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10-O-(N N-Dimethylaminoethyl)-Ginkgolide B Methane-Sulfonate (XQ-1H) Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia Via Suppressing Neuronal Apoptosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105987. [PMID: 34273708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 10-O-(N N-dimethylaminoethyl)-ginkgolide B methane-sulfonate (XQ-1H) is an effective novel drug for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease derived from Ginkgolide B, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, whether XQ-1H exerts neuroprotective effect via regulating neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of XQ-1H in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced neuronal apoptosis on pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells. RESULTS The results showed that administration of XQ-1H at different dosage (7.8, 15.6, 31.2 mg/kg) reduced the brain infarct and edema, attenuated the neuro-behavioral dysfunction, and improved cell morphology in brain tissue after MCAO/R in rats. Moreover, incubation with XQ-1H (1 µM, 3 µM, 10 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM) could increase the cell viability, and showed no toxic effect to PC-12 cells. XQ-1H at following 1 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and suppressed the cell apoptosis in PC-12 cells exposed to OGD/R. In addition, XQ-1H treatment could significantly inhibit caspase-3 activation both in vivo and in vitro, reciprocally modulate the expression of apoptosis related proteins, bcl-2, and bax via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. For mechanism verification, LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway was introduced the expressions of bcl-2 and phosphorylated Akt were down-regulated, the expression of bax was up-regulated, indicating that XQ-1H could alleviate the cell apoptosis through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that XQ-1H treatment could provide a neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro through regulating neuronal survival and inhibiting apoptosis. The findings of the study confirmed that XQ-1H could be develop as a potential drug for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Milani D, Clark VW, Feindel KW, Blacker DJ, Bynevelt M, Edwards AB, Anderton RS, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Comparative Assessment of the Proteolytic Stability and Impact of Poly-Arginine Peptides R18 and R18D on Infarct Growth and Penumbral Tissue Preservation Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Sprague Dawley Rat. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1166-1176. [PMID: 33523394 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly-arginine peptides R18 and R18D have previously been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in ischaemic stroke models. Here we examined the proteolytic stability and efficacy of R18 and R18D in reducing infarct core growth and preserving the ischaemic penumbra following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the Sprague Dawley rat. R18 (300 or 1000 nmol/kg), R18D (300 nmol/kg) or saline were administered intravenously 10 min after MCAO induced using a filament. Serial perfusion and diffusion-weighted MRI imaging was performed to measure changes in the infarct core and penumbra from time points between 45- and 225-min post-occlusion. Repeated measures analyses of infarct growth and penumbral tissue size were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs). R18D (300 nmol/kg) was most effective in slowing infarct core growth (46.8 mm3 reduction; p < 0.001) and preserving penumbral tissue (21.6% increase; p < 0.001), followed by R18 at the 300 nmol/kg dose (core: 29.5 mm3 reduction; p < 0.001, penumbra: 12.5% increase; p < 0.001). R18 at the 1000 nmol/kg dose had a significant impact in slowing core growth (19.5 mm3 reduction; p = 0.026), but only a modest impact on penumbral preservation (6.9% increase; p = 0.062). The in vitro anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective efficacy of R18D was also demonstrated to be unaffected when preincubated for 1-3 h or overnight, in a cell lysate prepared from dying neurons or with the proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, whereas the neuroprotective efficacy of R18 was significantly reduced after a 2-h incubation. These findings highlight the capacity of poly-arginine peptides to reduce infarct growth and preserve the ischaemic penumbra, and confirm the superior efficacy and proteolytic stability of R18D, which indicates that this peptide is likely to retain its neuroprotective properties when co-administered with alteplase during thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Milani
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Vince W Clark
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kirk W Feindel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David J Blacker
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Bynevelt
- Neurological Intervention and Imaging Service of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Adam B Edwards
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Trimble A, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Poly-arginine-18 (R18) Confers Neuroprotection through Glutamate Receptor Modulation, Intracellular Calcium Reduction, and Preservation of Mitochondrial Function. Molecules 2020; 25:E2977. [PMID: 32610439 PMCID: PMC7412265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted that a novel class of neuroprotective peptide, known as cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs), have intrinsic neuroprotective properties and are particularly effective anti-excitotoxic agents. As such, the present study investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-excitotoxic properties of CARPs, using poly-arginine-18 (R18; 18-mer of arginine) as a representative peptide. Cortical neuronal cultures subjected to glutamic acid excitotoxicity were used to assess the effects of R18 on ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR)-mediated intracellular calcium influx, and its ability to reduce neuronal injury from raised intracellular calcium levels after inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake by thapsigargin. The results indicate that R18 significantly reduces calcium influx by suppressing iGluR overactivation, and results in preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP production, and reduced ROS generation. R18 also protected cortical neurons against thapsigargin-induced neurotoxicity, which indicates that the peptide helps maintain neuronal survival when intracellular calcium levels are elevated. Taken together, these findings provide important insight into the mechanisms of action of R18, supporting its potential application as a neuroprotective therapeutic for acute and chronic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Institute for Health Research, School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Ryan S. Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Institute for Health Research, School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Amy Trimble
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Institute for Health Research, School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Frank L. Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Neville W. Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Bruno P. Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (R.S.A.); (A.T.); (F.L.M.); (N.W.K.); (B.P.M.)
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6008, Australia
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Kenna JE, Anderton RS, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Assessment of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) toxicity in cultured neural cells and subsequent treatment with poly-arginine peptide R18D. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1215-1229. [PMID: 32140956 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in ischaemic stroke has been associated with neurotoxicity, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and intra-cerebral hemorrhage. To examine rtPA cellular toxicity we investigated the effects of rtPA on cell viability in neuronal, astrocyte and brain endothelial cell (bEnd.3) cultures with and without prior exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, the neuroprotective peptide poly-arginine-18 (R18D; 18-mer of D-arginine) was examined for its ability to reduce rtPA toxicity. Studies demonstrated that a 4- or 24-h exposure of rtPA was toxic, affecting neuronal cell viability at ≥ 2 µM, and astrocyte and bEnd.3 cells viability at ≥ 5 μM. In addition, a 4-h exposure to rtPA after a period of OGD (OGD/rtPA) exacerbated toxicity, affecting neuronal, astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell viability at rtPA concentrations as low as 0.1 µM. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of R18D (0.5 and 1 µM) reduced the toxic effects of rtPA and OGD/rtPA, while on some occasions a higher 2 µM R18D concentrations exacerbated neuronal and bEnd.3 cell toxicity in OGD/rtPA exposed cultures. In exploratory studies we also demonstrated that OGD activates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) release into the supernatant of astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell cultures, but not neuronal cultures, and that OGD/rtPA increases MMP-9 activation. Furthermore, R18D decreased MMP-9 activation in OGD/rtPA treated astrocyte and bEnd.3 cell cultures. In summary, the findings show that rtPA can be toxic to neural cells and that OGD exacerbates toxicity, while R18D has the capacity to reduce rtPA neural cellular toxicity and reduce MMP-9 activation in astrocytes and bEnd.3. Poly-arginine-18 peptides, which are being developed as neuroprotective therapeutics for ischaemic stroke, therefore have the additional potential of reducing cytotoxic effects associated with rtPA thrombolysis in the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade E Kenna
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, 6160, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, RR Block, QEII Medical Centre, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Proteomic analysis of cortical neuronal cultures treated with poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) and exposed to glutamic acid excitotoxicity. Mol Brain 2019; 12:66. [PMID: 31315638 PMCID: PMC6637488 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) has recently emerged as a highly effective neuroprotective agent in experimental stroke models, and is particularly efficacious in protecting cortical neurons against glutamic acid excitotoxicity. While we have previously demonstrated that R18 can reduce excitotoxicity-induced neuronal calcium influx, other molecular events associated with R18 neuroprotection are yet to investigated. Therefore, in this study we were particularly interested in protein expression changes in R18 treated neurons subjected to excitotoxicity. Proteomic analysis was used to compare protein expression patterns in primary cortical neuronal cultures subjected to: (i) R18-treatment alone (R18); (ii) glutamic acid excitotoxic injury (Glut); (iii) R18-treatment and glutamic acid injury (R18 + Glut); (iv) no treatment (Cont). Whole cell lysates were harvested 24 h post-injury and subjected to quantitative proteomic analysis (iTRAQ), coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and subsequent bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Relative to control cultures, R18, Glut, and R18 + Glut treatment resulted in the detection of 5, 95 and 14 DEPs respectively. Compared to Glut alone, R18 + Glut revealed 98 DEPs, including 73 proteins whose expression was also altered by treatment with Glut and/or R18 alone, as well as 25 other uniquely regulated proteins. R18 treatment reversed the up- or down-regulation of all 73 Glut-associated DEPs, which included proteins involved in mitochondrial integrity, ATP generation, mRNA processing and protein translation. Analysis of protein-protein interactions of the 73 DEPs showed they were primarily associated with mitochondrial respiration, proteasome activity and protein synthesis, transmembrane trafficking, axonal growth and neuronal differentiation, and carbohydrate metabolism. Identified protein pathways associated with proteostasis and energy metabolism, and with pathways involved in neurodegeneration. Collectively, the findings indicate that R18 neuroprotection following excitotoxicity is associated with preservation of neuronal protein profiles, and differential protein expression that assists in maintaining mitochondrial function and energy production, protein homeostasis, and membrane trafficking. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13041-019-0486-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. .,School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.,School of Heath Sciences and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences, QEII Medical Centre, Ground Floor, RR Block, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Zhao B, Wang H, Li CX, Song SW, Fang SH, Wei EQ, Shi QJ. GPR17 mediates ischemia-like neuronal injury via microglial activation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2750-2762. [PMID: 30226562 PMCID: PMC6192776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G (i)-coupled dual receptor, linked to P2Y and CysLT receptors stimulated by uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes, respectively. Recent evidence has demonstrated that GPR17 inhibition ameliorates the progression of cerebral ischemic injury by regulating neuronal death and microglial activation. The present study aimed to assess the detailed regulatory roles of this receptor in oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced ischemia-like injury in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that OGD/R induced ischemic neuronal injury and microglial activation, including enhanced phagocytosis and increased inflammatory cytokine release in neuron‑glial mixed cultures of cortical cells. GPR17 upregulation during OGD/R was spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal injury and microglial activation. In addition, GPR17 knockdown inhibited OGD/R-induced responses in neuron-glial mixed cultures. GPR17 knockdown also attenuated cell injury induced by the agonist leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) in neuron-glial mixed cultures. However, GPR17 knockdown did not affect OGD/R-induced ischemic neuronal injury in primary cultures of neurons. In primary astrocyte cultures, neither GPR17 nor OGD/R induced injury. By contrast, GPR17 knockdown ameliorated OGD/R-induced microglial activation, boosting phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release in primary microglia cultures. Finally, the results demonstrated that the conditioned medium of microglia pretreated with OGD/R induced neuronal death, and the neuronal injury was significantly inhibited by GPR17 knockdown. These findings suggested that GPR17 may mediate ischemia-like neuronal injury and microglial activation in vitro; however, the protective effects on ischemic neuronal injury might depend upon microglial activation. Whether GPR17 regulates neuronal injury mediated by oligodendrocyte linkage remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Er-Qing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Edwards AB, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. The Neuroprotective Peptide Poly-Arginine-12 (R12) Reduces Cell Surface Levels of NMDA NR2B Receptor Subunit in Cortical Neurons; Investigation into the Involvement of Endocytic Mechanisms. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:235-246. [PMID: 27866326 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that cationic poly-arginine and arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides display high-level neuroprotection and reduce calcium influx following in vitro excitotoxicity, as well as reduce brain injury in animal stroke models. Using the neuroprotective peptides poly-arginine R12 (R12) and the NR2B9c peptide fused to the arginine-rich carrier peptide TAT (TAT-NR2B9c; also known as NA-1), we investigated the mechanisms whereby poly-arginine and arginine-rich peptides reduce glutamate-induced excitotoxic calcium influx. Using cell surface biotin protein labeling and western blot analysis, we demonstrated that R12 and TAT-NR2B9c significantly reduced cortical neuronal cell surface expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B. Chemical endocytic inhibitors used individually or in combination prior to glutamate excitotoxicity did not significantly affect R12 peptide neuroprotective efficacy. Similarly, pretreatment of neurons with enzymes to degrade anionic cell surface proteoglycans, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), as well as sialic acid residues, did not significantly affect peptide neuroprotective efficacy. While the exact mechanisms responsible for R12 peptide-mediated NMDA receptor NR2B subunit cell surface downregulation were not identified, an endocytic process could not be ruled out. The study supports our hypothesis that arginine-rich peptides reduce excitotoxic calcium influx by reducing the levels of cell surface ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia. .,Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, A Block, 4th Floor, QEII Medical Centre, Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, A Block, 4th Floor, QEII Medical Centre, Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Adam B Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, A Block, 4th Floor, QEII Medical Centre, Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Heath Sciences, The University Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, A Block, 4th Floor, QEII Medical Centre, Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, A Block, 4th Floor, QEII Medical Centre, Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Guan S, Qu D, Wang L, Wang X, Li X, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Wang N, Meng J, Ma X. An Orally Active Allosteric GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Is Neuroprotective in Cellular and Rodent Models of Stroke. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148827. [PMID: 26863436 PMCID: PMC4749391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of stroke. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been in clinical use for the treatment of diabetes and also been reported to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke. The quinoxaline 6,7-dichloro-2-methylsulfonyl-3-N-tert- butylaminoquinoxaline (DMB) is an agonist and allosteric modulator of the GLP-1R with the potential to increase the affinity of GLP-1 for its receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of DMB on transient focal cerebral ischemia. In cultured cortical neurons, DMB activated the GLP-1R, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels with an EC50 value about 100 fold that of exendin-4. Pretreatment of neurons with DMB protected against necrotic and apoptotic cell death was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The neuroprotective effects of DMB were blocked by GLP-1R knockdown with shRNA but not by GLP-1R antagonism. In C57BL/6 mice, DMB was orally administered 30 min prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. DMB markedly reduced the cerebral infarct size and neurological deficits caused by MCAO and reperfusion. The neuroprotective effects were mediated by activation of the GLP-1R through the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. DMB exhibited anti-apoptotic effects by modulating Bcl-2 family members. These results provide evidence that DMB, a small molecular GLP-1R agonist, attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemia injury and inhibits neuronal apoptosis induced by MCAO. Taken together, these data suggest that DMB is a potential neuroprotective agent against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- School of Nurse, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaoyu Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Di Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Preventative Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinshang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xubo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shimeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingru Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: . (XM); (JM)
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: . (XM); (JM)
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9
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Zhang H, Meng J, Li X, Zhou S, Qu D, Wang N, Jia M, Ma X, Luo X. Pro-GLP-1, a Pro-drug of GLP-1, is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 70:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Grehl S, Viola HM, Fuller-Carter PI, Carter KW, Dunlop SA, Hool LC, Sherrard RM, Rodger J. Cellular and Molecular Changes to Cortical Neurons Following Low Intensity Repetitive Magnetic Stimulation at Different Frequencies. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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11
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Teoh J, Boulos S, Chieng J, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Erythropoietin increases neuronal NDPKA expression, and NDPKA up-regulation as well as exogenous application protects cortical neurons from in vitro ischemia-related insults. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:379-92. [PMID: 24395206 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using proteomics, we identified nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NDPKA; also known as NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1: NME1) to be up-regulated in primary cortical neuronal cultures by erythropoietin (EPO) preconditioning. To investigate a neuroprotective role of NDPKA in neurons, we used a RNAi construct to knock-down and an adenoviral vector to overexpress the protein in cortical neuronal cultures prior to exposure to three ischemia-related injury models; excitotoxicity (L-glutamic acid), oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide), and in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation). NDPKA down-regulation had no effect on neuronal viability following injury. By contrast, NDPKA up-regulation increased neuronal survival in all three-injury models. Similarly, treatment with NDPKA recombinant protein increased neuronal survival, but only against in vitro ischemia and excitotoxicity. These findings indicate that the NDPKA protein may confer a neuroprotective advantage following injury. Furthermore, as exogenous NDPKA protein was neuroprotective, it suggests that a cell surface receptor may be activated by NDPKA leading to a protective cell-signaling response. Taken together both NDPKAs intracellular and extracellular neuroprotective actions suggest that the protein is a legitimate therapeutic target for the design of drugs to limit neuronal death following stroke and other forms of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Teoh
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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12
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The neuroprotective efficacy of cell-penetrating peptides TAT, penetratin, Arg-9, and Pep-1 in glutamic acid, kainic acid, and in vitro ischemia injury models using primary cortical neuronal cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:173-81. [PMID: 24213248 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small peptides (typically 5-25 amino acids), which are used to facilitate the delivery of normally non-permeable cargos such as other peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, or drugs into cells. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that the TAT CPP has neuroprotective properties. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the TAT and three other CPPs (penetratin, Arg-9, Pep-1) for their neuroprotective properties in cortical neuronal cultures following exposure to glutamic acid, kainic acid, or in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation). Arg-9, penetratin, and TAT-D displayed consistent and high level neuroprotective activity in both the glutamic acid (IC50: 0.78, 3.4, 13.9 μM) and kainic acid (IC50: 0.81, 2.0, 6.2 μM) injury models, while Pep-1 was ineffective. The TAT-D isoform displayed similar efficacy to the TAT-L isoform in the glutamic acid model. Interestingly, Arg-9 was the only CPP that displayed efficacy when washed-out prior to glutamic acid exposure. Neuroprotection following in vitro ischemia was more variable with all peptides providing some level of neuroprotection (IC50; Arg-9: 6.0 μM, TAT-D: 7.1 μM, penetratin/Pep-1: >10 μM). The positive control peptides JNKI-1D-TAT (JNK inhibitory peptide) and/or PYC36L-TAT (AP-1 inhibitory peptide) were neuroprotective in all models. Finally, in a post-glutamic acid treatment experiment, Arg-9 was highly effective when added immediately after, and mildly effective when added 15 min post-insult, while the JNKI-1D-TAT control peptide was ineffective when added post-insult. These findings demonstrate that different CPPs have the ability to inhibit neurodamaging events/pathways associated with excitotoxic and ischemic injuries. More importantly, they highlight the need to interpret neuroprotection studies when using CPPs as delivery agents with caution. On a positive note, the cytoprotective properties of CPPs suggests they are ideal carrier molecules to deliver neuroprotective drugs to the CNS following injury and/or potential neuroprotectants in their own right.
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13
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Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Shi QJ, Zhang LH, Chen L, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2 Receptor Antagonist, Attenuates Ischemia-Like Neuronal Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:328-41. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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14
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Seo JW, Kim Y, Hur J, Park KS, Cho YW. Proteomic Analysis of Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Neurons in Chemical Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1648-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Chen J, Guo Y, Cheng W, Chen R, Liu T, Chen Z, Tan S. High glucose induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of adult rat neural stem cells following in vitro ischemia. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:24. [PMID: 23452440 PMCID: PMC3599336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke hyperglycemia appears to be associated with poor outcome from stroke, greater mortality, and reduced functional recovery. Focal cerebral ischemia data support that neural stem cells (NSCs) play an important role in post-ischemic repair. Here we sought to evaluate the negative effects of hyperglycemia on the cellular biology of NSCs following anoxia, and to test whether high glucose affects NSC recovery from ischemic injury. Results In this study, we used immortalized adult neural stem cells lines and we induced in vitro ischemia by 6 h oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in an anaerobic incubator. Reperfusion was performed by returning cells to normoxic conditions and the cells were then incubated in experimental medium with various concentrations of glucose (17.5, 27.75, 41.75, and 83.75 mM) for 24 h. We found that high glucose (≥27.75 mM) exposure induced apoptosis of NSCs in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to OGD, using an Annexin V/PI apoptosis detection kit. The cell viability and proliferative activity of NSCs following OGD in vitro, evaluated with both a Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and a 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, were inhibited by high glucose exposure. Cell cycle analysis showed that high glucose exposure increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1-phase, and reduced the percentage of cells in S-phase. Furthermore, high glucose exposure was found to significantly induce the activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and suppress extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that high glucose induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of NSCs following OGD in vitro, which may be associated with the activation of JNK/p38 MAPK pathways and the delay of G1-S transition in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function Repair and Regeneration of Guangdong, Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Wang MD, Huang Y, Zhang GP, Mao L, Xia YP, Mei YW, Hu B. Exendin-4 improved rat cortical neuron survival under oxygen/glucose deprivation through PKA pathway. Neuroscience 2012; 226:388-96. [PMID: 23000625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that exendin-4 (Ex-4) may possess neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions in ischemia insults, but its mechanism remained unknown. Here, by using real-time PCR and ELISA, we identified the distribution of active GLP-1Rs in the rat primary cortical neurons. After establishment of an in vitro ischemia model by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD), neurons were treated with various dosages of Ex-4. The MTT assay showed that the relative survival rate increased with the dosage of Ex-4 ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 μg/ml (P<0.001, vs. OGD group). The apoptosis rate was reduced from (49.47±2.70)% to (14.61±0.81)% after Ex-4 treatment (0.4 μg/ml) 12h after OGD (P<0.001). Moreover, immunofluorescence staining indicated that Ex-4 increased glucose-regulated proteins 78 (GRP78) and reduced C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP). Western blot analysis demonstrated that, after neurons were treated with Ex-4, GRP78 was up-regulated over time (P<0.01, vs. OGD group), while CHOP levels rose to a peak 8h after OGD and then decreased (P<0.05, vs. OGD group). This effect was changed by both the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 (P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively, vs. Ex-4 group) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively, vs. Ex-4 group) but not by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126. Our study also revealed that, compared with the Ex-4 group, inhibition of the PKA signaling pathway significantly decreased the survival rate of neurons, down-regulated the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and up-regulated the Bax expression 3h after ODG (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively), while neither PI3K nor MAPK inhibition exerted such effects. Furthermore, Western blotting exhibited that PKA expression was elevated in the presence or absence of OGD insults (P<0.05). This study indicated that Ex-4 protected neurons against OGD by modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) through the PKA pathway and may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-D Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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17
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Cross JL, Boulos S, Shepherd KL, Craig AJ, Lee S, Bakker AJ, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. High level over-expression of different NCX isoforms in HEK293 cell lines and primary neuronal cultures is protective following oxygen glucose deprivation. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:191-8. [PMID: 22561287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have assessed sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) protein over-expression on cell viability in primary rat cortical neuronal and HEK293 cell cultures when subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In cortical neuronal cultures, NCX2 and NCX3 over-expression was achieved using adenoviral vectors, and following OGD increased neuronal survival from ≈20% for control vector treated cultures to ≈80% for both NCX isoforms. In addition, we demonstrated that NCX2 and NCX3 over-expression in cortical neuronal cultures enables neurons to maintain intracellular calcium at significantly lower levels than control vector treated cultures when exposed to high (9mM) extracellular calcium challenge. Further assessment of NCX activity during OGD was performed using HEK293 cell lines generated to over-express NCX1, NCX2 or NCX3 isoforms. While it was shown that NCX isoform expression differed considerably in the different HEK293 cell lines, high levels of NCX over-expression was associated with increased resistance to OGD. Taken together, our findings show that high levels of NCX over-expression increases neuronal and HEK293 cell survival following OGD, improves calcium management in neuronal cultures and provides additional support for NCX as a therapeutic target to reduce ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Cross
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia and Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Western Australia, Australia.
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18
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Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Protects PC12 Cells Against the Apoptosis Induced by Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:1187-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Anderton RS, Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Greene WK, Boulos S. Survival of motor neuron protein over-expression prevents calpain-mediated cleavage and activation of procaspase-3 in differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 2011; 181:226-33. [PMID: 21333717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting motor neurons, is the most common genetic cause of infant death. This incurable disease is caused by the absence of a functional SMN1 gene and a reduction in full length survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein. In this study, a neuroprotective function of SMN was investigated in differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells using an adenoviral vector to over-express SMN protein. The pro-survival capacity of SMN was assessed in an Akt/PI3-kinase inhibition (LY294002) model, as well as an oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) and excitotoxic (glutamate) model. SMN over-expression in SH-SY5Y cells protected against Akt/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibition, but not oxidative stress, nor against excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. Western analysis of cell homogenates from SH-SY5Y cultures over-expressing SMN harvested pre- and post-Akt/PI3-kinase inhibition indicated that SMN protein inhibited caspase-3 activation via blockade of calpain-mediated procaspase-3 cleavage. This study has revealed a novel anti-apoptotic function for the SMN protein in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Finally, the cell death model described herein will allow the assessment of future therapeutic agents or strategies aimed at increasing SMN protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
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20
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Characterisation of neuronal cell death in acute and delayed in vitro ischemia (oxygen–glucose deprivation) models. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 195:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Craig AJ, Meloni BP, Watt P, Knuckey NW. Attenuation of Neuronal Death by Peptide Inhibitors of AP-1 Activation in Acute and Delayed In Vitro Ischaemia (Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation) Models. Int J Pept Res Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-010-9234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Meade AJ, Meloni BP, Mastaglia FL, Watt PM, Knuckey NW. AP-1 inhibitory peptides attenuate in vitro cortical neuronal cell death induced by kainic acid. Brain Res 2010; 1360:8-16. [PMID: 20833150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study has assessed the neuroprotective efficacy of five AP-1 inhibitory peptides in an in vitro excitotoxicity model. The five AP-1 inhibitory peptides and controls of the JNK inhibitor peptide (JNKI-1D-TAT) and TAT cell-penetrating-peptide were administered to primary cortical neuronal cultures prior to kainic acid exposure. All five AP-1 inhibitory peptides and JNKI-1D-TAT provided significant neuroprotection from kainic acid induced neuronal cell death. Kainic acid exposure induced caspase and calpain activation in neuronal cultures, with caspase-induced cleavage of α-fodrin reduced by administration of the AP-1 inhibitory peptides. Sequence analysis of the AP-1 inhibitory peptides did not reveal the presence of any secondary structures; however two peptides shared 66% amino-acid sequence homology. As a result, truncated sequences were designed and synthesised to identify the active region of the peptides. All truncated peptides were significantly neuroprotective following kainic acid and glutamate exposure. We have shown for the first time the neuroprotective efficacy of full-length and truncated AP-1 inhibitory peptides in kainic acid and glutamate neuronal excitotoxicity models. The identification of therapeutic targets, such as the AP-1 complex, is an important step for the development of pharmaceuticals to reduce neuronal loss in disorders with a prevalence of excitotoxic cell death such as epilepsy, cerebral ischaemia, and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Meade
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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23
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Meade AJ, Meloni BP, Cross J, Bakker AJ, Fear MW, Mastaglia FL, Watt PM, Knuckey NW. AP-1 inhibitory peptides are neuroprotective following acute glutamate excitotoxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures. J Neurochem 2009; 112:258-70. [PMID: 19878434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death caused by glutamate excitotoxicity is prevalent in various neurological disorders and has been associated with the transcriptional activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1). In this study, we tested 19 recently isolated AP-1 inhibitory peptides, fused to the cell penetrating peptide TAT, for their efficacy in preventing cell death in cortical neuronal cultures following glutamate excitotoxicity. Five peptides (PYC19D-TAT, PYC35D-TAT, PYC36D-TAT, PYC38D-TAT, PYC41D-TAT) displayed neuroprotective activity in concentration responses in both l- and retro-inverso d-isoforms with increasing levels of neuroprotection peaking at 83%. Interestingly, the D-TAT peptide displayed a neuroprotective effect increasing neuronal survival to 25%. Using an AP-1 luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that the AP-1 inhibitory peptides reduce AP-1 transcriptional activation, and that c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA following glutamate exposure is reduced. In addition, following glutamate exposure the AP-1 inhibitory peptides decreased calpain-mediated alpha-fodrin cleavage, but not neuronal calcium influx. Finally, as neuronal death following glutamate excitotoxicity was transcriptionally independent (actinomycin D insensitive), our data indicate that activation of AP-1 proteins can induce cell death via non-transcriptional pathways. Thus, these peptides have potential application as therapeutics directly or for the rational design of small molecule inhibitors in both apoptotic and necrotic neuronal death associated with AP-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Meade
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia and Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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24
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Zhang H, Li Q, Li Z, Mei Y, Guo Y. The protection of Bcl-2 overexpression on rat cortical neuronal injury caused by analogous ischemia/reperfusion in vitro. Neurosci Res 2008; 62:140-6. [PMID: 18723055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia could arise from dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene (Bcl-2) has been described as an inhibitor both in programmed cell death (PCD) and ER dysfunction during apoptosis, and the Bcl-2 family play a key role in regulating the PCD, both locally at the ER and from a distance at the mitochondrial membrane. However, its signal pathways and concrete mechanisms in endoplasmic reticulum-initiated apoptosis remain incompletely understood. We therefore investigate whether ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes neuronal apoptosis in part via cross-talk between ER and mitochondria or not, and how the overexpression of Bcl-2 prevents this form of cell death. Here we show that analogous I/R-induced cell death occurs consequent to interactions of ER stress and mitochondrial death pathways. The participation of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the release of cytochrome C (cyt C) from mitochondrial into cytoplasmic fractions and caspase-9 cleavage. The involvement of ER stress was further supported by the observable increase of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78)/BiP expression and caspase-12 activity. Furthermore, prior to these changes, swelling of the ER lumen and dissociation of ribosomes from rough ER were detected by electron microscopy. Bcl-2 overexpression inhibits the release of cyt C and the activation of caspase-9/-8/-3 but not caspase-12 based on the results of Western blot. These suggest that cross-talk between ER and mitochondria participate in neuronal damage after ischemia/reperfusion. Bcl-2 overexpression could suppress I/R-induced neuronal apoptosis via influencing mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China
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25
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Boulos S, Meloni BP, Arthur PG, Bojarski C, Knuckey NW. Peroxiredoxin 2 overexpression protects cortical neuronal cultures from ischemic and oxidative injury but not glutamate excitotoxicity, whereas Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression protects only against oxidative injury. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3089-97. [PMID: 17663478 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) proteins are up-regulated in rat primary neuronal cultures following erythropoietin (EPO) preconditioning. In the present study, we have demonstrated that adenovirally mediated overexpression of PRDX2 in cortical neuronal cultures can protect neurons from in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) and an oxidative insult (cumene hydroperoxide) but not glutamate excitotoxicity. We have also demonstrated that adenovirally mediated overexpression of SOD1 in cortical neuronal cultures protected neurons only against the oxidative insult. Interestingly, we did not detect up-regulation of PRDX2 or SOD1 protein in the rat hippocampus following exposure to either 3 min or 8 min of global cerebral ischemia. Further characterization of PRDX2's neuroprotective mechanisms may aid in the development of a neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Boulos
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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26
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Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation blocks amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicology 2008; 243:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Boulos S, Meloni BP, Arthur PG, Majda B, Bojarski C, Knuckey NW. Evidence that intracellular cyclophilin A and cyclophilin A/CD147 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signalling can protect neurons against in vitro oxidative and ischemic injury. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 25:54-64. [PMID: 17011206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cyclophilin A protein is up-regulated in cortical neuronal cultures following several preconditioning treatments. In the present study, we have demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated over-expression of cyclophilin A in rat cortical neuronal cultures can protect neurons from oxidative stress (induced by cumene hydroperoxide) and in vitro ischemia (induced by oxygen glucose deprivation). We subsequently demonstrated that cultured neurons, but not astrocytes, express the recently identified putative cyclophilin A receptor, CD147 (also called neurothelin, basigin and EMMPRIN), and that administration of purified cyclophilin A protein to neuronal cultures induces a rapid but transient phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Furthermore, administration of purified cyclophilin A protein to neuronal cultures protects neurons from oxidative stress and in vitro ischemia. Interestingly, we detected up-regulation of cyclophilin A mRNA, but not protein in the hippocampus following a 3-min period of sublethal global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Despite our in vivo findings, our in vitro data show that cyclophilin A has both intracellular- and extracellular-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms. To this end, we propose cyclophilin A's extracellular-mediated neuroprotection occurs via CD147 receptor signalling, possibly by activation of ERK1/2 pro-survival pathways. Further characterization of cyclophilin A's neuroprotective mechanisms may aid the development of a neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Boulos
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, WA, Australia.
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Boulos S, Meloni BP, Arthur PG, Bojarski C, Knuckey NW. Assessment of CMV, RSV and SYN1 promoters and the woodchuck post-transcriptional regulatory element in adenovirus vectors for transgene expression in cortical neuronal cultures. Brain Res 2006; 1102:27-38. [PMID: 16806110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate protein function in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, we modified an adenoviral vector expression system and assessed the strength and specificity of the cytomegalovirus (CMV), rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and rat and human synapsin 1 (SYN1) promoters to drive DsRed-X expression. We also incorporated the woodchuck post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) and a CMV promoter-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter cassette. We observed that the RSV promoter activity was strong in neurons and moderate in astrocytes, while the CMV promoter activity was weak-to-moderate in neurons and very strong in astrocytes. The rat and human SYN1 promoters exhibited similar but weak activity in neurons, despite inclusion of the WPRE. We confirmed that the WPRE enhanced RSV promoter-mediated DsRed-X expression in a time-dependent fashion. Interestingly, we observed very weak SYN1-mediated DsRed-X expression in astrocytes and HEK293 cells suggesting incomplete neuronal-restrictive behavior for this promoter. Finally, using our adenoviral expression system, we demonstrated that RSV promoter-mediated Bcl-X(L) overexpression attenuated neuronal death caused by in vitro ischemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Boulos
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, and Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute.
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29
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Ge QF, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Hu X, Huang XJ, Zhang L, Song Y, Ma ZQ, Chen Z, Luo JH. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase after oxygen-glucose deprivation is partly mediated via NMDA receptor in rat cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2006; 97:992-1004. [PMID: 16606359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the enzyme metabolizing arachidonic acid to produce pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. We have reported that 5-LOX is translocated to the nuclear envelope after ischemic-like injury in PC12 cells. In the present study, we determined whether 5-LOX is activated (translocation and production of leukotrienes) after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary rat cortical neurons; if so, whether this activation is mediated by NMDA receptor. After OGD, 5-LOX was translocated to the nuclear envelope as detected by immunoblotting, immunostaining and green fluorescent protein-5-LOX transfection. 5-LOX metabolites, cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLTs) but not leukotriene B4, in the culture media were increased 0.5-1.5 h after recovery. Similarly, NMDA (100 microm) also induced 5-LOX translocation, and increased the production of CysLTs during 0.5-1 h NMDA exposure. Both OGD and NMDA reduced neuron viability. NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 inhibited almost all the responses to OGD and NMDA; whereas 5-LOX activating protein inhibitor MK-886 and 5-LOX inhibitor caffeic acid inhibited the reduction of neuron viability and the production of CysLTs, but did not affect 5-LOX translocation. From these results, we conclude that OGD can activate 5-LOX in primary rat cortical neurons, and that this activation may be partly mediated via activating NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Fu Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Zheijang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Jiang ZG, Lu XCM, Nelson V, Yang X, Pan W, Chen RW, Lebowitz MS, Almassian B, Tortella FC, Brady RO, Ghanbari HA. A multifunctional cytoprotective agent that reduces neurodegeneration after ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1581-6. [PMID: 16423893 PMCID: PMC1360591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510573103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and molecular pathways underlying ischemic neurotoxicity are multifaceted and complex. Although many potentially neuroprotective agents have been investigated, the simplicity of their protective mechanisms has often resulted in insufficient clinical utility. We describe a previously uncharacterized class of potent neuroprotective compounds, represented by PAN-811, that effectively block both ischemic and hypoxic neurotoxicity. PAN-811 disrupts neurotoxic pathways by at least two modes of action. It causes a reduction of intracellular-free calcium as well as free radical scavenging resulting in a significant decrease in necrotic and apoptotic cell death. In a rat model of ischemic stroke, administration of PAN-811 i.c.v. 1 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in a 59% reduction in the volume of infarction. Human trials of PAN-811 for an unrelated indication have established a favorable safety and pharmacodynamic profile within the dose range required for neuroprotection warranting its clinical trial as a neuroprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Jiang
- Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA.
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31
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Foroutan S, Brillault J, Forbush B, O'Donnell ME. Moderate-to-severe ischemic conditions increase activity and phosphorylation of the cerebral microvascular endothelial cell Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C1492-501. [PMID: 16079189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00257.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain edema that forms during the early stages of stroke involves increased transport of Na+ and Cl- across an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our previous studies have shown that a luminal BBB Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter is stimulated by conditions present during ischemia and that inhibition of the cotransporter by intravenous bumetanide greatly reduces edema formation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. The present study focused on investigating the effects of hypoxia, which develops rapidly in the brain during ischemia, on the activity and expression of the BBB Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter, as well as on Na+-K+-ATPase activity, cell ATP content, and intracellular volume. Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were assessed for Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter and Na+-K+-ATPase activities as bumetanide-sensitive and ouabain-sensitive 86Rb influxes, respectively. ATP content was assessed by luciferase assay and intracellular volume by [3H]-3-O-methyl-D-glucose and [14C]-sucrose equilibration. We found that 30-min exposure of CMECs to hypoxia ranging from 7.5% to 0.5% O2 (vs. 19% normoxic O2) significantly increased cotransporter activity as did 7.5% or 2% O2 for up to 2 h. This was not associated with reduction in Na+-K+-ATPase activity or ATP content. CMEC intracellular volume increased only after 4 to 5 h of hypoxia. Furthermore, glucose and pyruvate deprivation increased cotransporter activity under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Finally, we found that hypoxia increased phosphorylation but not abundance of the cotransporter protein. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoxia stimulation of the BBB Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter contributes to ischemia-induced brain edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Foroutan
- Dept. of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Univ. of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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32
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Guarino RD, Dike LE, Haq TA, Rowley JA, Pitner JB, Timmins MR. Method for determining oxygen consumption rates of static cultures from microplate measurements of pericellular dissolved oxygen concentration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 86:775-87. [PMID: 15162453 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple protocol for determining the oxygen consumption of cells in static culture. The protocol is based on a noninvasive oxygen-sensing microplate and a simple mathematical model derived from Fick's Law. The applicability of the model is confirmed by showing the correlation of computed oxygen consumption rate (OCR) values to actual cell densities ascertained by direct cell counting and/or MTT for HL60 and U937 cells cultured in suspension. Correlation between computed OCR and these other indications of cell number was quite good, as long as the cultures were not diffusion-limited for oxygen. The impact of the geometric factors of media depth and well size were confirmed to be consistent with the model. Based on this demonstrated correlation, we also developed a simple, completely noninvasive algorithm for ascertaining the per-cell oxygen utilization rate (OUR), which is the ratio of OCR to cell number, and a fundamental cell characteristic. This is accomplished by correlating the known seed densities to extrapolated determinations of OCR at time zero. Such determinations were performed for numerous cell types, in varying well sizes. Resulting OUR values are consistent with literature values acquired by far more painstaking methods, and ranged from <0.01 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for bacteria to 0.1-10 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for immortalized mammalian and insect cell lines to >10 fmol.min(-1).cell(-1) for primary hepatocytes. This protocol for determining OCR and OUR is extremely simple and broadly applicable and can afford rapid, informative, and noninvasive insight into the state of the culture.
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Arthur PG, Lim SCC, Meloni BP, Munns SE, Chan A, Knuckey NW. The protective effect of hypoxic preconditioning on cortical neuronal cultures is associated with increases in the activity of several antioxidant enzymes. Brain Res 2004; 1017:146-54. [PMID: 15261110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning describes a variety of treatments that induce neurons to become more resistant to a subsequent ischemic insult. How preconditioned neurons adapt to subsequent ischemic stress is not fully understood, but is likely to involve multiple protective mechanisms. We hypothesized hypoxic preconditioning induces protection by a coordinated up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity. To test this hypothesis, we developed two in vitro models of ischemia/reperfusion, involving oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) where neuronal cell death was predominantly by necrosis (necrotic model) or programmed cell death (PCD model). Hypoxic preconditioning 24 h prior to OGD significantly reduced cell death from 83% to 22% in the necrotic model and 68% to 11% in the PCD model. Consistent with the hypothesis, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and Mn superoxide dismutase were significantly increased by 54%, 73% and 32%, respectively, in neuronal cultures subjected to hypoxic preconditioning. Furthermore, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations following OGD were significantly lower in the PCD model that had been subjected to hypoxic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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34
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Munns SE, Meloni BP, Knuckey NW, Arthur PG. Primary cortical neuronal cultures reduce cellular energy utilization during anoxic energy deprivation. J Neurochem 2003; 87:764-72. [PMID: 14535958 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely hypothesized that neurons reduce cellular energy use in response to periods of energy deprivation. To test this hypothesis, we measured rates of energy use under normoxia and anoxia in immature (6 days in vitro) and mature (13 days in vitro) neuronal cultures. During anoxic incubation immature and mature cultures reduced cellular energy use by 80% and 45%, respectively. Reduced cellular energy use dramatically affected ATP depletion in neuronal cultures under anoxia. Intracellular ATP stores were expected to deplete within 3 min of anoxia. However, ATP was maintained at decreased but stabilized concentrations for at least 3 h. The capacity of neuronal cultures to reduce cellular energy use during anoxia correlated with their sensitivity towards simulated ischemia. Immature cultures, with the largest capacity to reduce cellular energy use, survived simulated ischemia 2.5 times longer than mature cultures. The addition of glutamate receptor antagonists to mature cultures further decreased cellular energy use during anoxia and significantly extended their survival time under simulated ischemia. This study verifies that primary cortical neuronal cultures reduce cellular energy use during energy deprivation. Additionally, we show that maturation of glutamate receptor activity increases non-depressible energy demand in neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Munns
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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35
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Abstract
We have developed a model for prenatal hypoxia-ischemia in which muscimol, a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor agonist, administered to newborn rats, induces hippocampal damage. In the neonatal rat brain, activation of GABA(A) receptors leads to membrane depolarization and neuronal excitation. Because of our previous detection of sex differences in this model and the considerable interest in the neuroprotective effects of estradiol in the adult brain, we now investigate the effect of pretreatment with high physiological levels of estradiol in our model of prenatal hypoxia-ischemia. We used unbiased stereology to assess neuron number in the hippocampal formation of control, muscimol-treated, and estradiol- plus muscimol-treated animals. Muscimol decreased neuron number in the hippocampus, with damage exacerbated by pretreatment with estradiol. A hippocampal culture paradigm was developed to mirror the in vivo investigation. We observed elevated cytotoxicity (using the lactate dehydrogenase assay) by 48 h after treatment with estradiol plus muscimol, but decreased cytotoxicity between 2 and 24 h after treatment. To determine whether the actions of estradiol on muscimol-induced damage were via the estrogen receptor, hippocampal cultures were pretreated with ICI 182,780, a selective estrogen receptor antagonist. Treatment with ICI 182,780 blocked the potentiating effect of estradiol on the late period of cytotoxicity, but had no effect on the protective actions of estradiol during the early period of cytotoxicity. There appears to be a biphasic action of estradiol in our model of neonatal brain injury that involves early nongenomic, nonreceptor-mediated protection, followed by late deleterious receptor-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Nuñez
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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36
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Munns SE, Arthur PG. Stability of oxygen deprivation in glass culture vessels facilitates fast reproducible cell death to cortical neurons under simulated ischemia. Anal Biochem 2002; 306:149-52. [PMID: 12069427 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane E Munns
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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37
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Meloni BP, Majda BT, Knuckey NW. Evaluation of preconditioning treatments to protect near-pure cortical neuronal cultures from in vitro ischemia induced acute and delayed neuronal death. Brain Res 2002; 928:69-75. [PMID: 11844473 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of cycloheximide, heat stress, NMDA receptor blockade (MK801/AP-5), oxygen--glucose deprivation, hypoxia, hypothermia and TNFalpha preconditioning to protect cortical neurons from in vitro ischemic insults that result in acute necrotic and delayed apoptotic neuronal death. Preconditioning treatments were performed 22--24 h before in vitro ischemia. In vitro ischemia was carried out in 96-well microtitre strip-plates by washing neuronal cultures with a balanced salt solution containing 25 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose and incubating in an anaerobic chamber. Glutamate receptor blockers were present during in vitro ischemia to induce delayed neuronal death. Cycloheximide, heat stress, MK801 and oxygen--glucose deprivation preconditioning were neuroprotective in both acute and delayed in vitro ischemic neuronal death models. AP-5 preconditioning and a 12 h post-MK801 preconditioning interval protected neurons from acute ischemic neuronal death only. Hypoxia, TNFalpha and hypothermic preconditioning provided no neuronal protection in the in vitro ischemia models. This study has confirmed for the first time that several preconditioning treatments can protect neurons from in vitro ischemia induced acute necrotic and delayed apoptotic neuronal death. In addition, a unique feature of this study is the finding that preconditioning could be induced in near-pure primary cortical neuronal cultures, thus confirming that ischemic tolerance is an intrinsic property of neurons and provides a simplified culture system for identifying neuroprotective proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Department of Neurosurgery/Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders/The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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