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Zhigailov AV, Perfilyeva YV, Malysheva AA, Cherusheva AS, Berdygulova ZA, Naizabayeva DA, Ivanova KR, Kuatbekova SA, Dosmagambet ZM, Lushova AV, Kan SA, Kuligin AV, Bissenbay AO, Kuatbek MM, Mashzhan AS, Abdolla N, Nizkorodova AS, Maltseva ER, Rsaliyev AS, Abduraimov YO, Zhaksylykova AA, Abdybekova AM, Mamadaliyev SM, Skiba YA, Ostapchuk YO. Survey and Associated Risk Factors for the Presence of Ruminant Pestiviruses in Domestic Ovine and Caprine Populations from Kazakhstan. Viruses 2025; 17:676. [PMID: 40431688 PMCID: PMC12115794 DOI: 10.3390/v17050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses, particularly bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), cause significant economic losses worldwide. While cattle are the primary hosts for BVDV, sheep and goats can also be affected. This nationwide survey aimed to assess the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and risk factors associated with pestiviruses in sheep and goats in Kazakhstan. A one-off cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of pestiviruses in sheep and goats across 58 districts in 17 oblasts of Kazakhstan. A total of 2028 animals were examined using antibody ELISA, and RT-qPCR was performed on 2056 samples. Logistic regression models were used to identify potential risk factors linked to pestiviral infection. The overall prevalence of pestiviral infection in small ruminants was estimated to be 53.7% by ELISA and 2.5% by RT-qPCR. Regression analysis revealed that age, farm type, and geographic location were risk factors for pestiviral infections in small ruminants in Kazakhstan. Partial sequence analysis of the 5'-untranslated region confirmed the presence of BVDV2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters of Kazakhstani BVDV2 strains, which were significantly different from known BVDV2 genotypes. No other ruminant pestiviruses were identified. The results highlight the importance of integrating small ruminants into BVDV infection control strategies to mitigate risks to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Zhigailov
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Yuliya V. Perfilyeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Angelina A. Malysheva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Alena S. Cherusheva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Zhanna A. Berdygulova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Dinara A. Naizabayeva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Karina R. Ivanova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Saltanat A. Kuatbekova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Zhaniya M. Dosmagambet
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Anzhelika V. Lushova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Sofiya A. Kan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Artyom V. Kuligin
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Akerke O. Bissenbay
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Moldir M. Kuatbek
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Akzhigit S. Mashzhan
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Nurshat Abdolla
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Anna S. Nizkorodova
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Elina R. Maltseva
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Aralbek S. Rsaliyev
- National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 13/1 Walikhanov St., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.R.); (Y.O.A.)
| | - Yergali O. Abduraimov
- National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 13/1 Walikhanov St., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.S.R.); (Y.O.A.)
| | - Ainur A. Zhaksylykova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 223 Raiymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan; (A.A.Z.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Aida M. Abdybekova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 223 Raiymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan; (A.A.Z.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Seidigapbar M. Mamadaliyev
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Yuriy A. Skiba
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
| | - Yekaterina O. Ostapchuk
- Almaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, National Holding “QazBioPharm”, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, Kazakhstan; (A.V.Z.); (A.A.M.); (A.S.C.); (Z.A.B.); (D.A.N.); (K.R.I.); (S.A.K.); (Z.M.D.); (A.V.L.); (S.A.K.); (A.V.K.); (A.O.B.); (M.M.K.); (A.S.M.); (N.A.); (A.S.N.); (E.R.M.); (S.M.M.); (Y.A.S.); (Y.O.O.)
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Harwell K, Hagerman AD, Raper KC, Shear H, Biggs R, Whitworth B. Factors affecting respiratory vaccination in Oklahoma cow-calf operations. Front Vet Sci 2025; 12:1502455. [PMID: 40351769 PMCID: PMC12063348 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1502455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Respiratory disease is a leading cause of death loss among US beef cattle operations and has significant lingering negative impacts on calf health, performance, and financial returns as they move through the supply chain. It can also negatively impact cowherd reproductive performance. Yet, a significant number of beef cattle operations have not adopted respiratory vaccination for calves or the breeding herd. Methods This analysis explores the potential reasons why some producers vaccinate their cattle and some do not, including how influential factors regarding vaccination adoption differ between calves and the breeding herd using Probit regression analysis. Results Regression results indicate that, for calves, the likelihood of respiratory vaccine adoption is most influenced by herd size and the use of other vaccines. Breeding herd vaccination decisions are more complex, influenced not by herd size but rather by disease knowledge and risk perception, producer education, and cost barriers. Discussion Herd health management education efforts through veterinarians and extension services can use these results to better target respiratory vaccination information addressing some of these barriers, improving national cattle herd health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy D. Hagerman
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Kellie Curry Raper
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Hannah Shear
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Rosslyn Biggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Barry Whitworth
- Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Qi S, Sun C, Wang J, Wo L, Li Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Bian H, Guo Y, Gao M, Wang M, Tang Y, Zhu Y, Xue F, Pang Q, Jiang Z, Yin X. Identification of NECTIN1 as a novel restriction factor for flavivirus infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0270824. [PMID: 39570015 PMCID: PMC11633101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02708-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nectin cell adhesion molecule 1 (NECTIN1) is a cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has been considered the most ubiquitous receptor for herpesviruses. However, in the context of flavivirus infection, its role was previously unknown. In this study, we described an arrayed siRNA screen mainly targeting Ig-like proteins that showed NECTIN1-restricted bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. We demonstrated that the depletion of NECTIN1 could significantly enhance the infection of both biotypes and multiple genotypes of BVDV, including BVDV-1a, -1b, -1c, -1p, -1m, -1v, and -2a. Notably, the IgV of NECTIN1 has emerged as the key domain restricting BVDV infection. Moreover, NECTIN1 inhibited BVDV attachment without exerting a significant influence on BVDV translation or transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both NECTIN1 and CD46 could bind to BVDV E2, while the binding affinity of NECTIN1 for BVDV E2 was greater than that for CD46. We further identified that the BVDV E2 domain DD was a key domain of BVDV interacting with NECTIN1. In addition, we showed that NECTIN1 inhibited infections by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), which belong to the Flaviviridae family, but had limited effects on bluetongue virus (BTV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Akabane virus (AKAV), and Sindbis virus (SINV). Overall, our study has important implications for understanding the entry of BVDV and revealed a novel role for NECTIN1 as a restriction factor that inhibits flavivirus infection. IMPORTANCE NECTIN1, also known as CD111 or PVRL1, has been recognized as the primary receptor for several alpha herpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). However, our study revealed a novel role for NECTIN1 in the virus life cycle by influencing BVDV infection. Contrary to its role as a receptor for alpha herpesviruses, NECTIN1 acts as a restriction factor for BVDV by inhibiting viral attachment via competition with CD46 for binding to the domain DD of BVDV E2. We further revealed that the replication of members of the Flaviviridae family was inhibited by NECTIN1, while the replication of other RNA viruses did not significantly differ. Our results demonstrate that NECTIN1 is a novel factor restricting Flaviviridae family virus replication and highlight the complexity of virus-host interactions and the multifaceted nature of host factors involved in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lijing Wo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiqiao Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Menghang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yandong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Quanhai Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Qi S, Wang J, Le T, Sun C, Chang J, Jiang Z, Yin X, Pang Q. Development of a pan-genotypic monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1504115. [PMID: 39654880 PMCID: PMC11625775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1504115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. Current diagnostic methods for BVDV exhibit variable sensitivity and specificity, underscoring the need for more rapid and accurate detection approaches. Here, we developed a novel competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect antibodies against the BVDV E2 protein. Methods and results We generated three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)-3E6, 2D5, and 5B9-by immunizing mice with purified BVDV E2 protein expressed in Expi293F cells. Among these, mAb 3E6 displayed superior competitive binding abilities to the E2 protein, enabling effective differentiation between BVDV positive and negative sera. Remarkably, mAb 3E6 exhibited pan-genotypic recognition of various BVDV strains, including BVDV-1a, -1b, -1c, -1m, -1p, -1v, and -2a, while showing no cross-reactivity with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Computational modeling using AlphaFold 3 identified domain B of the E2 protein as the primary binding site for mAb 3E6. Building upon these findings, we established a cELISA employing mAb 3E6 and recombinant E2 protein. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed outstanding diagnostic performance, achieving a sensitivity of 99.26% and specificity of 98.99%. Further tests confirmed the cELISA's specificity for detecting BVDV-specific antibodies, with no cross-reactivity with antisera from animals infected or immunized against BCoV, BHV-1, BRV, AKAV, LSDV, BLV, and CSFV. Consistency was observed between results from the BVDV E2 cELISA and traditional virus neutralization test (VNT), demonstrating high sensitivity for monitoring antibody dynamics. In performance evaluations, the established cELISA exhibited high concordance with VNT in assessing 160 vaccinated sera and 190 clinical samples. Discussion The BVDV E2 cELISA, utilizing mAb 3E6 to target domain B of the BVDV E2 protein, represents a reliable and effective serological diagnostic tool for the detection of antibodies against both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. This methodology holds significant promise for applications in clinical diagnosis and the evaluation of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ting Le
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Quanhai Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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Zhao Z, Li C, Huang J, Yuan X, Cui Y, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Z. Phlorizin Limits Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Mice via Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9906-9914. [PMID: 38625103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phlorizin (PHZ) is one of the main pharmacologically active ingredients in Lithocarpus polystachyus. We have previously shown that PHZ inhibits the replication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), but the exact antiviral mechanism, especially in vivo, is still unknown. Here, we further confirm that PHZ has good protective effects in BVDV-infected mice. We analyzed BVDV-induced CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells among peripheral blood lymphocytes and found that PHZ significantly restored their percentage. Metagenomic analyses revealed that PHZ markedly improved the richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota and increased the abundance of potentially health-related microbes (families Lachnosipiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Oscillospiraceae). Specifically, the relative abundance of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, Oscillibacter, Intestinimonas, Blautia, and Lachnoclostridium increased significantly after PHZ treatment. Interestingly, BVDV-infected mice that received fecal microbiota from PHZ-treated mice (PHZ-FMT) had a significantly lower viral load in the duodenum and jejunum than untreated mice. Pathological lesions of duodenum and jejunum were also greatly reduced in the PHZ-FMT group, confirming a significant antiviral effect. These findings show that gut microbiota play an important role in PHZ's antiviral activity and suggest that their targeted intervention might be a promising endogenous strategy to prevent and control BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Sinan County, Sinan 565100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yueqi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zecai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
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6
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Huang CW, Chuang YC, Ting LJ, Lee F. Coding-complete genomic sequence of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from a calf in Taiwan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0121823. [PMID: 38289050 PMCID: PMC10868191 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01218-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The coding-complete genomic sequence of a Taiwanese bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Taiwanese isolate belonged to the 1b clade. This study will advance the understanding of BVDV genotypes in Southeast Asia and promote future studies on BVDV epidemiology in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Huang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chuang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Jen Ting
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fan Lee
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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7
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Marzok M, Gattan HS, Salem M, Selim A. Serosurvey and associated risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle in Egypt. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13995. [PMID: 39363599 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is widely spread, poses a considerable risk of infection in the majority of dairy farms, causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive problems. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and the risk variables associated with the seroprevalence of BVDV infection in cattle in four Egyptian governorates. A total of 680 blood samples were collected from cattle and examined for the presence of antibodies against BVDV using indirect ELISA (iELISA). Reproductive and management factors were considered, and epidemiological surveys were conducted. The total seroprevalence of BVDV in cattle was 18.24% (124/680) and it was significantly higher in females 19.66% (116/590), cattle older than 8 years 22.14% (62/280), dairy animals 22.65% (94/514), introduction of new animals to herd 21.39% (89/416), breeding with artificial insemination 28.46% (74/260), animals with history of abortion 28.76% (49/357), or during lactation stage 23% (89/387). The present findings suggest that BVD is prevalent in Egyptian dairy cattle and has an impact on farm productivity and production. Therefore, older, lactating, and aborted animals should also be identified for the disease, pose a risk of infection, and be handled appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
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8
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Cui Y, Yuan X, Zhao Z, Li C, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Z. The activation of liver X receptors in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells and mice restricts infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109948. [PMID: 38113573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and is an important pathogen that represents a serious threat to the development of the cattle industry by causing significant economic losses. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and have become attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we found that LXRs in both Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and mice were associated with BVDV infection. GW3965, an agonist for LXRs, significantly inhibited BVDV RNA and protein levels in MDBK cells. In vivo studies in a mouse model also confirmed the inhibitory role of GW3965 in BVDV replication and the ameliorating effect of GW3965 on pathological injury to the duodenum. In vitro investigations of the potential mechanisms involved showed that GW3965 significantly inhibited BVDV-induced increases in cholesterol levels and viral internalization. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of GW3965 was significantly reduced following cholesterol replenishment, thus demonstrating that cholesterol was involved in the resistance of GW3965 to BVDV replication. Further studies indicated the role of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) in the antiviral activity of GW3965. We also demonstrated the significant antiviral effect of 25hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a product of the catalysis of cholesterol by CH25H. In addition, the anti-BVDV effects of demethoxycurcumin (DMC), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), and saikosaponin-A (SSA), three natural agonizts of LXRs, were also confirmed in both MDBK cells and mice. However, the antiviral activities of these agents were weakened by SR9243, a synthetic inhibitor of LXRs. For the first time, our research demonstrated that the activation of LXRs can exert significant anti-BVDV effects in MDBK cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China.
| | - Zecai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China; Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China.
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9
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Host Cell Receptors Implicated in the Cellular Tropism of BVDV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102302. [PMID: 36298858 PMCID: PMC9607657 DOI: 10.3390/v14102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most hazardous viruses, which causes huge economic losses in the cattle industry around the world. In recent years, there has been a continuous increase in the diversity of pestivirus worldwide. As a member of the genus Pestivirus in the Flaviviridae family, BVDV has a wide range of host animals including cattle, goat, sheep, pig, camel and other cloven-hoofed animals, and it has multi-tissue tropism as well. The recognition of their permissive cells by viruses via interaction with the cellular receptors is a prerequisite for successful infection. So far, little is known about the cellular receptors essential for BVDV entry and their detailed functions during BVDV infection. Thus, discovery of the cellular receptors involved in the entry of BVDV and other pestiviruses is significant for development of the novel intervention. The viral envelope glycoprotein Erns and E2 are crucial determinants of the cellular tropism of BVDV. The cellular proteins bound with Erns and E2 potentially participate in BVDV entry, and their abundance might determine the cellular tropism of BVDV. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the cellular molecules have been described for BVDV entry, such as, complement regulatory protein 46 (CD46), heparan sulfate (HS), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). Furthermore, we focus on their implications of the recently identified cellular receptors for pestiviruses in BVDV life cycle. This knowledge provides a theoretical basis for BVDV prevention and treatment by targeting the cellular receptors essential for BVDV infection.
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10
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Al-Mubarak AIA, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Al-Kubati AAG, Falemban B, Skeikh A, Hemida MG. Risk-associated factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels, sheep, and goats in abattoir surveillance and semi-closed herd system. Vet World 2022; 15:1924-1931. [PMID: 36313839 PMCID: PMC9615487 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1924-1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing high economic losses in cattle of all ages. Despite the active vaccination campaigns against BVDV, many outbreaks are still detected in various populations of cattle worldwide. Other species of animals such as dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may harbor BVDV infection and cause variable clinical syndromes. Thus, they may act as a source of infection to the cattle population around them. However, little is still known about the roles of these animals in the viral transmission and sustainability of BVDV in the environment. This study aimed to explore if the dromedary camels, sheep, and goats may seroconvert against BVDV and to study some associated risk factors for BVDV in these species of animals. Materials and Methods: We tested 1012 serum samples from dromedary camels, 84 from goats, and 21 from sheep for BVDV antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Meanwhile, we selected 211 serum samples from dromedary camels to be tested for the BVDV antigen using the commercial ELISA kits. Results: Our results show that 49/1117 serum samples were positive for the BVDV antibodies in dromedary camels (46/1012), goats (3/84), and none of the tested sheep samples were positive. However, none of the collected serum samples tested positive for the BVDV antigen. Conclusion: Seroconversion of some dromedary camels, sheep, and goats to the BVDV with no history of vaccination against BVDV strongly suggests the potential roles of these species of animals in the virus transmission cycle. The main limitations of the current study are (1) the lack of samples from other species of animals that lived close by these animals, particularly cattle. (2) lack of follow-up samples from the same animal over a long period. We believe the long-term longitudinal study of BVDV in various species of animals, particularly dromedary camels, goats, and sheep, is one of our future research directions. This will provide more information about the dynamics of BVDV antibodies in these species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Skeikh
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Al Hufuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, 11548, USA; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
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11
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Nugroho W, Silitonga RJP, Reichel MP, Irianingsih SH, Wicaksono MS. The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020215. [PMID: 35215158 PMCID: PMC8878523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Risma Juniarti Paulina Silitonga
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostic Services, Center for Diagnostic Standards of Agriculture Quarantine, East Jakarta 13220, Indonesia;
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | | | - Muhammad Satryo Wicaksono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
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12
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Aytogu G, Toker EB, Yavas O, Kadiroglu B, Ates O, Ozyigit MO, Yesilbag K. First isolation and molecular characterization of pseudorabies virus detected in Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1679-1686. [PMID: 35031924 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are the main host species for the pseudorabies virus. It causes fatal encephalitis in many species, including humans. This article aims to report the first clinical case of pseudorabies as well as isolation and molecular characterization of the virus from a hunting dog in Bursa province, Turkey. METHODS AND RESULTS The dog shows clinical signs including pruritus and neurological signs such as stumbling and inability to stand up compatible with pseudorabies. The virus isolates were obtained from the supernatant of fresh tissue samples from the cerebellum, cornu ammonis, spleen, salivary gland, conjunctival swab, serum, and PBMC samples. The glycoprotein C region is targeted for viral DNA amplification. Pseudorabies virus genome detected both in fresh tissues and supernatants of third passage on Vero cells. The number of PCR positive samples was dramatically increased after cell culture inoculations. Genome sequencing of strain Bursa-10303, which was isolated from a non-endemic area, identified it to belong to clade A. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the possible presence of pseudorabies infection in the wildlife reservoirs in Turkey. Future studies may clarify the importance of the infection in Turkey region, where there is no prevalent pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aytogu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Eda B Toker
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Yavas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berfin Kadiroglu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozer Ates
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Musa Ozgur Ozyigit
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kadir Yesilbag
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
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13
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Newman RA, Chase CCL, Matos JR, Abdelsalam K, Buterbaugh R, Van Holland S, Abdelaal H, Woolum A, Jagannadha Sastry K. Efficacy of oleandrin and PBI-05204 against bovine viruses of importance to commercial cattle health. Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221103960. [PMID: 35611441 PMCID: PMC9136442 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). and bovine coronavirus (BCV) threaten the productivity of cattle worldwide. Development of therapeutics that can control the spread of these viruses is an unmet need. The present research was designed to explore the in vitro antiviral activity of the Nerium oleander derived cardiac glycoside oleandrin and a defined N. oleander plant extract (PBI-05204) containing oleandrin. Methods Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells, Bovine Turbinate (BT) cells, and Human Rectal Tumor-18 (HRT-18) cells were used as in vitro culture systems for BVDV, BRSV and BCV, respectively. Cytotoxicity was established using serial dilutions of oleandrin or PBI-05204. Noncytotoxic concentrations of each drug were used either prior to or at 12 h and 24 h following virus exposure to corresponding viruses. Infectious virus titers were determined following each treatment. Results Both oleandrin as well as PBI-05204 demonstrated strong antiviral activity against BVDV, BRSV, and BCV, in a dose-dependent manner, when added prior to or following infection of host cells. Determination of viral loads by PCR demonstrated a concentration dependent decline in virus replication. Importantly, the relative ability of virus produced from treated cultures to infect new host cells was reduced by as much as 10,000-fold at noncytotoxic concentrations of oleandrin or PBI-05204. Conclusions The research demonstrates the potency of oleandrin and PBI-05204 to inhibit infectivity of three important enveloped bovine viruses in vitro. These data showing non-toxic concentrations of oleandrin inhibiting infectivity of three bovine viruses support further investigation of in vivo antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 2019South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.,RTI, LLC, Brookings SD 57006, USA
| | - Jose R Matos
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.,Innovar, LLC, Plano, TX 75025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia Woolum
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Departments of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology and Veterinary Sciences, 4002The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Cristancho-Fajardo L, Vergu E, Beaunée G, Arnoux S, Ezanno P. Learning and strategic imitation in modelling farmers' dynamic decisions on bovine viral diarrhoea vaccination. Vet Res 2022; 53:102. [PMID: 36461110 PMCID: PMC9717531 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering human decision-making is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying the propagation of real-life diseases. We present an extension of a model for pathogen spread that considers farmers' dynamic decision-making regarding the adoption of a control measure in their own herd. Farmers can take into account the decisions and observed costs of their trade partners or of their geographic neighbours. The model and construction of such costs are adapted to the case of bovine viral diarrhoea, for which an individual-based stochastic model is considered. Simulation results suggest that obtaining information from geographic neighbours might lead to a better control of bovine viral diarrhoea than considering information from trade partners. In particular, using information from all geographic neighbours at each decision time seems to be more beneficial than considering only the information from one geographic neighbour or trade partner at each time. This study highlights the central role that social dynamics among farmers can take in the spread and control of bovine viral diarrhoea, providing insights into how public policy efforts could be targeted in order to increase voluntary vaccination uptake against this disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cristancho-Fajardo
- grid.503376.4Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France ,grid.418682.10000 0001 2175 3974INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- grid.503376.4Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaël Beaunée
- grid.418682.10000 0001 2175 3974INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Arnoux
- grid.418682.10000 0001 2175 3974INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- grid.418682.10000 0001 2175 3974INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France
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15
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Arnoux S, Bidan F, Damman A, Petit E, Assié S, Ezanno P. To Vaccinate or Not: Impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in French Cow-Calf Herds. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101137. [PMID: 34696246 PMCID: PMC8540166 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) remains an issue despite control programs implemented worldwide. Virus introduction can occur through contacts with neighbouring herds. Vaccination can locally protect exposed herds. However, virus spread depends on herd characteristics, which may impair vaccination efficiency. Using a within-herd epidemiological model, we compared three French cow-calf farming systems named by their main breed: Charolaise, Limousine, and Blonde d’Aquitaine. We assessed vaccination strategies of breeding females assuming two possible protections: against infection or against vertical transmission. Four commercial vaccines were considered: Bovilis®, Bovela®, Rispoval®, and Mucosiffa®. We tested various virus introduction frequency in a naïve herd. We calculated BVD economic impact and vaccination reward. In Charolaise, BVD economic impact was 113€ per cow over 5 years after virus introduction. Irrespective of the vaccine and for a high enough risk of introduction, the yearly expected reward was 0.80€ per invested euro per cow. Vaccination should not be stopped before herd exposure has been decreased. In contrast, the reward was almost nil in Blonde d’Aquitaine and Limousine. This highlights the importance of accounting for herd specificities to assess BVD impact and vaccination efficiency. To guide farmers’ vaccination decisions against BVD, we transformed this model into a French decision support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie Arnoux
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Fabrice Bidan
- Institut de L’élevage, 42 rue Georges Morel, F-49070 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Alix Damman
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Sébastien Assié
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; (S.A.); (A.D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea on Smallholder Farms on the Territory of Belgrade City. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease of cattle with a high economic impact. To estimate the seroprevalence of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection of cattle on smallholder farms we included 78 smallholder farms in the Belgrade epizootiological area where 318 blood serum samples from cattle were collected, and subsequently tested. The samples were analyzed using a commercially available competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against BVDV. The obtained results showed an overall seroprevalence of 3.8% whereas the seroprevalence on herd level varied from 0% to 80%. The obtained results showed a relatively low seroprevalence of BVD infection on smallholder farms on the territory of Belgrade city.
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Al-Kubati AAG, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Al-Mubarak AIA, Hemida MG. Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665128. [PMID: 34055953 PMCID: PMC8160231 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A G Al-Kubati
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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18
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Wang K, Thomas C, Zhang S, Wathes DC, Cheng Z. Comparison of the Ability of High and Low Virulence Strains of Non-cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1 to Modulate Expression of Interferon Tau Stimulated Genes in Bovine Endometrium. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659330. [PMID: 33898551 PMCID: PMC8062762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. It is endemic in many cattle populations, causing major economic losses in part due to reduced fertility. BVDV exhibits great genetic diversity and is classified as type 1 or 2 (BVDV-1, BVDV-2) with either non-cytopathogenic (ncp) or cytopathogenic (cp) biotypes. Differing strains of ncpBVDV differ in virulence, affecting clinical outcome. BVDV replicates in the reproductive tract, affecting host immunity and embryo survival. This study used an in vitro model of primary bovine endometrial cell cultures to compare the effects of two BVDV ncp type 1a strains of differing virulence (termed HO and KY) on endometrial transcription of candidate interferon stimulated genes (ISG) using qPCR. Half the cultures were stimulated with interferon tau (IFNT, the conceptus produced pregnancy recognition factor) in the presence or absence of viral infection. Cultures were replicated on cells from 10 BVDV-free cows. IFNT treatment stimulated transcription of 10 candidate ISGs, whereas both ncpBVDV-1 strains alone inhibited transcription of 8/10 ISGs. In combined BVDV-1+IFNT cultures, the stimulatory effect of IFNT on expression of GBP4, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, IFIH1, IFIT3, and MX1 was significantly inhibited by HO, but only ISG15, RSAD2, IFI27, and IFIT3 were decreased by KY. Inhibition by HO was generally greater. The IFNT-induced expression of TRIM56 was, however, increased by HO. These data show that HO, the more virulent ncpBVDV-1 strain, has a greater capacity to inhibit key antiviral pathways. These differences need confirmation at the protein level but may influence immune tolerance of the host. They could also reduce fertility by increasing uterine susceptibility to bacterial infection and disrupting IFNT-mediated pregnancy recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Carole Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Claire Wathes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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19
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Montoya-Monsalve G, Sánchez-Calabuig MJ, Blanco-Murcia J, Elvira L, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Ramos-Ibeas P. Impact of Overuse and Sexually Transmitted Infections on Seminal Parameters of Extensively Managed Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:827. [PMID: 33804105 PMCID: PMC7999385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural service remains the main breeding method in extensively managed beef herds. Although the bull might be the most important factor in determining herd fertility, its importance has been largely overlooked, focusing instead on female fertility. Management of the bull is critical to maximize the opportunities for cow conception. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are infections associated with reduced conception rates. This study aimed to determine the effect of both IBR and BVD infection, and bull: cow ratio on seminal parameters in the bull and herd fertility. The presence of antibodies to IBR and BVD, seminal parameters (volume, concentration, mass, and progressive motility), and herd fertility were analyzed in 158 extensively managed bulls. Sperm concentration and mass motility, as well as herd fertility, were significantly lower in BVD-positive bulls. No significant differences were found between IBR-positive and -negative bulls in any reproductive parameter. Sperm concentration was negatively affected by BVD infection in both Charolais and Limousin bulls, whereas mass motility and herd fertility were reduced in Limousin bulls only. No differences were observed in the cow: bull ratio between BVD+ and BVD- bulls. A significant negative correlation was detected between the number of cows per bull and herd fertility, which was negatively affected when herds had more than 40 cows per bull. In conclusion, BVD and bull overuse negatively affect the reproductive performance of the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-Jesús Sánchez-Calabuig
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Blanco-Murcia
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Elvira
- MSD Animal Heath, C/Josefa Valcárcel, 38, 28027 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.-M.); (L.E.)
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro 12, Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (P.R.-I.)
| | - Priscila Ramos-Ibeas
- Department of Animal Reproduction, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro 12, Local 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-A.); (P.R.-I.)
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20
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El-Mohamady RS, Behour TS, Rawash Z. Concurrent detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 in bulls' semen and their effect on semen quality. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:106-114. [PMID: 33426047 PMCID: PMC7751410 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1850197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive diseases may have destructive effects on the fertility of cattle. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) are potent viral pathogens linked to reproduction. Thus, the aim of this study was to utilize raw semen samples for conventional and molecular detection of BVDV and BoHV-1, simultaneously. Additionally, the effect of virus infection on the semen quality of naturally infected bulls has been investigated. Therefore, 40 bulls were employed for semen collection, evaluation and testing for both viruses by virus isolation, direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) and SYBR Green real-time PCR assay. In virus isolation results, no cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed for BVDV on cell culture whereas, eight (20%) samples displayed characteristic grape-like clusters of cells for BoHV-1. By direct FAT, 12 (30%) positive BVDV and 8 (20%) positive BoHV-1 samples were confirmed. SYBR Green real-time PCR analysis using 48 h inoculated semen samples revealed 14 (35%) and 8 (20%) positive samples for BVDV and BoHV-1, respectively. Statistical analysis of semen evaluation parameters showed a significant difference between viral-infected and free groups represented by increased sperm abnormalities and decreased sperm motility, liveability and concentration. However, there was no significant difference among BVDV, BoHV-1 and mixed-infected groups. The study concluded that BVDV and/or BoHV- 1 infected bulls expressed low semen quality. Real-time PCR was confirmed to be the ideal laboratory assay for detection of both viruses in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania S. El-Mohamady
- Viral Diseases Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tahani S. Behour
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Z.M. Rawash
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer Department, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
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21
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Fernández GA, Castro EF, Rosas RA, Fidalgo DM, Adler NS, Battini L, España de Marco MJ, Fabiani M, Bruno AM, Bollini M, Cavallaro LV. Design and Optimization of Quinazoline Derivatives: New Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Front Chem 2020; 8:590235. [PMID: 33425849 PMCID: PMC7793975 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.590235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Pestivirus genus (Flaviviridae). In spite of the availability of vaccines, the virus is still causing substantial financial losses to the livestock industry. In this context, the use of antiviral agents could be an alternative strategy to control and reduce viral infections. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential for the replication of the viral genome and constitutes an attractive target for the identification of antiviral compounds. In a previous work, we have identified potential molecules that dock into an allosteric binding pocket of BVDV RdRp via a structure-based virtual screening approach. One of them, N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-phenylquinazolin-4-amine [1, 50% effective concentration (EC50) = 9.7 ± 0.5 μM], was selected to perform different chemical modifications. Among 24 derivatives synthesized, eight of them showed considerable antiviral activity. Molecular modeling of the most active compounds showed that they bind to a pocket located in the fingers and thumb domains in BVDV RdRp, which is different from that identified for other non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) such as thiosemicarbazone (TSC). We selected compound 2-[4-(2-phenylquinazolin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanol (1.9; EC50 = 1.7 ± 0.4 μM) for further analysis. Compound 1.9 was found to inhibit the in vitro replication of TSC-resistant BVDV variants, which carry the N264D mutation in the RdRp. In addition, 1.9 presented adequate solubility in different media and a high-stability profile in murine and bovine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana F Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío A Rosas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Fidalgo
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia S Adler
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria J España de Marco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Fabiani
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Bruno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia V Cavallaro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Thakur N, Evans H, Abdelsalam K, Farr A, Rajput MKS, Young AJ, Chase CCL. Bovine viral diarrhea virus compromises Neutrophil's functions in strain dependent manner. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104515. [PMID: 32976968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is a major problem that results in economically important diseases of the cattle industry worldwide. The two major consequences of this disease are persistent infection and immune dysfunction. A number of studies have been done to determine the underline mechanisms of BVDV-induced immune dysfunction, in particular targeting antigen-presenting cells, T- and B- cells and cytokine gene expression. However, little research has focused Eon the effect of BVDV on neutrophils. Neutrophils are one of the predominant leukocytes circulating in blood and are considered the first line of defense in the innate immune system along with macrophages. Neutrophils not only eliminate the invading bacteria but also activate innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Therefore, compromised neutrophil function would affect both arms of immune system and caused immune suppression. In the current study, we used virus strains from both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species. Including a highly virulent non-cytopathic type 2a BVDV (ncp BVDV2a-1373), moderately virulent non-cytopathic type 2a (ncp BVDV2a 28508-5), and a pair of non-cytopathic type 1b BVDV (ncp BVDV1b TGAN) and cytopathic type 1b BVDV (cp BVDV1b TGAC) strain isolated from a case of mucosal disease. The highly virulent ncp BVDV2a-1373 significantly increased neutrophil apoptosis. However, none of the other BVDV strains affected neutrophil viability. All BVDV strains used significantly reduced CD18 and L-selectin expression on neutrophils as well as their oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) activity. Cp BVDV significantly reduced neutrophil's phagocytic activity but ncp BVDV did not have any effect on it. On the other hand, ncp BVDV significantly increased neutrophil's CD14 expression and chemotactic activity while cp BVDV did not show any effect either on neutrophil's CD14 expression or on chemotactic activity. In conclusion, BVDV affected neutrophils variability and functional activity in strain dependent manner. Results of the current study will further help in understanding the pathophysiology of different BVDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Thakur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Hannah Evans
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Karim Abdelsalam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Amanda Farr
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Mrigendra K S Rajput
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, USA
| | - Alan J Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 7 South Dakota, USA.
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23
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McMorrow C, Gunn AJ, Khalfan S, Hernandez-Jover M, Brookes VJ. Veterinarians' Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Associated with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Control and Prevention in South-East Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091630. [PMID: 32932816 PMCID: PMC7552315 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus is a disease of cattle that causes production losses. Despite the virus being widespread across Australia, there are no government or industry-led programs to mitigate the impacts or eliminate Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus. Veterinarians were surveyed about their knowledge, attitudes and recommended practices regarding Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and its control. We found that veterinarians’ knowledge of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in their region is limited, and their attitudes and recommendations for controlling the virus do not always align with those of producers. For example, veterinarians are concerned about the welfare and potential for disease spread associated with control measures involving persistently infected cattle, including a previously undocumented practice in which producers administer blood from persistently infected cattle into naïve cattle as a form of vaccination. This study highlights that a greater understanding of producers’ and veterinarians’ values is needed before Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus control could be implemented at a regional or country level. Abstract In Australia, the responsibility and associated costs for the control and prevention of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) rest solely with producers. Veterinarians provide producers with farm-specific options for BVDV management and support BVDV control and elimination in their region. We surveyed veterinarians to determine their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) associated with BVDV control in south-east Australia. We found that veterinarians’ recommendations do not always align with producers’ control measures. Veterinarians were uncertain about BVDV prevalence and the proportion of producers using BVDV control measures in their regions. Veterinarians generally promoted biosecurity and vaccination, and were concerned about the welfare and additional disease risks associated with persistently infected (PI) cattle. Veterinarians highlighted concerns about disease risks associated with a previously undocumented practice in which producers collect blood from PI cattle to administer to BVDV naïve cattle; termed “vampire vaccination” in this study. A greater understanding of the burden, impact and economics of BVDV is needed to align veterinarians’ and producers’ KAP to improve BVDV management on farms, and more appreciation of veterinarians’ and producers’ values is needed before BVDV control could be implemented at a regional or country level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McMorrow
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (C.M.); (A.J.G.); (S.K.); (M.H.-J.)
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Allan J. Gunn
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (C.M.); (A.J.G.); (S.K.); (M.H.-J.)
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Shahid Khalfan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (C.M.); (A.J.G.); (S.K.); (M.H.-J.)
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (C.M.); (A.J.G.); (S.K.); (M.H.-J.)
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia; (C.M.); (A.J.G.); (S.K.); (M.H.-J.)
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence:
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An Assessment of Secondary Clinical Disease, Milk Production and Quality, and the Impact on Reproduction in Holstein Heifers and Cows from a Single Large Commercial Herd Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070760. [PMID: 32679648 PMCID: PMC7412390 DOI: 10.3390/v12070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate secondary clinical disease, milk production efficiency and reproductive performance of heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV type 2). PI animals (n = 25) were identified using an antigen capture ELISA of ear notch samples. They were distributed into three age groups: ≤ 12 (n = 8), 13 to 24 (n = 6) and 25 to 34 (n = 11) months old. A control group of BVDV antigen ELISA negative female cattle that were age matched to the PI animals was utilized from the same herd. The PI group had a 1.29 higher odds ratio for diarrhea than controls (p = 0.001, IC95% = 1.032–1.623) and 1.615 greater chance of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (p = 0.012, IC95% = 1.155–2.259). The age at first insemination (p = 0.012) and number of insemination attempts required to establish the first pregnancy (p = 0.016) were both higher for PI than controls. Milk production was higher for control cows than PI cows during most of the sampling periods. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were higher in PI cows than the controls at all sampling points across lactation (p ≤ 0.042). PI cattle had a higher incidence of disease, produced less milk, a higher SCC, and poorer reproductive performance than control cattle in this study.
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Ridpath JF, Fulton RW, Bauermann FV, Falkenberg SM, Welch J, Confer AW. Sequential exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine coronavirus results in increased respiratory disease lesions: clinical, immunologic, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:513-526. [PMID: 32484424 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720918561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses (BoCVs) have been found in respiratory tissues in cattle and frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD); however, pathogenesis studies in calves are limited. To characterize the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of BoCV isolates, we used 5 different BoCV strains to inoculate colostrum-deprived calves, ~ 2-5 wk of age. Later, to determine if dual viral infection would potentiate pathogenicity of BoCV, calves were inoculated with BoCV alone, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) alone, or a series of dual-infection (BVDV-BoCV) schemes. A negative control group was included in all studies. Clinical signs and body temperature were monitored during the study and samples collected for lymphocyte counts, virus isolation, and serology. During autopsy, gross lesions were recorded and fixed tissues collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry; fresh tissues were collected for virus isolation. Results suggest increased pathogenicity for isolate BoCV OK 1776. Increased body temperature was found in all virus-inoculated groups. Lung lesions were present in calves in all dual-infection groups; however, lesions were most pronounced in calves inoculated with BVDV followed by BoCV inoculation 6 d later. Lung lesions were consistent with mild-to-moderate interstitial pneumonia, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of BoCV antigen. Our studies demonstrated that BVDV-BoCV dual infection may play an important role in BRD pathogenesis, and timing between infections seems critical to the severity of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Robert W Fulton
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Jenny Welch
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Anthony W Confer
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
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Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z. Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:26-33. [PMID: 32288965 PMCID: PMC7104734 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many viral diseases are endemic in cattle populations worldwide. The ability of many viruses to cross the placenta and cause abortions and fetal malformations is well understood. There is also significant evidence that viral infections have additional actions in dairy cows, which are reflected in reduced conception rates. These effects are, however, highly dependent on the time at which an individual animal first contracts the disease and are less easy to quantify. This paper reviews the evidence relating to five viruses that can affect fertility, together with their potential mechanisms of action. Acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in mid-gestation increases abortion rates or causes the birth of persistently infected calves. BVDV infections closer to the time of breeding can have direct effects on the ovaries and uterine endometrium, which cause estrous cycle irregularities and early embryo mortality. Fertility may also be reduced by BVDV-induced immunosuppression, which increases the susceptibility to bacterial infections. Bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 is most common in pre-pubertal heifers, and can slow their growth, delay breeding, and increase the age at first calving. Previously infected animals subsequently show reduced fertility. Although this may be associated with lung damage, ovarian lesions have also been reported. Both BHV-1 and BHV-4 remain latent in the host following initial infection and may be reactivated later by stress, for example associated with calving and early lactation. While BHV-4 infection alone may not reduce fertility, it appears to act as a co-factor with established bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes to promote the development of endometritis and delay uterine repair mechanisms after calving. Both Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are transmitted by insect vectors and lead to increased abortion rates and congenital malformations. BTV-8 also impairs the development of hatched blastocysts; furthermore, infection around the time of breeding with either virus appears to reduce conception rates. Although the reductions in conception rates are often difficult to quantify, they are nevertheless sufficient to cause economic losses, which help to justify the benefits of vaccination and eradication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chike F Oguejiofor
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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Cheng Z, Brown LE, Wathes DC. Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection Disrupts Uterine Interferon Stimulated Gene Regulatory Pathways During Pregnancy Recognition in Cows. Viruses 2019; 12:E1. [PMID: 31861316 PMCID: PMC7020065 DOI: 10.3390/v12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cattle, conceptus-derived interferon tau (IFNT) is the pregnancy recognition (PR) signal. Our previous studies showed that non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (ncpBVDV) infection inhibited IFNT-induced interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression, potentially causing early embryonic death. This study investigated the effect of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection on upstream regulatory pathways of ISG production using an established PR model. Uterine endometrial cells from 10 apparently healthy and BVDV free cows were cultured and treated with 0 or 100 ng/mL IFNT for 24 h in the presence or absence of ncpBVDV infection. Microarray and pathway analysis were used to determine the IFNT-induced upstream regulators. Expression of the genes associated with the identified pathways were quantified with qPCR. IFNT challenge activated the signalling pathways associated with IFN receptors, JAK1/TYK2, IRFs and STATs and ncpBVDV infection inhibited the activation of IFNT on this pathway. Inhibition of this upstream signalling pathway may thus reduce ISG production to disrupt maternal PR. In addition, the reduction of uterine immunity by ncpBVDV infection may predispose the animals to uterine infection, which in turn impairs their reproductive performance. This provides a mechanism of how BVDV infection leads to early pregnancy failure in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (L.E.B.); (D.C.W.)
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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Estimation of the within-herd transmission rates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in extensively grazed beef cattle herds. Vet Res 2019; 50:103. [PMID: 31783904 PMCID: PMC6884759 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research groups have developed mathematical models to simulate the dynamics of BVDV infections in cattle herds. However, most models use estimates for within-herd BVDV transmission rates that are either based on expert opinion or adapted from other dairy herd simulation models presented in the literature. There is currently little information on the transmission rates for BVDV in extensively grazed beef herds partly due to the logistical challenges in obtaining longitudinal data of individual animal’s seroconversion, and it may not be appropriate to apply the same transmission rates from intensive dairy herds given the significant differences in herd demographics and management. To address this knowledge gap, we measured BVDV antibody levels in 15 replacement heifers in each of 75 New Zealand beef breeding farms after their first calving and again at pregnancy scanning or weaning to check for seroconversion. Among these, data from 9 farms were used to infer the within-herd BVDV transmission rate with an approximate Bayesian computation method. The most probable within-herd BVDV transmission rate was estimated as 0.11 per persistently infected (PI) animal per day with a 95% highest posterior density interval between 0.03 and 0.34. This suggests that BVDV transmission in extensively grazed beef herds is generally slower than in dairy herds where the transmission rate has been estimated at 0.50 per PI animal per day and therefore may not be sufficient to ensure that all susceptible breeding females gain adequate immunity to the virus before the risk period of early pregnancy for generating new PI calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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29
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Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 20:72-85. [PMID: 31895016 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious disease agent that causes significant reproductive and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Although BVDV infection is known to cause poor fertility in cattle, a greater part of the underlying mechanisms particularly associated with early reproductive losses are not clearly understood. Previous studies reported viral compromise of reproductive function in infected bulls. In females, BVDV infection is thought to be capable of killing the oocyte, embryo or fetus directly, or to induce lesions that result in fetal abortion or malformation. BVDV infections may also induce immune dysfunction, and predispose cattle to other diseases that cause poor health and fertility. Other reports also suggested BVDV-induced disruption of the reproductive endocrine system, and a disruption of leukocyte and cytokine functions in the reproductive organs. More recent studies have provided evidence of viral-induced suppression of endometrial innate immunity that may predispose to uterine disease. Furthermore, there is new evidence that BVDV may potentially disrupt the maternal recognition of pregnancy or the immune protection of the conceptus. This review brings together the previous reports with the more recent findings, and attempts to explain some of the mechanisms linking this important virus to infertility in cattle.
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Dendritic Cell Targeting of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus E2 Protein Expressed by Lactobacillus casei Effectively Induces Antigen-Specific Immune Responses via Oral Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060575. [PMID: 31242608 PMCID: PMC6630502 DOI: 10.3390/v11060575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important disease in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. In order to develop an effective vaccine against BVDV infection, we constructed a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting oral probiotic vaccine (pPG-E2-DCpep/LC W56) using Lactobacillus casei as antigen delivery carrier to express BVDV glycoprotein E2 fused with DC-targeting peptide, and the immunogenicity of orally administered probiotic vaccine was evaluated in mice model. Our results showed that after immunization with the probiotic vaccine, significantly levels of antigen-specific sera IgG and mucosal sIgA antibodies (p < 0.05) with BVDV-neutralizing activity were induced in vivo. Challenge experiment showed that pPG-E2-DCpep/LC W56 can provide effective immune protection against BVDV, and BVDV could be effectively cleared from the intestine of immunized mice post-challenge. Moreover, the pPG-E2-DCpep/LC W56 could efficiently activate DCs in the intestinal Peyer’s patches, and significantly levels of lymphoproliferative responses, Th1-associated IFN-γ, and Th2-associated IL-4 were observed in mice immunized with pPG-E2-DCpep/LC W56 (p < 0.01). Our results clearly demonstrate that the probiotic vaccine could efficiently induce anti-BVDV mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses via oral immunization, indicating a promising strategy for the development of oral vaccine against BVDV.
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31
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Qi L, Beaunée G, Arnoux S, Dutta BL, Joly A, Vergu E, Ezanno P. Neighbourhood contacts and trade movements drive the regional spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Vet Res 2019; 50:30. [PMID: 31036076 PMCID: PMC6489178 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the regional spread of endemic pathogens, investigations are required both at within and between population levels. The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is such a pathogen, spreading among cattle herds mainly due to trade movements and neighbourhood contacts, and causing an endemic disease with economic consequences. To assess the contribution of both transmission routes on BVDV regional and local spread, we developed an original epidemiological model combining data-driven and mechanistic approaches, accounting for heterogeneous within-herd dynamics, animal movements and neighbourhood contacts. Extensive simulations were performed over 9 years in an endemic context in a French region with high cattle density. The most uncertain model parameters were calibrated on summary statistics of epidemiological data, highlighting that neighbourhood contacts and within-herd transmission should be high. We showed that neighbourhood contacts and trade movements complementarily contribute to BVDV spread on a regional scale in endemically infected and densely populated areas, leading to intense fade-out/colonization events: neighbourhood contacts generate the vast majority of outbreaks (72%) but mostly in low immunity herds and correlated to a rather short presence of persistently infected animals (P); trade movements generate fewer infections but could affect herds with higher immunity and generate a prolonged presence of P. Both movements and neighbourhood contacts should be considered when designing control or eradication strategies for densely populated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qi
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaël Beaunée
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Arnoux
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Bhagat Lal Dutta
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Joly
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019, Vannes, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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32
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Castro EF, Casal JJ, de Marco MJE, Battini L, Fabiani M, Fernández GA, Bruno AM, Cavallaro LV, Bollini M. Identification of potent bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibitors by a structure-based virtual screening approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:262-266. [PMID: 30501966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus whose infection in cattle is globally distributed. The use of antivirals could complement vaccination as a tool of control and reduce economic losses. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the virus is essential for its genome replication and constitutes an attractive target for the identification of antivirals. With the aim of obtaining selective BVDV inhibitors, the crystal structure of BVDV RdRp was used to perform a virtual screening. Approximately 15,000 small molecules from commercial and in-house databases were evaluated and several structurally different compounds were tested in vitro for antiviral activity. Interestingly, of twelve evaluated compounds, five were active and displayed EC50 values in the sub and low-micromolar range. Time of drug addition experiment and measured intracellular BVDV RNA showed that compound 7 act during RNA synthesis. Molecular Dynamics and MM/PBSA calculation were done to characterize the interaction of the most active compounds with RdRp, which will allow future ligand optimization. These studies highlight the use of in silico screening to identify a new class of BVDV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana F Castro
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan J Casal
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J España de Marco
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Battini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Fabiani
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Bruno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía V Cavallaro
- Cátedra de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariela Bollini
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal, Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Stalder H, Bachofen C, Schweizer M, Zanoni R, Sauerländer D, Peterhans E. Traces of history conserved over 600 years in the geographic distribution of genetic variants of an RNA virus: Bovine viral diarrhea virus in Switzerland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207604. [PMID: 30517140 PMCID: PMC6281212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first records of smallpox and rabies date back thousands of years and foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was described in the 16th century. These diseases stood out by their distinct signs, dramatic way of transmission from rabid dogs to humans, and sudden appearance in cattle herds. By contrast, infectious diseases that show variable signs and affect few individuals were identified only much later. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), endemic in cattle worldwide, was first described in 1946, together with the eponymous RNA virus as its cause. There is general agreement that BVD was not newly emerging at that time, but its history remains unknown. A search for associations between the nucleotide sequences of over 7,000 BVD viral strains obtained during a national campaign to eradicate BVD and features common to the hosts of these strains enabled us to trace back in time the presence of BVD in the Swiss cattle population. We found that animals of the two major traditional cattle breeds, Fleckvieh and Swiss Brown, were infected with strains of only four different subgenotypes of BVDV-1. The history of these cattle breeds and the events that determined the current distribution of the two populations are well documented. Specifically, Fleckvieh originates from the Bernese and Swiss Brown from the central Alps. The spread to their current geographic distribution was determined by historic events during a major expansion of the Swiss Confederation during the 15th and 16th centuries. The association of the two cattle populations with different BVD viral subgenotypes may have been preserved by a lack of cattle imports, trade barriers within the country, and unique virus-host interactions. The congruent traces of history in the distribution of the two cattle breeds and distinct viral subgenotypes suggests that BVD may have been endemic in Switzerland for at least 600 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Sauerländer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Campus Brugg-Windisch, Windisch, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Peterhans
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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34
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Han JH, Holter J, Moffat J, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Using Bayesian network modelling to untangle farm management risk factors for bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Patel KK, Stanislawek WL, Burrows E, Heuer C, Asher GW, Wilson PR, Howe L. Investigation of association between bovine viral diarrhoea virus and cervid herpesvirus type-1, and abortion in New Zealand farmed deer. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:1-6. [PMID: 30593353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study tested for association between bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv) and cervid herpesvirus type-1 (CvHV-1) exposure and abortion in New Zealand farmed red deer. Rising two-year-old (R2, n = 22,130) and mixed-age (MA, n = 36,223) hinds from 87 and 71 herds, respectively, throughout New Zealand were pregnancy tested using ultrasound early in gestation (Scan-1) and 55-89 days later (Scan-2) to detect mid-term abortion. Sera from aborted and non-aborted hinds at Scan-2 were tested for BVDv and CvHV-1 using virus neutralisation tests. Available uteri from aborted hinds and from hinds not rearing a calf to weaning were tested by PCR for herpesvirus DNA. In herds with aborted hinds, 10.3% of 639 R2 and 17.2% of 302 MA hinds were sero-positive for BVDv and 18.6% of 613 R2 and 68.5% of 232 MA hinds were sero-positive for CvHV-1. There was no association between BVDv sero-status and abortion at animal level (R2 p = 0.36, MA p = 0.76) whereas CvHV-1 sero-positivity was negatively associated with abortion in MA hinds (p = 0.01) but not in R2 hinds (p = 0.36), MA). Eleven of 108 uteri from aborted R2 hinds but no MA hinds were positive for herpesvirus DNA. Vaginal samples from four R2 and one MA aborted hinds tested were negative for herpesvirus DNA. A Cervid Rhadinovirus type-2 (CRhV-2) was identified in seven PCR positive uteri samples. Findings suggest that BVDv and CvHV-1 may not be associated with abortion in R2 hinds, but association needs to be tested further in MA hinds. The role of CRhV-2 requires clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Patel
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - W L Stanislawek
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry of Primary Industries, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - G W Asher
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, 9053, New Zealand
| | - P R Wilson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Ma XX, Ma P, Chang QY, Li LJ, Zhou XK, Zhang DR, Li MS, Cao X, Ma ZR. The analyses of relationships among nucleotide, synonymous codon and amino acid usages for E2 gene of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Gene 2018; 660:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bate AM, Jones G, Kleczkowski A, Naylor R, Timmis J, White PCL, Touza J. Livestock Disease Management for Trading Across Different Regulatory Regimes. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:302-316. [PMID: 29435773 PMCID: PMC6132418 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of livestock health depends on the combined actions of many different actors, both within and across different regulatory frameworks. Prior work recognised that private risk management choices have the ability to reduce the spread of infection to trading partners. We evaluate the efficiency of farmers' alternative biosecurity choices in terms of their own-benefits from unilateral strategies and quantify the impact they may have in filtering the disease externality of trade. We use bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in England and Scotland as a case study, since this provides an example of a situation where contrasting strategies for BVD management occur between selling and purchasing farms. We use an agent-based bioeconomic model to assess the payoff dependence of farmers connected by trade but using different BVD management strategies. We compare three disease management actions: test-cull, test-cull with vaccination and vaccination alone. For a two-farm trading situation, all actions carried out by the selling farm provide substantial benefits to the purchasing farm in terms of disease avoided, with the greatest benefit resulting from test-culling with vaccination on the selling farm. Likewise, unilateral disease strategies by purchasers can be effective in reducing disease risks created through trade. We conclude that regulation needs to balance the trade-off between private gains from those bearing the disease management costs and the positive spillover effects on others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bate
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Glyn Jones
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Department of Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rebecca Naylor
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Timmis
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Piran C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Julia Touza
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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Aragaw K, Sibhat B, Ayelet G, Skjerve E, Gebremedhin EZ, Asmare K. Seroprevalence and factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in three milksheds in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1821-1827. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:53-64. [PMID: 29779505 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All sectors of livestock production are in the process of shifting from small populations on many farms to large populations on fewer farms. A concurrent shift has occurred in the number of livestock moved across political boundaries. The unintended consequence of these changes has been the appearance of multifactorial diseases that are resistant to traditional methods of prevention and control. The need to understand complex animal health conditions mandates a shift toward the collection of longitudinal animal health data. Historically, collection of such data has frustrated and challenged animal health specialists. A promising trend in the evolution toward more efficient and effective livestock disease surveillance is the increased use of aggregate samples, e.g. bulk tank milk and oral fluid specimens. These sample types provide the means to monitor disease, estimate herd prevalence, and evaluate spatiotemporal trends in disease distribution. Thus, this article provides an overview of the use of bulk tank milk and pen-based oral fluids in the surveillance of livestock populations for infectious diseases.
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Tschopp A, Deiss R, Rotzer M, Wanda S, Thomann B, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M. A matched case-control study comparing udder health, production and fertility parameters in dairy farms before and after the eradication of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yarnall MJ, Thrusfield MV. Engaging veterinarians and farmers in eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea: a systematic review of economic impact. Vet Rec 2017; 181:347. [PMID: 28851755 PMCID: PMC5738591 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is a significant drain on efficient and successful cattle production in both dairy and beef systems around the world. Several countries have achieved eradication of this disease, but always through the motivation of stakeholders who accept the benefits of eradication. These include increased cattle welfare and fitness of cattle to withstand other diseases, and decreased costs of production, the latter resulting from both decreased costs spent on managing the disease and decreased losses. This paper provides a systematic review of 31 papers, published between 1991 and 2015, that address the economic impact of BVD. Each paper takes a different approach, in either beef or dairy production or both. However with the breadth of work collated, a stakeholder engaged in BVD eradication should find an economic figure of most relevance to them. The reported economic impact ranges from £0 to £552 per cow per year (£2370 including outliers). This range represents endemic or subclinical disease situations seen in herds with stable BVD virus infection, and epidemic or severe acute situations, most often seen in naïve herds. The outcome of infection is therefore dependent on the immune status of the animal and severity of the strain. The variations in figures for the economic impact of BVD relate to these immune and pathogenicity factors, along with the variety of impacts monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Yarnall
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ellesfield Avenue, Bracknell, RG12 8YS, UK, Bracknell, UK.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael V Thrusfield
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Galabov AS, Mukova L, Abashev YP, Wassilewa L, Tzvetkov P, Minkov V, Barinskiy IF, Rice CM, Ouzounov S, Sidzhakova D. Cycluridine: A novel antiviral effective against flaviviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2017; 25:58-67. [PMID: 28768435 PMCID: PMC5890530 DOI: 10.1177/2040206617723442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the contemporary state of research for antivirals effective against flaviviruses, especially focusing on inhibitors of the pestivirus causative agent of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. We highlight cycluridine, an originally synthesized Mannich’s base [a tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinones derivative], as a highly effective antiviral possessing a strong inhibitory effect on bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication. Cycluridine was active against replication of a wide variety of bovine viral diarrhoea virus strains in cell cultures. The drug-sensitive period in the bovine viral diarrhoea virus replication cycle included the latent period and the exponential phase; a 90-min delay in the peak of viral RNA synthesis was observed. Cycluridine administered orally manifested a pronounced protective effect in calves with natural mucosal disease/viral diarrhoea and calves experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Its magnitude of activity and selectivity places cycluridine in the lead among all known substances with anti- bovine viral diarrhoea virus activity. Additionally, cycluridine applied subcutaneously showed anti-tick-born encephalitis virus activity, manifesting a marked protective effect in mice infected with tick-born encephalitis virus. Cycluridine could be a prospective antiviral in veterinary and medical practice for the treatment of bovine viral diarrhoea virus and other flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel S Galabov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Mukova
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuriy P Abashev
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lilia Wassilewa
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Igor F Barinskiy
- 4 D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles M Rice
- 5 Medical Faculty, University of Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergey Ouzounov
- 1 The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dorotea Sidzhakova
- 6 Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zakary O, Rachik M, Elmouki I. A new epidemic modeling approach: Multi-regions discrete-time model with travel-blocking vicinity optimal control strategy. Infect Dis Model 2017; 2:304-322. [PMID: 29928744 PMCID: PMC6002029 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
First, we devise in this paper, a multi-regions discrete-time model which describes the spatial-temporal spread of an epidemic which starts from one region and enters to regions which are connected with their neighbors by any kind of anthropological movement. We suppose homogeneous Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) populations, and we consider in our simulations, a grid of colored cells, which represents the whole domain affected by the epidemic while each cell can represent a sub-domain or region. Second, in order to minimize the number of infected individuals in one region, we propose an optimal control approach based on a travel-blocking vicinity strategy which aims to control only one cell by restricting movements of infected people coming from all neighboring cells. Thus, we show the influence of the optimal control approach on the controlled cell. We should also note that the cellular modeling approach we propose here, can also describes infection dynamics of regions which are not necessarily attached one to an other, even if no empty space can be viewed between cells. The theoretical method we follow for the characterization of the travel-locking optimal controls, is based on a discrete version of Pontryagin's maximum principle while the numerical approach applied to the multi-points boundary value problems we obtain here, is based on discrete progressive-regressive iterative schemes. We illustrate our modeling and control approaches by giving an example of 100 regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zakary
- Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan II University of Casablanca, BP 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco
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Uddin MA, Ahasan ASML, Islam K, Islam MZ, Mahmood A, Islam A, Islam KMF, Ahad A. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in crossbred dairy cattle in Bangladesh. Vet World 2017; 10:906-913. [PMID: 28919681 PMCID: PMC5591477 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.906-913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and hematological features in crossbred dairy cattle in Chittagong, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibody against BVDV in crossbred dairy cattle serum was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association of different categorical variables in the prevalence of BVDV has been studied. Blood samples were collected and analyzed to know the hematological variations in the study population. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of BVDV in the study area was 51.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.5-61.5). Among different physiological stages of animals, the highest 57.1% (95% CI, 42.2-71.2) prevalence was in case of non-pregnant animals. Aborted cows were found to be significantly (p<0.05) more seropositive 77.8% (95% CI, 52.4-93.6) than the non-aborted cows (77.8%, 95% CI, 52.4-93.6, compared to 44.7%, 95% CI, 33.3-56.6, respectively). Cows having the history of retained placenta were found more positive than without the history of retained placenta (63.2%, 95% CI, 38.4-83.7, compared to 54.7%, 95% CI, 40.4-68.4, respectively). Among the animals of different age groups, BVDV seroprevalence was higher 61.3% (95% CI, 42.2-78.2) in animals of more than 3 years up to 5 years, whereas 32% was in case of 0-1-year-old. Significant variation found in different geographical areas of the study area. Hematological analyses have shown variation between the BVDV positive and negative animals. CONCLUSION Seroprevalence of BVDV found to be high in the study area is also economically important and cause significant damage to the production industry. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct effective control measures to reduce the burden of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arif Uddin
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. M. Lutful Ahasan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Md. Zohorul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
| | - Altaf Mahmood
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Government of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali-1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
| | - Kazi Muhammad Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh
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Zakary O, Rachik M, Elmouki I, Lazaiz S. A multi-regions discrete-time epidemic model with a travel-blocking vicinity optimal control approach on patches. ADVANCES IN DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 2017; 2017:120. [PMID: 32226449 PMCID: PMC7099345 DOI: 10.1186/s13662-017-1168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We study, in this paper, infection dynamics when an epidemic emerges to many regions which are connected with their neighbors by any kind of anthropological movement. For this, we devise a multi-regions discrete-time model with the three classical SIR compartments, describing the spatial-temporal behaviors of homogenous susceptible, infected and removed populations. We suppose a large geographical domain, presented by a grid of colored cells, to exhibit at each instant i the spatial propagation of an epidemic which affects its different parts or sub-domains that we call here cells or regions. In order to minimize the number of infected individuals in some regions, we suggest an optimal control approach based on a travel-blocking vicinity strategy which aims to control a group of cells, or a patch, by restricting movements of infected people coming from its neighboring cells. We apply a discrete version of Pontryagin's maximum principle to state the necessary conditions and characterization of the travel-blocking optimal controls. We provide cellular simulations based on discrete progressive-regressive iterative schemes associated with the obtained multi-points boundary value problems. For illustrating the modeling and optimal control approaches, we consider an example of 100 regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zakary
- Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, BP 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Rachik
- Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, BP 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ilias Elmouki
- Laboratory of Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (LAMS), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, BP 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samih Lazaiz
- Laboratory of Algebra, Analysis and Applications (L3A), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, BP 7955, Casablanca, Morocco
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Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, Breathnach R, Bureš J, Duarte Da Silva JP, Hederová J, Hekman P, Ibrahim C, Kozhuharov E, Kulcsár G, Lander Persson E, Lenhardsson JM, Mačiulskis P, Malemis I, Markus-Cizelj L, Michaelidou-Patsia A, Nevalainen M, Pasquali P, Rouby JC, Schefferlie J, Schlumbohm W, Schmit M, Spiteri S, Srčič S, Taban L, Tiirats T, Urbain B, Vestergaard EM, Wachnik-Święcicka A, Weeks J, Zemann B, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Fernandez Escamez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Wahlström H, Baptiste K, Catry B, Cocconcelli PS, Davies R, Ducrot C, Friis C, Jungersen G, More S, Muñoz Madero C, Sanders P, Bos M, Kunsagi Z, Torren Edo J, Brozzi R, Candiani D, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Threlfall J, Jukes H. EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04666. [PMID: 32625259 PMCID: PMC7010070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.
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Samir M, Vaas LAI, Pessler F. MicroRNAs in the Host Response to Viral Infections of Veterinary Importance. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:86. [PMID: 27800484 PMCID: PMC5065965 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of small regulatory non-coding RNAs has been an exciting advance in the field of genomics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides in length, that regulate gene expression, mostly at the posttranscriptional level. MiRNA profiling technologies have made it possible to identify and quantify novel miRNAs and to study their regulation and potential roles in disease pathogenesis. Although miRNAs have been extensively investigated in viral infections of humans, their implications in viral diseases affecting animals of veterinary importance are much less understood. The number of annotated miRNAs in different animal species is growing continuously, and novel roles in regulating host–pathogen interactions are being discovered, for instance, miRNA-mediated augmentation of viral transcription and replication. In this review, we present an overview of synthesis and function of miRNAs and an update on the current state of research on host-encoded miRNAs in the genesis of viral infectious diseases in their natural animal host as well as in selected in vivo and in vitro laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Lea A I Vaas
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , Hannover , Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Feliciano MANS, Ruben HANOIZ, Laura HANA, Arcelia AI, Efren DIAA, Felix MIAE, Erika GPREN, Isabel BARR, Horacio ZMIN. Seroprevalence and risk factors for reproductive diseases in dairy cattle in Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2016.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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González Altamiranda EA, Kaiser GG, Ríos GL, Leunda MR, Odeón AC. Interaction of bovine viral diarrhea virus with bovine cumulus-oocyte complex during IVM: Detection in permissive cells. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1999-2003. [PMID: 27481815 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural changes in the zona pellucida (ZP) of bovine oocytes seem to modulate their interaction with various viral agents, facilitating the viral infection in in vitro production systems. To evaluate the susceptibility of bovine oocytes to noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncp-BVDV), cumulus-oocyte complexes were exposed to 10(7) tissue culture-infective doses (TCID50)/mL of an ncp-BVDV strain during IVM (in vitro maturation). After that, cumulus cells and the ZP were removed by hyaluronidase and pronase treatment, respectively, and the percentages of oocytes with polar body were analyzed as a sign of nuclear maturation. After passage through cell culture, the virus was isolated from granulosa cells, ZP-free mature oocytes, and ZP-intact mature oocytes. These results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. After consecutive washes, the virus remained associated with ZP-free oocytes, maintaining its replication and infectivity in permissive cells. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the classical viral isolation procedure has a predictive value to detect BVDV associated with ZP-free oocytes and that it was novelty demonstrated that both washing and trypsin treatment of oocytes were ineffective to remove BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germán G Kaiser
- Reproduction Biotechnology Group, Department of Animal Production, INTA EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Glenda L Ríos
- Reproduction Biotechnology Group, Department of Animal Production, INTA EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María R Leunda
- Animal Health Group, Department of Animal Production, INTA EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Animal Health Group, Department of Animal Production, INTA EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
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50
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Cornish TE, van Olphen AL, Cavender JL, Edwards JM, Jaeger PT, Vieyra LL, Woodard LF, Miller DR, O'Toole D. Comparison of Ear Notch Immunohistochemistry, Ear Notch Antigen-Capture ELISA, and Buffy Coat Virus Isolation for Detection of Calves Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:110-7. [PMID: 15825490 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two techniques performed on skin biopsy samples (ear notches), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and antigen-capture ELISA (AgELISA), were compared for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistent infection (PI) in 559 Angus calves between the ages of 1 and 5 months. The calves also were tested for BVDV infection using virus isolation (VI) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR on buffy coat samples and for antibodies to BVDV types 1a and 2 by serum neutralization (SN). Sixty-seven of 559 (12.0%) calves tested positive at initial screening by IHC, AgELISA, or VI, and all 67 were kept for a minimum of 3 months and retested monthly by IHC, AgELISA, VI, RT-PCR, and SN. Of the calves positive at initial screening, 59/67 (88.1%) were determined PI and 8/67 (11.9%) were determined acutely infected. Both IHC and AgELISA detected 100% of PI calves; however, IHC and AgELISA also detected 6 and 8 acutely infected calves, respectively, at initial screening. Furthermore, IHC and AgELISA continued to detect 3 and 4 acutely infected calves, respectively, 3 months after initial screening. Three acutely infected calves had IHC staining indistinguishable from PI calves at initial screening. Both IHC and AgELISA are accurate at detecting BVDV-infected calves, but veterinarians and producers should be advised that both tests detect some calves acutely infected with BVDV in addition to PI animals. Repeat testing using VI or RT-PCR on buffy coat samples should be performed at 30 days after initial screening to conclusively discriminate between acute and PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Cornish
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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