cells (0 +/- 0 vs. 11.3 +/- 2.8%) were significantly impaired. When the 96 h protocol was used in combination with the spleen focus forming virus (SFFV)/murine embryonic stem cell (MESV) hybrid vector SFbeta11-EGFP, high transduction rates for CD45+ (41.0 +/- 5.3%) and CD34+ (38.5 +/- 3.7%) cells prior to transplantation, as well as efficient human cell engraftment in NOD/SCID mice 4 weeks after transplantation (32.4 +/- 3.5%), was detected. Transgene expression was observed in B-lymphoid (15.9 +/- 2.0%), myeloid (36.5 +/- 3.5%) and CD34+ cells (10.1 +/- 1.5%). CONCLUSION Our data show that CD34+ cells maintained in cytokines for multiple days may differentiate and loose their capacity to contribute to the haematological reconstitution of NOD/SCID mice. In addition, the SFFV/MESV hybrid vector SFbeta11-EGFP allows efficient transduction of and gene expression in haematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ebeling
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Budak-Alpdogan T, Przybylowski M, Gonen M, Sadelain M, Bertino J, Rivière I. Functional assessment of the engraftment potential of gammaretrovirus-modified CD34+ cells, using a short serum-free transduction protocol. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:780-94. [PMID: 16839276 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful transduction and engraftment of human mobilized peripheral blood (MBP) CD34(+) cells are determined to a large extent by the ex vivo cell-processing conditions. In preparation for upcoming clinical trials, we investigated essential culture parameters and devised a short and efficient gammaretroviral transduction protocol entailing minimal manipulation of MBP CD34(+) cells. The engraftment potential and in vivo transgene expression in the progeny of repopulating CD34(+) cells were measured to assess the functionality of CD34(+) cells transduced under these conditions. Using a competitive in vivo repopulation assay in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, we demonstrate equivalent engraftment of CD34(+) cells transduced under serum-free conditions as compared with CD34(+) cells cultured with serum. We also took advantage of this in vivo model to demonstrate that ex vivo manipulation of CD34(+) cells can be shortened to 60 hr, using 36 hr of prestimulation and two cycles of transduction 12 hr apart. These minimally manipulated CD34(+) cells engraft in a manner similar to cells transduced under longer protocols and the vector-encoded transgene is expressed at the same frequency in cells derived from repopulating CD34(+) cells in vivo. We have thus developed a short and efficient human MBP CD34(+) transduction protocol under serum-free conditions that is suitable and broadly applicable for phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, 08903, USA
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Grassinger J, Mueller G, Zaiss M, Kunz-Schughart LA, Andreesen R, Hennemann B. Differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells towards the myeloid and B-lymphoid lineage by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and thrombopoietin (TPO) together with early acting cytokines. Eur J Haematol 2006; 77:134-44. [PMID: 16856909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of stem cell factor (SCF), flt3-ligand (FL), and interleukin (IL)-3 (SF3) in combination with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), thrombopoietin (TPO), and Hyper-IL-6 on maintenance and differentiation of early human peripheral blood-derived progenitor cells was investigated. METHODS Single sorted CD34(+) 38(-) cells were cultured with various combinations of these growth factors in order to identify the most effective cytokine combination. Then, lineage-depleted cells were stimulated for 7 d in bulk culture before they were assessed by flow cytometry and in functional assays. RESULTS The highest number of clones in the single-cell assay was obtained after culture with SF3 + TPO + HGF. Cell expansion with SF3 + TPO + HGF yielded an increase of the total cell number (11-fold), the number of CD34(+) cells (sevenfold), colony forming cells (CFC; 13-fold), granulocytes (CD15/66b(+); 45-fold) and B-cells (CD19/20(+); 55-fold). However, the number of long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-IC) decreased from 779 +/- 338 per 1 x 10(5) CD34(+) cells on day 0 to 253 +/- 115 on day 7. In parallel, the number of pluripotent mouse repopulating cells decreased by the factor 11, and no significant change in the proportion of human myeloid or lymphoid cells found in the mouse bone marrow was noted. CONCLUSION The observation that mature cells of different lineages are generated and that transplantable multipotent hematopoietic cells are lost during culture suggests the differentiation of early hematopoietic progenitors toward lineage committed cells by the tested cytokines. The detection of cells expressing B-lymphoid markers after culture indicates a possible role in the propagation of B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Grassinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Budak-Alpdogan T, Przybylowski M, Gonen M, Sadelain M, Bertino J, Riviere I. Functional Assessment of the Engraftment Potential of Gammaretrovirus-Modified CD34+ Cells, Using a Short Serum-Free Transduction Protocol. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hall KM, Horvath TL, Abonour R, Cornetta K, Srour EF. Decreased homing of retrovirally transduced human bone marrow CD34+ cells in the NOD/SCID mouse model. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:433-42. [PMID: 16569590 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many clinical gene therapy trials have described poor engraftment of retrovirally transduced CD34(+) cells. Because engraftment is dependent upon successful homing of graft cells to the bone marrow (BM), we examined whether retroviral-mediated gene transfer (RMGT) induces a homing defect in CD34(+) cells. METHODS Homing of fluorescently labeled human BM CD34(+) cells transduced with three separate retroviral vectors (MFG-eGFP, LNC-eGFP, and LXSN) was assessed in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Homing of transduced CD34(+) cells was significantly decreased 20 hours after transplantation compared with freshly isolated control and cultured untransduced control cells. Specifically, homing of GFP(+) cells in the graft was preferentially decreased thus skewing the contribution of transduced cells to engraftment. Transduced cells were not selectively trapped in other organs and BM-homed transduced cells did not undergo apoptosis at a higher rate than untransduced cells. Adhesion molecule expression and binding activity was not altered by RMGT. This homing defect was reversed when transduced cells were cultured over CH-296 for 2 additional days with SCF only. CONCLUSION These data suggest that RMGT of hematopoietic cells may compromise their homing potential and implicate transduction-induced reduced homing in the observed low engraftment of retrovirally transduced CD34(+) cells. These results may have a direct clinical application in gene therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indian University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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12
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KELLY PATRICKF, CARRINGTON JODY, NATHWANI AMIT, VANIN ELIOF. RD114-Pseudotyped Oncoretroviral Vectors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Drewel D, Luecke K, Mueller G, Kunz-Schughart LA, Dietl B, Zeitler I, Andreesen R, Hennemann B. SCF modulates organ distribution and hematopoietic engraftment of CB-derived pluripotent HPC transplanted in NOD/SCID mice. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:70-8. [PMID: 16627347 DOI: 10.1080/14653240500500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the engraftment process of transplanted HPC, the beta 1 integrins play an important role. An increased expression and adhesive function of these integrins has been shown in hematopoietic cell lines and peripheral blood-derived HPC after stimulation with SCF. In this study, we investigated the influence of SCF on the engraftment capability and tissue distribution of cord blood (CB) cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. METHODS CB-derived mononuclear cells were injected i.v. into 40 sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice with or without the addition of 10 microg SCF/ mouse. Six weeks later, BM, liver, kidneys, brain and testicular tissue were analyzed for the prevalence of human cells. RESULTS The mean proportion of human CD45+ CD71+ cells within the BM of all engrafted mice receiving SCF in addition to the cells was 1.7-fold higher than in the respective controls. By immunohistochemical staining, human cells were found in liver and kidneys of the engrafted animals, but not in neural tissues or testicles. In the kidneys, the proportion of human cells rose significantly from 0.07 +/- 0.3% to 0.24 +/- 0.05% with treatment with SCF, compared with untreated controls. Single human cells in the liver additionally stained positive for human albumin, indicating organ-specific differentiation of the transplanted cells. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that stimulation with SCF modulates the tissue distribution of the progeny of the transplanted cells and improves the hematopoietic engraftment potential of transplanted CB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Drewel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute for Pathology, Regensburg, Germany
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Budak-Alpdogan T, Banerjee D, Bertino JR. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with drug resistance genes: an update. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:849-63. [PMID: 16037821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of drug resistance genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has promise for the treatment of a variety of inherited, that is, X-linked severe combined immune deficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency, thalassemia, and acquired disorders, that is, breast cancer, lymphomas, brain tumors, and testicular cancer. Drug resistance genes are transferred into HSCs either for providing myeloprotection against chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression or for selecting HSCs that are concomitantly transduced with another gene for correction of an inherited disorder. In this review, we describe ongoing experimental approaches, observations from clinical trials, and safety concerns related to the drug resistance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Hart C, Drewel D, Mueller G, Grassinger J, Zaiss M, Kunz-Schughart LA, Andreesen R, Reichle A, Holler E, Hennemann B. Expression and function of homing-essential molecules and enhanced in vivo homing ability of human peripheral blood-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells after stimulation with stem cell factor. Stem Cells 2005; 22:580-9. [PMID: 15277703 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-4-580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homing from blood to bone marrow is a multistep process involving rolling, extravasation, migration, and finally adhesion in the correct microenvironment. With view to the hematopoietic recovery after clinical stem cell transplantation, we investigated the effect of stem cell factor (SCF) on the expression and the adhesive function of the alpha4beta1 and alpha5beta1 integrins very-late antigen (VLA)-4 and VLA-5 on peripheral blood-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells. After SCF stimulation, the expression of VLA-4 and VLA-5 on CD34+/c-kit+ cells obtained from healthy donors increased from 54% to 90% and from 3% to 82%, respectively. For patient-derived cells, the increase was 67% to 90% and 12% to 46%. The proportion of mononuclear cells adhering to the fibronectin fragment CH296 increased by stimulation with SCF from 14% to 23%. Accordingly, functional studies showed an approximate 30% increase of adherent long-term culture-initiating cell. The improvement of the homing abilities of SCF-stimulated HSC was confirmed by transplantation into sublethally irradiated nonobese diabetic-scid/scid mice. Six weeks after the transplantation, in eight of eight animals receiving human HSC with the addition of SCF, a profound multilineage hematopoietic engraftment was detected, whereas in the control group receiving only HSC, none of eight animals engrafted. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence that stimulation with cytokines improves the homing ability of transplanted human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hart
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Germany
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Chalandon Y, Jiang X, Christ O, Loutet S, Thanopoulou E, Eaves A, Eaves C. BCR-ABL-transduced human cord blood cells produce abnormal populations in immunodeficient mice. Leukemia 2005; 19:442-8. [PMID: 15674417 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the successful use of a gene transfer approach to demonstrate the ability of forced BCR-ABL expression to deregulate the growth and differentiation of primitive naive human hematopoietic cells after their transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Human CD34+ cord blood cells were exposed to an MSCV retrovirus containing a BCR-ABL-IRES-GFP (P210) cassette and then injected immediately into sublethally irradiated nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) or NOD/SCID-beta2microglobulin-/- mice. P210- and control-transduced (GFP+) human hematopoietic cells were produced in the bone marrow of the mice at similar levels until termination of the experiments 5-6 months later. However, the P210-transduced cells produced a markedly different spectrum of progeny, with an increased ratio of myeloid to B-lymphoid cells and a frequently prolonged increase in erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. After 5 months, several of the mice transplanted with P210-transduced cells developed an increased WBC count and/or splenomegaly due to an expansion of the human GFP+ population. These findings demonstrate that forced expression of BCR-ABL in primitive transplantable human hematopoietic cells is sufficient to cause a rapid and persistent deregulation of their growth and differentiation in vivo with occasional evidence after several months of progression to an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chalandon
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Imren S, Fabry ME, Westerman KA, Pawliuk R, Tang P, Rosten PM, Nagel RL, Leboulch P, Eaves CJ, Humphries RK. High-level beta-globin expression and preferred intragenic integration after lentiviral transduction of human cord blood stem cells. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:953-62. [PMID: 15467834 PMCID: PMC518665 DOI: 10.1172/jci21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of genetically corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells is an attractive approach for the cure of sickle-cell disease and beta-thalassemia. Here, we infected human cord blood cells with a self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding an anti-sickling betaA-T87Q-globin transgene and analyzed the transduced progeny produced over a 6-month period after transplantation of the infected cells directly into sublethally irradiated NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice. Approximately half of the human erythroid and myeloid progenitors regenerated in the mice containing the transgene, and erythroid cells derived in vitro from these in vivo-regenerated cells produced high levels of betaA-T87Q-globin protein. Linker-mediated PCR analysis identified multiple transgene-positive clones in all mice analyzed with 2.1 +/- 0.1 integrated proviral copies per cell. Genomic sequencing of vector-containing fragments showed that 86% of the proviral inserts had occurred within genes, including several genes implicated in human leukemia. These findings indicate effective transduction of very primitive human cord blood cells with a candidate therapeutic lentiviral vector resulting in the long-term and robust, erythroid-specific production of therapeutically relevant levels of beta-globin protein. However, the frequency of proviral integration within genes that regulate hematopoiesis points to a need for additional safety modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Imren
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Imren S, Fabry ME, Westerman KA, Pawliuk R, Tang P, Rosten PM, Nagel RL, Leboulch P, Eaves CJ, Humphries RK. High-level β-globin expression and preferred intragenic integration after lentiviral transduction of human cord blood stem cells. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200421838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the ability to transfer genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has provided new insights into the behavior of individual stem cells and offered a novel approach for the treatment of various inherited or acquired disorders. At present, gene transfer into HSCs has been achieved mainly using modified retroviruses. While retrovirus-based vectors could efficiently transduce murine HSCs, extrapolation of these methods to large mammals and human clinical trials resulted in very low numbers of gene-marked engrafted cells. In addition, in vitro progenitor assays used to optimize gene transfer procedures were found to poorly predict the outcome of stem cell gene transfer. The focus rapidly turned to the development of superior and more relevant preclinical assays in human stem cell gene transfer research. Xenogeneic transplant models and large animal transplantation system have been invaluable. The development of better assays for evaluating human gene therapy protocols and a better understanding of stem cell and vector biology has culminated over the past decade in multiple strategies to improve gene transfer efficiency into HSCs. Improved gene transfer vectors, optimization of cytokine combination, and incorporation of a recombinant fragment of fibronectin during transduction are examples of novel successful additions to the early gene transfer protocols that have contributed to the first unequivocal clinical benefits resulting from genetic manipulation of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Larochelle
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Porada CD, Park P, Almeida-Porada G, Zanjani ED. The sheep model of in utero gene therapy. Fetal Diagn Ther 2004; 19:23-30. [PMID: 14646413 DOI: 10.1159/000074255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Once its full clinical potential has been realized, hematopoietic stem cell based gene therapy (GT) promises to cure a wide array of both inborn and acquired diseases. For many genetic disorders, early onset and irreparable tissue and organ damage necessitate innovative methods that allow therapeutic intervention early in development, if a full cure is to be realized. Performing GT in utero would allow early correction prior to disease onset and is thus one of the few therapeutic modalities that could promise the birth of a healthy infant. Several features of the developing fetus may circumvent obstacles that have thus far been observed in GT trials. For example, the immune naïveté of the early gestational fetus may evade immune reactions to the vector and transgene product. Furthermore, fetal exposure to foreign antigens can result in sustained tolerance, suggesting that induction of tolerance to the vector/transgene product could allow postnatal treatment to be performed successfully. In addition to these immunologic advantages, the fetal hematopoietic system promises to be more amenable to retrovirus-mediated gene transfer than either the neonate or adult as a result of both proliferation and expansion of the stem/progenitor cell pool that take place during fetal development. To investigate whether these characteristics of the developing fetus could be used to advantage to efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem cells, we developed an approach to in utero GT, in which retroviral vectors were directly injected into the peritoneal cavity of preimmune fetal sheep. This approach resulted in the transfer and long-term (>5 years) expression of exogenous genes within the hematopoietic system of primary and secondary recipients, albeit at relatively low levels that would not likely be therapeutic in most diseases. These studies also demonstrated that the direct injection of retroviral vectors into preimmune fetal sheep results not only in the successful transduction of long-term engrafting hematopoietic stem cells, but also in the widespread distribution of vector to all other tissues examined, including the reproductive organs. In an effort to increase the hematopoietic cell transduction to clinically relevant levels, we repeated our initial studies with 1,000-fold higher titer vectors. This led to only a modest (two- to fourfold) increase in the transduction levels, suggesting that factors other than absolute vector dosage were responsible for the low levels of gene transfer. For this reason, we have more recently begun evaluating the effect of recipient gestational age on the efficiency of gene transfer to both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. Thus far, we have observed an inverse relation between the gestational age at the time of vector administration and the level of transduction and expression of the transgene within the hematopoietic system, such that fetuses injected earlier in gestation have higher levels of hematopoietic cell transduction. These elevated levels have persisted for at least 1 year after injection, suggesting that the enhancement is at the level of primitive stem/progenitor cells. When analyzing the liver sections from animals that had received the vector at different gestational ages, we also observed an inverse correlation between recipient age and efficiency of gene transfer to the hepatocytes, such that a high efficiency of gene transfer occurred at early ages, while very little occurred at later stages of gestation. In contrast to the findings in the hematopoietic system and in the liver, analysis of the lungs of these same animals revealed that the efficiency of transduction of nonhematopoietic lung tissue increased with increasing gestational age. These results demonstrate that both hematopoietic cells and nonhematopoietic cells within liver and lung are transduced following direct injection of murine retroviral vector supernatants into the peritoneal cavity of preimmune fetal sheep and suggest that the developmental stage of each organ at the time of injection may determine its etermine its susceptibility to in utero gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Porada
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. 89557-0104, USA.
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21
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Oh IH, Fabry ME, Humphries RK, Pawliuk R, Leboulch P, Hoffman R, Nagel RL, Eaves C. Expression of an anti-sickling β-globin in human erythroblasts derived from retrovirally transduced primitive normal and sickle cell disease hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:461-9. [PMID: 15145214 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent improvements in human beta-globin vector design have fueled interest in gene therapy approaches to the treatment of human thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD). The present study was undertaken to determine whether human beta-globin mRNA and protein could be obtained in the erythroid progeny of more primitive human target cells transduced with a retrovirus containing murine stem cell virus long terminal repeats, a phosphoglycerate kinase promoter driving the expression of a green fluorescence protein (GFP) cDNA, and an anti-sickling beta-globin (beta87(+)) gene under the control of an HS2, HS3, HS4 enhancer cassette. MATERIALS AND METHODS A two-step pseudotyping strategy was devised to obtain useful preparations of this virus. Primitive cells present in normal human cord blood (CB) and adult SCD patients' blood samples were infected and the level of gene transfer (% GFP(+) cells) and erythroid-specific beta87(+)-globin expression assessed. RESULTS Analysis of the proportion of infected cells that became GFP(+) showed that this virus transduced approximately 50% of initial CD34(+) CB and SCD cells and up to 23% of cells able to regenerate both lymphoid and myeloid cells in sublethally irradiated primary and secondary NOD/SCID mice. beta87(+)-globin transcripts were readily detected in erythroblasts generated from primitive transduced CB cells and SCD progenitors. Evidence of beta87(+)-derived protein in transduced CB cell-derived erythroblasts also was obtained. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that retroviral vector-based gene transfer approaches can be used to achieve human beta-globin protein expression in the erythroid progeny of transplantable human precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hoan Oh
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Hanawa H, Hematti P, Keyvanfar K, Metzger ME, Krouse A, Donahue RE, Kepes S, Gray J, Dunbar CE, Persons DA, Nienhuis AW. Efficient gene transfer into rhesus repopulating hematopoietic stem cells using a simian immunodeficiency virus-based lentiviral vector system. Blood 2004; 103:4062-9. [PMID: 14976042 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-titer, HIV-1-based lentiviral vector particles were found to transduce cytokine-mobilized rhesus macaque CD34(+) cells and clonogenic progenitors very poorly (< 1%), reflecting the postentry restriction in rhesus cells to HIV infection. To overcome this barrier, we developed a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based vector system. A single exposure to a low concentration of amphotropic pseudotyped SIV vector particles encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) resulted in gene transfer into 68% +/- 1% of rhesus bulk CD34(+) cells and 75% +/- 1% of clonogenic progenitors. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of DNA from individual hematopoietic colonies confirmed these relative transduction efficiencies. To evaluate SIV vector-mediated stem cell gene transfer in vivo, 3 rhesus macaques underwent transplantation with transduced, autologous cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells following myeloablative conditioning. Hematopoietic reconstitution was rapid, and an average of 18% +/- 8% and 15% +/- 7% GFP-positive granulocytes and monocytes, respectively, were observed 4 to 6 months after transplantation, consistent with the average vector copy number of 0.19 +/- 0.05 in peripheral blood leukocytes as determined by real-time PCR. Vector insertion site analysis demonstrated polyclonal reconstitution with vector-containing cells. SIV vectors appear promising for evaluating gene therapy approaches in nonhuman primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hanawa
- Experimental Hematology Division, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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23
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Jiang X, Stuible M, Chalandon Y, Li A, Chan WY, Eisterer W, Krystal G, Eaves A, Eaves C. Evidence for a positive role of SHIP in the BCR-ABL-mediated transformation of primitive murine hematopoietic cells and in human chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2003; 102:2976-84. [PMID: 12829595 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP) may play a tumor suppressor-like function in BCR-ABL-mediated leukemogenesis. To investigate this possibility, we first developed a new assay for quantitating transplantable multilineage leukemia-initiating cells (L-ICs) in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-enriched mouse bone marrow (BM) cells transduced with a BCR-ABL-GFP (green fluorescent protein) retrovirus. The frequency of L-ICs (1 of 430 Sca-1+lin- cells) was 7-fold lower than the frequency of HSCs in the Sca-1+lin- subset transduced with a control virus (1 of 65 cells). Forced BCRABL expression was also accompanied by a loss of regular HSC activity consistent with the acquisition of an increased probability of differentiation. Interestingly, the frequency and in vivo behavior of wild-type (+/+) and SHIP-/- L-ICs were indistinguishable, and in vitro, Sca-1+lin- BCR-ABL-transduced SHIP-/- cells showed a modestly reduced factor independence. Comparison of different populations of cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase and normal human BM showed that the reduced expression of full-length SHIP proteins seen in the more mature (CD34-lin+) leukemic cells is not mirrored in the more primitive (CD34+lin-) leukemic cells. Thus, SHIP expression appears to be differently altered in the early and late stages of differentiation of BCR-ABL-transformed cells, underscoring the importance of the cellular context in which its mechanistic effects are analyzed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Crosses, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genes, Dominant
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 601 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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24
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Richard RE, Blau CA. Small-molecule-directed mpl signaling can complement growth factors to selectively expand genetically modified cord blood cells. Stem Cells 2003; 21:71-8. [PMID: 12529553 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-1-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts toward achieving gene therapy for blood disorders are plagued by low rates of gene transfer into hemopoietic stem cells. Recent studies suggest that this obstacle can be circumvented using selection. One way to achieve selection employs genes that encode receptor-bearing fusion proteins capable of inducing cell growth in response to drugs called chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs). We have previously shown that genetically modified marrow cells from mice can proliferate for up to a year in culture in response to CID-initiated signals arising from the thrombopoietin receptor (mpl). The sustained growth observed in mouse hemopoietic cells results from an mpl-induced self-renewal of multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cells. In contrast, human hemopoietic cells proliferate only transiently in response to the mpl signal (from differentiation of transduced erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors), while human myeloid progenitors fail to respond. Here, we show that myeloid progenitors from human cord blood can be induced to proliferate and/or differentiate in response to the mpl signal by providing additional signals via a combination of growth factors. These findings are relevant for the eventual clinical application of CID-regulated cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Richard
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Walters MC, Nienhuis AW, Vichinsky E. Novel therapeutic approaches in sickle cell disease. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2003:10-34. [PMID: 12446417 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this update, selected clinical features of sickle cell disease and their management are reviewed. In addition, the current status of interventions that have curative potential for sickle cell disease is discussed, with particular attention focused on indications, methodology, recent results, and challenges to wider clinical application. In Section I, Dr. Nienhuis describes recent improvements in vector technology, safety, and replacement gene expression that are creating the potential for clinical application of this technology. In Section II, Dr. Vichinsky reviews our current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of pulmonary injury in sickle cell disease. The acute and chronic pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease, modulators and predictors of severity, and conventional and novel treatment of these complications are discussed. In Section III, Dr. Walters reviews the current status of hematopoietic cell transplantation for sickle cell disease. Newer efforts to expand its availability by identifying alternate sources of stem cells and by reducing the toxicity of transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Walters
- Children's Hospital & Research Center, Oakland, University of California, San Francisco, 94609, USA
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26
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Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) are rare disorders that represent paediatric medical emergencies, as the outcome for affected patients can easily be fatal unless proper treatment is performed. The only curative treatment for SCID is reconstitution of the patient's immunity. For more than 30 years, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been extremely successful for SCID. However, BMT often results in only incomplete restoration of B cell function in treated patients, especially when haploidentical donors are used. In addition, BMT can be associated with severe complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Alternative forms of therapy for SCID are therefore desirable. Genetic correction of peripheral T lymphocytes and/or haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by retrovirally mediated gene transfer has been attempted for patients with SCID due to adenosine deaminase deficiency, the first genetic disease targeted in clinical gene therapy trials with very limited success, overall. After these pioneer trials, recent progress has led to significant improvement of gene transfer techniques and better understanding of HSC biology which has culminated in the recent success of a gene therapy trial for patients affected with X-linked SCID (X-SCID). In this trial, patients with X-SCID received autologous bone marrow stem/progenitor cells which had been retrovirally transduced with a therapeutic gene. Based on the current follow-up, the overall efficacy of this gene therapy procedure is to be considered similar to or even better than that achievable by allogeneic BMT, because patients were not exposed to the risks of GVHD. Although these exciting results have clearly demonstrated that gene therapy is a feasible therapeutic option for X-SCID, they have also raised important questions regarding the long-term outcome of this experimental procedure and the possibility of translating this success into applications for other forms of SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Otsu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1851, USA
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27
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Trarbach T, Greifenberg S, Bardenheuer W, Elmaagacli A, Hirche H, Flasshove M, Seeber S, Moritz T. Optimized retroviral transduction protocol for human progenitor cells utilizing fibronectin fragments. Cytotherapy 2003; 2:429-38. [PMID: 12044223 DOI: 10.1080/146532400539378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retroviral transduction in the presence of fibronectin (FN) fragments has proven an efficient and clinically-applicable procedure for gene transfer into hematopoietic cells. So far, FN-based transduction protocols have been optimized primarily for transduction of stem cells, whereas for several therapeutic applications transduction of clonogenic progenitors (CFU) may be sufficient. METHODS Transduction protocols for CFU were optimized by evaluating the effect of growth factors, timing of retroviral transduction, CD34-selection and heparin, using a neomycin-phosphotransferase (neo(R))-expressing retroviral vector. RESULTS The presence of multiple growth factors during prestimulation and transduction, including the differentiating cytokines G-CSF or GM-CSF, substantially enhanced transduction of CFU. Best results were achieved when 24 h of prestimulation were followed by a 24-48 h transduction period in the presence of the CH-296 FN-fragment and IL-3, IL-11, SCF, erythropoietin (EPO), and GM-CSF. With this proto-col we observed highly efficient transduction of BM-derived CFU (90.7 +/- 8.8 % G 418-resistant colonies), even with retrovirus preparations of moderate infectious titer (5 x 10(4) - 2 x 10(5) CFU/mL). The number of CFU increased on average 2.6-fold (range 1.5-3.8) during the transduction procedure. Selection of CD34(+) cells prior to transduction did not improve transduction efficiency. Heparin, even in concentrations as low as 2.0 microg/mL, significantly inhibited transduction of CFU on FN-fragments. DISCUSSION An optimized protocol for retroviral gene transfer into human clonogenic progenitor cells that allows highly efficient transduction, even with moderate titer retroviral vectors, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Trarbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, West German Cancer Center, University of Essen, Germany
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28
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Kelly PF, Donahue RE, Vandergriff JA, Takatoku M, Bonifacino AC, Agricola BA, Metzger ME, Dunbar CE, Nienhuis AW, Vanin EF. Prolonged multilineage clonal hematopoiesis in a rhesus recipient of CD34 positive cells marked with a RD114 pseudotyped oncoretroviral vector. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 30:132-43. [PMID: 12667996 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently transfer a gene into repopulating hematopoietic stem cells would create many therapeutic opportunities. We have evaluated the ability of particles bearing an alternative envelope protein, that of the feline endogenous virus (RD114), to transduce stem cells in a nonhuman primate autologous transplantation model using rhesus macaques. We have previously shown this pseudotyped vector to be superior to the amphotropic vector at transducing cells in umbilical cord blood capable of establishing hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice. Gene transfer efficiency as reflected by the number of genetically modified cells in hematopoietic tissues varied among the five monkeys studied from low levels (<1%) in three animals to much higher levels in two (20-60%). An animal that exhibited extremely high levels for several weeks was found by vector genome insertion site analysis to have reconstitution predominantly with a single clone of cells. This variability among animals is in keeping with computer simulations of reconstitution with limiting numbers of stem cells genetically modified at about 10% efficiency. Our studies provide insights into the biology of hematopoietic reconstitution and suggest approaches for increasing stem cell targeted gene transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Kelly
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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29
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Becker PS. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for inherited bone marrow disorders: past accomplishments and continued challenges. J Cell Biochem 2002; 38:55-64. [PMID: 12046850 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From the time that the genes encoding the defective proteins were cloned for a number of inherited diseases, it became a goal to correct those conditions by restoring the normal gene and thereby, its product. For the inherited disorders affecting the blood and its progenitor cells, the hematopoietic stem cells were the ideal target cells for gene transfer, because the normal gene would then be transferred to all of the progeny cells, theoretically for the lifetime of the recipient. However, the tasks of isolating the hematopoietic stem cells, introducing the new genes in such a manner as to preserve engraftment of the manipulated cells, and achieving long-term gene expression, have not been straightforward in the clinical trial setting, although there has been moderate success for cells in vitro, and in murine studies. With the report of clinical efficacy of gene transfer in children with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease, the dream of clinical gene transfer to hematopoietic cells has become a reality. But there are still significant impediments remaining for a number of diseases. The innovations of introduction of synthetic receptors that confer growth advantage, the use of lentiviral vectors with increased stem cell transduction efficiency, and the addition of modified promoter/enhancer sequences to augment and preserve gene expression may bring wider success to gene therapy clinical trials for bone marrow disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA.
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30
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Jiang X, Ng E, Yip C, Eisterer W, Chalandon Y, Stuible M, Eaves A, Eaves CJ. Primitive interleukin 3 null hematopoietic cells transduced with BCR-ABL show accelerated loss after culture of factor-independence in vitro and leukemogenic activity in vivo. Blood 2002; 100:3731-40. [PMID: 12393460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive chronic myeloid leukemia cells display a unique autocrine interleukin 3 (IL-3)/granulocyte-colony-stimluating factor (G-CSF) mechanism that may explain their abnormal proliferation and differentiation control. Here we show that BCR-ABL transduction of primitive Sca-1(+) lin(-) mouse bone marrow (BM) cells causes immediate activation of IL-3, G-CSF, and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression in these cells. Their autocrine IL-3-mediated growth dependence is thus demonstrable only in clonal cultures where paracrine effects are reduced. Interestingly, upon continued culture, these cells produce large populations of rapidly proliferating mast cells in which only the IL-3 autocrine mechanism is consistently maintained, together with evidence of hyperphosphorylation of p210(BCR-ABL) and STAT5 and retention of a multilineage but attenuated in vivo leukemogenic potential characterized by a prolonged latency. BCR-ABL transduction of IL-3(-/-) Sca-1(+) lin(-) BM cells initially activates GM-CSF and G-CSF production, factor independence, and the ability to generate phenotypically indistinguishable populations of mast cells. However, maintenance of factor independence, and p210(BCR-ABL) and STAT 5 activation beyond 4 to 6 weeks, requires rescue with an IL-3 transgene. The cultured BCR-ABL-transduced IL-3(-/-) cells also lack leukemogenic activity in vivo. These findings provide new evidence that IL-3 production is a rapid, sustained, and biologically relevant consequence of BCR-ABL expression in primitive hematopoietic cells with multilineage leukemogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, and the Department of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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31
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Jones SA, Rose-John S. The role of soluble receptors in cytokine biology: the agonistic properties of the sIL-6R/IL-6 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1592:251-63. [PMID: 12421670 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines perform ever-increasing roles in both, the regulation of general homeostasis and in orchestrating the immune response during disease. To ensure that control of the cytokine network is tightly regulated, nature has developed a series of systems designed for this purpose. In this respect, researchers have placed considerable emphasis on identifying and characterising the regulatory properties of soluble cytokine receptors. These proteins bind their ligands with similar affinities to those of their cognate transmembrane receptors and are effective at prolonging the circulating half-life of cytokines they bind. However, it is the individual capacity of these soluble receptors to act as either antagonists or agonists which has been the principal focus of most research studies. This review provides an overview of the activities of soluble cytokine receptors, but primarily concentrates on those that possess agonistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Jones
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.
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32
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Nicolini FE, Imren S, Oh IH, Humphries RK, Leboulch P, Fabry ME, Nagel RL, Eaves CJ. Expression of a human beta-globin transgene in erythroid cells derived from retrovirally transduced transplantable human fetal liver and cord blood cells. Blood 2002; 100:1257-64. [PMID: 12149206 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of therapeutic genes to human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) using complex vectors at clinically relevant efficiencies remains a major challenge. Recently we described a stable retroviral vector that sustains long-term expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a human beta-globin gene in the erythroid progeny of transduced murine HSCs. We now report the efficient transduction of primitive human CD34(+) fetal liver or cord blood cells with this vector and expression of the beta-globin transgene in the erythroid progeny of these human cells for at least 2 months. After growth factor prestimulation and then a 2- to 3-day exposure to the virus, 35% to 55% GFP(+) progeny were seen in assays of transduced colony-forming cells, primitive erythroid precursors that generate large numbers of glycophorin A(+) cells in 3-week suspension cultures, and 6-week long-term culture-initiating cells. In immunodeficient mice injected with unselected infected cells, 5% to 15% of the human cells regenerated in the marrow (including the erythroid cells) were GFP(+) 3 and 6 weeks after transplantation. Importantly, the numbers of GFP(+) human lymphoid and either granulopoietic or erythroid cells in individual mice 6 weeks after transplantation were significantly correlated, indicative of the initial transduction of human multipotent cells with in vivo repopulating activity. Expression of the transduced beta-globin gene in human cells obtained directly from the mice or after their differentiation into erythroid cells in vitro was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. These experiments represent a significant step toward the realization of a gene therapy approach for human beta-globin gene disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck E Nicolini
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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33
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Ott MG, Merget-Millitzer H, Ottmann OG, Martin H, Brüggenolte N, Bialek H, Seger R, Hossle JP, Hoelzer D, Grez M. Mobilization and transduction of CD34(+) peripheral blood stem cells in patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2002; 11:683-94. [PMID: 12201957 DOI: 10.1089/15258160260194839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As a single-gene defect in phagocytes, the X-linked form of chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is a disorder potentially amenable to gene therapy by transfer of a functional copy of the gp91(phox) gene into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Although antimicrobial agents and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) have significantly improved its prognosis, CGD is still associated with high morbidity and mortality. The disease can be cured by bone marrow transplantation (BMT); however, BMT in CGD has been associated with unacceptably high rates of morbidity, mortality, and graft failure, except in very selected cases in which an HLA-identical donor is available. Prerequisites for a clinical gene therapy of CGD are an efficient mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) as well as the preservation of their viability and hematopoietic potential following transduction and ex vivo culture. We show that (i) mobilization and collection of CD34(+) cells after a 4-week IFN-gamma-free period by G-CSF results in sufficient numbers of cells for transplantation; (ii) the quality of collected stem cells is not altered in comparison to cells obtained from healthy volunteers as assessed by long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-IC) and progenitor cell expansion; (iii) retroviral transfer of the gp91(phox) gene under defined, serum-free conditions leads to high and stable reconstitution of the respiratory burst activity in X-CGD neutrophils derived from transduced CD34(+) progenitor and LTC-IC. Withdrawal of IFN-gamma in CGD patients may improve mobilization of CD34(+) stem cells by G-CSF. The gene transfer conditions established here are applicable to a clinical approach for gene therapy of X-CGD.
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34
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van der Loo JCM, Liu BL, Goldman AI, Buckley SM, Chrudimsky KS. Optimization of gene transfer into primitive human hematopoietic cells of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood using low-dose cytokines and comparison of a gibbon ape leukemia virus versus an RD114-pseudotyped retroviral vector. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1317-30. [PMID: 12162814 DOI: 10.1089/104303402760128540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive human hematopoietic cells in granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) are more difficult to transduce compared to cells from umbilical cord blood. Based on the hypothesis that MPB cells may require different stimulation for efficient retroviral infection, we compared several culture conditions known to induce cycling of primitive hematopoietic cells. MPB-derived CD34(+) cells were stimulated in the presence or absence of the murine fetal liver cell line AFT024 in trans-wells with G-CSF, stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO) (G/S/T; 100 ng/ml) or Flt3-L, SCF, interleukin (IL)-7, and TPO (F/S/7/T; 10-20 ng/ml), and transduced using a GaLV-pseudotyped retroviral vector expressing the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP). Compared to cultures without stroma, the presence of AFT024 increased the number of transduced colony-forming cells (CFC) by 3.5-fold (with G/S/T), long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) by 4.6-fold (with F/S/7/T), and nonobese diabetic/severe immunodeficiency disease (NOD/SCID)-repopulating cells (SRC) by 6.8-fold (with F/S/7/T). Similar numbers of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) and SRC could be transduced using AFT024-conditioned medium (AFT-CM) or a defined medium that had been supplemented with factors identified in AFT-CM. Finally, using our best condition based on transduction with the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV)-pseudotyped vector, we demonstrate a 33-fold higher level of gene transfer (p < 0.001) in SRC using an RD114-pseudotyped vector. In summary, using an optimized protocol with low doses of cytokines, and transduction with an RD114 compared to a GaLV-pseudotyped retroviral vector, the overall number of transduced cells in NOD/SCID mice could be improved 144-fold, with a gene-transfer efficiency in SRC of 16.3% (13.3-19.9; n = 6).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/drug effects
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytokines/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Fetus
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M van der Loo
- University of Minnesota Stem Cell Institute, Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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35
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Tsai EJ, Malech HL, Kirby MR, Hsu AP, Seidel NE, Porada CD, Zanjani ED, Bodine DM, Puck JM. Retroviral transduction of IL2RG into CD34(+) cells from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patients permits human T- and B-cell development in sheep chimeras. Blood 2002; 100:72-9. [PMID: 12070011 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is caused by mutations of the common gamma chain of cytokine receptors, gamma(c). Because bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for XSCID does not provide complete immune reconstitution for many patients and because of the natural selective advantage conferred on lymphoid progenitors by the expression of normal gamma(c), XSCID is a good candidate disease for therapeutic retroviral gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells. We studied XSCID patients who have persistent defects in B-cell and/or combined B- and T-cell function despite having received T cell-depleted haploidentical BMT. We compared transduction of autologous B-cell lines and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral CD34(+) cells from these patients using an MFGS retrovirus vector containing the gamma(c) gene IL2RG pseudotyped with amphotropic, gibbon ape leukemia virus, or RD114 envelopes. Transduced B-cell lines and peripheral CD34(+) cells demonstrated provirus integration and new cell-surface gamma(c) expression. The chimeric sheep model was exploited to test development of XSCID CD34(+) cells into mature myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Transduced and untransduced XSCID CD34(+) cells injected into developing sheep fetuses gave rise to myeloid cells. However, only transduced gamma progenitors from XSCID patients developed into T and B cells. These results suggest that gene transfer to autologous peripheral CD34(+) cells using MFGS-gc retrovirus may benefit XSCID patients with persistent T- and B-cell deficits despite prior BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Tsai
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Björgvinsdóttir H, Bryder D, Sitnicka E, Ramsfjell V, De Jong I, Olsson K, Rusterholz C, Karlsson S, Jacobsen SEW. Efficient oncoretroviral transduction of extended long-term culture-initiating cells and NOD/SCID repopulating cells: enhanced reconstitution with gene-marked cells through an ex vivo expansion approach. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1061-73. [PMID: 12067439 DOI: 10.1089/104303402753812467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments of surrogate assays for human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have facilitated efforts at improving HSC gene transfer efficiency. Through the use of xenograft transplantation models, such as nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, successful oncoretroviral gene transfer to transplantable hematopoietic cells has been achieved. However, because of the low frequency and/or homing efficiency of SCID repopulating cells (SRC) in bone marrow (BM), studies have primarily focused on cord blood (CB). The recently developed extended (> 60 days) long-term culture-initiating cell (ELTC-IC) assay detects an infrequent and highly quiescent candidate stem cell population in BM as well as CB of the CD34(+)CD38(-) phenotype. Although these characteristics suggest that ELTC-IC and SRC might be closely related, attempts to oncoretrovirally transduce ELTC-IC have been unsuccessful. Here, recently developed conditions (high concentrations of SCF + FL + Tpo in serum-free medium) supporting expansion of BM CD34(+)CD38(-) 12 week ELTC-IC promoted efficient oncoretroviral transduction of BM and CB ELTC-IC. Although SRC can be transduced with oncoretroviral vectors, this is frequently associated with loss of reconstituting activity, posing a problem for development of clinical HSC gene therapy. However, previous attempts at expanding transduced HSC posttransduction resulted in compromised rather than improved gene marking. Utilizing conditions promoting cell divisions and transduction of ELTC-IC we show that although 5 days of ex vivo culture is sufficient to obtain maximum gene transfer efficiency to SRC, extension of the expansion period to 12 days significantly enhances multilineage reconstitution activity of transduced SRC, supporting the feasibility of improving gene marking through ex vivo expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Björgvinsdóttir
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Klinikgatan 26, University Hospital of Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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37
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Murdoch B, Gallacher L, Chadwick K, Bhatia M. Characterization of retroviral gene transfer into highly purified human CD34(-) cells with primitive hematopoietic capacity. Mol Ther 2002; 5:635-43. [PMID: 11991755 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive human hematopoietic cells have recently been identified within a rare subfraction of CD34(-) lineage-depleted (Lin(-)) cells and further characterized by their restriction to a rarer subset expressing AC133. Here we show that CD34(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) cells can be transduced by retrovirus at a comparatively higher efficiency than either CD34(-)AC133(-)Lin(-) or CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells. Subpopulations were transduced by enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-containing retrovirus in serum-free conditions. During the culture period, both CD34(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) and CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) subfractions expanded, whereas CD34(-)AC133(-)Lin(-) cells could not be sustained. Fluorescent microscopic examination of progenitors assayed by colony-forming units (CFU) derived from CD34(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) cells revealed expression of eGFP, with the presence of provirus confirmed by clonal PCR analysis. Flow cytometry detecting eGFP revealed that cultures seeded with CD34(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) cells had a greater than threefold higher frequency of eGFP(+) cells compared with transduced cultures of CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells. Our results demonstrate that retroviral transduction efficiency and level of transgene expression into CD34(-)AC133(+)Lin(-) cells is distinct to either CD34(-)AC133(-)Lin(-) or CD34(+)CD38(-)Lin(-) cells. This study represents the first evaluation of retroviral transduction into this population of primitive CD34(-) cells, and therefore provides the basis for optimization of gene transfer protocols to examine the role of gene-marked CD34(-) stem cells in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Murdoch
- The John P. Robarts Research Institute, Developmental Stem Cell Biology, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, N6A 5K8, Canada
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38
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Porada CD, Tran ND, Almeida-Porada G, Glimp HA, Pixley JS, Zhao Y, Anderson WF, Zanjani ED. Transduction of long-term-engrafting human hematopoietic stem cells by retroviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:867-79. [PMID: 11975852 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252899037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using retroviral vectors to transfer functional exogenous genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) promises to provide a permanent cure for a wide array of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic disorders by virtue of the fact that retroviral vectors permanently integrate into the host cell genome and HSCs are able to self-renew and give rise to differentiated progeny throughout the life span of the patient. However, for transduction and genomic integration to occur, the target cells must undergo cell division and express the appropriate retroviral receptor, requirements that have thus far hindered attempts at inserting exogenous genes into human HSCs in vitro. In the present studies, we used the fetal sheep xenograft model of human hematopoiesis to evaluate whether human long-term engrafting HSCs could be transduced in vivo, within a fetal microenvironment. We transplanted adult human bone marrow-derived CD34(+)Lin(-) cells into preimmune fetal sheep recipients and subsequently (19 days later) administered clinical-grade murine retroviral vector supernatants to these fetal hematopoietic chimeras. Our results demonstrate that this approach successfully transduced adult human HSCs within all seven sheep that survived the procedure, and that these transduced HSCs had the ability to serially engraft primary, secondary, and tertiary fetal sheep recipients. Transgene expression persisted throughout the serial transplantation. The successful in vivo transduction of long-term engrafting human HSCs with the existing generation of murine retroviral vectors has significant implications for developing new approaches to pre- and postnatal gene therapy.
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39
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Relander T, Karlsson S, Richter J. Oncoretroviral gene transfer to NOD/SCID repopulating cells using three different viral envelopes. J Gene Med 2002; 4:122-32. [PMID: 11933213 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate gene transfer to human umbilical cord blood (CB) CD34(+)/CD38(low) and NOD/SCID repopulating cells using oncoretroviral vectors and to compare the transduction efficiency using three different viral envelopes. METHODS CB cells were transduced on Retronectin using an MSCV-based vector with the gene for GFP (MGIN), which was packaged into three different cell lines giving different envelopes: PG13-MGIN (GALV), 293GPG-MGIN (VSV-G) or AM12-MGIN (amphotropic). RESULTS Sorted CD34(+)/CD38(low) cells were efficiently transduced after 3 days of cytokine stimulation and the percentage of GFP-positive cells was 61.8+/-6.6% (PG13-MGIN), 26.9+/-3.5% (293GPG-MGIN), and 39.3+/-4.8% (AM12-MGIN). For transplantation experiments, CD34(+) cells were pre-stimulated for 2 days before transduction on Retronectin preloaded with vector and with the addition of 1/10th volume of viral supernatant on day 3. On day 4, the expanded equivalent of 2.5x10(5) cells was injected into irradiated NOD/SCID mice. All three pseudotypes transduced NOD/SCID repopulating cells (SRCs) equally well in the presence of serum, but engraftment was reduced when compared with freshly thawed cells. Simultaneous transduction with all three vector pseudotypes increased the gene transfer efficiency to SRCs but engraftment was significantly impaired. There were difficulties in producing amphotropic vectors at high titers in serum-free medium and transduction of CD34(+) cells using VSV-G-pseudotyped vectors under serum-free conditions was very inefficient. In contrast, transduction with PG13-MGIN under serum-free conditions resulted in the maintenance of SRCs during transduction, high levels of engraftment (29.3+/-6.6%), and efficient gene transfer to SRCs (46.2+/-4.8%). CONCLUSIONS The best conditions for transduction and engraftment of CB SRCs were obtained with GALV-pseudotyped vectors using serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Relander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Hanawa H, Kelly PF, Nathwani AC, Persons DA, Vandergriff JA, Hargrove P, Vanin EF, Nienhuis AW. Comparison of various envelope proteins for their ability to pseudotype lentiviral vectors and transduce primitive hematopoietic cells from human blood. Mol Ther 2002; 5:242-51. [PMID: 11863413 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial effort has been invested in developing methodologies for efficient gene transfer into human, repopulating, hematopoietic stem cells. Oncoretroviral vectors are limited by the lack of nuclear mitosis in quiescent stem cells during ex vivo transduction, whereas the preintegration complex of lentiviral vectors contains nuclear-localizing signals that permit genome integration without mitosis. We have developed a flexible and versatile system for generating lentiviral vector particles and have pseudotyped such particles with amphotropic, ecotropic, feline endogenous virus (RD114) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) envelope proteins. Particles of all four types could be concentrated approximately 100-fold by ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration. RD114 or amphotropic particles were more efficient than VSV-G-pseudotyped particles at transducing human cord blood CD34(+) cells and clonogenic progenitors within that population. Amphotropic particles transduced cytokine-mobilized, human peripheral blood CD34(+) cells capable of establishing hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice more efficiently than the other two types of particles. We conclude that the use of amphotropic pseudotyped lentiviral vector particles rather than the commonly used VSV-G-pseudotyped particles should be considered in potential applications of lentiviral vectors for gene transfer into this therapeutically relevant target cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hanawa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Experimental Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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41
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Rossmanith T, Schröder B, Bug G, Müller P, Klenner T, Knaus R, Hoelzer D, Ottmann OG. Interleukin 3 improves the ex vivo expansion of primitive human cord blood progenitor cells and maintains the engraftment potential of scid repopulating cells. Stem Cells 2002; 19:313-20. [PMID: 11463951 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-4-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation, the number of nucleated cells per kilogram is a major predictive and critical factor of hematopoietic recovery. Thus, ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic UCB progenitors could potentially accelerate engraftment. Whereas Flt-3 ligand (FL), stem cell factor (SCF), and thrombopoietin (TPO) are considered indispensable, the role of interleukin 3 (IL-3) is still controversial: it has been reported either to support or abrogate the reconstituting ability of stem cells. By adding IL-3 we aimed to enhance the amplification of early and committed progenitor cells without impairing the long-term engraftment of stem cells. Demonstrating a positive impact of IL-3 on the proliferation of all progenitor subsets, the amplification of CD34+ UCB cells was increased 20.9-fold +/- 5.4 (mean +/- standard error) in serum-free culture with FL, SCF, TPO, and IL-3 as opposed to 9.3-fold +/- 3.2 without IL-3 after 7 days. If IL-3 was included, primitive long-term culture-initiating cells and committed colony-forming cells were expanded 16.3-fold +/- 5.5 and 18.1-fold +/- 2.4, respectively, compared to 12.6-fold +/- 5.6 and 9.1-fold +/- 2.0 without IL-3. Analysis of cultured CD34+ UCB cells in sublethally irradiated nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice confirmed that cultured cells had preserved their repopulating potential. After 6 weeks, all mice showed multilineage engraftment with their bone marrow containing an average of 45% human CD45+ cells of the unmanipulated sample, 43% of cells after culture in the presence of IL-3, and 27% of cells after culture without IL-3. In combination with early acting cytokines, IL-3 therefore improves the ex vivo expansion of UCB stem and progenitor cells without impairing their engraftment potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rossmanith
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, III University Medical Center Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Heyworth CM, Gagen D, Edington KG, Fairbairn LJ. Retroviral transfer and expression of human MDR-1 in a murine haemopoietic stem cell line does not alter factor dependence, growth or differentiation characteristics. Leukemia 2002; 16:106-11. [PMID: 11840269 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2001] [Accepted: 08/28/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In view of the recent report of a myeloproliferative syndrome in mice that had received an MDR-1-transduced haemopoietic graft, we have investigated the potential effects of MDR-1 expression on primitive haemopoietic cell growth and differentiation. Retroviral gene transfer was used to achieve exogenous expression of either MDR-1 or truncated nerve growth factor receptor (tNGFR) in the multipotent murine haemopoietic progenitor cell line, FDCP-mix. Following gene transfer, clonal lines were derived and FACS analysis confirmed appropriate expression of each transgene. MDR-1 (but not tNGFR) expression was associated with verapamil-sensitive rhodamine efflux and resistance to killing by etoposide. When growth factor responsiveness, proliferative capacity and differentiation capacity were examined, MDR-1 expressing FDCP-mix cells exhibited a normal phenotype and mimicked the response of tNGFR-expressing or untransduced FDCP-mix cells. Thus, in the model system we have used, MDR-1 does not perturb haemopoietic cell growth and development and our data do not support a myeloproliferative role for MDR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Heyworth
- CRC Experimental Haematology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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43
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Barquinero J, García Escarp M. [Stem cell gene therapy: myths an realities]. Med Clin (Barc) 2001; 117:778-80. [PMID: 11784508 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(01)72257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Fairbairn LJ, Ewing JC. Prospects for gene therapy using haemopoietic stem cells. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2001; 14:823-34. [PMID: 11924924 DOI: 10.1053/beha.2001.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has thus far promised much and delivered little. Much of this has been due to deficiencies in the reagents and methodologies employed in early clinical trials. Recent technological advances in vectors and haemopoietic stem cell manipulation, coupled with improved pre-clinical assays of gene transfer and expression in re-populating stem cells give cause for greater optimism. Here we review these advances and indicate areas requiring further development before clinical gene therapy in the haemopoietic system becomes a widely applicable treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fairbairn
- Cancer Research Campaign Gene Therapy Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
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45
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Pollok KE, van Der Loo JC, Cooper RJ, Hartwell JR, Miles KR, Breese R, Williams EP, Montel A, Seshadri R, Hanenberg H, Williams DA. Differential transduction efficiency of SCID-repopulating cells derived from umbilical cord blood and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:2095-108. [PMID: 11747599 DOI: 10.1089/10430340152677430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene transfer efficiency into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)-repopulating cells (SRCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) (n = 11 NOD/SCID mice) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) (n = 64 NOD/SCID mice) was compared using a clinically relevant protocol and a retrovirus vector expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). At 6-9 weeks after transplantation, the frequency of transduced human cells in the bone marrow (BM) (40.5% +/- 2.4% [mean +/- SE]) and spleen (SPL) (36.4% +/- 3.2%) in recipients of UCB cells was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that observed in the BM (2.2% +/- 1.8%) and SPL (2.0% +/- 2.6%) in recipients of MPB. In subsequent studies, MPB was cultured for 2-8 days in cytokines prior to transduction to determine if longer prestimulation was required for optimal gene transfer. A significant increase in gene transfer into CD45(+) human cells and clonogenic cells derived from MPB SRCs was observed when cells were prestimulated for 6 days compared to 2 days prior to transduction (p = 0.019). However, even after 6 days of prestimulation, transduction was still significantly less than UCB. A substantial discrepancy exists in the ability to introduce genes effectively via retrovirus vectors into SRCs derived from MPB as compared to UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Pollok
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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46
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Elwood NJ, Smith CA. Current status of retroviral vector mediated gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 41:465-82. [PMID: 11378565 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109060338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been proposed as a treatment strategy for a variety of hematologic diseases, tracking marked cells or conferring resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Despite early enthusiasm, the results of clinical studies involving gene transfer into HSCs has not resulted in therapeutic benefits for the vast majority of treated patients. This review describes the limitations and advances that have been made in the areas of gene transfer vectors, identification of the appropriate HSCs to target for genetic modifications and the methods used to perform gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Elwood
- Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medicine, Box 2601, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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47
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Dando JS, Aiuti A, Deola S, Ficara F, Bordignon C. Optimisation of retroviral supernatant production conditions for the genetic modification of human CD34+ cells. J Gene Med 2001; 3:219-27. [PMID: 11437327 DOI: 10.1002/1521-2254(200105/06)3:3<219::aid-jgm184>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically applicable protocols for ex vivo modification of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells rely on incubation of the target cell with supernatant containing recombinant retroviral particles. Although components of the supernatant may have a profound impact on both preclinical and clinical outcome, to date supernatant production has not been properly addressed with regard to CD34+ cells. We wanted to investigate and optimise production conditions for this target using simple, reproducible and clinically applicable procedures and reagents. METHODS Retroviral supernatant was obtained from producer cell GP+Am12 under various production conditions and tested for bulk transduction efficiency and endpoint titre on murine and human cell lines. Gene transfer efficiency into CD34+ cells from mobilised peripheral blood, after a single exposure to retroviral supernatant, was measured by transgene expression, colony forming assay and long-term culture colony forming assay. RESULTS Bulk gene transfer or endpoint titre values obtained on cell lines for the different production conditions were not predictive of gene transfer efficiency into hematopoietic progenitors. Time of virus production appeared to have the greatest impact on gene transfer, peaking at 6 h and decreasing 2-3-fold at longer time points. Neither the culture vessel used nor the temperature for virus production had any significant effect on gene transfer into CD34+ cells. Supernatant could be produced under defined serum-free conditions as efficiently as serum containing conditions for CD34+ cell gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS The present data provide important implications for the establishment of quality controls for small- and large-scale clinical grade supernatant production for gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dando
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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48
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Relander T, Brun A, Hawley RG, Karlsson S, Richter J. Retroviral transduction of human CD34+ cells on fibronectin fragment CH-296 is inhibited by high concentrations of vector containing medium. J Gene Med 2001; 3:207-18. [PMID: 11437326 DOI: 10.1002/1521-2254(200105/06)3:3<207::aid-jgm183>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to optimize conditions for retroviral transduction of human cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells and to reveal mechanisms which interfere with efficient gene transfer. METHODS An MSCV based retroviral vector with the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (MGIN) produced by GP+envAM12 (amphotropic envelope), PG13 (gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope) or 293GPG (vesicular stomatitis virus envelope) cell lines was used to transduce cord blood CD34+ cells on Retronectin (fibronectin fragment CH-296) in three different ways: either in vector containing medium (VCM), in fresh medium on Retronectin pre-loaded with vector or in VCM on Retronectin pre-loaded with vector. RESULTS Paradoxically, the transduction efficiency obtained with pre-load of vector onto Retronectin alone was higher than pre-load plus VCM for PG13-MGIN (67.9 +/- 6.0% vs 24.9 +/- 8.0%) and AM12-MGIN (47.5 +/- 5.8% vs 38.7 +/- 2.2%). Further experiments showed that transduction on Retronectin pre-loaded with PG13-MGIN or AM12-MGIN was inhibited by the presence of the same VCM at high concentrations, but not by the presence of a VCM with a different receptor specificity. If no pre-load of vector was performed, the highest transduction efficiencies were seen when VCMs were diluted 1:10 (MOIs of 3). The inhibitory effect of high titer PG13-MGIN VCM was confirmed in more primitive CD34+CD38low cells and in NOD/SCID repopulating cells, and was also seen in experiments with bone marrow CD34+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Retroviral transduction of CB CD34+ cells on Retronectin is inhibited by high titer PG13 and GP+envAM12 vector containing medium. Efficient gene transfer to human hematopoietic cells can be obtained by preload alone of the vector onto Retronectin. These findings are of importance for the design of transduction protocols for repopulating hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Relander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Sweden
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Berger F, Soligo D, Schwarz K, Bossolasco P, Schrezenmeier H, Kubanek B, Deliliers GL, Licht T. Efficient retrovirus-mediated transduction of primitive human peripheral blood progenitor cells in stroma-free suspension culture. Gene Ther 2001; 8:687-96. [PMID: 11406763 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2000] [Accepted: 02/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral transduction of hematopoietic cells has resulted in unsatisfactory gene marking in clinical studies. Since cytokine-stimulated stem cells have engrafted poorly in animal models, we investigated phenotypic changes during culture of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC). Human CD34(+) HLA-DR(low) cells, immunomagnetically separated from PBPC collections, were found to extrude rhodamine-123, which is characteristic for primitive hematopoietic cells. Cells were grown in suspension cultures supplemented with cytokines. While interleukin-3-containing factor combinations promoted cell proliferation they caused loss of rhodamine-123 extrusion and reduced the frequencies of cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC). Several other cytokines failed to stimulate cell divisions, which are required for retroviral transduction. A combination including Flt-3 ligand (FL), interleukin-6 and stem cell factor (SCF) preserved an immature phenotype for 5 to 6 days and stimulated cell divisions, which was improved upon addition of leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-11. Furthermore, the CAFC frequency among cells treated with these cytokines was increased as compared with widely used cocktails containing interleukin-3, interleukin-6 and SCF. Rhodamine-123 appeared to be a particularly sensitive indicator for differentiation of PBPC. For analysis of gene transfer, amphotropic retroviruses conferring an MDR1 cDNA were added repeatedly for 6 days to cytokine-treated PBPC stroma-free cultures. Proviral cDNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 68% of cobblestone areas derived from CD34(+)HLA-DR(low) cells that had been exposed to Flt-3 ligand, interleukin-6 and SCF. In summary, conditions were identified that facilitate efficient transduction of early PBPC with amphotropic retroviruses while preserving a primitive phenotype for extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berger
- Fondazione Matarelli, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, Milan, Italy
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Van Tendeloo VF, Van Broeckhoven C, Berneman ZN. Gene therapy: principles and applications to hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2001; 15:523-44. [PMID: 11368355 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the development of technology allowing the transfer of new genes into eukaryotic cells, the hematopoietic system has been an obvious and desirable target for gene therapy. The last 10 years have witnessed an explosion of interest in this approach to treat human disease, both inherited and acquired, with the initiation of multiple clinical protocols. All gene therapy strategies have two essential technical requirements. These are: (1) the efficient introduction of the relevant genetic material into the target cell and (2) the expression of the transgene at therapeutic levels. Conceptual and technical hurdles involved with these requirements are still the objects of active research. To date, the most widely used and best understood vectors for gene transfer in hematopoietic cells are derived from retroviruses, although they suffer from several limitations. However, as gene transfer mechanisms become more efficient and long-term gene expression is enhanced, the variety of diseases that can be tackled by gene therapy will continue to expand. However, until the problem of delivery and subsequent expression is adequately resolved, gene therapy will not realize its full potential. The first part of this review gives an overview of the gene delivery technology available at present to transfer genetic sequences in human somatic cells. The relevance of the hematopoietic system to the development of gene therapy strategies as well as hematopoietic cell-based gene therapy is discussed in the second part.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
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