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Choi W, Park H, Oh S, Hong JH, Kim J, Yoon DS, Kim J. Fork-shaped neural interface with multichannel high spatial selectivity in the peripheral nerve of a rat. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:026004. [PMID: 38408386 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad2d31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective.This study aims to develop and validate a sophisticated fork-shaped neural interface (FNI) designed for peripheral nerves, focusing on achieving high spatial resolution, functional selectivity, and improved charge storage capacities. The objective is to create a neurointerface capable of precise neuroanatomical analysis, neural signal recording, and stimulation.Approach.Our approach involves the design and implementation of the FNI, which integrates 32 multichannel working electrodes featuring enhanced charge storage capacities and low impedance. An insertion guide holder is incorporated to refine neuronal selectivity. The study employs meticulous electrode placement, bipolar electrical stimulation, and comprehensive analysis of induced neural responses to verify the FNI's capabilities. Stability over an eight-week period is a crucial aspect, ensuring the reliability and durability of the neural interface.Main results.The FNI demonstrated remarkable efficacy in neuroanatomical analysis, exhibiting accurate positioning of motor nerves and successfully inducing various movements. Stable impedance values were maintained over the eight-week period, affirming the durability of the FNI. Additionally, the neural interface proved effective in recording sensory signals from different hind limb areas. The advanced charge storage capacities and low impedance contribute to the FNI's robust performance, establishing its potential for prolonged use.Significance.This research represents a significant advancement in neural interface technology, offering a versatile tool with broad applications in neuroscience and neuroengineering. The FNI's ability to capture both motor and sensory neural activity positions it as a comprehensive solution for neuroanatomical studies. Moreover, the precise neuromodulation potential of the FNI holds promise for applications in advanced bionic prosthetic control and therapeutic interventions. The study's findings contribute to the evolving field of neuroengineering, paving the way for enhanced understanding and manipulation of peripheral neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Choi
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungDal Park
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Oh
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Hong
- Department of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junesun Kim
- Department of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Mintz Hemed N, Melosh NA. An integrated perspective for the diagnosis and therapy of neurodevelopmental disorders - From an engineering point of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 194:114723. [PMID: 36746077 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are complex conditions with largely unknown pathophysiology. While many NDD symptoms are familiar, the cause of these disorders remains unclear and may involve a combination of genetic, biological, psychosocial, and environmental risk factors. Current diagnosis relies heavily on behaviorally defined criteria, which may be biased by the clinical team's professional and cultural expectations, thus a push for new biological-based biomarkers for NDDs diagnosis is underway. Emerging new research technologies offer an unprecedented view into the electrical, chemical, and physiological activity in the brain and with further development in humans may provide clinically relevant diagnoses. These could also be extended to new treatment options, which can start to address the underlying physiological issues. When combined with current speech, language, occupational therapy, and pharmacological treatment these could greatly improve patient outcomes. The current review will discuss the latest technologies that are being used or may be used for NDDs diagnosis and treatment. The aim is to provide an inspiring and forward-looking view for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Mintz Hemed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Tringides CM, Boulingre M, Khalil A, Lungjangwa T, Jaenisch R, Mooney DJ. Tunable Conductive Hydrogel Scaffolds for Neural Cell Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202221. [PMID: 36495560 PMCID: PMC10359022 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays would benefit from intimate engagement with neural cells, but typical arrays do not present a physical environment that mimics that of neural tissues. It is hypothesized that a porous, conductive hydrogel scaffold with appropriate mechanical and conductive properties could support neural cells in 3D, while tunable electrical and mechanical properties could modulate the growth and differentiation of the cellular networks. By incorporating carbon nanomaterials into an alginate hydrogel matrix, and then freeze-drying the formulations, scaffolds which mimic neural tissue properties are formed. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) incorporated in the scaffolds form neurite networks which span the material in 3D and differentiate into astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes. Viscoelastic and more conductive scaffolds produce more dense neurite networks, with an increased percentage of astrocytes and higher myelination. Application of exogenous electrical stimulation to the scaffolds increases the percentage of astrocytes and the supporting cells localize differently with the surrounding neurons. The tunable biomaterial scaffolds can support neural cocultures for over 12 weeks, and enable a physiologically mimicking in vitro platform to study the formation of neuronal networks. As these materials have sufficient electrical properties to be used as electrodes in implantable arrays, they may allow for the creation of biohybrid neural interfaces and living electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Harvard Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard–MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Marjolaine Boulingre
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Khalil
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Kiang L, Woodington B, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Malliaras G, Barone DG. Spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces: opportunities in neural recording and clinical challenges. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35320780 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronic stimulation of the spinal cord has demonstrated significant progress in restoration of motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI). The proximal, uninjured spinal cord presents a viable target for the recording and generation of control signals to drive targeted stimulation. Signals have been directly recorded from the spinal cord in behaving animals and correlated with limb kinematics. Advances in flexible materials, electrode impedance and signal analysis will allow SCR to be used in next-generation neuroprosthetics. In this review, we summarize the technological advances enabling progress in SCR and describe systematically the clinical challenges facing spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces and potential solutions, from device manufacture, surgical implantation to chronic effects of foreign body reaction and stress-strain mismatches between electrodes and neural tissue. Finally, we establish our vision of bi-directional closed-loop spinal cord bioelectronic bypass interfaces that enable the communication of disrupted sensory signals and restoration of motor function in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kiang
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore, 169608, SINGAPORE
| | - Ben Woodington
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Electrical Engineering Division, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Bioelectronics Laboratory, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - George Malliaras
- University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Damiano G Barone
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Electrical Engineering Division, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 1TN, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Aydin O, Passaro AP, Raman R, Spellicy SE, Weinberg RP, Kamm RD, Sample M, Truskey GA, Zartman J, Dar RD, Palacios S, Wang J, Tordoff J, Montserrat N, Bashir R, Saif MTA, Weiss R. Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:010903. [PMID: 35274072 PMCID: PMC8893975 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell-cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the "black box" of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ritu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Robert P. Weinberg
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sample
- Center for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roy D. Dar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sebastian Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jesse Tordoff
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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6
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Park Y, Chung TS, Lee G, Rogers JA. Materials Chemistry of Neural Interface Technologies and Recent Advances in Three-Dimensional Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5277-5316. [PMID: 34739219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in materials chemistry and engineering serve as the basis for multifunctional neural interfaces that span length scales from individual neurons to neural networks, neural tissues, and complete neural systems. Such technologies exploit electrical, electrochemical, optical, and/or pharmacological modalities in sensing and neuromodulation for fundamental studies in neuroscience research, with additional potential to serve as routes for monitoring and treating neurodegenerative diseases and for rehabilitating patients. This review summarizes the essential role of chemistry in this field of research, with an emphasis on recently published results and developing trends. The focus is on enabling materials in diverse device constructs, including their latest utilization in 3D bioelectronic frameworks formed by 3D printing, self-folding, and mechanically guided assembly. A concluding section highlights key challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ted S Chung
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Geumbee Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Sheng H, Zhang X, Liang J, Shao M, Xie E, Yu C, Lan W. Recent Advances of Energy Solutions for Implantable Bioelectronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100199. [PMID: 33930254 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of implantable bioelectronics has attracted widespread attention in modern society because it can improve treatment outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and lead to an improvement in the quality of life. However, their continuous operation is often limited by conventional bulky and rigid batteries with a limited lifespan, which must be surgically removed after completing their missions and/or replaced after being exhausted. Herein, this paper gives a comprehensive review of recent advances in nonconventional energy solutions for implantable bioelectronics, emphasizing the miniaturized, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable power devices. According to their source of energy, the promising alternative energy solutions are sorted into three main categories, including energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors), internal energy-harvesting devices (including biofuel cells, piezoelectric/triboelectric energy harvesters, thermoelectric and biopotential power generators), and external wireless power transmission technologies (including inductive coupling/radiofrequency, ultrasound-induced, and photovoltaic devices). Their fundamentals, materials strategies, structural design, output performances, animal experiments, and typical biomedical applications are also discussed. It is expected to offer complementary power sources to extend the battery lifetime of bioelectronics while acting as an independent power supply. Thereafter, the existing challenges and perspectives associated with these powering devices are also outlined, with a focus on implantable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Mingjiao Shao
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Erqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas Center for Superconductivity University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Wei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education School of Physical Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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8
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) record and/or modulate neural activity of nerves, which are responsible for conducting sensory-motor information to and from the central nervous system, and for regulating the activity of inner organs. PNIs are used both in neuroscience research and in therapeutical applications such as precise closed-loop control of neuroprosthetic limbs, treatment of neuropathic pain and restoration of vital functions (e.g. breathing and bladder management). Implantable interfaces represent an attractive solution to directly access peripheral nerves and provide enhanced selectivity both in recording and in stimulation, compared to their non-invasive counterparts. Nevertheless, the long-term functionality of implantable PNIs is limited by tissue damage, which occurs at the implant-tissue interface, and is thus highly dependent on material properties, biocompatibility and implant design. Current research focuses on the development of mechanically compliant PNIs, which adapt to the anatomy and dynamic movements of nerves in the body thereby limiting foreign body response. In this paper, we review recent progress in the development of flexible and implantable PNIs, highlighting promising solutions related to materials selection and their associated fabrication methods, and integrated functions. We report on the variety of available interface designs (intraneural, extraneural and regenerative) and different modulation techniques (electrical, optical, chemical) emphasizing the main challenges associated with integrating such systems on compliant substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paggi
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Neuroprosthetic Technology, Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Institute of Microengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. Equally contributing authors
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9
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How is flexible electronics advancing neuroscience research? Biomaterials 2020; 268:120559. [PMID: 33310538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innovative neurotechnology must be leveraged to experimentally answer the multitude of pressing questions in modern neuroscience. Driven by the desire to address the existing neuroscience problems with newly engineered tools, we discuss in this review the benefits of flexible electronics for neuroscience studies. We first introduce the concept and define the properties of flexible and stretchable electronics. We then categorize the four dimensions where flexible electronics meets the demands of modern neuroscience: chronic stability, interfacing multiple structures, multi-modal compatibility, and neuron-type-specific recording. Specifically, with the bending stiffness now approaching that of neural tissue, implanted flexible electronic devices produce little shear motion, minimizing chronic immune responses and enabling recording and stimulation for months, and even years. The unique mechanical properties of flexible electronics also allow for intimate conformation to the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the retina. Moreover, flexible electronics enables optogenetic stimulation, microfluidic drug delivery, and neural activity imaging during electrical stimulation and recording. Finally, flexible electronics can enable neuron-type identification through analysis of high-fidelity recorded action potentials facilitated by its seamless integration with the neural circuitry. We argue that flexible electronics will play an increasingly important role in neuroscience studies and neurological therapies via the fabrication of neuromorphic devices on flexible substrates and the development of enhanced methods of neuronal interpenetration.
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Rochford AE, Carnicer-Lombarte A, Curto VF, Malliaras GG, Barone DG. When Bio Meets Technology: Biohybrid Neural Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903182. [PMID: 31517403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of electronics capable of interfacing with the nervous system is a rapidly advancing field with applications in basic science and clinical translation. Devices containing arrays of electrodes can be used in the study of cells grown in culture or can be implanted into damaged or dysfunctional tissue to restore normal function. While devices are typically designed and used exclusively for one of these two purposes, there have been increasing efforts in developing implantable electrode arrays capable of housing cultured cells, referred to as biohybrid implants. Once implanted, the cells within these implants integrate into the tissue, serving as a mediator of the electrode-tissue interface. This biological component offers unique advantages to these implant designs, providing better tissue integration and potentially long-term stability. Herein, an overview of current research into biohybrid devices, as well as the historical background that led to their development are provided, based on the host anatomical location for which they are designed (CNS, PNS, or special senses). Finally, a summary of the key challenges of this technology and potential future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rochford
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Vincenzo F Curto
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Damiano G Barone
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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11
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A review for the peripheral nerve interface designer. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 332:108523. [PMID: 31743684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Informational density and relative accessibility of the peripheral nervous system make it an attractive site for therapeutic intervention. Electrode-based electrophysiological interfaces with peripheral nerves have been under development since the 1960s and, for several applications, have seen widespread clinical implementation. However, many applications require a combination of neural target resolution and stability which has thus far eluded existing peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs). With the goal of aiding PNI designers in development of devices that meet the demands of next-generation applications, this review seeks to collect and present practical considerations and best practices which emerge from the literature, including both lessons learned during early PNI development and recent ideas. Fundamental and practical principles guiding PNI design are reviewed, followed by an updated and critical account of existing PNI designs and strategies. Finally, a brief survey of in vitro and in vivo PNI characterization methods is presented.
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Rastegar S, Stadlbauer J, Pandhi T, Karriem L, Fujimoto K, Kramer K, Estrada D, Cantley KD. Measurement of Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio In Graphene‐based Passive Microelectrode Arrays. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Rastegar
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Justin Stadlbauer
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Twinkle Pandhi
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Lynn Karriem
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Kiyo Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Kyle Kramer
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - David Estrada
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
| | - Kurtis D. Cantley
- Department of Electrical and computer EngineeringBoise state University Boise Idaho
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Thompson CH, Zoratti MJ, Langhals NB, Purcell EK. Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:125-35. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cort H. Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Marissa J. Zoratti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nicholas B. Langhals
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Erin K. Purcell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Márton G, Orbán G, Kiss M, Fiáth R, Pongrácz A, Ulbert I. A Multimodal, SU-8 - Platinum - Polyimide Microelectrode Array for Chronic In Vivo Neurophysiology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145307. [PMID: 26683306 PMCID: PMC4684315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of polymers as insulator and bulk materials of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) makes the realization of flexible, biocompatible sensors possible, which are suitable for various neurophysiological experiments such as in vivo detection of local field potential changes on the surface of the neocortex or unit activities within the brain tissue. In this paper the microfabrication of a novel, all-flexible, polymer-based MEA is presented. The device consists of a three dimensional sensor configuration with an implantable depth electrode array and brain surface electrodes, allowing the recording of electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals with laminar ones, simultaneously. In vivo recordings were performed in anesthetized rat brain to test the functionality of the device under both acute and chronic conditions. The ECoG electrodes recorded slow-wave thalamocortical oscillations, while the implanted component provided high quality depth recordings. The implants remained viable for detecting action potentials of individual neurons for at least 15 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Márton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, building Q2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Microtechnology, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege M. út. 29–33, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Ü llői út 26, H – 1085, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Gábor Orbán
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, building Q, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Kiss
- Department of Microtechnology, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege M. út. 29–33, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, building Q, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Richárd Fiáth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, building Q2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/a, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Pongrácz
- Department of Microtechnology, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege M. út. 29–33, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, building Q2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/a, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
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Wark HAC, Mathews KS, Normann RA, Fernandez E. Behavioral and cellular consequences of high-electrode count Utah Arrays chronically implanted in rat sciatic nerve. J Neural Eng 2014; 11:046027. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Sergi PN, Morana Roccasalvo I, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Micera S. Cell guidance on nanogratings: a computational model of the interplay between PC12 growth cones and nanostructures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70304. [PMID: 23936404 PMCID: PMC3735603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the effects of nanogratings have been investigated on PC12 with respect to cell polarity, neuronal differentiation, migration, maturation of focal adhesions and alignment of neurites. Methodology/Principal Findings A synergistic procedure was used to study the mechanism of alignment of PC12 neurites with respect to the main direction of nanogratings. Finite Element simulations were used to qualitatively assess the distribution of stresses at the interface between non-spread growth cones and filopodia, and to study their dependence on filopodial length and orientation. After modelling all adhesions under non-spread growth cone and filopodial protrusions, the values of local stress maxima resulted from the length of filopodia. Since the stress was assumed to be the main triggering cause leading to the increase and stabilization of filopodia, the position of the local maxima was directly related to the orientation of neurites. An analytic closed form equation was then written to quantitatively assess the average ridge width needed to achieve a given neuritic alignment (R2 = 0.96), and the alignment course, when the ridge depth varied (R2 = 0.97). A computational framework was implemented within an improved free Java environment (CX3D) and in silico simulations were carried out to reproduce and predict biological experiments. No significant differences were found between biological experiments and in silico simulations (alignment, p = 0.3571; tortuosity, p = 0.2236) with a standard level of confidence (95%). Conclusions/Significance A mechanism involved in filopodial sensing of nanogratings is proposed and modelled through a synergistic use of FE models, theoretical equations and in silico simulations. This approach shows the importance of the neuritic terminal geometry, and the key role of the distribution of the adhesion constraints for the cell/substrate coupling process. Finally, the effects of the geometry of nanogratings were explicitly considered in cell/surface interactions thanks to the analytic framework presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Nicola Sergi
- Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Normann RA, Dowden BR, Frankel MA, Wilder AM, Hiatt SD, Ledbetter NM, Warren DA, Clark GA. Coordinated, multi-joint, fatigue-resistant feline stance produced with intrafascicular hind limb nerve stimulation. J Neural Eng 2012; 9:026019. [PMID: 22414699 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/2/026019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of graceful skeletal movements requires coordinated activation of multiple muscles that produce torques around multiple joints. The work described herein is focused on one such movement, stance, that requires coordinated activation of extensor muscles acting around the hip, knee and ankle joints. The forces evoked in these muscles by external stimulation all have a complex dependence on muscle length and shortening velocities, and some of these muscles are biarticular. In order to recreate sit-to-stand maneuvers in the anesthetized feline, we excited the hind limb musculature using intrafascicular multielectrode stimulation (IFMS) of the muscular branch of the sciatic nerve, the femoral nerve and the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Stimulation was achieved with either acutely or chronically implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays (USEAs) via subsets of electrodes (1) that activated motor units in the extensor muscles of the hip, knee and ankle joints, (2) that were able to evoke large extension forces and (3) that manifested minimal coactivation of the targeted motor units. Three hind limb force-generation strategies were investigated, including sequential activation of independent motor units to increase force, and interleaved or simultaneous IFMS of three sets of six or more USEA electrodes that excited the hip, knee and ankle extensors. All force-generation strategies evoked stance, but the interleaved IFMS strategy also reduced muscle fatigue produced by repeated sit-to-stand maneuvers compared with fatigue produced by simultaneous activation of different motor neuron pools. These results demonstrate the use of interleaved IFMS as a means to recreate coordinated, fatigue-resistant multi-joint muscle forces in the unilateral hind limb. This muscle activation paradigm could provide a promising neuroprosthetic approach for the restoration of sit-to-stand transitions in individuals who are paralyzed by spinal cord injury, stroke or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Normann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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18
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Dong-Hyun Baek, Ji Soo Park, Eun-Joong Lee, Su Jung Shin, Jin-Hee Moon, Pak JJ, Sang-Hoon Lee. Interconnection of Multichannel Polyimide Electrodes Using Anisotropic Conductive Films (ACFs) for Biomedical Applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:1466-73. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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20
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In vitro evaluation of the long-term stability of polyimide as a material for neural implants. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3449-58. [PMID: 20144477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to be used as a material for neural prostheses, polyimide has to withstand the body environment over years. To obtain more information about the long-term stability of this material, we tested three commercially available polyimides (PI2611 - HD-Microsystems (type: BPDA-PPD), U-Varnish-S - UBE (type: BPDA-PPD), Durimide 7510 - Fujifilm (type: information not provided)). Specimens were stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 degrees C to simulate body temperature and at elevated temperatures of 60 degrees C and 85 degrees C to accelerate aging. During the course of 20 months, stress-strain curves were measured monthly by tensile testing. From these curves the Young's modulus, the stress and strain at break, the stress at 10% strain as well as the fracture energy were extracted and used to characterize and to statistically evaluate the mechanical material properties. Mass loss was determined by weighing polyimide foils (Upilex25S - UBE) and optical measurements were conducted to examine changes in chemical structure and crystallinity. At 37 degrees C and 60 degrees C no change in material behavior could be observed, except for an increase of the Young's modulus of the BPDA-PPD type stored at 60 degrees C. This demonstrates the long-term stability of all tested polyimides with respect to PBS. All extracted quantities mentioned above, as well as the mass, decreased in specimens stored in PBS at 85 degrees C. As a comparison, BPDA-PPD type specimens stored at 85 degrees C in deionized water showed no change in any property but behaved similarly to the reference material.
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21
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Purcell EK, Seymour JP, Yandamuri S, Kipke DR. In vivo evaluation of a neural stem cell-seeded prosthesis. J Neural Eng 2009; 6:026005. [PMID: 19287078 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/2/026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural prosthetics capable of recording or stimulating neuronal activity may restore function for patients with motor and sensory deficits resulting from injury or degenerative disease. However, overcoming inconsistent recording quality and stability in chronic applications remains a significant challenge. A likely reason for this is the reactive tissue response to the devices following implantation into the brain, which is characterized by neuronal loss and glial encapsulation. We have developed a neural stem cell-seeded probe to facilitate integration of a synthetic prosthesis with the surrounding brain tissue. We fabricated parylene devices that include an open well seeded with neural stem cells encapsulated in an alginate hydrogel scaffold. Quantitative and qualitative data describing the distribution of neuronal, glial, and progenitor cells surrounding seeded and control devices are reported over four time points spanning 3 months. Neuronal loss and glial encapsulation associated with cell-seeded probes were mitigated during the initial week of implantation and exacerbated by 6 weeks post-insertion compared to control conditions. We hypothesize that graft cells secrete neuroprotective and neurotrophic factors that effect the desired healing response early in the study, with subsequent cell death and scaffold degradation accounting for a reversal of these results later. Applications of this biohybrid technology include future long-term neural recording and sensing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Lurie Biomedical Engineering Building, 1101 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA.
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22
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Robust and real-time monitoring of nerve regeneration using implantable flexible microelectrode array. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1883-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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James T, Mannoor MS, Ivanov DV. BioMEMS -Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:6077-6107. [PMID: 27873858 PMCID: PMC3705549 DOI: 10.3390/s8096077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological and medical application of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) is currently seen as an area of high potential impact. Integration of biology and microtechnology has resulted in the development of a number of platforms for improving biomedical and pharmaceutical technologies. This review provides a general overview of the applications and the opportunities presented by MEMS in medicine by classifying these platforms according to their applications in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena James
- Microelectronics Research Center and New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
| | - Manu Sebastian Mannoor
- Microelectronics Research Center and New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
| | - Dentcho V. Ivanov
- Microelectronics Research Center and New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
- Dept of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.; E-mail: (M. S. M.)
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24
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Yeager JD, Phillips DJ, Rector DM, Bahr DF. Characterization of flexible ECoG electrode arrays for chronic recording in awake rats. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:279-85. [PMID: 18640155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a 64-channel flexible polyimide ECoG electrode array and characterized its performance for long-term implantation, chronic cortical recording and high resolution mapping of surface-evoked potentials in awake rats. To achieve the longest possible recording periods, the flexibility of the electrode array, adhesion between the metals and carrier substrate, and biocompatibility were critical for maintaining the signal integrity. Experimental testing of thin film adhesion was applied to a gold-polyimide system in order to characterize relative interfacial fracture energies for several different adhesion layers, yielding an increase in overall device reliability. We tested several different adhesion techniques including the following: gold alone without an adhesion layer, titanium-tungsten, tantalum and chromium. We found titanium-tungsten to be a suitable adhesion layer considering the biocompatibility requirements as well as stability and delamination resistance. While chromium and tantalum produced stronger gold adhesion, concerns over biocompatibility of these materials require further testing. We implanted the polyimide ECoG electrode arrays through a slit made in the skull of rats and recorded cortical surface evoked responses. The arrays performed reliably over a period of at least 100 days and signals compared well with traditional screw electrodes, with better high frequency response characteristics. Since the ultimate goal of chronically implanted electrode arrays is for neural prosthetic devices that need to last many decades, other adhesion layers that would prove safe for implantation may be tested in the same way in order to improve the device reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Yeager
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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25
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Panetsos F, Avendano C, Negredo P, Castro J, Bonacasa V. Neural Prostheses: Electrophysiological and Histological Evaluation of Central Nervous System Alterations Due to Long-Term Implants of Sieve Electrodes to Peripheral Nerves in Cats. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2008; 16:223-32. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2008.923707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zhou P, Lowery MM, Englehart KB, Huang H, Li G, Hargrove L, Dewald JPA, Kuiken TA. Decoding a New Neural–Machine Interface for Control of Artificial Limbs. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:2974-82. [PMID: 17728391 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00178.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the motor control information content made available with a neural–machine interface (NMI) in four subjects is presented in this study. We have developed a novel NMI–called targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR)—to improve the function of artificial arms for amputees. TMR involves transferring the residual amputated nerves to nonfunctional muscles in amputees. The reinnervated muscles act as biological amplifiers of motor commands in the amputated nerves and the surface electromyogram (EMG) can be used to enhance control of a robotic arm. Although initial clinical success with TMR has been promising, the number of degrees of freedom of the robotic arm that can be controlled has been limited by the number of reinnervated muscle sites. In this study we assess how much control information can be extracted from reinnervated muscles using high-density surface EMG electrode arrays to record surface EMG signals over the reinnervated muscles. We then applied pattern classification techniques to the surface EMG signals. High accuracy was achieved in the classification of 16 intended arm, hand, and finger/thumb movements. Preliminary analyses of the required number of EMG channels and computational demands demonstrate clinical feasibility of these methods. This study indicates that TMR combined with pattern-recognition techniques has the potential to further improve the function of prosthetic limbs. In addition, the results demonstrate that the central motor control system is capable of eliciting complex efferent commands for a missing limb, in the absence of peripheral feedback and without retraining of the pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA
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Stieglitz T. Restoration of neurological functions by neuroprosthetic technologies: future prospects and trends towards micro-, nano-, and biohybrid systems. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2007; 97:435-42. [PMID: 17691407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-33079-1_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Today applications of neural prostheses that successfully help patients to increase their activities of daily living and participate in social life again are quite simple implants that yield definite tissue response and are well recognized as foreign body. Latest developments in genetic engineering, nanotechnologies and materials sciences have paved the way to new scenarios towards highly complex systems to interface the human nervous system. Combinations of neural cells with microimplants promise stable biohybrid interfaces. Nanotechnology opens the door to macromolecular landscapes on implants that mimic the biologic topology and surface interaction of biologic cells. Computer sciences dream of technical cognitive systems that act and react due to knowledge-based conclusion mechanisms to a changing or adaptive environment. Different sciences start to interact and discuss the synergies when methods and paradigms from biology, computer sciences and engineering, neurosciences, psychology will be combined. They envision the era of "converging technologies" to completely change the understanding of science and postulate a new vision of humans. In this chapter, these research lines will be discussed on some examples as well as the societal implications and ethical questions that arise from these new opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg-IMTEK, Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Ferrara LA, Fleischman AJ, Dunning JL, Zorman CA, Roy S. Effects of biomedical sterilization processes on performance characteristics of MEMS pressure sensors. Biomed Microdevices 2007; 9:809-14. [PMID: 17530408 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of steam and gamma sterilization on the performance of bulk-micromachined pressure sensors were investigated using a variable pressure setup. Commercially available piezoresistive MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) pressure sensor die were characterized prior and subsequent to sterilization over a 0-500 Torr pressure range. The effects of sterilization were examined as changes in sensor output voltage (DeltaV) at various applied pressures. For steam sterilization, DeltaV decreased with applied pressure ranging from +0.27 mV at 100 Torr to -0.14 mV at 500 Torr. In contrast, the corresponding values for gamma-sterilized sensors were lower, decreasing from +0.01 mV 100 Torr to -0.06 mV at 500 Torr. The increased variation in DeltaV for the steam-sterilized sensors was attributed to the formation of an oxide film, which was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Statistical analysis revealed that the effect of both sterilization procedures on sensor performance was insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ferrara
- Spine Research Laboratory, Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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29
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Ohnishi K, Weir RF, Kuiken TA. Neural machine interfaces for controlling multifunctional powered upper-limb prostheses. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007; 4:43-53. [PMID: 17187470 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.4.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates various neural machine interfaces for voluntary control of externally powered upper-limb prostheses. Epidemiology of upper limb amputation, as well as prescription and follow-up studies of externally powered upper-limb prostheses are discussed. The use of electromyographic interfaces and peripheral nerve interfaces for prosthetic control, as well as brain machine interfaces suitable for prosthetic control, are examined in detail along with available clinical results. In addition, studies on interfaces using muscle acoustic and mechanical properties and the problem of interfacing sensory information to the nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ohnishi
- Northwestern University Prosthetic Research Laboratory Research Associate, Oita University, Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering700 Dannoharu, Oita, 8701192, Japan.
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Kim S, Scholz O. Implantable Active Telemetry System using Microcoils. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:7147-50. [PMID: 17281924 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of microcoils in an active telemetry system that is intended to be implanted in the body for biomonitoring applications is presented in this paper. To achieve a moderate transmission range, active telemetry was realized instead of passive telemetry by load modulation, which is often used in systems incorporating microcoils. Sample microcoils with a diameter of 1 cm and 16 windings were fabricated and used for tests. A telemetry system operating at the 27 MHz ISM band was constructed using a small number of circuit components. The performance of the constructed system was evaluated in a laboratory condition. The transmission range of the realized system was measured up to 20 cm when a biological tissue in a thickness of 1 cm was applied between the transmitter and the receiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Kim
- Department Microsystems / Laser Medicine, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ensheimer Strasse 48, D-66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
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31
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Kuiken TA, Miller LA, Lipschutz RD, Lock BA, Stubblefield K, Marasco PD, Zhou P, Dumanian GA. Targeted reinnervation for enhanced prosthetic arm function in a woman with a proximal amputation: a case study. Lancet 2007; 369:371-80. [PMID: 17276777 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of current artificial arms is limited by inadequate control methods. We developed a technique that used nerve transfers to muscle to develop new electromyogram control signals and nerve transfers to skin, to provide a pathway for cutaneous sensory feedback to the missing hand. METHODS We did targeted reinnervation surgery on a woman with a left arm amputation at the humeral neck. The ulnar, median, musculocutaneous, and distal radial nerves were transferred to separate segments of her pectoral and serratus muscles. Two sensory nerves were cut and the distal ends were anastomosed to the ulnar and median nerves. After full recovery the patient was fit with a new prosthesis using the additional targeted muscle reinnervation sites. Functional testing was done and sensation in the reinnervated skin was quantified. FINDINGS The patient described the control as intuitive; she thought about using her hand or elbow and the prosthesis responded appropriately. Functional testing showed substantial improvement: mean scores in the blocks and box test increased from 4.0 (SD 1.0) with the conventional prosthesis to 15.6 (1.5) with the new prosthesis. Assessment of Motor and Process Skills test scores increased from 0.30 to 1.98 for motor skills and from 0.90 to 1.98 for process skills. The denervated anterior chest skin was reinnervated by both the ulnar and median nerves; the patient felt that her hand was being touched when this chest skin was touched, with near-normal thresholds in all sensory modalities. INTERPRETATION Targeted reinnervation improved prosthetic function and ease of use in this patient. Targeted sensory reinnervation provides a potential pathway for meaningful sensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Kuiken
- Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Nyberg T, Shimada A, Torimitsu K. Ion conducting polymer microelectrodes for interfacing with neural networks. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 160:16-25. [PMID: 17000006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the stimulation and recording properties of conjugated polymer microelectrode arrays as interfaces with neural networks of dissociated cortical cells. In particular the stimulation properties were investigated as a means of supplying a neural network with information. The stimulation efficiency at low stimulation voltages was evaluated and referenced to bare indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The polymer electrodes were electrochemically polymerized from a blend of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) and ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) onto ITO microelectrodes. Dissociated cortical cells were then plated on the electrodes and cultivated to form neural networks. Polymer electrode stimulation evoked a much greater response from the network than stimulation from ITO electrodes. Neural interfaces using polymer electrodes could be maintained for several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nyberg
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan.
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Ramachandran A, Schuettler M, Lago N, Doerge T, Koch KP, Navarro X, Hoffmann KP, Stieglitz T. Design, in vitro and in vivo assessment of a multi-channel sieve electrode with integrated multiplexer. J Neural Eng 2006; 3:114-24. [PMID: 16705267 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/3/2/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the design, in vitro and in vivo investigation of a flexible, lightweight, polyimide based implantable sieve electrode with a hybrid assembly of multiplexers and polymer encapsulation. The integration of multiplexers enables us to connect a large number of electrodes on the sieve using few input connections. The implant assembly of the sieve electrode with the electronic circuitry was verified by impedance measurement. The 27 platinum electrodes of the sieve were coated with platinum black to reduce the electrode impedance. The impedance magnitude of the electrode sites on the sieve (geometric surface area 2,200 microm(2)) was |Z(f=1kHz)| = 5.7 kOmega. The sieve electrodes, encased in silicone, have been implanted in the transected sciatic nerve of rats. Initial experiments showed that axons regenerated through the holes of the sieve and reinnervated distal target organs. Nerve signals were recorded in preliminary tests after 3-7 months post-implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer-IBMT, Ensheimer Str. 48, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany.
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Navarro X, Krueger TB, Lago N, Micera S, Stieglitz T, Dario P. A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 10:229-58. [PMID: 16221284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable scientific and technological efforts have been devoted to develop neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems that link the human nervous system with electronic or robotic prostheses, with the main aim of restoring motor and sensory functions in disabled patients. A number of neuroprostheses use interfaces with peripheral nerves or muscles for neuromuscular stimulation and signal recording. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the peripheral interfaces available and trace their use from research to clinical application in controlling artificial and robotic prostheses. The first section reviews the different types of non-invasive and invasive electrodes, which include surface and muscular electrodes that can record EMG signals from and stimulate the underlying or implanted muscles. Extraneural electrodes, such as cuff and epineurial electrodes, provide simultaneous interface with many axons in the nerve, whereas intrafascicular, penetrating, and regenerative electrodes may contact small groups of axons within a nerve fascicle. Biological, technological, and material science issues are also reviewed relative to the problems of electrode design and tissue injury. The last section reviews different strategies for the use of information recorded from peripheral interfaces and the current state of control neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Nam Y, Chang JC, Wheeler BC, Brewer GJ. Gold-coated microelectrode array with thiol linked self-assembled monolayers for engineering neuronal cultures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004; 51:158-65. [PMID: 14723505 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2003.820336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of a gold coating on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to enable the use of the relatively reliable surface modification chemistry afforded by alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The concept is simple and begins with planar MEAs, which are commercially available for neuronal cell culture and for brain slice studies. A gold film, with an intermediate adhesive layer of titanium, is deposited over the insulation of an existing MEA in a manner so as to be thin enough for transmission light microscopy as well as to avoid electrical contact to the electrodes. The alkanethiol-based linking chemistry is then applied for the desired experimental purpose. Here we show that polylysine linked to alkanethiol SAM can control the geometry of an in vitro hippocampal neuronal network grown on the MEA. Furthermore, recordings of neuronal action potentials from random and patterned networks suggest that the gold coating does not significantly alter the electrode properties. This design scheme may be useful for increasing the number of neurons located in close proximity to the electrodes. Realization of in vitro neuronal circuits on MEAs may significantly benefit basic neuroscience studies, as well as provide the insight relevant to applications such as neural prostheses or cell-based biosensors. The gold coating technique makes it possible to use the rich set of thiol-based surface modification techniques in combination with MEA recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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