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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Hemati-Gourabi M, Cao T, Romprey MK, Chen M. Capacity of astrocytes to promote axon growth in the injured mammalian central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:955598. [PMID: 36203815 PMCID: PMC9530187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.955598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of axon growth after injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) is crucial to improve neural repair. Following acute focal CNS injury, astrocytes are one cellular component of the scar tissue at the primary lesion that is traditionally associated with inhibition of axon regeneration. Advances in genetic models and experimental approaches have broadened knowledge of the capacity of astrocytes to facilitate injury-induced axon growth. This review summarizes findings that support a positive role of astrocytes in axon regeneration and axon sprouting in the mature mammalian CNS, along with potential underlying mechanisms. It is important to recognize that astrocytic functions, including modulation of axon growth, are context-dependent. Evidence suggests that the local injury environment, neuron-intrinsic regenerative potential, and astrocytes’ reactive states determine the astrocytic capacity to support axon growth. An integrated understanding of these factors will optimize therapeutic potential of astrocyte-targeted strategies for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Megan K. Romprey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Meifan Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Meifan Chen,
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3
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Bozic I, Savic D, Lavrnja I. Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:267-290. [PMID: 33226087 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have numerous integral roles in all CNS functions. They are essential for synaptic transmission and support neurons by providing metabolic substrates, secreting growth factors and regulating extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters. Astrocytes respond to CNS insults through reactive astrogliosis, in which they go through many functional and molecular changes. In neuroinflammatory conditions reactive astrocytes exert both beneficial and detrimental functions, depending on the context and heterogeneity of astrocytic populations. In this review we profile astrocytic diversity in the context of neuroinflammation; with a specific focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-described animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We characterize two main subtypes, protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes and describe the role of intermediate filaments in the physiology and pathology of these cells. Additionally, we outline a variety of markers that are emerging as important in investigating astrocytic biology in both physiological conditions and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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4
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Vogel S, Schäfer C, Hess S, Folz-Donahue K, Nelles M, Minassian A, Schwarz MK, Kukat C, Ehrlich M, Zaehres H, Kloppenburg P, Hoehn M, Aswendt M. The in vivo timeline of differentiation of engrafted human neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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5
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Inhibition of Microglia-Derived Oxidative Stress by Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Protects Dopamine Neurons In Vivo from MPP⁺ Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113543. [PMID: 30423807 PMCID: PMC6274815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that capsaicin (CAP), an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), inhibits microglia activation and microglia-derived oxidative stress in the substantia nigra (SN) of MPP⁺-lesioned rat. However, the detailed mechanisms how microglia-derived oxidative stress is regulated by CAP remain to be determined. Here we report that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) endogenously produced by CAP-activated astrocytes through TRPV1, but not microglia, inhibits microglial activation and microglia-derived oxidative stress, as assessed by OX-6 and OX-42 immunostaining and hydroethidine staining, respectively, resulting in neuroprotection. The significant increase in levels of CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRα) expression was evident on microglia in the MPP⁺-lesioned rat SN and the observed beneficial effects of CNTF was abolished by treatment with CNTF receptor neutralizing antibody. It is therefore likely that CNTF can exert its effect via CNTFRα on microglia, which rescues dopamine neurons in the SN of MPP⁺-lesioned rats and ameliorates amphetamine-induced rotations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed also a significantly increased expression of CNTFRα on microglia in the SN from human Parkinson's disease patients compared with age-matched controls, indicating that these findings may have relevance to the disease. These data suggest that CNTF originated from TRPV1 activated astrocytes may be beneficial to treat neurodegenerative disease associated with neuro-inflammation such as Parkinson's disease.
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6
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Almutiri S, Berry M, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Non-viral-mediated suppression of AMIGO3 promotes disinhibited NT3-mediated regeneration of spinal cord dorsal column axons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10707. [PMID: 30013050 PMCID: PMC6048058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After injury to the mature central nervous system (CNS), myelin-derived inhibitory ligands bind to the Nogo-66 tripartite receptor complex expressed on axonal growth cones, comprised of LINGO-1 and p75NTR/TROY and induce growth cone collapse through the RhoA pathway. We have also shown that amphoterin-induced gene and open reading frame-3 (AMIGO3) substitutes for LINGO-1 and can signal axon growth cone collapse. Here, we investigated the regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neuron (DRGN) axons/neurites after treatment with a short hairpin RNA (sh) AMIGO3 plasmid delivered with a non-viral in vivo-jetPEI vector, and the pro-survival/axogenic neurotrophin (NT) 3 in vitro and in vivo. A bicistronic plasmid, containing both shAMIGO3 and NT3 knocked down >75% of AMIGO3 mRNA in cultured DRGN and significantly overexpressed NT3 production. In vivo, intra-DRG injection of in vivo-jetPEI plasmids containing shAMIGO3/gfp and shAMIGO3/nt3 both knocked down AMIGO3 expression in DRGN and, in combination with NT3 overexpression, promoted DC axon regeneration, recovery of conduction of compound action potentials across the lesion site and improvements in sensory and locomotor function. These findings demonstrate that in vivo-jetPEI is a potential non-viral, translatable DRGN delivery vehicle in vivo and that suppression of AMIGO3 disinhibits the growth of axotomised DRGN enabling NT3 to stimulate the regeneration of their DC axons and enhances functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Almutiri
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Shijo T, Warita H, Suzuki N, Kitajima Y, Ikeda K, Akiyama T, Ono H, Mitsuzawa S, Nishiyama A, Izumi R, Aoki M. Aberrant astrocytic expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:222-233. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shijo
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikeda
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroya Ono
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Shio Mitsuzawa
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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8
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Hodgetts SI, Harvey AR. Neurotrophic Factors Used to Treat Spinal Cord Injury. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:405-457. [PMID: 28215303 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of neurotrophic factors as a therapy to improve morphological and behavioral outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) has been the focus of many studies. These studies vary markedly in the type of neurotrophic factor that is delivered, the mode of administration, and the location, timing, and duration of the treatment. Generally, the majority of studies have had significant success if neurotrophic factors are applied in or close to the lesion site during the acute or the subacute phase after SCI. Comparatively fewer studies have administered neurotrophic factors in order to directly target the somata of injured neurons. The mode of delivery varies between acute injection of recombinant proteins, subacute or chronic delivery using a variety of strategies including osmotic minipumps, cell-mediated delivery, delivery using polymer release vehicles or supporting bridges of some sort, or the use of gene therapy to modify neurons, glial cells, or precursor/stem cells. In this brief review, we summarize the state of play of many of the therapies using these factors, most of which have been undertaken in rodent models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Hodgetts
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - A R Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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9
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Filous AR, Silver J. "Targeting astrocytes in CNS injury and disease: A translational research approach". Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:173-87. [PMID: 27026202 PMCID: PMC5035184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a major constituent of the central nervous system. These glia play a major role in regulating blood-brain barrier function, the formation and maintenance of synapses, glutamate uptake, and trophic support for surrounding neurons and glia. Therefore, maintaining the proper functioning of these cells is crucial to survival. Astrocyte defects are associated with a wide variety of neuropathological insults, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to gliomas. Additionally, injury to the CNS causes drastic changes to astrocytes, often leading to a phenomenon known as reactive astrogliosis. This process is important for protecting the surrounding healthy tissue from the spread of injury, while it also inhibits axonal regeneration and plasticity. Here, we discuss the important roles of astrocytes after injury and in disease, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to restore proper astrocyte functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Filous
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 216-368-4615, United States.
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 216-368-4615, United States.
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10
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Levine J. The reactions and role of NG2 glia in spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2016; 1638:199-208. [PMID: 26232070 PMCID: PMC4732922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) react rapidly to brain and spinal cord injuries. This reaction is characterized by the retraction of cell processes, cell body swelling and increased expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Reactive OPCs rapidly divide and accumulate surrounding the injury site where they become major cellular components of the glial scar. The glial reaction to injury is an attempt to restore normal homeostasis and re-establish the glia limitans but the exact role of reactive OPCs in these processes is not well understood. Traumatic injury results in extensive oligodendrocyte cell death and the proliferating OPCs generate the large number of precursor cells necessary for remyelination. Reactive OPCs, however, also are a source of axon-growth inhibitory proteoglycans and may interact with invading inflammatory cells in complex ways. Here, I discuss these and other properties of OPCs after spinal cord injury. Understanding the regulation of these disparate properties may lead to new therapeutic approaches to devastating injuries of the spinal cord. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Levine
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stonybrook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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11
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Nam JH, Park ES, Won SY, Lee YA, Kim KI, Jeong JY, Baek JY, Cho EJ, Jin M, Chung YC, Lee BD, Kim SH, Kim EG, Byun K, Lee B, Woo DH, Lee CJ, Kim SR, Bok E, Kim YS, Ahn TB, Ko HW, Brahmachari S, Pletinkova O, Troconso JC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Jin BK. TRPV1 on astrocytes rescues nigral dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease via CNTF. Brain 2015; 138:3610-22. [PMID: 26490328 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapy for Parkinson's disease. Here we report that transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) on astrocytes mediates endogenous production of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which prevents the active degeneration of dopamine neurons and leads to behavioural recovery through CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRα) on nigral dopamine neurons in both the MPP(+)-lesioned or adeno-associated virus α-synuclein rat models of Parkinson's disease. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of human post-mortem substantia nigra from Parkinson's disease suggests that this endogenous neuroprotective system (TRPV1 and CNTF on astrocytes, and CNTFRα on dopamine neurons) might have relevance to human Parkinson's disease. Our results suggest that activation of astrocytic TRPV1 activates endogenous neuroprotective machinery in vivo and that it is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Nam
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Eun S Park
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - So-Yoon Won
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Centre, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yu A Lee
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Kyoung I Kim
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jae Y Jeong
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Y Baek
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Eun J Cho
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minyoung Jin
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Young C Chung
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Byoung D Lee
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Signaling Disorder Research Centre, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- 3 Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- 3 Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- 4 Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- 4 Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang R Kim
- 5 School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative Bio Research Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Eugene Bok
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea 6 Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida, FL 32827, USA
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- 6 Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Central Florida, FL 32827, USA
| | - Tae-Beom Ahn
- 7 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hyuk Wan Ko
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- 8 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 9 Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 10 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Olga Pletinkova
- 11 Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Juan C Troconso
- 9 Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 11 Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- 8 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 9 Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 12 Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 13 Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 14 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- 8 Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA 9 Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 10 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 12 Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA 14 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA 15 Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Byung K Jin
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Centre, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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12
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Guo JH, Ma W, Yang JW, Gao Y, Liang Z, Liu J, Wang DY, Luo T, Cheng JR, Li LY. Expression pattern of NeuN and GFAP during human fetal spinal cord development. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:863-72. [PMID: 25904356 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of the human embryonic spinal cord is very complicated, and many cell types are involved in the process. However, the morphological characteristics of neuronal and glial cells during the development of the human fetal spinal cord have not been described. We investigated the systemic distributions and expression pattern of the cell type-specific markers Neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) during the development of the human fetal spinal cord, in order to clarify the detailed developmental changes of neuronal and glial cells in chronological and spatial aspects. METHODS A total of 35 fetuses, aged 3 weeks to 8 months of gestation (E3W-E8M), were studied. The markers used for immunohistochemical study were NeuN and GFAP. RESULTS The intracellular makers NeuN and GFAP were widely detected expression in different structures and cells during the development of the human fetal spinal cord, including the following: central canal, neuroepithelial layer, internal limiting membrane, mantle layer, marginal layer, basal plate, alar plate, ependymal layer, gray matter, white matter, neuron, astrocytes, and nerve fibers. However, there was an absence of GFAP in astrocytes during early fetal spinal cord development until E9W, and the appearance of GFAP-positive reactivity was later than that of neurons. CONCLUSIONS We consider that NeuN and GFAP can be used to identify neuronal and glial cells during the development of the human fetal spinal cord, and their distribution differs both chronologically and spatially. These characteristic expression patterns would give us a clue to better understand the developmental characteristics of the human spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China,
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Wang T, Yuan W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Ning G, Zhang L, Yao L, Feng S, Kong X. The role of the JAK-STAT pathway in neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells and reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:141-146. [PMID: 25798237 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injuries can develop severe neurological damage and dysfunction, which is not only induced by primary but also by secondary injuries. As an evolutionarily conserved pathway of eukaryotes, the JAK-STAT pathway is associated with cell growth, survival, development and differentiation; activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been previously reported in central nervous system injury. The JAK-STAT pathway is directly associated with neurogenesis and glia scar formation in the injury region. Following injury of the axon, the overexpression and activation of STAT3 is exhibited specifically in protecting neurons. To investigate the role of the JAK-STAT pathway in neuroprotection, we summarized the effect of JAK-STAT pathway in the following three sections: Firstly, the modulation of JAK-STAT pathway in proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells is discussed; secondly, the time-dependent effect of JAK-STAT pathway in reactive astrocytes to reveal their capability of neuroprotection is revealed and lastly, we focus on how the astrocyte-secretory polypeptides (astrocyte-derived cytokines and trophic factors) accomplish neuroprotection via the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China ; Department of Orthopedics, The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Luhe Hospital, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Paediatric Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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Harvey AR, Lovett SJ, Majda BT, Yoon JH, Wheeler LPG, Hodgetts SI. Neurotrophic factors for spinal cord repair: Which, where, how and when to apply, and for what period of time? Brain Res 2014; 1619:36-71. [PMID: 25451132 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of neurotrophic factors have been used in attempts to improve morphological and behavioural outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we review many of these factors, their cellular targets, and their therapeutic impact on spinal cord repair in different, primarily rodent, models of SCI. A majority of studies report favourable outcomes but results are by no means consistent, thus a major aim of this review is to consider how best to apply neurotrophic factors after SCI to optimize their therapeutic potential. In addition to which factors are chosen, many variables need be considered when delivering trophic support, including where and when to apply a given factor or factors, how such factors are administered, at what dose, and for how long. Overall, the majority of studies have applied neurotrophic support in or close to the spinal cord lesion site, in the acute or sub-acute phase (0-14 days post-injury). Far fewer chronic SCI studies have been undertaken. In addition, comparatively fewer studies have administered neurotrophic factors directly to the cell bodies of injured neurons; yet in other instructive rodent models of CNS injury, for example optic nerve crush or transection, therapies are targeted directly at the injured neurons themselves, the retinal ganglion cells. The mode of delivery of neurotrophic factors is also an important variable, whether delivered by acute injection of recombinant proteins, sub-acute or chronic delivery using osmotic minipumps, cell-mediated delivery, delivery using polymer release vehicles or supporting bridges of some sort, or the use of gene therapy to modify neurons, glial cells or precursor/stem cells. Neurotrophic factors are often used in combination with cell or tissue grafts and/or other pharmacotherapeutic agents. Finally, the dose and time-course of delivery of trophic support should ideally be tailored to suit specific biological requirements, whether they relate to neuronal survival, axonal sparing/sprouting, or the long-distance regeneration of axons ending in a different mode of growth associated with terminal arborization and renewed synaptogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Sarah J Lovett
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bernadette T Majda
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jun H Yoon
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lachlan P G Wheeler
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart I Hodgetts
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Zhang C, He X, Li H, Wang G. Chondroitinase ABC plus bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:965-74. [PMID: 25206389 PMCID: PMC4145889 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As chondroitinase ABC can improve the hostile microenvironment and cell transplantation is proven to be effective after spinal cord injury, we hypothesized that their combination would be a more effective treatment option. At 5 days after T8 spinal cord crush injury, rats were injected with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell suspension or chondroitinase ABC 1 mm from the edge of spinal cord damage zone. Chondroitinase ABC was first injected, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell suspension was injected on the next day in the combination group. At 14 days, the mean Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score of the rats in the combination group was higher than other groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the necrotic area was significantly reduced in the combination group compared with other groups. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan double staining showed that the damage zone of astrocytic scars was significantly reduced without the cavity in the combination group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein/growth associated protein-43 double immunostaining revealed that positive fibers traversed the damage zone in the combination group. These results suggest that the combination of chondroitinase ABC and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation contributes to the repair of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guoyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chu T, Zhou H, Li F, Wang T, Lu L, Feng S. Astrocyte transplantation for spinal cord injury: current status and perspective. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:18-30. [PMID: 24878447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes incurable neurological dysfunction because axonal regeneration in adult spinal cord is rare. Astrocytes are gradually recognized as being necessary for the regeneration after SCI as they promote axonal growth under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Heterogeneous populations of astrocytes have been explored for structural and functional restoration. The results range from the early variable and modest effects of immature astrocyte transplantation to the later significant, but controversial, outcomes of glial-restricted precursor (GRP)-derived astrocyte (GDA) transplantation. However, the traditional neuron-centric view and the concerns about the inhibitory roles of astrocytes after SCI, along with the sporadic studies and the lack of a comprehensive review, have led to some confusion over the usefulness of astrocytes in SCI. It is the purpose of the review to discuss the current status of astrocyte transplantation for SCI based on a dialectical view of the context-dependent manner of astrocyte behavior and the time-associated characteristics of glial scarring. Critical issues are then analyzed to reveal the potential direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Fuyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
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Min SK, Jung SM, Kim SH, Kim CR, Shin HS. Implications of the oxygenated electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofiber for the astrocytes activities. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Min
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Sang-Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
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18
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Min SK, Kim CR, Jung SM, Shin HS. Astrocyte behavior and GFAP expression onSpirulinaextract-incorporated PCL nanofiber. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3467-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Min
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Sang Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 402-751 Korea
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The effect of methylprednisolone intravenous infusion on the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in a rat spinal cord injury model. Spine J 2013; 13:439-42. [PMID: 23267738 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Methylprednisolone (MP) infusion after acute spinal cord injury (SCI) remains controversial despite large randomized studies, including the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS). PURPOSE To determine the effect of NASCIS protocol MP infusion on the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a neuroprotective cytokine, in a rat model after SCI. STUDY DESIGN Animal laboratory study. METHODS Thirty rats were randomized into an MP infusion group (intravenous [IV]-MP) versus normal saline (NS) control group (IV-NS) after a standardized SCI. Ciliary neurotrophic factor expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-SCI. RESULTS Mean CNTF expression was diminished in the MP group at 12 (p=.006) and 24 (p=.008) hours postinjury compared with the control group. Expression of CNTF was not significantly different between the groups at 6, 48, and 72 hours post-SCI. CONCLUSIONS Standardized MP infusion post-SCI reduces CNTF activation in a rat SCI model. Further study is needed to determine if this effect is seen in human SCIs.
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20
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Benkler C, Ben-Zur T, Barhum Y, Offen D. Altered astrocytic response to activation in SOD1G93Amice and its implications on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. Glia 2012; 61:312-26. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Current and future therapeutic strategies for functional repair of spinal cord injury. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:57-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhu Z, Kremer P, Tadmori I, Ren Y, Sun D, He X, Young W. Lithium suppresses astrogliogenesis by neural stem and progenitor cells by inhibiting STAT3 pathway independently of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23341. [PMID: 21931595 PMCID: PMC3170293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs) produce mostly astrocytes in injured spinal cords. Lithium stimulates neurogenesis by inhibiting GSK3b (glycogen synthetase kinase 3-beta) and increasing WNT/beta catenin. Lithium suppresses astrogliogenesis but the mechanisms were unclear. We cultured NSCs from subventricular zone of neonatal rats and showed that lithium reduced NSC production of astrocytes as well as proliferation of glia restricted progenitor (GRP) cells. Lithium strongly inhibited STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation, a messenger system known to promote astrogliogenesis and cancer. Lithium abolished STAT3 activation and astrogliogenesis induced by a STAT3 agonist AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-D-ribofuranoside), suggesting that lithium suppresses astrogliogenesis by inhibiting STAT3. GSK3β inhibition either by a specific GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 or overexpression of GID5-6 (GSK3β Interaction Domain aa380 to 404) did not suppress astrogliogenesis and GRP proliferation. GSK3β inhibition also did not suppress STAT3 activation. Together, these results indicate that lithium inhibits astrogliogenesis through non-GSK3β-mediated inhibition of STAT. Lithium may increase efficacy of NSC transplants by increasing neurogenesis and reducing astrogliogenesis. Our results also may explain the strong safety record of lithium treatment of manic depression. Millions of people take high-dose (>1 gram/day) lithium carbonate for a lifetime. GSK3b inhibition increases WNT/beta catenin, associated with colon and other cancers. STAT3 inhibition may reduce risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zhu
- The 2nd Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Penny Kremer
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Iman Tadmori
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yi Ren
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dongming Sun
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xijing He
- The 2nd Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Parmentier-Batteur S, Finger EN, Krishnan R, Rajapakse HA, Sanders JM, Kandpal G, Zhu H, Moore KP, Regan CP, Sharma S, Hess JF, Williams TM, Reynolds IJ, Vacca JP, Mark RJ, Nantermet PG. Attenuation of scratch-induced reactive astrogliosis by novel EphA4 kinase inhibitors. J Neurochem 2011; 118:1016-31. [PMID: 21736568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The EphA4 receptor and its ephrin ligands are involved in astrocytic gliosis following CNS injury. Therefore, a strategy aimed at the blockade of EphA4 signaling could have broad therapeutic interest in brain disorders. We have identified novel small molecule inhibitors of EphA4 kinase in specific enzymatic and cell-based assays. In addition, we have demonstrated in two in vitro models of scratch injury that EphA4 receptor kinase is activated through phosphorylation and is involved in the repopulation of the wound after the scratch. A potent EphA4 kinase inhibitor significantly inhibited wound closure and reduced the accumulation of the reactive astrocytes inside the scratch. We have also shown that after the transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats, a large glial scar is formed by the accumulation of astrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan surrounding the infarcted tissue at 7 days and 14 days of reperfusion. EphA4 protein expression is highly up-regulated in the same areas at these time points, supporting its potential role in the glial scar formation and maintenance. Taken together, these results suggest that EphA4 kinase inhibitors might interfere with the astrogliosis reaction and thereby lead to improved neurological outcome after ischemic injury.
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24
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Jones SM, Novak AE, Elliott JP. Primary culture of cellular subtypes from postnatal mouse for in vitro studies of oxygen glucose deprivation. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 199:241-8. [PMID: 21620892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely utilized in vitro models of ischemia or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) is the hippocampal organotypical culture (HOTC). The HOTC is used not only for the study of the mechanisms of cell death, but also has been the cornerstone of synaptic physiology. Although the intact nature of the HOTC is one of its primary advantages, some studies require a dissociated preparation in order to distinguish cell type specific responses. Typically, primary dissociated neuronal cultures are prepared from embryonic tissue. Since the HOTC is prepared from postnatal pups, we wanted to establish a primary culture of hippocampus from postnatal pups to parallel our studies in the HOTC preparation. Mixed cultures were prepared by enzymatic dissociation of hippocampus from 7-day-old mouse pups. These cultures responded to OGD with a time course of delayed cell death that was similar to that reported in HOTC. Dual label immunocytochemical staining revealed that neurons, but not astrocytes, were dying from apoptosis following OGD. To examine this vulnerability further, we also prepared neuronal enriched cultures by treating mixed cultures with cytosine-β-d-arabinofuranoside (CBA). These neuronal cultures appear to be even more sensitive to OGD. In addition, we have established primary astrocyte-enriched cultures from the same age pups to examine the vulnerability of astrocytes to OGD. These three culture preparations are useful for comparison of the responses of the two major cell types in the same culture, and the enriched cultures will allow biochemical, electrophysiological and molecular studies of homogenous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Jones
- Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Ave., Englewood, CO 80113, USA.
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White RE, McTigue DM, Jakeman LB. Regional heterogeneity in astrocyte responses following contusive spinal cord injury in mice. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:1370-90. [PMID: 20151365 PMCID: PMC2867111 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and their precursors respond to spinal cord injury (SCI) by proliferating, migrating, and altering phenotype. This contributes to glial scar formation at the lesion border and gliosis in spared gray and white matter. The present study was undertaken to evaluate astrocyte changes over time and determine when and where interventions might be targeted to alter the astrocyte response. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to mice 3 days after SCI, and cells expressing BrdU and the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were counted at 3, 7, and 49 days post-injury (DPI). BrdU-labeled cells accumulated at the lesion border by 7 DPI and approximately half of these expressed GFAP. In spared white matter, the total number of BrdU+ cells decreased, while the percentage of BrdU+ cells expressing GFAP increased at 49 DPI. Phenotypic changes were examined using the progenitor marker nestin, the radial glial marker, brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), and GFAP. Nestin was upregulated by 3 DPI and declined between 7 and 49 DPI in all regions, and GFAP increased and remained above naïve levels at all timepoints. BLBP increased early and remained high along the lesion border and spared white matter, but was expressed transiently by cells lining the central canal and in a unique population of small cells found within the lesion and in gray matter rostral and caudal to the border. The results demonstrate that the astrocyte response to SCI is regionally heterogeneous, and suggests astrocyte populations that could be targeted by interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E White
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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26
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Davies JE, Pröschel C, Zhang N, Noble M, Mayer-Pröschel M, Davies SJA. Transplanted astrocytes derived from BMP- or CNTF-treated glial-restricted precursors have opposite effects on recovery and allodynia after spinal cord injury. J Biol 2008; 7:24. [PMID: 18803859 PMCID: PMC2776404 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two critical challenges in developing cell-transplantation therapies for injured or diseased tissues are to identify optimal cells and harmful side effects. This is of particular concern in the case of spinal cord injury, where recent studies have shown that transplanted neuroepithelial stem cells can generate pain syndromes. Results We have previously shown that astrocytes derived from glial-restricted precursor cells (GRPs) treated with bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) can promote robust axon regeneration and functional recovery when transplanted into rat spinal cord injuries. In contrast, we now show that transplantation of GRP-derived astrocytes (GDAs) generated by exposure to the gp130 agonist ciliary neurotrophic factor (GDAsCNTF), the other major signaling pathway involved in astrogenesis, results in failure of axon regeneration and functional recovery. Moreover, transplantation of GDACNTF cells promoted the onset of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia at 2 weeks after injury, an effect that persisted through 5 weeks post-injury. Delayed onset of similar neuropathic pain was also caused by transplantation of undifferentiated GRPs. In contrast, rats transplanted with GDAsBMP did not exhibit pain syndromes. Conclusion Our results show that not all astrocytes derived from embryonic precursors are equally beneficial for spinal cord repair and they provide the first identification of a differentiated neural cell type that can cause pain syndromes on transplantation into the damaged spinal cord, emphasizing the importance of evaluating the capacity of candidate cells to cause allodynia before initiating clinical trials. They also confirm the particular promise of GDAs treated with bone morphogenetic protein for spinal cord injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette E Davies
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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27
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Tripathi RB, McTigue DM. Chronically increased ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 expression after spinal contusion in rats. J Comp Neurol 2008; 510:129-44. [PMID: 18615534 PMCID: PMC5518483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss following spinal cord injury (SCI) are well documented. Recently, we showed oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) accumulation and robust oligodendrocyte genesis occurring along SCI lesion borders. We have since begun investigating potential mechanisms for this endogenous repair response. Here, we examined ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, because both factors alter progenitor proliferation and differentiation and are increased in several CNS disorders. We hypothesized that CNTF and FGF-2 would increase after SCI, especially in regions of enhanced oligogenesis. First, CNTF protein was quantified using Western blots, which revealed that CNTF protein continually rose through 28 days post injury (dpi). Next, by using immunohistochemistry, we examined the spatiotemporal expression of CNTF in cross-sections spanning the injury site. CNTF immunoreactivity was observed on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in naïve and contused spinal cords. Significantly increased CNTF was detected in spared white and gray matter between 5 and 28 dpi compared with uninjured controls. By 28 dpi, CNTF expression was significantly higher along lesion borders compared with outlying spared tissue; a similar distribution of phosphorylated STAT3, a transcription factor up-regulated by CNTF and to a lesser extent FGF-2, was also detected. Because CNTF can potentiate FGF-2 expression, we examined the distribution of FGF-2+ cells. Significantly more FGF-2+ cells were noted along lesion borders at 7 and 28 dpi. Thus, both CNTF and FGF-2 are present in regions of elevated OPC proliferation and oligodendrocyte generation after SCI and therefore may play a role in injury-induced gliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa B. Tripathi
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program and Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dana M. McTigue
- Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program and Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Abstract
Typically patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience acute episodes of neurological dysfunction, which recover followed, at a later stage, by slow and insidious accumulation of disability (disease progression). Disease progression reflects axon damage and loss within the central nervous system. However, the precise mechanism of axon injury in MS is not clear. Inflammation occurring during acute relapses undoubtedly causes some degree of acute axon damage, but epidemiological data and treatment studies have suggested that inflammation alone is not the sole cause of axonopathy. Indeed, there appears to be dissociation between inflammation and disease progression once a certain level of clinical disability has been reached because immune suppression in patients who have established disease progression does not halt the slow decrease of function. The slow and insidious loss of neurological function that occurs during the progressive phase of the disease implies a degenerative process. Whether axon drop-out occurs at these later stages because of previous inflammatory damage to axons; because of low grade inflammation causing damage to already vulnerable demyelinated axons; because of loss of trophic environment for axons to survive; or as part of a completely independent neurodegenerative process is not clear. Understanding disease mechanisms involved in the axonopathy of MS allows for the development of rational therapies for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK.
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White RE, Yin FQ, Jakeman LB. TGF-alpha increases astrocyte invasion and promotes axonal growth into the lesion following spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2008; 214:10-24. [PMID: 18647603 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to environmental cues and play a multifaceted role in the response to trauma in the central nervous system. As the most prevalent contributors to the glial scar, astrocytes are targeted as barriers to regeneration. However, there is also strong evidence that astrocytes are vital for neuroprotection and metabolic support after injury. In addition, consistent with their role during development, astrocytes may be capable of supporting the growth of injured axons. Therefore, we hypothesized that with appropriate stimulation, the reparative functions of endogenous astrocytes could be harnessed to promote axon growth and recovery after spinal cord injury. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a mitogenic growth factor that is active on astrocytes and is poised to contribute to such a strategy. Recombinant TGF-alpha was administered intrathecally to adult C57BL/6 mice for two weeks following a moderate mid-thoracic spinal cord contusion. By three weeks post-injury, TGF-alpha infusion had not affected locomotor recovery, but promoted extensive axon growth and altered the composition of the lesion site. The center of the lesion in the treated mice contained greater numbers of new cells and increased astrocyte invasion. Despite the expression of inhibitory proteoglycans, there was a marked increase in axons expressing neurofilament and GAP-43 immunoreactivity, and the new axons were closely associated with increased laminin expression within and beyond the astrocyte matrix. The results demonstrate that astrocytes are dynamic players in the response to spinal cord injury, and the growth-supportive role of these cells can be enhanced by TGF-alpha infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E White
- The Ohio State University, Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, OH, USA
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Electroacupuncture Induced Spinal Plasticity is Linked to Multiple Gene Expressions in Dorsal Root Deafferented Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 37:97-110. [PMID: 18581269 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Zhou HL, Zhang LS, Kang Y, Zhang W, Wang TH. Effects of electro-acupuncture on CNTF expression in spared dorsal root ganglion and the associated spinal lamina II and nucleus dorsalis following adjacent dorsal root ganglionectomies in cats. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:95-106. [PMID: 18023864 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that plasticity occurs in deafferented spinal cord, and that electro-acupuncture (EA) could promote functional restoration. The underlying mechanism is, however, unknown. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) plays a crucial role in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival both in vivo and in vitro, and its expression might explain some of the mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effects of EA on CNTF expression in the spared L(6) dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and spinal lamina II at spinal segments L(3) and L(6) as well as nucleus dorsalis (ND) of L(3) spinal segment following removal of L(1)-L(5) and L(7)-S(2) (DRG) in the cat. After ganglionectomies, the total and small-to-medium-sized numbers of immunoreactive neurons decreased at 3 dpo, and returned to the sham-operated level as early as 7 dpo. After EA, immunoreactive neurons in L(6) DRG noticeably increased at 7 dpo, compared with the non-acupunctured group. Notable increase in the large neurons was seen at 14 dpo, while their numbers in L(3) and L(6) spinal cord segments significantly declined at 3 dpo. Those in L(3) segment did not reach the sham-operated level until 14 dpo, but their numbers in L(6) segment returned to the sham-operated level as early as 7 dpo. CNTF immunopositive neurons in the ND of L(3) segment returned to the sham-operated level at 14 dpo. After EA, their number significantly increased as early as 7 dpo in lamina II of L(6) segment, and as late as 14 dpo in ND of L(3) segment. Western blot analysis showed CNTF changes corresponding to those shown in immunohistochemical staining. It is concluded that CNTF expression was involved in the EA promoted plastic changes in L(6) DRG and the associated deafferented spinal lamina and ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Li Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Ishii K, Nakamura M, Dai H, Finn TP, Okano H, Toyama Y, Bregman BS. Neutralization of ciliary neurotrophic factor reduces astrocyte production from transplanted neural stem cells and promotes regeneration of corticospinal tract fibers in spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2007; 84:1669-81. [PMID: 17044031 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) into lesioned spinal cord offers the potential to increase regeneration by replacing lost neurons or oligodendrocytes. The majority of transplanted NSC, however, typically differentiate into astrocytes that may exacerbate glial scar formation. Here we show that blocking of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) with anti-CNTF antibodies after NSC transplant into spinal cord injury (SCI) resulted in a reduction of glial scar formation by 8 weeks. Treated animals had a wider distribution of transplanted NSC compared with the control animals. The NSC around the lesion coexpressed either nestin or markers for neurons, oligodendrocytes, or astrocytes. Approximately 20% fewer glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells were seen at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postgrafting, compared with the control animals. Furthermore, more CNPase(+)/BrdU(+) cells were detected in the treated group at 4 and 8 weeks. These CNPase(+) or Rip(+) mature oligodendrocytes were seen in close proximity to host corticospinal tract (CST) and 5HT(+) serotonergic axon. We also demonstrate that the number of regenerated CST fibers both at the lesion and at caudal sites in treated animals was significantly greater than that in the control animals at 8 weeks. We suggest that the blocking of CNTF at the beginning of SCI provides a more favorable environment for the differentiation of transplanted NSC and the regeneration of host axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Miotke JA, MacLennan AJ, Meyer RL. Immunohistochemical localization of CNTFRalpha in adult mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush: evidence for the axonal loss of a trophic factor receptor after injury. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:384-400. [PMID: 17111380 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is important for the survival and outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vitro. However, in vivo adult RGCs fail to regenerate and subsequently die following axotomy, even though there are high levels of CNTF in the optic nerve. To address this discrepancy, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFRalpha) in mouse retina and optic nerve following intraorbital nerve crush. In normal mice, RGC perikarya and axons were intensely labeled for CNTFRalpha. At 24 hours after crush, the immunoreactivity normally seen on axons in the nerve was lost near the lesion. This loss radiated from the crush site with time. At 2 days postlesion, labeled axons were not detected in the proximal nerve, and at 2 weeks were barely detectable in the retina. In the distal nerve, loss of axonal staining progressed to the optic chiasm by 7 days and remained undetectable at 2 weeks. Interfascicular glia in the normal optic nerve were faintly labeled, but by 24 hours after crush they became intensely labeled near the lesion. Double labeling showed these to be both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. At 7 days postlesion, darkly labeled glia were seen throughout the optic nerve, but at 14 days labeling returned to normal. It is suggested that the loss of CNTFRalpha from axons renders RGCs unresponsive to CNTF, thereby contributing to regenerative failure and death, while its appearance on glia may promote glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Miotke
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2305, USA.
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34
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Albrecht D, García L, Cartier L, Kettlun AM, Vergara C, Collados L, Valenzuela MA. Trophic factors in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis, HIV, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:248-54. [PMID: 16545011 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP/HAM) is a chronic CNS disease characterized by axomyelinic degeneration of the long axons of corticospinal tracts. Levels of NGF, NT-3, NT-4/5, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 TSP/HAM patients and 20 controls. NGF, BDNF, and FGF-2 levels were also determined in 19 patients with HIV motor cognitive motor syndrome, and in 21 subjects diagnosed with Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). No significant differences were detected in the concentrations of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5, GDNF, and CNTF in the CSF between TSP/HAM patients and controls. FGF-2 was significantly lower in the CSF of the three groups of patients compared with controls; the HIV group exhibited the lowest values. HIV patients differed from TSP/HAM in their significantly higher levels of NGF and lower levels of BDNF and FGF-2, whereas CJD patients differed only in their higher levels of NGF. Immunohistochemical studies were done of trophic factors (NGF and FGF-2) and neurotrophin receptors (trkA and p75) in spinal cord and motor cortical areas from anatomopathological cases of TSP/HAM. Results indicated that NGF is expressed in motoneurons and oligodendrocytes of the posterior column of the spinal cord. FGF-2 was detected in motoneurons and spinal cord vessels. p75 receptor was detected in cortical neurons. The absence of a significant change in the trophic factor levels in TSP/HAM may be attributed to a selective axonal lesion in a slow process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Albrecht
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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35
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Yamauchi K, Osuka K, Takayasu M, Usuda N, Nakazawa A, Nakahara N, Yoshida M, Aoshima C, Hara M, Yoshida J. Activation of JAK/STAT signalling in neurons following spinal cord injury in mice. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1060-70. [PMID: 16417589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathway is one of the most important in transducing signals from the cell surface to the nucleus in response to cytokines. In the present study, we investigated chronological alteration and cellular location of JAK1, STAT3, phosphorylated (p)-Tyr1022/1023-JAK1, p-Tyr705-STAT3, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Western blot analysis showed JAK1 to be significantly phosphorylated at Tyr1022/1023 from 6 h after SCI, peaking at 12 h and gradually decreasing thereafter, accompanied by phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 with a similar time course. ELISA analysis showed the concentration of IL-6 in injured spinal cord to also significantly increase from 3 h after SCI, peaking at 12 h, then gradually decreasing. Immunohistochemistry revealed p-Tyr1022/1023-JAK1, p-Tyr705-STAT3, and IL-6 to be mainly expressed in neurons of the anterior horns at 12 h after SCI. Pretreatment with a JAK inhibitor, AG-490, suppressed phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3 at 12 h after SCI, reducing recovery of motor functions. These findings suggest that SCI at the acute stage produces IL-6 mainly in neurons of the injured spinal cord, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway, and that this pathway may be involved with neuronal response to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Yamauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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36
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Zai LJ, Yoo S, Wrathall JR. Increased growth factor expression and cell proliferation after contusive spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2005; 1052:147-55. [PMID: 16005441 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The damage caused by traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury can be divided into two phases: primary and secondary. The initial injury destroys many of the local neurons and glia and triggers secondary mechanisms that result in further cell loss. Approximately 50% of the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the spared white matter of the epicenter die by 24 h after spinal cord injury (SCI), but their densities return to normal levels by 6 weeks. This repopulation is largely due to the proliferation of local progenitors that divide in response of CNS injury. Previous studies indicate that the secondary events that cause cell death after SCI also increase the local levels of several growth factors that stimulate the proliferation of these endogenous progenitors. We compared the spatial pattern of the post-injury up-regulation of the pro-mitotic growth factors with that of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to determine if each could play a role in proliferation. Three days after a standard contusive SCI or laminectomy, animals received intraperitoneal BrdU injections to label dividing cells and were perfused 2 h after the last injection. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and in situ hybridization for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial growth factor (GGF2) mRNA were used to compare the number of dividing cells with growth factor levels in sections 2 and 4 mm from the epicenter. All three growth factors are significantly up-regulated 3 days after SCI, when cell proliferation is maximal. The increase in GGF2 and FGF2 levels is highest in sections 2 mm rostral to the epicenter, mimicking BrdU incorporation. Addition of rhGGF2 to cultured cells isolated from the spinal cord 3 days after SCI increased the number of NG2+ glial progenitors. These data suggest that FGF2 and GGF2 may contribute to the spontaneous recovery observed after SCI by stimulating the proliferation of local progenitors that help repopulate the injured cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila J Zai
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, NRB-EG31, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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37
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Nakamura M, Okano H, Toyama Y, Dai HN, Finn TP, Bregman BS. Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord-derived neurospheres support growth of supraspinal projections and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:457-68. [PMID: 15968644 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Great interest exists in using cell replacement strategies to repair the damaged central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that grafting rat fetal spinal cord into neonate or adult animals after spinal cord injury leads to improved anatomic growth/plasticity and functional recovery. It is clear that fetal tissue transplants serve as a scaffold for host axon growth. In addition, embryonic Day 14 (E14) spinal cord tissue transplants are also a rich source of neural-restricted and glial-restricted progenitors. To evaluate the potential of E14 spinal cord progenitor cells, we used in vitro-expanded neurospheres derived from embryonic rat spinal cord and showed that these cells grafted into lesioned neonatal rat spinal cord can survive, migrate, and differentiate into neurons and oligodendrocytes, but rarely into astrocytes. Synapses and partially myelinated axons were detected within the transplant lesion area. Transplanted progenitor cells resulted in increased plasticity or regeneration of corticospinal and brainstem-spinal fibers as determined by anterograde and retrograde labeling. Furthermore, transplantation of these cells promoted functional recovery of locomotion and reflex responses. These data demonstrate that progenitor cells when transplanted into neonates can function in a similar capacity as transplants of solid fetal spinal cord tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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38
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Azari MF, Profyris C, Zang DW, Petratos S, Cheema SS. Induction of endogenous neural precursors in mouse models of spinal cord injury and disease. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12:638-48. [PMID: 16053474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) have been demonstrated to be responsive to conditions of injury and disease. Here we investigated the response of NPCs in mouse models of spinal cord disease [motor neuron disease (MND)] with and without sciatic nerve axotomy, and spinal cord injury (SCI). We found that neither axotomy, nor MND alone brought about a response by Nestin-positive NPCs. However, the combination of the two resulted in mobilization of NPCs in the spinal cord. We also found that there was an increase in the number of NPCs following SCI which was further enhanced by systemic administration of the neuregulatory cytokine, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). NPCs were demonstrated to differentiate into astrocytes in axotomized MND mice. However, significant differentiation into the various neural cell phenotypes was not demonstrated at 1 or 2 weeks following SCI. These data suggest that factors inherent to injury mechanisms are required for induction of an NPC response in the mammalian spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Azari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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39
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Yokota H, Yoshikawa M, Hirabayashi H, Nakase H, Uranishi R, Nishimura F, Sugie Y, Ishizaka S, Sakaki T. Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), CNTF receptor alpha (CNTFR-alpha) following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 377:170-5. [PMID: 15755520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is known as a neuro-survival factor in the developing and developed CNS, as well as in the CNS following injury. However, little is known about the expression of CNTF or that of its receptor (CNTFR-alpha) in cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the temporal and spatial profiles of CNTF and CNTFR-alpha expression using a collagenase-induced ICH rat model. CNTF expression was up-regulated from the day following ICH induction and reached a peak level at 5 to 14 days, with increased expression observed in brain tissue surrounding the hematoma lesion and white matter structures in association with astroglial proliferation. Further, CNTFR-alpha was transiently expressed in the cerebral cortex surrounding the hematoma, with a peak at 5 days. Administration of exogenous CNTF into the lesion following initiation of ICH resulted in a prolonged expression of CNTFR-alpha on cortical neurons neighboring the hematoma. Our findings suggest differential regulation of CNTF and CNTFR-alpha, and the possibility of a therapeutic strategy using CNTF administration for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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40
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Albrecht PJ, Dahl JP, Stoltzfus OK, Levenson R, Levison SW. Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates spinal cord astrocytes, stimulating their production and release of fibroblast growth factor-2, to increase motor neuron survival. Exp Neurol 2002; 173:46-62. [PMID: 11771938 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At focal CNS injury sites, several cytokines accumulate, including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Additionally, the CNTF alpha receptor is induced on astrocytes, establishing an autocrine/paracrine loop. How astrocyte function is altered as a result of CNTF stimulation remains incompletely characterized. Here, we demonstrate that direct injection of CNTF into the spinal cord increases GFAP expression and astroglial size and that primary cultures of spinal cord astrocytes treated with CNTF, IL-1beta, or leukemia inhibitory factor exhibit nuclear hypertrophy comparable to that observed in vivo. Using a coculture bioassay, we further demonstrate that CNTF treatment of astrocytes increases their ability to support ChAT(+) ventral spinal cord neurons (presumably motor neurons) more than twofold compared with untreated astrocytes. Also, the complexity of neurites was significantly increased in neurons cultured with CNTF-treated astrocytes compared with untreated astrocytes. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that CNTF increased levels of FGF-2 and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and that IL-1beta increased NGF and hepatocyte growth factor mRNA levels. Furthermore, both CNTF and IL-1beta stimulated the release of FGF-2 from cultured spinal cord astrocytes. These findings demonstrate that cytokine-activated astrocytes better support CNS neuron survival via the production of neurotrophic molecules. We also show that CNTF synergizes with FGF-2, but not epidermal growth factor, to promote DNA synthesis in spinal cord astrocyte cultures. The significance of these findings is discussed by presenting a new model depicting the sequential activation of astrocytes by cytokines and growth factors in the context of CNS injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Albrecht
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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41
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Cao QL, Zhang YP, Howard RM, Walters WM, Tsoulfas P, Whittemore SR. Pluripotent stem cells engrafted into the normal or lesioned adult rat spinal cord are restricted to a glial lineage. Exp Neurol 2001; 167:48-58. [PMID: 11161592 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating populations of undifferentiated neural stem cells were isolated from the embryonic day 14 rat cerebral cortex or the adult rat subventricular zone. These cells were pluripotent through multiple passages, retaining the ability to differentiate in vitro into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Two weeks to 2 months after engraftment of undifferentiated, BrdU-labeled stem cells into the normal adult spinal cord, large numbers of surviving cells were seen. The majority of the cells differentiated with astrocytic phenotype, although some oligodendrocytes and undifferentiated, nestin-positive cells were detected; NeuN-positive neurons were not seen. Labeled cells were also engrafted into the contused adult rat spinal cord (moderate NYU Impactor injury), either into the lesion cavity or into the white or gray matter both rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Up to 2 months postgrafting, the majority of cells either differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes or remained nestin positive. No BrdU-positive neurons or oligodendrocytes were observed. These results show robust survival of engrafted stem cells, but a differentiated phenotype restricted to glial lineages. We suggest that in vitro induction prior to transplantation will be necessary for these cells to differentiate into neurons or large numbers of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Cao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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42
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Herx LM, Rivest S, Yong VW. Central nervous system-initiated inflammation and neurotrophism in trauma: IL-1 beta is required for the production of ciliary neurotrophic factor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2232-9. [PMID: 10925311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the CNS results in the production and accumulation of inflammatory cytokines within this tissue. The origin and role of inflammation within the CNS remains controversial. In this paper we demonstrate that an acute trauma to the mouse brain results in the rapid elevation of IL-1beta. This increase is detectable by 15 min after injury and significantly precedes the influx of leukocytes that occurs hours after. To confirm that IL-1beta up-regulation is initiated by cells within the CNS, in situ hybridization for cytokine transcript was combined with cell type immunohistochemistry. The results reveal parenchymal microglia to be the sole source of IL-1beta at 3 h postinjury. A role for CNS-initiated inflammation was addressed by examining the expression of the neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Analysis of their temporal relationship suggests the up-regulation of CNTF by IL-1beta, which was confirmed through three lines of evidence. First, the application of IL-1 receptor antagonist into the lesion site attenuated the up-regulation of CNTF. Second, the examination of corticectomized animals genetically deficient for IL-1beta found no CNTF up-regulation. Third, the lack of CNTF elevation in IL-1beta null mice was rescued through exogenous application of IL-1beta into the lesion site. These findings provide the first evidence of the requirement for IL-1beta in the production of CNTF following CNS trauma, and suggest that inflammation can have a beneficial impact on the regenerative capacity of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Herx
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chun MH, Ju WK, Kim KY, Lee MY, Hofmann HD, Kirsch M, Oh SJ. Upregulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor in reactive Müller cells in the rat retina following optic nerve transection. Brain Res 2000; 868:358-62. [PMID: 10854589 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the expression and cellular localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in the rat retina following optic nerve transection. In the normal retina, CNTF immunoreactivity was restricted to profiles in the ganglion cell layer. Following optic nerve transection, immunoreactivity appeared in Müller cell somata and processes and its intensity increased between three and seven days post-lesion. Quantitative evaluation by immunoblotting confirmed that CNTF expression increased continuously up to 7 days after optic nerve transection (to 430% of control levels), but decreased again to 250% of controls at 4 weeks post-lesion. Our findings suggest that CNTF supplied by Müller cells may play a protective role for axotomized ganglion cells in the rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Chun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, 137-701, Seoul, South Korea.
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