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Eckhardt E, Schinköthe J, Gischke M, Sehl-Ewert J, Corleis B, Dorhoi A, Teifke J, Albrecht D, Geluk A, Gilleron M, Bastian M. Phosphatidylinositolmannoside vaccination induces lipid-specific Th1-responses and partially protects guinea pigs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18613. [PMID: 37903877 PMCID: PMC10616071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs) comprises a heterogeneity of lymphoid cells that respond to an abundance of unconventional epitopes in a non-MHC-restricted manner. Vaccinologists strive to harness this so far underexplored branch of the immune system for new vaccines against tuberculosis. A particular division of DURTs are T cells that recognize their cognate lipid antigen in the context of CD1-molecules. Mycobacteria are characterized by a particular lipid-rich cell wall. Several of these lipids have been shown to be presented to T cells via CD1b-molecules. Guinea pigs functionally express CD1b and are hence an appropriate small animal model to study the role of CD1b-restricted, lipid-specific immune responses. In the current study, guinea pigs were vaccinated with BCG or highly-purified, liposome-formulated phosphatidylinositol-hexa-mannoside (PIM6) to assess the effect of CD1-restricted DURTs on the course of infection after virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge. Robust PIM6-specific T cell-responses were observed both after BCG- and PIM6-vaccination. The cellular response was significantly reduced in the presence of monoclonal, CD1b-blocking antibodies, indicating that a predominant part of this reactivity was CD1b-restricted. When animals were challenged with Mtb, BCG- and PIM6-vaccinated animals showed significantly reduced pathology, smaller necrotic granulomas in lymph node and spleen and reduced bacterial loads. While BCG conferred an almost sterile protection in this setting, compared to control animals' lesions were reduced roughly by two thirds in PIM6-vaccinated. Comprehensive histological and transcriptional analyses in the draining lymph node revealed that protected animals showed reduced transcription-levels of inflammatory cyto- and chemokines and higher levels of CD1b-expression on professional antigen cells compared to controls. Although BCG as a comparator induced by far stronger effects, our observations in the guinea pig model suggest that CD1b-restricted, PIM6-reactive DURTs contribute to immune-mediated containment of virulent Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Eckhardt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jens Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- Institute of Microbiology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Gilleron
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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2
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A synergistic effect of Ambroxol and Beta-Glucosylceramide in alleviating immune-mediated hepatitis: A novel immunomodulatory non-immunosuppressive formulation for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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3
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Ishikawa H, Ino S, Yamochi T, Sasaki H, Kobayashi T, Kohda C, Takimoto M, Tanaka K. NKT cells are responsible for the clearance of murine norovirus through the virus-specific secretory IgA pathway. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100722. [PMID: 31909227 PMCID: PMC6940707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infection cause epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in patients. The immune mechanisms responsible for the clearance of virus are not completely understood. We examined whether NKT cells are effective against norovirus infection using CD1d KO mice. The body weights of 4-weeks-old CD1d KO mice that were infected with murine norovirus-S7 (MNV-S7) were significantly lower than those of non-infected CD1d KO mice. On the other hand, the body weights of infected WT mice were comparable to those of non-infected WT mice. Correspondingly, CD1d KO mice had an almost 1000-fold higher MNV-S7 burden in the intestine after infection in comparison to WT mice. The mechanism responsible for the insufficient MNV-S7 clearance in CD1d KO mice was attributed to reduced IFN-γ production early during MNV-S7 infection. In addition, the markedly impaired IL-4 production in CD1d KO mice resulted in an impaired MNV-S7-specific secretory IgA production after MNV-S7 infection which is associated with mucosal immunity. Thus, the present results provide evidence that NKT cells play an essential role in MNV-S7 clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yamochi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, Juntendo University School of Health and Sports Science, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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4
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Litvinov IS, Dolgich DA. An Analysis of Adaptive Reactions in Healthy Subjects Who Have Persistent and Prolonged Contact with Tuberculosis Patients. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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He P, Zhao C, Lu J, Zhang Y, Fang M, Du Y. Synthesis of 5-Thio-α-GalCer Analogues with Fluorinated Acyl Chain on Lipid Residue and Their Biological Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:221-225. [PMID: 30783507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subclass of T cells that initiates the secretion of T helper 1 and 2 cytokines after recognizing CD1d protein presented glycolipid antigens. In this Letter, we designed and synthesized a novel series of CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) in which the acyl chain backbone of the lipid was incorporated with fluorine atoms. The in vivo evaluation of immunostimulatory activities revealed that the synthesized α-5-thio-galactopyranosyl-N-perfluorooctanoyl phytosphingosine exhibited a remarkable potency toward selectively enhancing TH1 cytokine production with the IFN γ/IL-4 ratio of 9/1, while its perfluorotetradecanoyl counterpart showed TH2 profile with an IFN γ/IL-4 ratio of 0.59/1. The analogues synthesized here would be used as probes to study lipid-protein interactions in α-GalCer/CD1d complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
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6
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DeVault VL, Malagic M, Mei L, Dienz O, Lilley GWJ, Benoit P, Mistri SK, Musial SC, Ather JL, Poynter ME, Boyson JE. Regulation of invariant NKT cell development and function by a 0.14 Mbp locus on chromosome 1: a possible role for Fcgr3. Genes Immun 2018; 20:261-272. [PMID: 29880961 PMCID: PMC6286708 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are tissue-resident innate-like T cells critical to the host immune response. We previously identified a 6.6 Mbp region on chromosome 1 as a major regulator of iNKT cell number and function in C57BL/6 and 129X1/SvJ mice. Here, we fine-mapped this locus by assessing the iNKT cell response to alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) in a series of B6.129 congenic lines. This analysis revealed the presence of at least two genetic elements that regulate iNKT cell cytokine production in response to αGalCer. While one of these genetic elements mapped to the B6.129c6 interval containing Slam genes, the dominant regulator in this region mapped to the 0.14 Mbp B6.129c3 interval. In addition, we found that numbers of thymic iNKT cells and DP thymocytes were significantly lower in B6.129c3 mice, indicating that this interval also regulates iNKT cell development. Candidate gene analysis revealed a 5-fold increase in Fcgr3 expression in B6.129c3 iNKT cells, and we observed increased expression of FcγR3 protein on B6.129c3 iNKT cells, NK cells, and neutrophils. These data identify the B6.129c3 interval as a novel locus regulating the response of iNKT cells to glycosphingolipid, revealing a link between this phenotype and a polymorphism that regulates Fcgr3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L DeVault
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Murisa Malagic
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Linda Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Oliver Dienz
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Graham W J Lilley
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Patrick Benoit
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Somen K Mistri
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Shawn C Musial
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ather
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Boyson
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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7
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Vartabedian VF, Savage PB, Teyton L. The processing and presentation of lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:109-19. [PMID: 27319346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of CD1-lipid complexes by T cells was discovered 20 years ago and has since been an emerging and expanding field of investigation. Unlike protein antigens, which are presented on MHC class I and II molecules, lipids can only be presented by CD1 molecules, a unique family of MHC-like proteins whose singularity is a hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The processing and loading of lipid antigens inside this groove of CD1 molecules require localization to endosomal and lysosomal subcellular compartments and their acidic pHs. This particular environment provides the necessary glycolytic enzymes and lipases that process lipid and glycolipid antigens, as well as a set of lipid transfer proteins that load the final version of the antigen inside the groove of CD1. The overall sequence of events needed for efficient presentation of lipid antigens is now understood and presented in this review. However, a large number of important details have been elusive. This elusiveness is linked to the inherent technical difficulties of studying lipids and the lipid-protein interface in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will expose some of those limitations and describe new approaches to address them during the characterization of lipids and glycolipids antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Das I, Padhi A, Mukherjee S, Dash DP, Kar S, Sonawane A. Biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles as an efficient delivery vehicle for Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids to induce potent cytokines and antibody response through activation of γδ T cells in mice. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:165101. [PMID: 28206982 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa60fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is critical for protection against the pathogen and nanoparticle-mediated delivery of antigens is a more potent way to induce different immune responses. Herein, we show that mice immunized with Mtb lipid-bound chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) induce secretion of prominent type-1 T-helper (Th-1) and type-2 T-helper (Th-2) cytokines in lymph node and spleen cells, and also induces significantly higher levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in comparison to control mice. Furthermore, significantly enhanced γδ-T-cell activation was observed in lymph node cells isolated from mice immunized with Mtb lipid-coated chitosan NPs as compared to mice immunized with chitosan NPs alone or Mtb lipid liposomes. In comparison to CD8+ cells, significantly higher numbers of CD4+ cells were present in both the lymph node and spleen cells isolated from mice immunized with Mtb lipid-coated chitosan NPs. In conclusion, this study represents a promising new strategy for the efficient delivery of Mtb lipids using chitosan NPs to trigger an enhanced cell-mediated and antibody response against Mtb lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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9
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Felley L, Gumperz JE. Are human iNKT cells keeping tabs on lipidome perturbations triggered by oxidative stress in the blood? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:611-22. [PMID: 27393663 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central paradigm of conventional MHC-restricted T cells is that they respond specifically to foreign peptides, while displaying tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, it is now becoming clear that a number of innate-like T cell subsets-CD1-restricted T cells, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and MAIT cells-may operate by different rules: rather than focusing on the recognition of specific foreign antigens, these T cells all appear to respond to alterations to lipid-related pathways. By monitoring perturbations to the "lipidome," these T cells may be able to spring into action to deal with physiological situations that are of self as well as microbial origin. iNKT cells are a prime example of this type of lipidome-reactive T cell. As a result of their activation by self lyso-phospholipid species that are generated downstream of blood lipid oxidation, human iNKT cells in the vasculature may respond sensitively to a variety of oxidative stresses. Some of the cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells have angiogenic effects (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8), whereas others (e.g., IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory factors that can propagate vascular pathology by influencing the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells. Consistent with this, evidence is accumulating that iNKT cells contribute to atherosclerosis, which is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, and one that is integrally related to characteristics of the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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10
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Fernandez-Flores A, Rodriguez-Peralto JL. Morphological and immunohistochemical clues for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the interpretation of CD1a status. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:536-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Giri PK, Khuller GK. Is intranasal vaccination a feasible solution for tuberculosis? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1341-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Takamatsu HH, Denyer MS, Lacasta A, Stirling CMA, Argilaguet JM, Netherton CL, Oura CAL, Martins C, Rodríguez F. Cellular immunity in ASFV responses. Virus Res 2012. [PMID: 23201582 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection usually results in an acute haemorrhagic disease with a mortality rate approaching 100% in domestic pigs. However, pigs can survive infection with less-virulent isolates of ASFV and may become chronically infected. Surviving animals are resistant to challenge with homologous or, in some cases, closely related isolates of the virus indicating that pigs can develop protective immunity against ASFV. During asymptomatic, non-virulent ASFV infections natural killer cell activity increases in pigs, suggesting this cell type plays a role in ASFV immunity. Furthermore, depletion of CD8(+) lymphocytes from ASFV immune pigs demolishes protective immunity against related virulent viruses. This suggests that ASFV specific antibody alone is not sufficient for protection against ASFV infection and that there is an important role for the CD8(+) lymphocyte subset in ASFV protective immunity. These results were supported by DNA immunization studies, demonstrating a correlation between the protection afforded against lethal challenge and the detection of a large number of vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ASF immune pigs protected from clinical disease show higher proportions of ASFV specific CD4(+)CD8(high+) double positive cytotoxic T cells than PBMCs from ASF immune but clinically diseased pig. The frequency of ASFV specific IFNγ producing T cells induced by immunization correlates to the degree of protection from ASFV challenge, and this may prove to be a useful indicator of any potential cross-protection against heterologous ASFV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru-Hisa Takamatsu
- The Pirbright Institute (formerly Institute for Animal Health), Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Ameliorated ConA-induced hepatitis in the absence of PKC-theta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31174. [PMID: 22347449 PMCID: PMC3274545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe liver injury that occurs when immune cells mistakenly attack an individual's own liver cells leads to autoimmune hepatitis. In mice, acute hepatitis can be induced by concanavalin A (ConA) treatment, which causes rapid activation of CD1d-positive natural killer (NK) T cells. These activated NKT cells produce large amounts of cytokines, which induce strong inflammation that damages liver tissues. Here we show that PKC-θ−/− mice were resistant to ConA-induced hepatitis due to essential function of PKC-θ in NKT cell development and activation. A dosage of ConA (25 mg/kg) that was lethal to wild-type (WT) mice failed to induce death resulting from liver injury in PKC-θ−/− mice. Correspondingly, ConA-induced production of cytokines such as IFNγ, IL-6, and TNFα, which mediate the inflammation responsible for liver injury, were significantly lower in PKC-θ−/− mice. Peripheral NKT cells had developmental defects at early stages in the thymus in PKC-θ−/− mice, and as a result their frequency and number were greatly reduced. Furthermore, PKC-θ−/− bone marrow adoptively transferred to WT mice displayed similar defects in NKT cell development, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for PKC-θ in NKT cell development. In addition, upon stimulation with NKT cell-specific lipid ligand, peripheral PKC-θ−/− NKT cells produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines than that of WT NKT cells, suggesting that activation of NKT cells also requires PKC-θ. Our results suggest PKC-θ is an essential molecule required for activation of NKT cell to induce hepatitis, and thus, is a potential drug target for prevention of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an old enemy of the human race, with evidence of infection observed as early as 5000 years ago. Although more host-restricted than Mycobacterium bovis, which can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, M. tuberculosis can infect, and cause morbidity and mortality in, several veterinary species as well. As M. tuberculosis is one of the earliest described bacterial pathogens, the literature describing this organism is vast and overwhelming. This review strives to distill what is currently known about this bacterium and the disease it causes for the veterinary pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA.
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15
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Nakken B, Varga T, Szatmari I, Szeles L, Gyongyosi A, Illarionov PA, Dezso B, Gogolak P, Rajnavolgyi E, Nagy L. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ-Regulated Cathepsin D Is Required for Lipid Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:240-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Cellular response to mycobacteria: balancing protection and pathology. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:66-72. [PMID: 21216195 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in our understanding of T cell responses during mycobacterial infection; however, we have not yet identified the protective mechanisms capable of mediating vaccine-induced protection in the lung. Novel approaches have allowed the determination of the kinetics and location of naïve T cell activation, as well as the factors that affect of antigen-specific T cell responses, and the balance between protective and immunopathological consequences during the chronic stages of infection. With an urgent need for new and more efficient vaccination strategies, the integration of these data will result in improved vaccine strategies.
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Metelitsa LS. Anti-tumor potential of type-I NKT cells against CD1d-positive and CD1d-negative tumors in humans. Clin Immunol 2010; 140:119-29. [PMID: 21095162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) are strictly CD1d-restricted, and CD1d expression has been found in several types of leukemia and lymphoma as well as in brain tumors suggesting that these malignancies could be targeted for direct NKT-cell cytotoxicity. Several studies have revealed strong positive associations between the numbers of tumor-infiltrating or circulating NKTs with improved disease outcome in patients with diverse types of CD1d-negative solid tumors. The mechanism by which NKTs mediate anti-tumor activity against CD1d-negative tumors has long remained enigmatic. Recent evidence indicates that NKTs can suppress tumor growth indirectly by targeting CD1d-positive elements of tumor-supportive stroma such as tumor-associated macrophages. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate NKT-cell localization to the tumor site and their interaction with the tumor microenvironment. The discussed strategies for pharmacologic modulation and genetic engineering of NKTs may lead to development of effective and broadly applicable immunotherapies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid S Metelitsa
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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18
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Ishikawa H, Tanaka K, Kutsukake E, Fukui T, Sasaki H, Hata A, Noda S, Matsumoto T. IFN-γ production downstream of NKT cell activation in mice infected with influenza virus enhances the cytolytic activities of both NK cells and viral antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Virology 2010; 407:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Agarwal V. Innate immunity. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(10)60559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Hernandez-Pando R, Orozco H, Aguilar D. Factors that deregulate the protective immune response in tuberculosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:355-67. [PMID: 19707720 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease which essentially affects the lungs and produces profound abnormalities on the immune system. Although most people infected by the tubercle bacillus (90%) do not develop the disease during their lifetime, when there are alterations in the immune system, such as co-infection with HIV, malnutrition, or diabetes, the risk of developing active disease increases considerably. Interestingly, during the course of active disease, even in the absence of immunosuppressive conditions, there is a profound and prolonged suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific protective immune responses. Several immune factors can contribute to downregulate the protective immunity, permitting disease progression. In general, many of these factors are potent anti-inflammatory molecules that are probably overproduced with the intention to protect against tissue damage, but the consequence of this response is a decline in protective immunity facilitating bacilli growth and disease progression. Here the most significant participants in protective immunity are reviewed, in particular the factors that deregulate protective immunity in TB. Their manipulation as novel forms of immunotherapy are also briefly commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, CP-14000, México.
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21
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Higuchi T, Shimizu M, Owaki A, Takahashi M, Shinya E, Nishimura T, Takahashi H. A possible mechanism of intravesical BCG therapy for human bladder carcinoma: involvement of innate effector cells for the inhibition of tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1245-55. [PMID: 19139883 PMCID: PMC11030957 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is considered the most successful immunotherapy against solid tumors of human bladder carcinoma. To determine the actual effector cells activated by intravesical BCG therapy to inhibit the growth of bladder carcinoma, T24 human bladder tumor cells, expressing very low levels of class I MHC, were co-cultured with allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with live BCG. The proliferation of T24 cells was markedly inhibited when BCG-infected dendritic cells (DCs) were added to the culture although the addition of either BCG or uninfected DCs alone did not result in any inhibition. The inhibitory effect was much stronger when the DCs were infected with live BCG rather than with heat-inactivated BCG. The live BCG-infected DCs secreted TNF-alpha and IL-12 within a day and this secretion continued for at least a week, while the heat-inactivated BCG-infected DCs secreted no IL-12 and little TNF-alpha. Such secretion of cytokines may activate innate alert cells, and indeed NKT cells expressing IL-12 receptors apparently proliferated and were activated to produce cytocidal perforin among the PBMCs when live BCG-infected DCs were externally added. Moreover, depletion of gammadelta T-cells from PBMCs significantly reduced the cytotoxic effect on T24 cells, while depletion of CD8beta cells did not affect T24 cell growth. Furthermore, the innate effectors seem to recognize MICA/MICB molecules on T24 via NKG2D receptors. These findings suggest the involvement of innate alert cells activated by the live BCG-infected DCs to inhibit the growth of bladder carcinoma and provide a possible mechanism of intravesical BCG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
- Department of Urology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Masumi Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Atsuko Owaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Megumi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Eiji Shinya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Taiji Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Hidemi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
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22
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Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. Carbohydrate specificity of the recognition of diverse glycolipids by natural killer T cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:188-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Balato A, Unutmaz D, Gaspari AA. Natural killer T cells: an unconventional T-cell subset with diverse effector and regulatory functions. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1628-42. [PMID: 19262602 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of lymphocytes that express NK cell markers such as CD161 and CD94, as well as a T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta, with a restricted repertoire, which distinguishes them from NK cells, which lack a TCR. In contrast to conventional T-lymphocytes, the TCR of NKT cells does not interact with that of peptide antigens presented by classical major histocompatibility complex-encoded class I or II molecules. Instead, this TCR recognizes glycolipids presented by CD1d, a non-classical antigen-presenting molecule. The rapid response of NKT cells to their cognate antigens is characteristic of an innate immune response, and allows the polarizing cytokines (IFN-gamma and/or IL-4) to regulate adaptive immunity. NKT cells have been found to be critical in the immune response against viral infections and malaria, as well as in tumor immunity, and certain autoimmune diseases. NKT cells have been assessed to represent the "trait d'union" between innate and adaptive immunity. They play an active role in skin diseases, such as contact sensitivity, which have been implicated in UV-induced immunosuppression and psoriasis. Thus, NKT-cells are emerging as an important subset of lymphocytes, with a protective role in host defense and a pathogenic role in certain immune-mediated disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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Abstract
beta-Glycosphingolipids have emerged as a family of potential ligands for natural killer T (NKT)-regulatory lymphocytes. This subset of regulatory lymphocytes has been implicated in the regulation of autoimmune processes. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I-like CD1d glycoprotein is a member of the CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules and is responsible for selection of NKT cells. beta-Glycolipids have been shown to alter immune responses in the opposing settings of autoimmune diseases or cancer. In this review, we discuss the potential use of beta-glycoshpingolipids for NKT-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Adar
- Liver Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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25
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Tulley JM, Palmer JL, Gamelli RL, Faunce DE. Prevention of injury-induced suppression of T-cell immunity by the CD1d/NKT cell-specific ligand alpha-galactosylceramide. Shock 2008; 29:269-77. [PMID: 17693934 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31811ff60c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection, sepsis, and multiple organ failure continue to be significant factors leading to morbidity and mortality after severe injury. Studies by our laboratory and others have identified injury-induced defects in both innate and adaptive components of host defense. We previously reported that CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells actively suppress effector T-cell immunity after burn injury via production of excess IL-4 and failure to produce IFN-gamma. alpha-Galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) is a synthetic NKT cell-specific ligand presented exclusively to invariant NKT cells and is known to improve immunity against tumors and infection by promoting IFN-gamma production. Here, we confirmed the role of Valpha14-Jalpha281 invariant NKT cells in mouse model of burn injury-induced suppression of T-cell immunity and further asked whether alpha-GalCer can improve immunity after injury via similar mechanisms. We observed that systemic treatment with alpha-GalCer prevented the injury-induced suppression of Ag-specific T-cell responsiveness both in vitro and in vivo and restored the ability of splenic lymphocytes to produce both IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Moreover, burn injury was associated with diminished expression of major histocompatibility complex II and CD40 on antigen presenting cells that were both restored by alpha-GalCer treatment to levels seen in sham-treated mice. Collectively, these data suggest that, via manipulation of the NKT cell population, we may be able to maintain T-cell function and improve host defense after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Tulley
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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26
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Kawahito Y, Ichinose S, Sano H, Tsubouchi Y, Kohno M, Yoshikawa T, Tokunaga D, Hojo T, Harasawa R, Nakano T, Matsuda K. Mycoplasma fermentans glycolipid-antigen as a pathogen of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:561-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Niemeyer M, Darmoise A, Mollenkopf HJ, Hahnke K, Hurwitz R, Besra GS, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SHE. Natural killer T-cell characterization through gene expression profiling: an account of versatility bridging T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses. Immunology 2007; 123:45-56. [PMID: 17916165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a distinct lymphocyte lineage at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, yet their role in the immune response remains elusive. Whilst NKT cells share features with other conventional T lymphocytes, they are unique in their rapid, concomitant production of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines upon T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation. In order to characterize the gene expression of NKT cells, we performed comparative microarray analyses of murine resting NKT cells, natural killer (NK) cells and naïve conventional CD4+ T helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Treg). We then compared the gene expression profiles of resting and alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer)-activated NKT cells to elucidate the gene expression signature upon activation. We describe here profound differences in gene expression among the various cell types and the identification of a unique NKT cell gene expression profile. In addition to known NKT cell-specific markers, many genes were expressed in NKT cells that had not been attributed to this population before. NKT cells share features not only with Th1 and Th2 cells but also with Th17 cells. Our data provide new insights into the functional competence of NKT cells which will facilitate a better understanding of their versatile role during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Niemeyer
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Safadi R, Zigmond E, Pappo O, Shalev Z, Ilan Y. Amelioration of hepatic fibrosis via beta-glucosylceramide-mediated immune modulation is associated with altered CD8 and NKT lymphocyte distribution. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1021-9. [PMID: 17698563 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While CD8 lymphocytes possess pro-fibrogenic properties and NK (non-T) cells are anti-fibrogenic, the role of NKT lymphocytes in liver fibrosis is still unclear. Beta-glucosylceramide (GC), a naturally occurring glycolipid, exerts modulatory effects on these cells. AIM To explore the role of NKT cells in hepatic fibrosis via GC. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis was induced by biweekly intra-peritoneal (IP) carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administrations for 7 weeks in 5 groups (A-E) of male C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were treated with daily IP GC injections in groups A and C, or daily oral doses in groups B and D. GC was administered either for the duration of the study period (in groups A and B), or for the last 3 weeks of CCl(4) induction (groups C and D). GC-treated mice were compared with non-treated fibrotic controls (group E) and naive rodents (group F). Liver fibrosis, injury parameters and FACS analysis of lymphocytes were assessed. RESULTS Marked amelioration (P < 0.0001) of hepatic fibrosis observed in all GC-treated mice without altering reactive oxygen species production. As determined by Sirius red-stained liver tissue sections and measured by Bioquant morphometry; all CCl(4)-administered groups significantly (P < 0.0001) increased the relative fibrosis area compared with naive animals. The increases were 14.4 +/- 1.03-fold in group A, 7.9 +/- 0.37-fold in group B, 5.2 +/- 0.2-fold in group C, 10.3 +/- 0.4-fold in group D and 23.8 +/- 1.9-fold in group E. Western blot analysis for alpha smooth muscle actin from liver extracts followed a similar pattern, increasing in groups A-E. A significant decrease in liver damage was observed in all GC-treated groups, as noted by a decrease in transaminase serum levels (P < 0.005). The beneficial effect of GC was associated with a significant decrease in the intra-hepatic NKT and CD8 lymphocytes as well as their attenuation of both T(h)1 and T(h)2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Administration of GC had a significant anti-fibrotic effect following CCl(4) administration. This effect was associated with an altered NKT and CD8 lymphocyte distribution and a cytokine shift. Immune modulation using GC may have a role in the treatment of fibrosis and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaat Safadi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Haassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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29
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Shahemabadi AS, Hosseini AZ, Shaghsempour S, Masjedi MR, Rayani M, Pouramiri M. Evaluation of T cell immune responses in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients to Mycobacterium tuberculosis total lipid antigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:285-94. [PMID: 17490401 PMCID: PMC1941963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipid antigens produce significant T cell responses in healthy tuberculin reactor [purified protein derivative (PPD-positive] individuals. In the present study, proliferation and interferon (IFN)-gamma/interleukin (IL)-4 responses were analysed to M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens in T lymphocytes from 25 patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The obtained results were compared with those of 30 asymptomatic healthy PPD-positive and 30 healthy tuberculin skin test negative (PPD-negative) subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cells (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) were stimulated using autologous immature dendritic cells. Proliferation responses were assessed using 3-{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl}-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). IFN-gamma/IL-4 concentrations in the supernatant of the CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proliferation assay showed that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4(+) T cells from the MDR-TB patients responded significantly less to the M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens than to the CD4(+) T cells in the PPD-positive subjects. Total lipid antigen-specific proliferative responses in the CD8(+) T cells from the MDR-TB patients were minimally detected and the responses were similar to those of the PPD-positive subjects. IFN-gamma production by the CD4(+) T cells stimulated by total lipid antigens from the MDR-TB patients was decreased significantly compared with the PPD-positive individuals, whereas IL-4 production in the patients was elevated. IFN-gamma and IL-4 production in the CD8(+) T cells of the MDR-TB patients was similar to those of the PPD-positive subjects. In conclusion, it is suggested that stimulated CD4(+) T cells by M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens may be shifted to T helper 2 responses in MDR-TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shahemabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Abstract
The CD1 family of glycosylated cell surface receptors binds and presents lipid antigens for T cell recognition and activation. Crystal structures of CD1-lipid complexes reveal differences in the mode of presentation of lipids by CD1 group 1 (CDla, CDlb, and CDlc) and group 2 isoforms (CDld). For group 1, especially CDla and CD1b, the lipid backbone is anchored inside the hydrophobic binding grooves (lipid anchoring), whereas, for group 2 CDld, a precise hydrogen-bonding network positions the polar ligand headgroups in well-defined orientation at the T cell recognition surface (headgroup positioning). In addition, small, but important, structural changes occur on the surface of CDld upon binding of the potent invariant NKT cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide due to increased polar interaction with the alphal and alpha2 helices. No such ligand-induced, conformational changes have yet been reported for any group 1 CD1 complexes, even upon binding of chemically diverse antigens, such as dual alkyl chain sphingolipids vs single alkyl chain lipopeptides. These structural data have already been successfully translated into the design of enhanced lipid activators of NKT cells and will likely continue for design of other chemotherapeutic agents or immunostimulatory compounds for a variety of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Zajonc
- Department of Molecular Biology, Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Ilan Y, Ohana M, Pappo O, Margalit M, Lalazar G, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Nagler A. Alleviation of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease in a murine model is associated with glucocerebroside-enhanced natural killer T lymphocyte plasticity. Transplantation 2007; 83:458-67. [PMID: 17318079 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000252783.66886.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes play a role in graft-versus-host disease GVHD (GVHD). Glucocerebroside (GC) is a naturally occurring glycolipid that plays a role in the immune modulation of NKT lymphocytes. This study aims to determine the effect of GC in murine models of semiallogeneic/acute and chronic GVHD. METHODS Acute and chronic GVHD were generated by fusion of splenocytes from C57BL/6 to (C57BL/6xBalb/c) F1 mice, and from B10.D2 donor mice into Balb/c, respectively. Recipients were treated daily with GC. Histological and immunological parameters of GVHD were assessed. RESULTS Treatment with GC significantly alleviated GVHD in both models The beneficial effect of GC was associated with an increase in the intrahepatic/peripheral NKT lymphocyte ratio in the semiallogeneic/acute model. This ratio was decreased in the chronic GVHD model. A significant increase in intrahepatic CD8+ lymphocyte trapping was noted in the semiallogeneic/acute model, whereas the opposite effect was observed in the chronic GVHD model. Administration of GC led to decreased serum interferon-gamma and increased serum interleukin-4 levels in the Th1-mediated model, whereas the opposite effect was observed in the Th2-mediated models. CONCLUSIONS GC ameliorates GVHD in both Th1- and Th2-mediated murine models, suggesting it is able to differentially affect the immune system. GC may alleviate immunologically incongruous disorders, and may be associated with "fine tuning" of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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32
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Prete SP, Giuliani A, D'Atri S, Graziani G, Balduzzi A, Oggioni MR, Iona E, Girolomoni G, Bonmassar L, Romani L, Franzese O. BCG-infected adherent mononuclear cells release cytokines that regulate group 1 CD1 molecule expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:321-32. [PMID: 17276890 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is now available showing that CD1-restricted T cell responses against non-peptide mycobacterial antigens could play a role in the immune resistance against tuberculosis. BCG, widely used in anti-tubercular vaccination, shares various constituents with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not provide full protection. In the present study we have investigated the pattern of group 1 CD1 molecule expression in adherent mononuclear cells (AMNC) of human peripheral blood, infected in vitro with BCG. Shortly after exposure to BCG, both BCG-positive and BCG-negative AMNC showed a moderate CD1 expression elicited by BCG-induced release of GM-CSF presumably acting through an autocrine and a paracrine mechanism. This was demonstrated using two-color flow cytometry with green fluorescent BCG and anti-CD1 PE-labeled antibodies. However, high CD1 expression induced by exogenously added GM-CSF in AMNC was reduced if target cells were cocultivated with BCG. Monoclonal antibodies against IL-10 partially restored CD1 expression, thus showing that IL-10, released from infected AMNC, is involved, at least in part, in CD1 negative modulation. Therefore, through a complex cytokine network, including not yet identified factor(s), BCG triggers but does not allow full expression of CD1 on AMNC. It cannot be excluded that this mechanism could play a role in the limited efficiency of BCG vaccination.
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33
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Wingender G, Kronenberg M. Invariant natural killer T cells in the response to bacteria: the advent of specific antigens. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:325-40. [PMID: 17661645 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in diverse immune reactions, ranging from self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity to responses to pathogens and tumors. Although some degree of autoreactivity of iNKT cells has been shown, it remained controversial whether the T-cell antigen receptor expressed by these cells could recognize microbial antigens, hampering the investigation of their physiological role during tolerance and immunity. Several recent publications have now defined natural antigens for the majority of iNKT cells in some Proteobacteria and in Borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrating specificity of these cells for microbes in addition to self-reactivity. The characterization of natural antigens from bacteria, and the iNKT cell response to bacteria containing them, are decisive steps toward the clarification of the natural role of iNKT cells in host defense against pathogens, and will likely spur numerous findings in the near future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Bacteria/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Models, Immunological
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology (LIAI), Division of Developmental Immunology, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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D'Orazio SEF, Shaw CA, Starnbach MN. H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells are not required for MHC class Ib-restricted immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:383-91. [PMID: 16461341 PMCID: PMC2118191 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Studies using major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Ia-deficient mice have shown that MHC-Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells can clear infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. M3-restricted CD8+ T cells, which recognize short hydrophobic N-formylated peptides, appear to comprise a substantial portion of the MHC-Ib-restricted T cell response in the mouse model of L. monocytogenes infection. In this study, we isolated formyltransferase (fmt) mutant strains of L. monocytogenes that lacked the ability to add formyl groups to nascent polypeptides. These fmt mutant Listeria strains did not produce antigens that could be recognized by M3-restricted T cells. We showed that immunization of MHC-Ia-deficient mice with fmt mutant Listeria resulted in stimulation of a protective memory response that cleared subsequent challenge with wild-type L. monocytogenes, despite the fact that M3-restricted CD8+ T cells did not proliferate in these mice. These data suggest that M3-restricted T cells are not required for protection against L. monocytogenes and underscore the importance of searching for new antigen-presenting molecules among the large MHC-Ib family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E F D'Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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35
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Amanuma R, Nakajima T, Yoshie H, Yamazaki K. Increased infiltration of CD1d and natural killer T cells in periodontal disease tissues. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:73-9. [PMID: 16409258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T lymphocyte subset that has been implicated in the regulation of immune responses associated with a broad range of diseases including autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and cancer. In contrast to conventional T cells, NKT cells are reactive to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule CD1d. Considering the periodontitis having both aspects of infection and autoimmunity in nature, CD1d and reactive NKT cells are of particular importance. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine whether the expression of CD1 isoforms and Valpha24(+) invariant NKT cells is associated with different disease entities, namely gingivitis and periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on cryostat sections of gingival tissues from 19 patients with periodontitis and eight patients with gingivitis using antibodies to CD1a, b, c, d, Valpha24(+) invariant NKT cells, CD83, CD3 and CD19. RESULTS Although all four subsets of CD1 molecules were expressed in periodontal lesions, CD1d was most abundant. CD1d expression was more frequent in periodontitis than gingivitis and increased together with increase of invariant NKT cell infiltration. Double immunohistochemical staining showed co-expression of CD1d and CD19 on identical cells and proximate infiltration of CD1d(+) and invariant NKT cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CD1d-expressing B cells could activate NKT cells by CD1d-restricted manner and this NKT cell activation may play roles in pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amanuma
- Periodontology and Immunology, Department of Oral Health and Welfare, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan
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36
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Saito N, Takahashi M, Akahata W, Ido E, Hidaka C, Ibuki K, Miura T, Hayami M, Takahashi H. Analysis of evolutionary conservation in CD1d molecules among primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:674-82. [PMID: 16305684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary conservation in the genetically encoded CD1D sequences of various primates was analyzed. Genomic CD1D sequences of 17 rhesus macaques with distinct origins, eight Indian and nine Chinese, were examined and differences of only one or two nucleotides were detected and the consensus sequence of rhesus CD1D was determined. CD1D consensus sequences of three African green monkeys (AGMs) and the rhesus monkeys were then compared to study the evolutionary differences among interspecies. The CD1D consensus sequence determined from AGMs apparently differed by seven nucleotides from the rhesus consensus sequence, and nucleotide difference induced only three amino acid changes within Exon3, corresponding to the alpha2 domain of CD1d having a hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. Such changes in the alpha2 domain may alter the characteristics of the SIV-derived glycolipid/lipid antigens presented by each CD1d molecule to innate natural killer T cells. In addition, the CD1D genomic sequences of three chimpanzees (chimps) were determined. To our surprise, although Exon2 and Exon3 reflecting antigen-binding alpha1 and alpha2 domains in chimps' CD1D were identical to that in humans except one amino acid, three amino acids within Exon4, reflecting alpha3 domain, were distinct from humans, and one of them was identical to those in rhesus and AGM CD1D. On the basis of the findings, the evolutionary relationship of the CD1d molecules among the various primates and their HIV-1/SIV susceptibility will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saito
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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37
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Denyer MS, Wileman TE, Stirling CMA, Zuber B, Takamatsu HH. Perforin expression can define CD8 positive lymphocyte subsets in pigs allowing phenotypic and functional analysis of natural killer, cytotoxic T, natural killer T and MHC un-restricted cytotoxic T-cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 110:279-92. [PMID: 16325923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have used the expression of perforin to characterize subsets of porcine cytotoxic lymphocytes. Perforin positive lymphocytes expressed both CD2 and CD8alpha, most were small dense lymphocytes (SDL) and up to 90% were CD3 negative. However, the numbers of perforin positive T-cells increased with the age of the animal and their populations increased after specific antigen stimulation in vitro. The remaining perforin positive lymphocytes were large and granular and contained more CD3+CD5+CD6+ T-cells (-40%) of which a substantial proportion also co-expressed CD4. Perforin was expressed in subpopulations of both CD8alphaalpha and CD8alphabeta lymphocytes, but was not expressed in gammadelta T-cells or monocyte/macrophages. The perforin positive CD3- subset was phenotypically homogeneous and defined as CD5-CD6-CD8beta-CD16+CD11b+. This population had NK activity and expressed mRNA for the NK receptor NKG2D, and adaptors DAP10 and DAP12. Perforin positive T-cells (CD3+) could be divided into at least three subsets. The first subset was CD4-CD5+CD6+CD11b-CD16- most were small dense lymphocytes with cytotoxic T-cell activity but not all expressed CD8beta. The second subset was mainly observed in the large granular lymphocytes. Their phenotype was CD4+CD5+CD6+CD8beta+CD16-CD11b- and also showed functional CTL activity. Thus not all of double positive T-cells are memory helper T-cells. The third subset did not express the T-cell co-receptor CD6, but up to half of them expressed another T-cell co-receptor CD5. The majority of this subset expressed CD11b and CD16, thus the third perforin positive T-cell subset was CD3+CD4-CD5+CD6-CD8beta+/-CD11b+CD16+, and possessed MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity and LAK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Denyer
- Immunology Division, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, GU24 0NF Surrey, UK
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38
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Margalit M, Abu Gazala S, Ghazala SA, Alper R, Elinav E, Klein A, Doviner V, Sherman Y, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y. Glucocerebroside treatment ameliorates ConA hepatitis by inhibition of NKT lymphocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G917-25. [PMID: 15976388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00105.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (ConA) induces natural killer T (NKT) cell-mediated liver damage. Glucocerebroside (GC) is a naturally occurring glycolipid. Our aims were to determine the effect of GC in a murine model of ConA-induced hepatitis. Mice in groups A and B were treated with GC 2 h before and 2 h following administration of ConA, respectively; group C mice were treated with ConA; group D mice was treated with GC; group E mice did not receive any treatment. Liver damage was evaluated by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver histology. The immune effect of GC was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of intrahepatic and intrasplenic NKT lymphocytes, measurement of cytokine levels, and Western blot analysis for STAT 1, 4, 6, and NF-kappaB expression. The effect of GC on NKT cell proliferation was assessed in vitro. Serum AST and ALT levels were markedly reduced in GC-treated group A mice compared with nontreated group C animals, and histological damage was markedly attenuated in group A. The beneficial effect of GC was associated with a 20% decrease of intrahepatic NKT lymphocytes, significant lowering of serum IFN-gamma levels, and decreased STAT1 and STAT6 expression. In vitro administration of GC led to a 42% decrease of NKT cell proliferation in the presence of dendritic cells but not in their absence. Intraperitoneally administered radioactive GC was detected in the liver and bowel. Administration of GC led to amelioration of ConA hepatitis associated with an inhibitory effect on NKT lymphocytes. GC holds promise as a new immune-modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Margalit
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Cho S, Knox KS, Kohli LM, He JJ, Exley MA, Wilson SB, Brutkiewicz RR. Impaired cell surface expression of human CD1d by the formation of an HIV-1 Nef/CD1d complex. Virology 2005; 337:242-52. [PMID: 15916790 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein causes a decrease in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and CD4 molecule expression on the cell surface. To determine if Nef can affect components of the innate immune response, we assessed the ability of Nef to alter the cell surface expression of human CD1d. In cells co-expressing CD1d and Nef, a substantial reduction in the cell surface level of CD1d was observed, with a concomitant reduction in the activation of CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Nef had a minimal effect on the cell surface expression of a mutant CD1d molecule in which the last 6 or 10 amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail were deleted. Additionally, it was found that Nef physically interacted with wild-type (but not tail-deleted) CD1d. Therefore, one means by which HIV-1 may be able to establish a foothold in an infected individual is by directly interfering with the functional cell surface expression of CD1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoo Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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40
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Maeda Y, Reddy P, Lowler KP, Liu C, Bishop DK, Ferrara JLM. Critical role of host gammadelta T cells in experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2005; 106:749-55. [PMID: 15797996 PMCID: PMC1895173 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells localize to target tissues of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and therefore we investigated the role of host gammadelta T cells in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD in several well-characterized allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models. Depletion of host gammadelta T cells in wild-type (wt) B6 recipients by administration of anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta monoclonal antibody reduced GVHD, and gammadelta T-cell-deficient (gammadelta-/-) BM transplant recipients experienced markedly improved survival compared with normal controls (63% vs 10%, P < .001). gammadelta T cells were responsible for this difference because reconstitution of gammadelta-/- recipients with gammadelta T cells restored GVHD mortality. gammadelta-/- recipients showed decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), less GVHD histopathologic damage, and reduced donor T-cell expansion. Mechanistic analysis of this phenomenon demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) from gammadelta-/- recipients exhibited less allostimulatory capacity compared to wt DCs after irradiation. Normal DCs derived from BM caused greater allogeneic T-cell proliferation when cocultured with gammadelta T cells than DCs cocultured with medium alone. This enhancement did not depend on interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), TNF-alpha, or CD40 ligand but did depend on cell-to-cell contact. These data demonstrated that the host gammadelta T cells exacerbate GVHD by enhancing the allostimulatory capacity of host antigen-presenting cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Communication
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, 6310 CCGC, University of Michigan Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0942, USA
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41
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Sanchez DJ, Gumperz JE, Ganem D. Regulation of CD1d expression and function by a herpesvirus infection. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1369-78. [PMID: 15864354 PMCID: PMC1087176 DOI: 10.1172/jci24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of CD1d-restricted T cells in antiviral immune responses. Here we show that the lytic replication cycle of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) promotes downregulation of cell-surface CD1d. This is caused by expression of the 2 modulator of immune recognition (MIR) proteins of the virus, each of which promotes the loss of surface CD1d expression following transfection into uninfected cells. Inhibition of CD1d surface expression is due to ubiquitination of the CD1d alpha-chain on a unique lysine residue in its cytoplasmic tail, which triggers endocytosis. Unlike MIR-mediated MHC class I downregulation, however, CD1d downregulation does not appear to include accelerated lysosomal degradation. MIR2-induced downregulation of CD1d results in reduced activation of CD1d-restricted T cells in vitro. KSHV modulation of CD1d expression represents a strategy for viral evasion of innate host immune responses and implicates CD1d-restricted T cells as regulators of this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jesse Sanchez
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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42
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Berzins SP, Cochrane AD, Pellicci DG, Smyth MJ, Godfrey DI. Limited correlation between human thymus and blood NKT cell content revealed by an ontogeny study of paired tissue samples. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1399-407. [PMID: 15816002 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are a CD1d-restricted T cell subset with strong immunoregulatory properties. Human NKT deficiencies are associated with autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and several types of cancer, yet there is little understanding of how the human NKT cell pool develops or is maintained. In this study, we present the first detailed analysis of human NKT cells from donor-matched postnatal thymus and blood samples. In mice, NKT cells are a thymus-dependent population that migrates to the periphery at an immature stage. Our data show that human NKT cells also undergo early stages of development in the thymus, forming a CD4(+)CD161(-/low) population that predominates neonatal thymic and blood NKT cell pools. CD4(-) and CD161(+) NKT cells accumulate with age in the blood, but not thymus, to the point that they dominate the NKT cell compartment in adult blood. This is consistent with the post-thymic maturation of NKT cells exported from the thymus at the putatively immature CD4(+)CD161(-/low) stage. Interestingly, while thymus and peripheral NKT cell frequencies vary widely between patients and are relatively stable between age groups, there is no clear relationship between the NKT cell frequency in thymus and blood.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Ki-67 Antigen/immunology
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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43
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Buettner M, Meinken C, Bastian M, Bhat R, Stössel E, Faller G, Cianciolo G, Ficker J, Wagner M, Röllinghoff M, Stenger S. Inverse correlation of maturity and antibacterial activity in human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4203-9. [PMID: 15778382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a key part of host defense against microbial pathogens, being part of the innate immune system, but also instructing the adaptive T cell response. This study was designed to evaluate whether human DCs directly contribute to innate immunity by killing intracellular bacteria, using tuberculosis as a model. DCs were detected in bronchoalveolar lavage samples indicating that DCs are available for immediate interaction with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tb) after inhalation of the pathogen. The phenotype of DC in bronchoalveolar lavage closely resembles monocyte-derived immature DC (iDC) according to the expression of CD1a, CD83, and CCR7. The antimicrobial activity of iDC against intracellular M. Tb inversely correlated with TNF-alpha-release and was enhanced by treatment with anti-TNF-alpha Abs. Differentiation of iDC into mature DC by addition of TNF-alpha or activation via Toll-like receptors further reduced killing of M. Tb. The antibacterial activity against intracellular M. Tb of all DCs was significantly lower than alveolar macrophages. Therefore, the maintenance of a pool of DCs at the site of disease activity in tuberculosis, and the maturation of these DC by TNF-alpha provides a mechanism by which M. Tb escapes the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Buettner
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Margalit M, Ilan Y, Ohana M, Safadi R, Alper R, Sherman Y, Doviner V, Rabbani E, Engelhardt D, Nagler A. Adoptive transfer of small numbers of DX5+ cells alleviates graft-versus-host disease in a murine model of semiallogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a potential role for NKT lymphocytes. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:191-7. [PMID: 15558045 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocyte cells are a subset of regulatory lymphocytes with important immunemodulatory effects. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of transplantation of NKT lymphocytes on graft versus host disease (GVHD) in a murine model of semiallogeneic BMT. GVHD was generated by infusion of 2 x 107 splenocytes from C57BL/6 donor mice into irradiated (C57BL/6 x Balb/c)F1 recipient mice. Adoptive transfer of increasing numbers of DX5+ cells was performed. Recipient mice were followed for histological parameters of GVHD-associated liver, bowel, and cutaneous injury. Intrahepatic and intrasplenic lymphocytes were isolated and analyzed by FACS for CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations. It was seen that adoptive transfer of 4.5 x 106 DX5+ cells significantly alleviated GVHD-related hepatic, bowel, and cutaneous injury, and improved survival (85% survival on day 28). In contrast, depletion of DX5+ cells led to severe GVHD-associated multiorgan injury and 100% mortality. A direct correlation with the number of transplanted DX5+ cells was noted (maximal effect with transplantation of 4.5 x 106 DX5+ cells). Tolerance induction was associated with an increased peripheral CD4/CD8 ratio, intrahepatic trapping of CD8 lymphocytes and a shift towards a Th2-type cytokine profile, manifested by decreased IL-12/IL10, IL-12/IL-4, IFNgamma/IL-10, and IFNgamma/IL-4 ratios. Transplantation of DX5+ cells holds promise as a novel therapeutic measure for GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margalit
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem IL-91120
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45
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Sanchez DJ, Gumperz JE, Ganem D. Regulation of CD1d expression and function by a herpesvirus infection. J Clin Invest 2005. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200524041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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46
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Zajonc DM, Crispin MDM, Bowden TA, Young DC, Cheng TY, Hu J, Costello CE, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Miller MJ, Brenner MB, Moody DB, Wilson IA. Molecular mechanism of lipopeptide presentation by CD1a. Immunity 2005; 22:209-19. [PMID: 15723809 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CD1a is expressed on Langerhans cells (LCs) and dendritic cells (DCs), where it mediates T cell recognition of glycolipid and lipopeptide antigens that contain either one or two alkyl chains. We demonstrate here that CD1a-restricted T cells can discriminate the peptide component of didehydroxymycobactin lipopeptides. Structure analysis of CD1a cocrystallized with a synthetic mycobactin lipopeptide at 2.8 A resolution further reveals that the single alkyl chain is inserted deep within the A' pocket of the groove, whereas its two peptidic branches protrude along the F' pocket to the outer, alpha-helical surface of CD1a for recognition by the TCR. Remarkably, the cyclized lysine branch of the peptide moiety lies in the shallow F' pocket in a conformation that closely mimics that of the alkyl chain in the CD1a-sulfatide structure. Thus, this structural study illustrates how a single chain lipid can be presented by CD1 and that the peptide moiety of the lipopeptide is recognized by the TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Crystallization
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Ligands
- Lipoproteins/chemical synthesis
- Lipoproteins/chemistry
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Oxazoles/chemical synthesis
- Oxazoles/chemistry
- Oxazoles/immunology
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Substrate Specificity
- Sulfoglycosphingolipids/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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47
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Milner ECB, Anolik J, Cappione A, Sanz I. Human innate B cells: a link between host defense and autoimmunity? SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2005; 26:433-52. [PMID: 15633016 PMCID: PMC1431976 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
B cells play a variety of immunoregulatory roles through their antigen-presentation ability and through cytokine and chemokine production. Innate immune activation of B cells may play a beneficial role through the generation of natural cross-reactive antibodies, by maintaining B cell memory and by exercising immunomodulatory functions that may provide protection against autoimmunity. In this article, we review human B cell populations and their functional properties, with a particular focus on a population of inherently autoreactive B cells, which seem to play an important physiological role in innate immunity, but which, if selected into adaptive immune responses, appear to become pathogenic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. B. Milner
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Amedeo Cappione
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 695, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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48
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Kusner DJ. Mechanisms of mycobacterial persistence in tuberculosis. Clin Immunol 2005; 114:239-47. [PMID: 15721834 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the world's most devastating diseases, with more than two million deaths and eight million new cases occurring annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades the innate antimicrobial defenses of macrophages by inhibiting the maturation of its phagosome to a bactericidal phagolysosome. Phagosome maturation is dependent on macrophage Ca(2+) signaling, which results in the recruitment of cytosolic calmodulin (CaM) to the phagosome membrane and subsequent focal activation of CaM kinase II (CaMKII). M. tuberculosis blocks this process via inhibition of a macrophage enzyme, sphingosine kinase, which is a proximal generator of Ca(2+) signaling during phagocytosis. This results in a failure of assembly of the Ca(2+)/CaM/CaMKII signaling complex on the membrane of the mycobacterial phagosome and the bacilli's persistence and replication in a protective intracellular niche. Pharmacologic or physiologic reversal of this inhibition of macrophage Ca(2+) signaling restores the normal sequence of phagosome maturation, resulting in decreased intracellular viability of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kusner
- Inflammation Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Graduate Programs in Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against microbial infections. The innate immune system is activated by conserved structures present on most pathogens and profoundly regulates subsequent adaptive immune responses. HIV is notorious for evading and disrupting the immune system. Although HIV directly targets and gradually destroys the adaptive immunity, it has become clear that the virus also perturbs the components of the innate immune system. In this paper, we review the role of two innate lymphocyte subsets, natural killer and natural killer T cells, that are disrupted during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Eger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Room AA-5206, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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50
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Kobrynski LJ, Sousa AO, Nahmias AJ, Lee FK. Cutting Edge: Antibody Production to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides Requires CD1 Molecules and CD8+T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1787-90. [PMID: 15699104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell involvement in Ab responses to thymus-independent type 2 Ags is an immunologic enigma. The identity of these cells and the mechanisms of their TCR engagement to carbohydrate molecules remain unknown. We measured IgG Ab production after immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharides in mice with disruptions in selected genes of the T cell pathway. Nonclassical MHC class I-like CD1 molecules and MHC class I-dependent CD8+ cells were found to be essential. Our findings set forth a new paradigm for humoral responses in which CD1 expression as well as a subset of CD8+ cells are required to provide helper function for Ab production against thymus-independent type 2 polysaccharides, similar to MHC class II-restricted CD4+ cells for protein Ags.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, T-Independent/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Kobrynski
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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