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Beltrame FL, Moysés THP, Coelho MP, Steinvascher MCR, de Oliveira SA, da Silva AAS, Cerri PS, Sasso-Cerri E. Role of serotonin, estrogen, and TNF-α in the paroxetine-impaired steroidogenesis and testicular macrophages polarization. Andrology 2024; 12:655-673. [PMID: 37675929 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant, has caused male sexual dysfunction; however, the paroxetine mechanisms of action in testes are still unclear. OBJECTIVES Paroxetine serotonergic effects in testes were evaluated, focusing on steroidogenesis and the correlation between macrophages population and possible TNF-α-derived oxidative stress. We also verified whether the changes are reversible following treatment interruption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult rats received paroxetine (PG35 and PG65) or tap water (CG) for 35 days. PG65 was maintained without treatment for 30 more days. Intratesticular testosterone (IT), nitrite, and malondialdehyde concentrations were measured. To confirm serotonergic and estrogenic effects, Htr1b and Esr1 expressions were analyzed. The daily sperm production (DSP), frequency of abnormal seminiferous tubules (ST), SC number, ST area, and Leydig cells nuclear area (LCnu) were evaluated. TUNEL+ germ cells, M1 (CD68+ ), and M2 (Perls+ ) macrophages were quantified. 17β-HSD7, CYP19A1, NDRG2, oxytocin, TNF-α, and iNOS were evaluated by immunoreactions. Oxytocin and NDRG2 protein levels as well as Tnfa mRNA expression were also analyzed. RESULTS The Htr1b downregulation in testes confirmed the paroxetine serotonergic effect. The testicular sections showed abnormal ST frequency, ST atrophy and reduction of DSP, LCnu, SC number and Perls+ macrophages. TUNEL+ germ cells and LC were associated with strong NDRG2 immunoexpression. Paroxetine reduced IT levels and 17β-HSD7 immunoexpression in parallel to increased CYP19A1, oxytocin, TNF-α and iNOS. Esr1 and Tnfa overexpression and increased number of CD68+ macrophages were also observed together with high nitrite and malondialdehyde levels. Most parameters were not recovered in PG65. CONCLUSIONS Paroxetine serotonergic effect impairs LC steroidogenesis, via aromatization, increasing estrogen/testosterone ratio, which in turn upregulate NDRG2, promoting apoptosis, and impairing sperm production. Serotonin-estrogen pathways may be responsible for M2/M1 polarization, Tnfa upregulation, and induction of oxidative stress. The unrecovered testicular changes after treatment discontinuation are due to persistent paroxetine serotonin/estrogen effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Luciana Beltrame
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Clara Rossetto Steinvascher
- School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
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Porras L, Ismail H, Mader S. Positive Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Tumorigenesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112966. [PMID: 34831189 PMCID: PMC8616513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα, NR3A1) contributes through its expression in different tissues to a spectrum of physiological processes, including reproductive system development and physiology, bone mass maintenance, as well as cardiovascular and central nervous system functions. It is also one of the main drivers of tumorigenesis in breast and uterine cancer and can be targeted by several types of hormonal therapies. ERα is expressed in a subset of luminal cells corresponding to less than 10% of normal mammary epithelial cells and in over 70% of breast tumors (ER+ tumors), but the basis for its selective expression in normal or cancer tissues remains incompletely understood. The mapping of alternative promoters and regulatory elements has delineated the complex genomic structure of the ESR1 gene and shed light on the mechanistic basis for the tissue-specific regulation of ESR1 expression. However, much remains to be uncovered to better understand how ESR1 expression is regulated in breast cancer. This review recapitulates the current body of knowledge on the structure of the ESR1 gene and the complex mechanisms controlling its expression in breast tumors. In particular, we discuss the impact of genetic alterations, chromatin modifications, and enhanced expression of other luminal transcription regulators on ESR1 expression in tumor cells.
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Hess RA, Sharpe RM, Hinton BT. Estrogens and development of the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis and vas deferens. Differentiation 2021; 118:41-71. [PMID: 33441255 PMCID: PMC8026493 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has always been considered the female hormone and testosterone the male hormone. However, estrogen's presence in the testis and deleterious effects of estrogen treatment during development have been known for nearly 90 years, long before estrogen receptors (ESRs) were discovered. Eventually it was learned that testes actually synthesize high levels of estradiol (E2) and sequester high concentrations in the reproductive tract lumen, which seems contradictory to the overwhelming number of studies showing reproductive pathology following exogenous estrogen exposures. For too long, the developmental pathology of estrogen has dominated our thinking, even resulting in the "estrogen hypothesis" as related to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. However, these early studies and the development of an Esr1 knockout mouse led to a deluge of research into estrogen's potential role in and disruption of development and function of the male reproductive system. What is new is that estrogen action in the male cannot be divorced from that of androgen. This paper presents what is known about components of the estrogen pathway, including its synthesis and target receptors, and the need to achieve a balance between androgen- and estrogen-action in male reproductive tract differentiation and adult functions. The review focuses on what is known regarding development of the male reproductive tract, from the rete testis to the vas deferens, and examines the expression of estrogen receptors and presence of aromatase in the male reproductive system, traces the evidence provided by estrogen-associated knockout and transgenic animal models and discusses the effects of fetal and postnatal exposures to estrogens. Hopefully, there will be enough here to stimulate discussions and new investigations of the androgen:estrogen balance that seems to be essential for development of the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61802 USA and Epivara, Inc., Research Park, 60 Hazelwood Dr., Suite 230G, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Barry T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Hussain A, Gilloteaux J. The human testes: Estrogen and ageing outlooks. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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5
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Design, synthesis, and biological activity of a novel series of benzofuran derivatives against oestrogen receptor-dependent breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103566. [PMID: 31935604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A docking study of a novel series of benzofuran derivatives with ERα was conducted. In this study, we report the synthesis of a novel series of benzofuran derivatives and evaluation of their anticancer activity in vitro against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, as well as their potential toxicity to ER-independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human renal epithelial HEK-293 cells, and human immortal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) by using the MTT colorimetric assay. The screening results indicated that the target compounds exhibited anti-breast cancer activity. The target compound 2-benzoyl-3-methyl-6-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy]benzofuran hydrochloride (4e) exhibited excellent activity against anti-oestrogen receptor-dependent breast cancer cells and low toxicity. The preliminary structure-activity relationships of the target benzofuran derivatives have been summarised. In conclusion, the novel benzofuran scaffold may be a promising lead for the development of potential oestrogen receptor inhibitors.
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Miller MM, McMullen PD, Andersen ME, Clewell RA. Multiple receptors shape the estrogen response pathway and are critical considerations for the future of in vitro-based risk assessment efforts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:564-580. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1289150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tsuboi K, Nagatomo T, Gohno T, Higuchi T, Sasaki S, Fujiki N, Kurosumi M, Takei H, Yamaguchi Y, Niwa T, Hayashi SI. Single CpG site methylation controls estrogen receptor gene transcription and correlates with hormone therapy resistance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:209-217. [PMID: 28412323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for patients with estrogen receptor α-positive breast cancers. However, although resistance occurs during treatment in some cases and often reflects changed estrogen receptor α status, the relationship between changes in estrogen receptor α expression and resistance to therapy are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a mechanism for altered estrogen receptor α expression during disease progression and acquired hormone therapy resistance in aromatase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we investigated promoter switching and DNA methylation status of the estrogen receptor α promoter, and found marked changes of methylation at a single CpG site (CpG4) in resistant cells. In addition, luciferase reporter assays showed reduced transcriptional activity from this methylated CpG site. This CpG region was also completely conserved among species, suggesting that it acts as a methylation-sensitive Ets-2 transcription factor binding site, as confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In estrogen receptor α-positive tumors, CpG4 methylation levels were inversely correlated with estrogen receptor α expression status, suggesting that single CpG site plays an important role in the regulation of estrogen receptor α transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Tsuboi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nagatomo
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Gohno
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Higuchi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shunta Sasaki
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Natsu Fujiki
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurosumi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, Ina-machi, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takei
- Division of Breast Surgery, Saitama Cancer Center, Ina-machi, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yuri Yamaguchi
- Resarch Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Ina-machi, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Niwa
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Functional Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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8
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Jin B, Wang W, Bai W, Zhang J, Wang K, Qin L. The effects of estradiol valerate and remifemin on liver lipid metabolism. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:610-619. [PMID: 28705489 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the lipid metabolism dysregulation in the liver of ovariectomized (OVX) rats and effects of estradiol valerate (E) and remifemin (ICR) thereon, forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated (SHAM), OVX, OVX+E, and OVX+ICR group. After 4 weeks' E or ICR treatment, serum estrogen, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; lipid droplets in hepatocytes; hepatocyte morphology; and the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα), liver X receptor (LXR), and sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in the liver of the rats were assessed. OVX rats had significantly decreased serum estrogen levels, which significantly increased after treatment with E but not with ICR. Serum triglyceride levels and the amount of lipid droplets in hepatocytes increased after ovariectomy, and significantly decreased after E treatment. In addition, ICR treatment markedly increased serum triglyceride levels and lipid droplet size. No significant differences in the serum cholesterol levels were observed among the four groups. After ovariectomy, hepatocyte mitochondria became hypertrophic and misformed, which were reversed with E or ICR treatment. ICR-treated rats also showed endoplasmic reticulum disorganization. After ovariectomy, ERα and LXR levels significantly decreased while SREBP expression increased. E treatment increased ERα and LXR levels while ICR treatment only increased LXR expression. E treatment decreased SREBP-1c levels, whereas SREBP-1c levels increased with ICR treatment. Treatment with E significantly reversed the ovariectomy-induced dysregulation of hepatocyte lipid metabolism, which was, however, exacerbated with ICR treatment. The effects of E and ICR on hepatocyte lipid metabolism may involve the regulation of LXR and SREBP-1c.
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Cooke PS, Nanjappa MK, Ko C, Prins GS, Hess RA. Estrogens in Male Physiology. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:995-1043. [PMID: 28539434 PMCID: PMC6151497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) also regulate male reproductive and nonreproductive organs. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is measureable in blood of men and males of other species, but in rete testis fluids, E2 reaches concentrations normally found only in females and in some species nanomolar concentrations of estrone sulfate are found in semen. Aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens, is expressed in Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium, and other male organs. Early studies showed E2 binding in numerous male tissues, and ESR1 and ESR2 each show unique distributions and actions in males. Exogenous estrogen treatment produced male reproductive pathologies in laboratory animals and men, especially during development, and studies with transgenic mice with compromised estrogen signaling demonstrated an E2 role in normal male physiology. Efferent ductules and epididymal functions are dependent on estrogen signaling through ESR1, whose loss impaired ion transport and water reabsorption, resulting in abnormal sperm. Loss of ESR1 or aromatase also produces effects on nonreproductive targets such as brain, adipose, skeletal muscle, bone, cardiovascular, and immune tissues. Expression of GPER is extensive in male tracts, suggesting a possible role for E2 signaling through this receptor in male reproduction. Recent evidence also indicates that membrane ESR1 has critical roles in male reproduction. Thus estrogens are important physiological regulators in males, and future studies may reveal additional roles for estrogen signaling in various target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manjunatha K Nanjappa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Zhao Y, Li Z. Interplay of estrogen receptors and FOXA factors in the liver cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:334-9. [PMID: 25661537 PMCID: PMC4524798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer in human with male dominance. Sexual dimorphism of liver cancer is conserved from rodents to humans, which was firstly found in mice in late 1930s and female mice were resistant to liver cancer. Sex hormones were found to affect the incidence of liver cancer in rodents. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated estrogen signaling or androgen receptor-mediated androgen signaling prevents or promotes the growth of rodent liver tumors, respectively. Forkhead box protein A (Foxa) factors, Foxa1 and Foxa2, also known as pioneer transcription factors in liver specification, are essential for both estrogen and androgen signaling by acting as central regulators of sexual dimorphism in liver cancer. This review mainly focuses on the interplay between ERα and FOXA factors in liver cancer, and summarizes recent breakthrough studies in elucidating the mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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11
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Visser K, Mortimer M, Louw A. Cyclopia extracts act as ERα antagonists and ERβ agonists, in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79223. [PMID: 24223909 PMCID: PMC3817056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy associated risks, and the concomitant reluctance of usage, has instigated the search for new generations of estrogen analogues that would maintain estrogen benefits without associated risks. Furthermore, if these analogues display chemo-preventative properties in breast and endometrial tissues it would be of great value. Both the selective estrogen receptor modulators as well as the selective estrogen receptor subtype modulators have been proposed as estrogen analogues with improved risk profiles. Phytoestrogen containing extracts of Cyclopia, an indigenous South African fynbos plant used to prepare Honeybush tea may serve as a source of new estrogen analogues. In this study three extracts, P104, SM6Met, and cup-of-tea, from two species of Cyclopia, C. genistoides and C. subternata, were evaluated for ER subtype specific agonism and antagonism both in transactivation and transrepression. For transactivation, the Cyclopia extracts displayed ERα antagonism and ERβ agonism when ER subtypes were expressed separately, however, when co-expressed only agonism was uniformly observed. In contrast, for transrepression, this uniform behavior was lost, with some extracts (P104) displaying uniform agonism, while others (SM6Met) displayed antagonism when subtypes were expressed separately and agonism when co-expressed. In addition, breast cancer cell proliferation assays indicate that extracts antagonize cell proliferation in the presence of estrogen at lower concentrations than that required for proliferation. Furthermore, lack of uterine growth and delayed vaginal opening in an immature rat uterotrophic model validates the ERα antagonism of extracts observed in vitro and supports the potential of the Cyclopia extracts as a source of estrogen analogues with a reduced risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koch Visser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Morné Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
- * E-mail:
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3D-QSAR and pharmacophore model study on aryl diphenolic azoles as estrogen receptor-β ligands. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bhan A, Hussain I, Ansari KI, Kasiri S, Bashyal A, Mandal SS. Antisense transcript long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR is transcriptionally induced by estradiol. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3707-22. [PMID: 23375982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HOTAIR (HOX antisense intergenic RNA) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is transcribed from the antisense strand of homeobox C gene locus in chromosome 12. HOTAIR coordinates with chromatin-modifying enzymes and regulates gene silencing. It is overexpressed in various carcinomas including breast cancer. Herein, we demonstrated that HOTAIR is crucial for cell growth and viability and its knockdown induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We also demonstrated that HOTAIR is transcriptionally induced by estradiol (E2). Its promoter contains multiple functional estrogen response elements (EREs). Estrogen receptors (ERs) along with various ER coregulators such as histone methylases MLL1 (mixed lineage leukemia 1) and MLL3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 bind to the promoter of HOTAIR in an E2-dependent manner. Level of histone H3 lysine-4 trimethylation, histone acetylation, and RNA polymerase II recruitment is enriched at the HOTAIR promoter in the presence of E2. Knockdown of ERs and MLLs downregulated the E2-induced HOTAIR expression. Thus, similar to protein-coding gene transcription, E2-induced transcription of antisense transcript HOTAIR is coordinated via ERs and ER coregulators, and this mechanism of HOTAIR overexpression potentially contributes towards breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunoday Bhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Regulation of ERα Protein Expression by 17β-Estradiol in Cultured Neurons of Hypothalamic Ventromedial Nucleus. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:82-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The role of oestrogens in male reproductive tract physiology has for a long time been a subject of debate. The testis produces significant amounts of oestrogenic hormones, via aromatase, and oestrogen receptors (ERs)alpha (ESR1) and ERbeta (ESR2) are selectively expressed in cells of the testis as well as the epididymal epithelium, depending upon species. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the presence and activity of aromatase and ERs in testis and sperm and the potential roles that oestrogens may have in mammalian spermatogenesis. Data show that physiology of the male gonad is in part under the control of a balance of androgens and oestrogens, with aromatase serving as a modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Carreau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Caen, EA 2608, USC 2006 INRA, IFR 146, 14032 Caen, France
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Isse K, Specht SM, Lunz JG, Kang LI, Mizuguchi Y, Demetris AJ. Estrogen stimulates female biliary epithelial cell interleukin-6 expression in mice and humans. Hepatology 2010; 51:869-80. [PMID: 20043322 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Females are more susceptible than males to several biliary tract diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical to triggering autoimmune reactions and contributes substantially to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) barrier function and wound repair, and estrogen differentially regulates IL-6 expression in various cell types. We hypothesized that estrogen might stimulate BEC IL-6 production. Exposure to physiologic levels of estradiol, in vitro, increased female mouse BEC (mBEC) IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, but either inhibited or had no effect on male mBECs. Female mBECs expressed higher concentrations of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) mRNA and protein and were also more dependent on estradiol for survival, in vitro. In vivo, elevated estrogen during estrous cycling in mice, and estrogen treatment of mice harboring an ERalpha(+) human cholangiocarcinoma resulted in increased BEC IL-6 mRNA and tumor viability, respectively. Both responses could be blocked by an ERalpha antagonist. Human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines differentially expressing ERalpha were treated with specific ERalpha and ERbeta agonists/antagonists to further test the relationship between estrogen stimulation, ERalpha expression, and IL-6 production. Results show that ERalpha, and not the underlying BEC sex, was responsible for estrogen-induced IL-6 production. Estrogen-induced proliferation of ERalpha-expressing cholangiocarcinoma was blocked by anti-IL-6 antibodies, indicating that at least some of the estrogen-trophic effects are mediated via IL-6. Finally, an association between ERalpha, IL-6, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) signaling was shown in female-predominant polycystic livers using immunohistochemical analyses, including multiplex quantum dot labeling. CONCLUSION Estrogens stimulate IL-6 production in non-neoplastic female BECs and in neoplastic BECs expressing ERalpha. An association between these signaling pathways was demonstrated for female-predominant polycystic livers and might also influence autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transplantation, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Mahmoodzadeh S, Fritschka S, Dworatzek E, Pham TH, Becher E, Kuehne A, Davidson MM, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Nuclear factor-kappaB regulates estrogen receptor-alpha transcription in the human heart. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24705-14. [PMID: 19584059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated effects have been associated with the modulation of myocardial hypertrophy in animal models and in humans, but the regulation of ER expression in the human heart has not yet been analyzed. In various cell lines and tissues, multiple human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha) mRNA isoforms are transcribed from distinct promoters and differ in their 5'-untranslated regions. Using PCR-based strategies, we show that in the human heart the ERalpha mRNA is transcribed from multiple promoters, namely, A, B, C, and F, of which the F-promoter is most frequently used variant. Transient transfection reporter assays in a human cardiac myocyte cell line (AC16) with F-promoter deletion constructs demonstrated a negative regulatory region within this promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that NF-kappaB binds to this region. An inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by parthenolide significantly increased the transcriptional activity of the F-promoter. Increasing NF-kappaB expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduced the expression of ERalpha, indicating that the NF-kappaB pathway inhibits expression of ERalpha in human cardiomyocytes. Finally, 17beta-estradiol induced the transcriptional activity of hERalpha promoters A, B, C, and F. In conclusion, inflammatory stimuli suppress hERalpha expression via activation and subsequent binding of NF-kappaB to the ERalpha F-promoter, and 17beta-estradiol/hERalpha may antagonize the inhibitory effect of NF-kappaB. This suggests interplay between estrogen/estrogen receptors and the pro-hypertrophic and inflammatory responses to NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany.
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Murphy AJ, Guyre PM, Wira CR, Pioli PA. Estradiol regulates expression of estrogen receptor ERalpha46 in human macrophages. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5539. [PMID: 19440537 PMCID: PMC2678254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monocytes and macrophages are key innate immune effector cells that produce cytokines and chemokines upon activation. We and others have shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) has a direct role in the modulation of monocyte and macrophage immune function. However, relatively little is known about the ability of E2 to regulate isoform expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) in these cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we quantify expression of ERα and ERβ in human monocytes and macrophages. We also show for the first time that the N-terminal truncated ERα variant, ERα46, is expressed in both cell types. Promoter utilization studies reveal that transcription of ERα in both cell types occurs from upstream promoters E and F. Treatment with E2 induces ERα expression in macrophages but has no effect on ERβ levels in either cell type. During monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, ERα is upregulated in a time-dependent manner. Previous studies by our group demonstrated that E2 treatment attenuates production of the chemokine CXCL8 in an ER-dependent manner. We now show that ERα expression levels parallel the ability of E2 to suppress CXCL8 production. Conclusions/Significance This work demonstrates for the first time that human macrophages predominantly express the truncated ER variant ERαp46, which is estradiol-inducible. This is mediated through usage of the ERα F promoter. Alternative promoter usage may account for tissue and cell type-specific differences in estradiol-induced effects on gene expression. These studies signify the importance of ERα expression and regulation in the ability of E2 to modulate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Guyre
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Pioli
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lambertini E, Tavanti E, Torreggiani E, Penolazzi L, Gambari R, Piva R. ERalpha and AP-1 interact in vivo with a specific sequence of the F promoter of the human ERalpha gene in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:101-10. [PMID: 18247370 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-responsive genes often have an estrogen response element (ERE) positioned next to activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding sites. Considering that the interaction between ERE and AP-1 elements has been described for the modulation of bone-specific genes, we investigated the 17-beta-estradiol responsiveness and the role of these cis-elements present in the F promoter of the human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene. The F promoter, containing the sequence analyzed here, is one of the multiple promoters of the human ERalpha gene and is the only active promoter in bone tissue. Through electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and re-ChIP assays, we investigated the binding of ERalpha and four members of the AP-1 family (c-Jun, c-fos, Fra-2, and ATF2) to a region located approximately 800 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site of exon F of the human ERalpha gene in SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells. Reporter gene assay experiments in combination with DNA binding assays demonstrated that F promoter activity is under the control of upstream cis-acting elements which are recognized by specific combinations of ERalpha, c-Jun, c-fos, and ATF2 homo- and heterodimers. Moreover, ChIP and re-ChIP experiments showed that these nuclear factors bind the F promoter in vivo with a simultaneous occupancy stimulated by 17-beta-estradiol. Taken together, our findings support a model in which ERalpha/AP-1 complexes modulate F promoter activity under conditions of 17-beta-estradiol stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Wang TH, Xiang QL, Chen JW, Pan H, Cui YH. Raloxifene plus 17beta-estradiol inhibits proliferation of primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and human mammary endothelial cells via the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription3 cascade. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 561:7-13. [PMID: 17336289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk of breast cancer. Presently, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of Raloxifene, a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator, plus 17beta-estradiol on the proliferation of primary cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and human mammary endothelial cells (HMEC). Raloxifene plus 17beta-estradiol inhibited angiotensin II-induced VSMC proliferation and rapid phosphorylation of STAT(3); these effects were blocked by AG490, the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (JAK/STAT(3)) inhibitor. STAT(3) production was not affected. In primary cultured HMEC, immunofluorescence identified the ERbeta subtype, but not the ERalpha subtype, in the nucleus. Raloxifene plus 17beta-estradiol inhibited 17beta-estradiol-induced proliferation of HMEC. Western blot analysis established that Raloxifene attenuated the 17beta-estradiol-induced phosphorylation of STAT(3), and that this effect was blocked by AG490. We conclude that Raloxifene plus 17beta-estradiol inhibits the proliferation of VSMC and HMEC through the JAK/STAT(3) cascade, which in primary cultured HMEC may be implemented through ERbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Sun Yat-Sen Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou 510080, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Penolazzi L, Zennaro M, Lambertini E, Tavanti E, Torreggiani E, Gambari R, Piva R. Induction of estrogen receptor alpha expression with decoy oligonucleotide targeted to NFATc1 binding sites in osteoblasts. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71:1457-62. [PMID: 17389747 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) is a member of the NFAT family and is strictly implicated in the growth and development of bone. Most studies have focused on the effects of NFATc1 activation on osteoclastogenesis. On the contrary, the specific roles of NFAT in osteoblast differentiation are not well understood and, in some instances, reports of its role are contradictory. In the present study, we demonstrated that NFATc1 was involved in the transcriptional regulation of human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene in SaOS-2 osteoblastic like cells. NFATc1 was specifically recruited "in vivo" at C and F distal promoters of ERalpha gene. In addition, it is here identified as the negative transcription factor removed by the RA4-3'decoy oligonucleotide able to induce ERalpha expression in osteoblasts. Ca(2+)/calcineurin-NFAT-mediated signaling pathways and ERalpha-dependent signals are involved in diverse cellular reactions by regulating gene expression under both physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, our data might be useful for proper manipulation of NFATc1- and ERalpha-mediated cellular reactions in different bone disorders, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Tavanti E, Schincaglia GP, Zennaro M, Gambari R, Piva R. Human estrogen receptor alpha gene is a target of Runx2 transcription factor in osteoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1548-60. [PMID: 17350616 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies into the mechanisms involved in control of osteoblast-specific gene expression have identified Runx2 and ERalpha (estrogen receptor alpha) as essential regulators of osteoblast differentiation. Recently, interactions between Runx2 and ERalpha have been described. Here, we investigate the role of Runx2 on the regulation of ERalpha expression by determining its interaction with the F promoter, one of the multiple promoters of the human ERalpha gene and the only one active in bone. We found that, in this promoter, three Runx2-like sites are present. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay in combination with supershift and ChIP experiments, we demonstrated that Runx2 preferentially binds one of the Runx2 motifs of the F promoter. To understand whether or not they are involved in influencing F promoter activity, different promoter-reporter deletion and mutation constructs were transiently transfected into human osteoblastic cells. Comparison of luciferase activities allowed the identification of a prevalent negative role of a sequence context, within the -117,877/-117,426 region, which may be under the control of Runx2 (a) site. Finally, silencing and overexpression of endogenous Runx2 provided evidence that Runx2 has a more complex role than initially expected. In fact, Runx2 (a) and Runx2 (b) sites carried out opposite roles which are conditioned by Runx2 levels in bone cells. Therefore, the resulting F promoter activity may be tightly regulated by a dynamic interplay between these two Runx2 sites, with a predominance of negative effect of the Runx2 (a) site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ferrara University, Via Fossato di Mortara, 74, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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23
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Zhu BT, Han GZ, Shim JY, Wen Y, Jiang XR. Quantitative structure-activity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes: Insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4132-50. [PMID: 16728493 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To search for endogenous estrogens that may have preferential binding affinity for human estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta subtype and also to gain insights into the structural determinants favoring differential subtype binding, we studied the binding affinities of 74 natural or synthetic estrogens, including more than 50 steroidal analogs of estradiol-17beta (E2) and estrone (E1) for human ER alpha and ER beta. Many of the endogenous estrogen metabolites retained varying degrees of similar binding affinity for ER alpha and ER beta, but some of them retained differential binding affinity for the two subtypes. For instance, several of the D-ring metabolites, such as 16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (estriol), 16 beta-hydroxyestradiol-17 alpha, and 16-ketoestrone, had distinct preferential binding affinity for human ER beta over ER alpha (difference up to 18-fold). Notably, although E2 has nearly the highest and equal binding affinity for ER alpha and ER beta, E1 and 2-hydroxyestrone (two quantitatively predominant endogenous estrogens in nonpregnant woman) have preferential binding affinity for ER alpha over ER beta, whereas 16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (estriol) and other D-ring metabolites (quantitatively predominant endogenous estrogens formed during pregnancy) have preferential binding affinity for ER beta over ER alpha. Hence, facile metabolic conversion of parent hormone E2 to various metabolites under different physiological conditions may serve unique functions by providing differential activation of the ER alpha or ER beta signaling system. Lastly, our computational three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship/comparative molecular field analysis of 47 steroidal estrogen analogs for human ER alpha and ER beta yielded useful information on the structural features that determine the preferential activation of the ER alpha and ER beta subtypes, which may aid in the rational design of selective ligands for each human ER subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ting Zhu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 700 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
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24
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Ascenzi P, Bocedi A, Marino M. Structure-function relationship of estrogen receptor alpha and beta: impact on human health. Mol Aspects Med 2006; 27:299-402. [PMID: 16914190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
17Beta-estradiol (E2) controls many aspects of human physiology, including development, reproduction and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of its cognate receptors (ERs). The crystal structures of ERs with agonists and antagonists and the use of transgenic animals have revealed much about how hormone binding influences ER conformation(s) and how this conformation(s), in turn, influences the interaction of ERs with co-activators or co-repressors and hence determines ER binding to DNA and cellular outcomes. This information has helped to shed light on the connection between E2 and the development or progression of numerous diseases. Current therapeutic strategy in the treatment of E2-related pathologies relies on the modulation of ER trancriptional activity by anti-estrogens; however, data accumulated during the last five years reveal that ER activities are not only restricted to the nucleus. ERs are very mobile proteins continuously shuttling between protein targets located within various cellular compartments (e.g., membrane, nucleus). This allows E2 to generate different and synergic signal transduction pathways (i.e., non-genomic and genomic) which provide plasticity for cell response to E2. Understanding the structural basis and the molecular mechanisms by which ER transduce E2 signals in target cells will allow to create new pharmacologic therapies aimed at the treatment of a variety of human diseases affecting the cardiovascular system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system, the nervous system, the mammary gland, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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25
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Hu S, Lu SF, Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Simon NG. ERbeta protein expression in female cynomolgus monkey and CF-1 mouse brain: Western analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:298-309. [PMID: 15898060 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, multiple ERbeta variants with sizes ranging from 477-549 amino acids (aa) have been described. The identification of these variants in target tissues has important implications for estrogen signaling and cellular responsiveness. Western blot analysis using two anti-ERbeta antibodies specific for mammalian ERbeta sequences (PA1-310B and PA1-311) was employed to examine ERbeta protein expression in neural tissues from ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus macaques and CF-1 mice as well as to assess potential regulatory effects of acute and extended estradiol (E(2)) treatment. In hypothalamic extracts from both species, a single ERbeta immunoreactive (ERbeta-ir) band was detected at approximately 54 kDa, corresponding to the expected molecular weight for ERbeta477 and/or 485. In cynomolgus females, oral E(2) administration for 16 weeks had no apparent effect on hypothalamic ERbeta protein expression. In mouse, a single injection of E(2) did not change hypothalamic ERbeta protein levels 1.5, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h after injection. Extending the hormonal treatment to 4 or 21 days in OVX female mice also had no effect on the level of hypothalamic ERbeta protein. Additional regional analyses in female mouse brain with PA1-310B antibody showed that a second, 59 kDa ERbeta-ir band was present in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and amygdala that could represent one or both of the larger ERbeta variants (530 and 549aa). The expression level of the second ERbeta isoform exhibited regional variation, with the strongest immunoreactivity detected in cortex and amygdala. Elucidating the functions of these ERbeta isoforms in the CNS will facilitate our understanding of the tissue- and promoter-specific actions of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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26
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Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Soung DY, Devareddy L, Juma S, Akhter MP, Recker R, Arjmandi BH. Soy isoflavones may protect against orchidectomy-induced bone loss in aged male rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 76:56-62. [PMID: 15549639 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from several studies suggests that soy protein and/or its isoflavones may have beneficial effects on bone in postmenopausal women and animal models who have osteoporosis. The present study examined the dose-dependent effects of soy isoflavones in the context of soy protein or casein on the male skeleton. Thirteen-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were orchidectomized (ORX; 5 groups) or sham-operated (Sham; 1 group) and immediately placed on dietary treatments for 180 days. Diets were semi-purified and the protein source was either casein (Sham and ORX; controls), casein with two added doses of isoflavones (Iso1; 600 mg/kg diet and Iso2; 1200 mg/kg diet), soy protein with normal isoflavones content (Soy; 600 mg/kg diet), or soy protein with added isoflavones (Soy+; 1200 mg/kg diet). A 7% loss of whole body bone mineral density (BMD) was observed due to orchidectomy; however, the ORX induced BMD loss was significantly reduced to 4.3 and 4.7 % with the Soy and Soy+, respectively. Both doses of isoflavones in conjunction with casein also reduced the loss of whole body BMD, albeit not significantly different from ORX control animals. Trabecular bone histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibia further supported the bone-sparing role of soy isoflavones as indicated by higher percent bone volume and trabecular number, and lower trabecular separation. We conclude that isoflavones exert modest beneficial effects on the male skeleton whether provided with casein or a soy protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Khalil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA,
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27
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Ahrens-Fath I, Politz O, Geserick C, Haendler B. Androgen receptor function is modulated by the tissue-specific AR45 variant. FEBS J 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Chen A, Rogan WJ. Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annu Rev Nutr 2004; 24:33-54. [PMID: 15189112 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.101603.064950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soy infant formulas are widely used, but few studies have evaluated long-term safety or examined specific forms of toxicity, such as to the endocrine or immune systems. This review focuses on newer experimental studies of the effects on estrogen activity, immune function, and thyroid economy of genistein and daidzein, two isoflavones in soy infant formula, and existing human studies of soy formula use. In order to judge the likelihood that an endpoint seen in laboratory studies might occur in soy-fed infants, we examined the doses and the resulting serum or plasma concentrations from the laboratory studies and compared them with doses and concentrations seen in soy-fed infants. We also summarized the estimates of the potency of the isoflavone compounds relative to estradiol. Given the scarcity and inconsistency of existing human data and the substantial laboratory evidence of hormonal and other activity at doses relevant to the soy-fed infant, we conclude that more clinical and epidemiological study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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29
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Pinzone JJ, Stevenson H, Strobl JS, Berg PE. Molecular and cellular determinants of estrogen receptor alpha expression. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:4605-12. [PMID: 15143157 PMCID: PMC416410 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.11.4605-4612.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pinzone
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ross Hall, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
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30
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Ellis JA, Infantino T, Harrap SB. Sex-dependent association of blood pressure with oestrogen receptor genes ER?? and ER?? J Hypertens 2004; 22:1127-31. [PMID: 15167447 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200406000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mounting physiological evidence for an important role of the oestrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, in vasodilatation and the response to vascular injury. In addition, genetic studies have suggested that the genes encoding these receptors may be involved in the genetic regulation of blood pressure. The existence of such sex steroid-related genes may help to explain the observed sex differences in blood pressure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the oestrogen receptor genes (ERalpha and ERbeta) in blood pressure variation in women and in men. DESIGN We performed a genetic association study of the oestrogen receptor genes in 718 unrelated healthy white individuals (386 men and 332 women) from the parental generation of the Victorian Family Heart Study, a general population survey of cardiovascular risk. METHODS Participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERalpha and ERbeta, and blood pressure phenotypes were compared between genotype groups by analysis of variance. RESULTS When genotype groups were compared, men inheriting the 'a' allele of the ERalpha SNP had significantly higher systolic blood pressure than men with other genotypes [127.7 +/-14.3 mmHg (mean +/- SD) compared with 132.4 +/- 16.1 mmHg; P = 0.014)]. In addition, men inheriting the 'b' allele of the ERbeta SNP had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure than men with other genotypes (81.4 +/-8.1 mmHg compared with 84.4 +/- 9.6 mmHg; P = 0.004). No significant associations between the oestrogen receptor genes and blood pressure were detected in women. DISCUSSION These results suggest that ERalpha and ERbeta may be involved in the genetic regulation of blood pressure in men, that the two genes may have different roles, and that these genes may contribute to the differences in blood pressures between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Ellis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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31
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Wu KH, Tobias ML, Thornton JW, Kelley DB. Estrogen receptors in Xenopus: duplicate genes, splice variants, and tissue-specific expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 133:38-49. [PMID: 12899845 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(03)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The estrogenic steroid hormones, acting primarily through the nuclear estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, regulate sexual differentiation in a wide variety of vertebrates. In the frog Xenopus laevis, estrogen regulates the strength of vocal neuromuscular synapses and contributes to the physiological basis of sexually differentiated songs. To understand the mechanisms by which estrogen produces these effects, we have characterized the ERs of X. laevis and their expression in laryngeal muscle and other tissues. We found a remarkable molecular diversity in the estrogen receptor population within individuals. First, we have identified two distinct ERalpha genes, xlERalpha1 and xlERalpha2, which represent, to our knowledge, the first discovery of retained duplicates of the ERalpha gene in any species. These two genes are highly conserved at the amino acid level but have distinct nucleotide sequences; moreover, ERalpha2 has no N-terminal domain. Cloning of ERalpha and ERbeta in the related species Xenopus tropicalis and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the two xlERalpha loci were generated by a duplication specific to the X. laevis lineage-most likely the genome duplication that led to a doubling of the X. laevis chromosome number about 30 million years ago. The primary ER expressed in X. laevis laryngeal muscle is the novel gene xlERalpha2; ERalpha1 is primarily expressed in liver, forebrain, and oviduct. Alternatively spliced transcripts of both xlERalpha1 and xlERalpha2 are also expressed in a tissue-specific manner. We propose that complementary spatial expression of these two genes and their alternatively spliced transcripts contributes to their conservation over such a long period of time, consistent with the subfunctionalization model for evolution after gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Hang Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, MC2432, 911 Fairchild, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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32
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Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Giordano S, Del Senno L, Piva R. Expression of the human oestrogen receptor-alpha gene is regulated by promoter F in MG-63 osteoblastic cells. Biochem J 2003; 372:831-9. [PMID: 12659635 PMCID: PMC1223453 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2002] [Revised: 03/26/2003] [Accepted: 03/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(O)estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha), a hormone-dependent transcription factor belonging to the steroid/thyroid-hormone-receptor superfamily, plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of the skeleton. Here we report the analysis of an unexplored sequence inside the bone-specific distal promoter F (PF) with respect to the regulation of ERalpha gene expression in bone. This sequence, 785 bp in size, is localized upstream of the assigned transcription start site of exon F, at -117140 bp from the originally described transcription start site +1. It contains a TA reach box, a conventional CAAT box and potential regulatory elements for many transcription factors, including Cbfa1 [OSE2 (osteoblast-specific element) core binding factor], GATA-1 [(A/T)GATA(A/G) binding protein], Sox5 [sex-determining region Y (SRY)-type HMG bOX protein, belonging to a subfamily of DNA-binding proteins with an HMG domain], Sry, AP1 (activator protein 1) and CP2 (activator of gamma-globin). It is able to strongly activate the luciferase reporter gene in MG-63 osteoblastic-like cells, but not in MCF7 breast-cancer cells. This is in agreement with different transcripts that we found in the two cell types. The footprinting and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSAs) showed that, inside the region analysed, there were some sequences that specifically reacted to nuclear proteins isolated from MG-63 cells. In particular, we identified two regions, named PF a and PF b, that do not present binding sites for known transcription factors and that are involved in a strong DNA-protein interaction in MG-63, but not in MCF7, cells. The analysis of three transcription factors (GATA-1, Sry and Sox) that might bind the identified footprinted areas suggested a possible indirect role of these proteins in the regulation of ERalpha gene expression in bone. These data provide evidence for different promoter usage of the ERalpha gene through the recruitment of tissue-specific transcription activators and co-regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, Italy
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Hu Y, Kupfer D. Enantioselective metabolism of the endocrine disruptor pesticide methoxychlor by human cytochromes P450 (P450s): major differences in selective enantiomer formation by various P450 isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:1329-36. [PMID: 12433799 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.12.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxychlor, a currently used pesticide that in mammals elicits proestrogenic/estrogenic activity and reproductive toxicity, has been classified as a prototype endocrine disruptor. Methoxychlor is prochiral, and its metabolites 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane (mono-OH-M); 1,1,1-trichloro- 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (catechol-M); and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethane (tris-OH-M) are chiral; whereas 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (bis-OH-M) is achiral. These metabolites are formed during methoxychlor incubation with liver microsomes or recombinant cytochrome p450s (rp450s). Since methoxychlor-metabolite enantiomers may have different estrogenic/antiestrogenic/antiandrogenic activities than corresponding racemates, the possibility that p450s preferentially generate or use R or S enantiomers, was examined. Indeed, rCYP1A2 and r2A6 mono-demethylated methoxychlor primarily into (R)-mono-OH-M at 91 and 75%, respectively, whereas rCYP1A1, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 formed the (S)-enantiomer at 69, 66, 75, 95, 96, and 80%, respectively. However, rCYP3A4, 3A5, and 2B1(rat) weakly demethylated methoxychlor without enantioselectivity. Human liver microsomes generated (S)-mono-OH-M (77-87%), suggesting that CYP1A2 and 2A6 display only minor catalytic contribution. P450 inhibitors demonstrated that CYP2C9 and possibly 2C19 are major hepatic catalysts forming (S)-mono-OH-M, and CYP1A2 is primarily involved in forming the (R)-mono-OH-M. Demethylation rate of (S)-mono-OH-M versus (R)-mono-OH-M forming achiral bis-OH-M by rCYP1A2 was 97/3, compared with 15/85 and 17/83 for rCYP2C9 and 2C19, respectively, indicating opposite substrate enantioselectivity of rCYP1A2 versus 2C9 and 2C19. Also, rCYP1A2 preferentially O-demethylated (R)-catechol-M into (R)-tris-OH-M (at 80%), contrasting r2C9 and r2C19 that yielded (S)-tris-OH-M at 80 and 77%, respectively. Ortho-hydroxylation of mono-OH-M into catechol-M and bis-OH-M into tris-OH-M was primarily by 3A4 and was not enantioselective. In conclusion, enantiomeric abundance of methoxychlor metabolites depends on the relative catalytic activity of the hepatic p450 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2324, USA
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Inoue A, Hayashi SI, Aoyagi K, Nishigaki M, Sasaki H, Kiyama R. A reporter gene assay for evaluation of tissue-specific responses to estrogens based on the differential use of promoters A to F of the human estrogen receptor alpha gene. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2002; 47:129-35. [PMID: 12628303 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(02)00221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reporter gene assays are useful means for monitoring cellular responses. We report here a reporter gene assay for evaluating and monitoring estrogen activities by estrogen-like compounds and xenoestrogens, which is based on the promoters from the human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene. METHODS The reporter gene constructs contained a proximal promoter region (containing promoters A and B: ProAB) or either of promoters C to F (ProC, ProD, ProE, and ProF) or fused minor promoters (ProCDEF). These constructs were first used to evaluate promoter activity in cell lines derived from breast (MCF-7 and T-47D cells), ovary (SK-OV-3 cells), endometrium (Ishikawa cells), and stomach (MKN-28 cells). RESULTS Besides very high levels of activity by ProAB in all of the cell lines tested, moderate levels were detected for ProD in the breast and endometrium cell lines and for ProF in the ovary and endometrium cell lines. A moderate level of activity by ProE was detected only in the stomach cells. Differences in estrogen-like activity between ProAB and ProD were observed for tamoxifen and bisphenol A (BPA) in MCF-7 cells. DISCUSSION The assay proposed here might provide expression profiles of cancer cells of various origins for evaluating the estrogen responsiveness and for identifying tissue- or cancer cell-specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Inoue
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Lambertini E, Penolazzi L, Aguiari G, del Senno L, Pezzetti F, Sollazzo V, Piva R. Osteoblastic differentiation induced by transcription factor decoy against estrogen receptor alpha gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:761-70. [PMID: 11922631 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts have been shown to express both isoforms of estrogen receptor (ER alpha and ER beta). As a tool for the study of endogenous regulation of these genes the decoy strategy was employed. Human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were transfected with a DNA decoy molecule containing a putative negative cis-element (DNA-102) located in the C distal promoter of ER alpha gene. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR, we found that the DNA-102, but not scrambled DNA, produced a 36-fold increase in the level of total ER alpha mRNA and a 12-fold increase in the level of mRNA for the F isoform that is transcribed from the upstream F promoter, which is predominantly used in osteoblasts. This effect appears to be controlled by estrogen since 17-beta-estradiol downregulated the mRNA increase. Notably, the same decoy was able to induce a 6-fold increase in ER beta mRNA transcription, indicating the coregulation of the ER alpha and ER beta expression. An increase in OPN but not in BMP4 expression was also observed. In addition, in decoy-treated cells, the cell growth decreased together with an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. These findings indicated that DNA-102 decoy was able to induce a more differentiated osteoblastic phenotype. The augmentation of ER alpha and ER beta expression by the decoy approach may offer a further possibility for patient response to estrogenic therapy in the treatment of diseases related to estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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