1
|
Cajanding RJM. Current State of Knowledge on the Definition, Pathophysiology, Etiology, Outcomes, and Management of Fever in the Intensive Care Unit. AACN Adv Crit Care 2023; 34:297-310. [PMID: 38033217 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2023314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Fever-an elevated body temperature-is a prominent feature of a wide range of disease conditions and is a common finding in intensive care, affecting up to 70% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The causes of fever in the ICU are multifactorial, and it can be due to a number of infective and noninfective etiologies. The production of fever represents a complex physiological, adaptive host response that is beneficial for host defense and survival but can be maladaptive and harmful if left unabated. Despite any cause, fever is associated with a wide range of cellular, local, and systemic effects, including multiorgan dysfunction, systemic inflammation, poor neurological recovery, and an increased risk of mortality. This narrative review presents the current state-of-the-art knowledge on the definition, pathophysiology, etiology, and outcomes of fever in the ICU and highlights evidence-based findings regarding the management of fever in the intensive care setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruff Joseph Macale Cajanding
- Ruff Joseph Macale Cajanding is a Critical Care Senior Charge Nurse, Adult Critical Care Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, King George V Building, West Smithfield EC1A 7BE London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez‐Argente F, Alba‐Domínguez M, Díaz‐Martínez MP, Díaz‐Vergara C, Díaz‐Márques B, Ferrero‐Ortega P, Gil‐Adrados AC, Gómez‐Bernardo L, Gordo‐Murillo L, la Fuente EH, Jurado‐Palomo J, Ortega‐González Á, Machado‐Gallas J, Moreno‐Ancillo Á, Ávila‐Martín G, Marín‐Guerrero AC, Álvarez‐Gregori J. Buccopharyngeal route administered high polyphenolic olive oil and COVID-19: A pilot clinical trial. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1054. [PMID: 37904687 PMCID: PMC10587735 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need for additional effective COVID-19 treatments. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which can prevent SARS-CoV-2 main immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections using an enteral route, which point to potential effects on time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. SUMMARY This pilot clinical trial investigated the effect of buccopharyngeal administered high polyphenolic olive oil on COVID-19 incidence, duration, and severity. IMPORTANCE Waning immunity after vaccination justifies the need of further research for additional effective treatments for COVID-19. OBJECTIVE Immunomodulation of local immune response at the buccopharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate mucosal immunity, which would in turn difficult SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion mechanisms in early stages of the disease and send an effective warning to other components of immune system. Olive polyphenols are biologically active compounds with immunomodulatory activity. There are previous studies based on immunomodulation with olive polyphenols and respiratory infections, using an enteral route, which suggest potential shortening of time to resolution of symptoms. The investigators sought to determine whether participants following immunomodulation with tiny quantities of high polyphenolic olive oil administered through an oromucosal route could have a better outcome in COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double blind, randomized pilot clinical trial conducted at a single site, Talavera de la Reina, Spain. Potential study participants were identified by simple random sampling from the epidemiological database of contact patients recently diagnosed of COVID-19 during the study period. A total of 88 adult participants were enrolled and 84 completed the 3-month study, conducted between July 1, 2021 and August 31, 2022. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to receive oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil, 2 mL twice a day for 3 months or no treatment. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were incidence, duration, and severity of COVID-19 after intervention. RESULTS There were no differences in incidence between both groups but there were significant differences in duration, the median time to resolution of symptoms was 3 days in the high polyphenolic olive oil group compared with 7 days in the no-treatment group. Although time to resolution is directly related to severity, this study did not find any differences in severity. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Among full-vaccinated adults recent infected with COVID-19, a daily intake of tiny quantities of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil before infection significantly improved the time to symptom resolution. This finding strongly support the appropriateness of further deep research on the use of oromucosal administered high polyphenolic olive oil as an effective immune strategy against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Belén Díaz‐Márques
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | - Ana C. Gil‐Adrados
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juana Machado‐Gallas
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | | - Gerardo Ávila‐Martín
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | - Ana C. Marín‐Guerrero
- Gerencia de Atención Integrada Talavera de la Reina‐Hospital Nuestra Señora del PradoTalavera de la ReinaSpain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Castaldelli G, Servida F, Filipe J. Effect of Aging on the Immune Response to Core Vaccines in Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:412. [PMID: 37505818 PMCID: PMC10385316 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly dogs are steadily increasing worldwide as well as veterinarians' and owners' interest in their health and wellness. Aging is not a disease, but a combination of changes negatively affecting the organism in general and the immune system in particular, resulting in a decline in protection over time. The aim of this study was to measure the specific serum antibody titers against the main dangerous and widespread viral diseases preventable by core vaccinations in senior and geriatric dogs using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A cohort of three hundred fifty elderly dogs was analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1. The age ranged from 5 to 19 years, with two hundred fifty-eight seniors (73.7%) and ninety-two geriatrics (26.3%), and 97.4% of them were vaccinated at least once in their lives. More than half of the entire study population (52.9%) had PATs simultaneously for all three diseases, with 80.5% seniors and 19.5% geriatrics. Specific PATs were found in 88.6% of aging dogs for CPV-2, 82.3% for CadV-1 and 66.0% for CDV, demonstrating that unprotected aging dogs represent a minority. Unexpectedly, the larger elderly dogs resulted as more protected than smaller ones for CPV-2. Protection then decreases over time, with geriatric dogs less protected than senior ones. Veterinary practitioners should therefore always consider whether to maintain core vaccinations in aging dogs as in adults on a three-year basis or opt instead for closer boosters (every 1 or 2 years). PATs for core vaccines could then represent a good biomarker of protection and their titration could become a standard of care, especially in such a sensitive period of the dogs' life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Castaldelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta P, Hu Z, Kopparapu PK, Deshmukh M, Sághy T, Mohammad M, Jin T, Engdahl C. The impact of TLR2 and aging on the humoral immune response to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8850. [PMID: 37258615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging alters immunoglobulin production, affecting the humoral immune response. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which causes bacteremia with high mortality in the elderly. To understand how TLR2 and aging affect the humoral immune response in bacteremia, four groups of mice (wild type-young, wild type-old, TLR2-/--young, and TLR2-/--old) were used to analyze immunoglobulin levels in healthy conditions as well as 10 days after intravenous injection with S. aureus. We found that aging increased the levels of both IgM and IgG. Increased IgG in aged mice was controlled by TLR2. In bacteremia infection, aged mice failed to mount proper IgM response in both wild-type (WT) and TLR2-/- mice, whereas IgG response was impaired in both aged and TLR2-/- mice. Aged mice displayed reduced IgG1 and IgG2a response irrespective of TLR2 expression. However, impaired IgG2b response was only found in aged WT mice and not in TLR2-/- mice. Both aging and TLR2-/- increased the levels of anti-staphylococcal IgM in bacteremia. Aging increased sialylated IgG in WT mice but not in TLR2-/- mice. IgG sialylation was not affected by the infection in neither of the mice. In summary, aging increases all immunoglobulins except IgG1. However, aged mice fail to mount a proper antibody response to S. aureus bacteremia. TLR2 plays the regulatory role in IgG but not IgM response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kopparapu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meghshree Deshmukh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tibor Sághy
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box- 480, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Center, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Dogs. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020587. [PMID: 36836944 PMCID: PMC9961557 DOI: 10.3390/life13020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine vaccination is the main tool for preventing dangerous and widespread diseases. The strongly recommended (core) dog vaccines are against Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), and Canine Adenovirus (CAdV-1), but vaccination protocols should be tailored to dog lifestyles. Vaccination guidelines suggest vaccinating adult dogs no more frequently than every 3 years using modified live (attenuated) vaccines (MLV), thus obtaining a long-lasting (sometimes throughout life) specific protection in many but not all animals. The aim of this study was to determine the actual levels of seroprotection against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1 in a cohort of Italian dogs by using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A total of 1,027 dogs (951 vaccinated and 76 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV, and CAdV-1. Differences related to sex, age, breed size, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Half of the entire canine cohort (50.6%) had PATs for all three viruses (68.5% considering only vaccinated dogs). In particular, 90.8% of dogs were protected against CPV-2, 68.6% against CDV, and 79.8% against CAdV-1. Most dogs remained protected for 3 years after vaccination or longer. Revaccination on a 3-year basis can then be recommended for core MLV vaccines without altering individual's seroprotection or even herd immunity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. Prophylaxe der kaninen Parvovirose. TIERÄRZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE K: KLEINTIERE / HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:361-369. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1945-5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungObwohl Impfstoffe gegen das canine Parvovirus (CPV) weltweit eingesetzt werden, tritt die Parvovirose vor allem bei jungen Hunden nach wie vor vergleichsweise häufig auf. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel konzentriert sich auf die Ursachen für ein Impfversagen. Hierfür kommen unterschiedlichste Faktoren in Betracht, die den Hund selbst oder seine Umwelt betreffen. So gibt es genetisch bedingt Hunde, die keine Antikörper (Non-Responder) oder nur sehr niedrige Konzentrationen an Antikörpern (Low-Responder) nach einer CPV-Impfung ausbilden. Der Impferfolg kann auch durch andere intrinsische Faktoren (z. B. Gewicht, Alter, Reproduktions- und Ernährungsstatus, Krankheiten) und/oder extrinsische Faktoren (z. B. Stress, Belastung, Medikamente) beeinträchtigt werden. Neben Ursachen, die den individuellen Hund betreffen, kann ein Impfversagen auch durch eine reduzierte immunisierende Eigenschaft des Impfstoffs bedingt sein; hierfür kommt eine Vielzahl verschiedener Faktoren in Betracht (z. B. Herstellung, Lagerung, Applikation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mochan E, Sego TJ, Ermentrout B. Age-Related Changes to the Immune System Exacerbate the Inflammatory Response to Pandemic H1N1 Infection. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:88. [PMID: 35829841 PMCID: PMC9278316 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-induced dysregulation of the immune response is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality related to influenza a virus infections. Experimental data have shown substantial changes to the activation and maintenance of the immune response will occur with age, but it remains unclear which of these many interrelated changes are most critical to controlling the survival of the host during infection. To ascertain which mechanisms are predominantly responsible for the increased morbidity in elderly hosts, we developed an ordinary differential equation model to simulate the immune response to pandemic H1N1 infection. We fit this model to experimental data measured in young and old macaques. We determined that the severity of the infection in the elderly hosts is caused by a dysregulation in the innate immune response. We also simulated CD8+ T cell exhaustion, a common consequence of chronic and extensive infections. Our simulations indicate that while T cell exhaustion is possible in both age groups, its effects are more severe in the elderly population, as their dysregulated immune response cannot easily compensate for the exhausted T cells. Finally, we explore a therapeutic approach to reversing T cell exhaustion through an inflammatory stimulus. A controlled increase in inflammatory signals can lead to a higher chance of surviving the infection, but excess inflammation will likely lead to septic death. These results indicate that our model captures distinctions in the predominant mechanisms controlling the immune response in younger and older hosts and allows for simulations of clinically relevant therapeutic strategies post-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Mochan
- Department of Analytical, Physical, and Social Sciences, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - T J Sego
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hartmann K, Möstl K, Lloret A, Thiry E, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050923. [PMID: 35632665 PMCID: PMC9147348 DOI: 10.3390/v14050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses the current knowledge and rationale for vaccination of immunocompromised cats. So far, there are few data available on vaccination of immunocompromised cats, and sometimes studies produce controversial results. Thus, this guideline summarizes the available scientific studies and fills in the gaps with expert opinion, where scientific studies are missing. Ultimately, this review aims to help veterinarians with their decision-making in how best to vaccinate immunocompromised cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Emery A, Moore S, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788113. [PMID: 35359426 PMCID: PMC8964011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undertaking a high volume of physical activity is associated with reduced risk of a broad range of clinically diagnosed cancers. These findings, which imply that physical activity induces physiological changes that avert or suppress neoplastic activity, are supported by preclinical intervention studies in rodents demonstrating that structured regular exercise commonly represses tumour growth. In Part 1 of this review, we summarise epidemiology and preclinical evidence linking physical activity or regular structured exercise with reduced cancer risk or tumour growth. Despite abundant evidence that physical activity commonly exerts anti-cancer effects, the mechanism(s)-of-action responsible for these beneficial outcomes is undefined and remains subject to ongoing speculation. In Part 2, we outline why altered immune regulation from physical activity - specifically to T cells - is likely an integral mechanism. We do this by first explaining how physical activity appears to modulate the cancer immunoediting process. In doing so, we highlight that augmented elimination of immunogenic cancer cells predominantly leads to the containment of cancers in a 'precancerous' or 'covert' equilibrium state, thus reducing the incidence of clinically diagnosed cancers among physically active individuals. In seeking to understand how physical activity might augment T cell function to avert cancer outgrowth, in Part 3 we appraise how physical activity affects the determinants of a successful T cell response against immunogenic cancer cells. Using the cancer immunogram as a basis for this evaluation, we assess the effects of physical activity on: (i) general T cell status in blood, (ii) T cell infiltration to tissues, (iii) presence of immune checkpoints associated with T cell exhaustion and anergy, (iv) presence of inflammatory inhibitors of T cells and (v) presence of metabolic inhibitors of T cells. The extent to which physical activity alters these determinants to reduce the risk of clinically diagnosed cancers - and whether physical activity changes these determinants in an interconnected or unrelated manner - is unresolved. Accordingly, we analyse how physical activity might alter each determinant, and we show how these changes may interconnect to explain how physical activity alters T cell regulation to prevent cancer outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized with a wide range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe disease. In patients with severe disease, the main causes of mortality have been acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and thrombotic events. Although all factors that may be associated with disease severity are not yet clear, older age remains a leading risk factor. While age-related immune changes may be at the bottom of severe course of COVID-19, age-related hormonal changes have considerable importance due to their interactions with these immune alterations, and also with endothelial dysfunction and comorbid cardiometabolic disorders. This review aims to provide the current scientific evidence on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathway to severe COVID-19, from a collaborative perspective of age-related immune and hormonal changes together, in accordance with the clinical knowledge acquired thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Hanife Oguz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Koca
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manouchehri N, Salinas VH, Rabi Yeganeh N, Pitt D, Hussain RZ, Stuve O. Efficacy of Disease Modifying Therapies in Progressive MS and How Immune Senescence May Explain Their Failure. Front Neurol 2022; 13:854390. [PMID: 35432156 PMCID: PMC9009145 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.854390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of disease modifying therapies (DMT) in the past two decades has been the cornerstone of successful clinical management of multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite the great strides made in reducing the relapse frequency and occurrence of new signal changes on neuroimaging in patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) by approved DMT, it has been challenging to demonstrate their effectiveness in non-active secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) disease phenotypes. The dichotomy of DMT effectiveness between RRMS and progressive MS informs on distinct pathogeneses of the different MS phenotypes. Conversely, factors that render patients with progressive MS resistant to therapy are not understood. Thus far, age has emerged as the main correlate of the transition from RRMS to SPMS. Whether it is aging and age-related factors or the underlying immune senescence that qualitatively alter immune responses as the disease transitions to SPMS, that diminish DMT effectiveness, or both, is currently not known. Here, we will discuss the role of immune senescence on different arms of the immune system, and how it may explain relative DMT resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victor H. Salinas
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Negar Rabi Yeganeh
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rehana Z. Hussain
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service Dallas, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Atamna A, Babich T, Margalit I, Avni T, Ben Zvi H, Raz NE, Yahav D, Bishara J. Does accepted definition of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) severity predict poor outcomes in older adults? Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:583-589. [PMID: 34426944 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced age is an important factor affecting Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) risk and outcome. While fever and leukocytosis are prominent findings in young individuals with CDI, they are usually blunted in the elderly. Furthermore, chronic kidney disease often exists among this population prior to the CDI episode onset. AIM We aimed to examine whether the accepted definition of severe CDI (leukocytosis ≥ 15,000 cells/μl or serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl) predicts poor outcomes in the elderly. METHODS All CDI hospitalized individuals between January-2013 and May-2020 were included. The study population was dichotomized into older group (≥ 65 years) and younger group (< 65 years). Primary composite outcome was 30-day mortality, colectomy due to severe colitis, or intensive care unit admission. The older group was divided according to the primary outcome to evaluate the effect of CDI severity criteria. RESULTS The study included 853 patients. Of them, 571 were in the older group and 282 in the younger one. The primary outcome was significantly more common in the older group (93/571, 16% vs. 31/282, 11%; p = 0.04). Ninety days mortality was significantly higher in the older group [116/571, 20% vs. 30/282, 11%; p < 0.01]. In multivariate analysis, accepted CDI severity criteria were not significantly associated with poor outcomes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-2.2, p = 0.5). Advanced dementia and low serum albumin were significant predictors of poor outcomes (OR = 3, 95%CI 1.5-6, p = 0.002 and OR = 3.1, 95%CI 1.7-5.8, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The accepted definition of CDI severity was not useful in predicting CDI poor outcomes in older adults. In this population, we suggest advanced dementia and low albumin among others as CDI severity markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Atamna
- Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tanya Babich
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department A, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ili Margalit
- Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Avni
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department A, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Haim Ben Zvi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Noa-Eliakim Raz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Internal Medicine Department A, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Dafna Yahav
- Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jihad Bishara
- Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chronic rapamycin pretreatment modulates arginase/inducible nitric oxide synthase balance attenuating aging-dependent susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and acute myocarditis. Exp Gerontol 2022; 159:111676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Huq AKO, Bazlur Rahim ANM, Moktadir SMG, Uddin I, Manir MZ, Siddique MAB, Islam K, Islam MS. Integrated Nutritional Supports for Diabetic Patients During COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e022821191889. [PMID: 33645486 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210301103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine metabolic disorder, which affects the major organs in human and comorbid with others. Besides, diabetic patients are more prone to various infectious diseases as well as COVID-19 sporadic infection which is a high risk for patients with diabetes mellitus. To combat these infections and comorbid situations, an integrated balanced nutritional supportive could help in maintaining sound health and increase immunity for prevention and management of such type of viral infections. OBJECTIVES While information regarding nutritional supports in COVID-19 pandemic in diabetic patients is not available, this review aimed to accumulate the evidence from previous publications where studied about nutrition-based supports or interventions for viral diseases with special emphasis on respiratory infections. METHODS For reviewing, searches are done for getting journal articles into Google Scholar, Pub Med/Medline, Database of Open Access Journal and Science Direct for relevant data and information. RESULTS Integrated nutritional supports of both macronutrients and micronutrients guidelines, including home-based physical exercise schedule, is summarized in this comprehensive review for possible prevention and management of diabetic patients in COVID-19 infections. The immuneboosting benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics in viral infections of diabetic patients are also included. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need for a healthy diet and integrated nutritional supports with home-based physical activities for diabetic patients during the self-isolation period of COVID-19 Infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Obidul Huq
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Naim Mohammad Bazlur Rahim
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - S M Golam Moktadir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Ielias Uddin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Zahidul Manir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakr Siddique
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sirajul Islam
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
El Hadri K, Smith R, Duplus E, El Amri C. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Senescence in Atherosclerosis: Thioredoxine-1 as an Emerging Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010077. [PMID: 35008500 PMCID: PMC8744732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) worldwide and intimately linked to aging. This pathology is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, gradual accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particles and fibrous elements in focal areas of large and medium arteries. These fibrofatty lesions in the artery wall become progressively unstable and thrombogenic leading to heart attack, stroke or other severe heart ischemic syndromes. Elevated blood levels of LDL are major triggering events for atherosclerosis. A cascade of molecular and cellular events results in the atherosclerotic plaque formation, evolution, and rupture. Moreover, the senescence of multiple cell types present in the vasculature were reported to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization. Classical therapeutic interventions consist of lipid-lowering drugs, anti-inflammatory and life style dispositions. Moreover, targeting oxidative stress by developing innovative antioxidant agents or boosting antioxidant systems is also a well-established strategy. Accumulation of senescent cells (SC) is also another important feature of atherosclerosis and was detected in various models. Hence, targeting SCs appears as an emerging therapeutic option, since senolytic agents favorably disturb atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we propose a survey of the impact of inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence in atherosclerosis; and the emerging therapeutic options, including thioredoxin-based approaches such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic strategy with promising potential of senomodulation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Du L, Tang H. Suppression of Interferon-α Treatment Response by Host Negative Factors in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:784172. [PMID: 34901094 PMCID: PMC8651562 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.784172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection remains a major global public health issue for which there is still lacking effective curative treatment. Interferon-α (IFN-α) and its pegylated form have been approved as an anti-HBV drug with the advantage of antiviral activity and host immunity against HBV infection enhancement, however, IFN-α treatment failure in CHB patients is a challenging obstacle with 70% of CHB patients respond poorly to exogenous IFN-α treatment. The IFN-α treatment response is negatively regulated by both viral and host factors, and the role of viral factors has been extensively illustrated, while much less attention has been paid to host negative factors. Here, we summarized evidence of host negative regulators and parameters involved in IFN-α therapy failure, review the mechanisms responsible for these effects, and discuss the possible improvement of IFN-based therapy and the rationale of combining the inhibitors of negative regulators in achieving an HBV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He SWJ, van de Garde MDB, Pieren DKJ, Poelen MCM, Voß F, Abdullah MR, Hammerschmidt S, van Els CACM. Diminished Pneumococcal-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Response is Associated With Increased Regulatory T Cells at Older Age. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:746295. [PMID: 35822055 PMCID: PMC9261371 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.746295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Acquired CD4+ T cell mechanism are essential for the protection against colonization and subsequent development of infections by S. pneumoniae. In this study, we hypothesized that age-related changes within the CD4+ T-cell population compromise CD4+ T-cell specific responses to S. pneumoniae, thereby contributing to increased susceptibility at older age. To this end, we interrogated the CD4+ T-cell response against the immunogenic pneumococcal protein AliB, part of the unique oligopeptide ABC transporter system responsible for the uptake of nutrients for the bacterium and crucial for the development of pneumococcal meningitis, in healthy young and older adults. Specifically, proliferation of CD4+ T cells as well as concomitant cytokine profiles and phenotypic markers implied in immunosenescence were studied. Older adults showed decreased AliB-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation that is associated with an increased frequency of regulatory T cells and lower levels of active CD25+CD127+CTLA-4−TIGIT-CD4+T cells. Additionally, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNy and IL-17F were decreased at older age. Our findings indicate that key features of a pneumococcal-specific CD4+ T-cell immune response are altered at older age, which may contribute to enhanced susceptibility for pneumococcal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha W J He
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Daan K J Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohammed R Abdullah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brain D, Plant-Hately A, Heaton B, Arshad U, David C, Hedrich C, Owen A, Liptrott NJ. Drug delivery systems as immunomodulators for therapy of infectious disease: Relevance to COVID-19. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113848. [PMID: 34182016 PMCID: PMC8233062 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, and the ensuing global pandemic, has resulted in an unprecedented response to identify therapies that can limit uncontrolled inflammation observed in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. The immune pathology behind COVID-19 is complex and involves the activation and interaction of multiple systems including, but not limited to, complement, inflammasomes, endothelial as well as innate and adaptive immune cells to bring about a convoluted profile of inflammation, coagulation and tissue damage. To date, therapeutic approaches have focussed on inhibition of coagulation, untargeted immune suppression and/or cytokine-directed blocking agents. Regardless of recently achieved improvements in individual patient outcomes and survival rates, improved and focussed approaches targeting individual systems involved is needed to further improve prognosis and wellbeing. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular and cellular systems involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, and their contribution to pathogen clearance and damage to then discuss possible therapeutic options involving immunomodulatory drug delivery systems as well as summarising the complex interplay between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brain
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Plant-Hately
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bethany Heaton
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher David
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neill J. Liptrott
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Corresponding author at: Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fantecelle CH, Covre LP, Garcia de Moura R, Guedes HLDM, Amorim CF, Scott P, Mosser D, Falqueto A, Akbar AN, Gomes DCO. Transcriptomic landscape of skin lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis reveals a strong CD8 + T cell immunosenescence signature linked to immunopathology. Immunology 2021; 164:754-765. [PMID: 34432883 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of lesions that develop in patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis is mainly associated with a highly cytotoxic and inflammatory cutaneous environment. Recently, we demonstrated that senescent T and NK cells play a role in the establishment and maintenance of this tissue inflammation. Here, we extended those findings using transcriptomic analyses that demonstrate a strong co-induction of senescence and pro-inflammatory gene signatures in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions. The senescence-associated signature was characterized by marked expression of key genes such as ATM, Sestrin 2, p16, p21 and p38. The cell type identification from deconvolution of bulk sequencing data showed that the senescence signature was linked with CD8+ effector memory and TEMRA subsets and also senescent NK cells. A key observation was that the senescence markers in the skin lesions are age-independent of patients and were correlated with lesion size. Moreover, a striking expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines genes was found within lesions that were most strongly associated with the senescent CD8 TEMRA subset. Collectively, our results confirm that there is a senescence transcriptomic signature in CL lesions and supports the hypothesis that lesional senescent cells have a major role in mediating immunopathology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Polaco Covre
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.,Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Renan Garcia de Moura
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Aloisio Falqueto
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.,Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
López-Fauqued M, Co-van der Mee M, Bastidas A, Beukelaers P, Dagnew AF, Fernandez Garcia JJ, Schuind A, Tavares-da-Silva F. Safety Profile of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Immunocompromised Populations: An Overview of Six Trials. Drug Saf 2021; 44:811-823. [PMID: 34115324 PMCID: PMC8217041 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) has demonstrated high efficacy against herpes zoster in older adults and immunocompromised populations. We present comprehensive safety data from six clinical trials in immunocompromised populations (autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant and renal transplant recipients, patients with hematologic malignancies, patients with solid tumors, and human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults) who are at an increased risk of herpes zoster. Methods In all trials, immunocompromised adults ≥ 18 years of age were administered RZV or placebo. Safety was evaluated in the total vaccinated cohort. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for 7 days and unsolicited AEs for 30 days after each dose. Serious AEs, fatal serious AEs, and potential immune-mediated diseases were collected from dose 1 until 12 months post-last dose or study end. Data were pooled for solicited AEs; unsolicited AEs, (fatal) serious AEs, and potential immune-mediated diseases were analyzed for each individual trial. All AEs were analyzed for sub-strata of adults 18–49 years of age and ≥ 50 years of age. Results In total, 1587 (RZV) and 1529 (placebo) adults were included in the pooled total vaccinated cohort. Solicited AEs were more common after RZV than placebo, were generally more common in the younger age stratum, and were mostly mild to moderate and resolved within 3 days (median duration). Unsolicited AEs and serious AEs were in line with underlying diseases and therapies. Across studies, the percentage of adults reporting one or more unsolicited AE was comparable between RZV and placebo, irrespective of age stratum. The percentage of adults reporting one or more serious AE, fatal serious AE, or potential immune-mediated diseases was generally similar for RZV and placebo, irrespective of age stratum. Overall, no safety concerns were identified. Conclusions Recombinant zoster vaccine has a clinically acceptable safety profile. With the previously published vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity results, these data support a favorable benefit-risk profile of RZV vaccination in immunocompromised populations who are at an increased risk of herpes zoster. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40264-021-01076-w. Varicella zoster virus leads to chickenpox after primary infection and herpes zoster upon reactivation of the latent virus. Older adults and immunocompromised people, whose immune system is impaired because of the age-related decline in immunity and their underlying disease and/or treatment, respectively, are at an increased risk of herpes zoster and its complications. Recombinant zoster vaccine has been approved to prevent herpes zoster and its complications in adults aged ≥ 50 years in over 30 countries. In Europe, the vaccine has recently received approval to expand its use in adults aged 18 years or older who are at an increased risk of herpes zoster. We present an overview of the safety data from six clinical trials in immunocompromised patients vaccinated with recombinant zoster vaccine. We found that solicited adverse events were more common after the vaccine than placebo but that these were mild to moderate in intensity. Furthermore, the frequency of unsolicited adverse events was similar between the vaccine and placebo, and most of the reported adverse events and severe adverse events (e.g., infections or tumors) could be attributed to the pre-existent diseases and/or therapies. As such, no safety concern was identified following the review of the available clinical data. This overview, together with the published efficacy data in the prevention of herpes zoster and the vaccine immunogenicity, provides useful medical information and supports the use of the recombinant zoster vaccine in an immunocompromised population at an increased risk of herpes zoster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Bastidas
- GSK, Avenue Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
- Present Address: Current affiliation: Mithra Pharmaceuticals, Flemalle, Belgium
| | | | - Alemnew F. Dagnew
- GSK, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | - Anne Schuind
- GSK, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: PATH, Washington DC, WA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tanaka S, Yamamoto K, Hamajima C, Takahashi F, Endo K, Uyeno Y. Dietary Supplementation with Fermented Brassica rapa L. Stimulates Defecation Accompanying Change in Colonic Bacterial Community Structure. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061847. [PMID: 34071486 PMCID: PMC8227684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have elucidated that oral administration of Brassica rapa L. extract, known as Nozawana in Japan, alters immune responses and gut microbiota composition, increasing the numbers of butyrate-producing bacteria. Therefore, further investigation would help elucidate the mechanism attributable for the changes and health-promoting effects observed after B rapa L. extract ingestion. To reveal the modulation effects of fermented B. rapa L. on immune function and intestinal bacterial community structure, we conducted an intervention study with healthy volunteers followed by a mouse feeding study. The pilot intervention study was conducted for healthy volunteers aged 40–64 years under the hypothesis that the number of subjects exhibiting any change in gut microbiota in response to fermented B. rapa L. consumption may be limited. In total, 20 volunteers consumed 30 g of fermented B. rapa L. per day for 4 weeks. The fecal bacterial community composition of the volunteers was characterized using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism patterning followed by clustering analysis. To evaluate the detailed changes in the immune responses and the gut bacterial composition, assessed by high-throughput sequencing, we fed healthy mice with freeze-dried, fermented B. rapa L. for 2 weeks. The fecal bacterial community composition of the volunteers before the intervention was divided into three clades. Regardless of the clade, the defecation frequency significantly increased during the intervention weeks compared with that before the intervention. However, this clustering detected a specific increase of Prevotella in one cluster (low to zero Prevotella and high occupation of Clostridium at clusters IV and XIVa) post-ingestion. The cytokine production of spleen cells significantly increased due to feeding fermented B. rapa L. to the mice. This supplementary in vivo trial provided comparable results to the volunteer study regarding the effects of ingestion of the material given the compositional change complying with that of dietary fiber, particularly in the increase of genera Prevotella, Lachnospira, and genera in the Ruminococcaceae family, and the increase in daily defecation amount during 2 weeks of administration. We conclude that feeding fermented B. rapa L. may be responsible for the observed modulation in gut microbiota to increase fiber-degrading bacteria and butyrate-producing bacteria which may be relevant to the improvement in bowel function such as defecation frequency.
Collapse
|
22
|
Compartmental Model Suggests Importance of Innate Immune Response to COVID-19 Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:79. [PMID: 34037874 PMCID: PMC8149925 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread worldwide, creating a serious health crisis. The virus is primarily associated with flu-like symptoms but can also lead to severe pathologies and death. We here present an ordinary differential equation model of the intrahost immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, fitted to experimental data gleaned from rhesus macaques. The model is calibrated to data from a nonlethal infection, but the model can replicate behavior from various lethal scenarios as well. We evaluate the sensitivity of the model to biologically relevant parameters governing the strength and efficacy of the immune response. We also simulate the effect of both anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs on the host immune response and demonstrate the ability of the model to lessen the severity of a formerly lethal infection with the addition of the appropriately calibrated drug. Our model emphasizes the importance of tight control of the innate immune response for host survival and viral clearance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Mettelman RC, Thomas PG. Human Susceptibility to Influenza Infection and Severe Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038711. [PMID: 31964647 PMCID: PMC8091954 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a persistent threat to global human health. Increased susceptibility to infection and the risk factors associated with progression to severe influenza-related disease are determined by a multitude of viral, host, and environmental conditions. Decades of epidemiologic research have broadly defined high-risk groups, while new genomic association studies have identified specific host factors impacting an individual's response to influenza. Here, we review and highlight both human susceptibility to influenza infection and the conditions that lead to severe influenza disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ferrall L, Lin KY, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu TC. Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4953-4973. [PMID: 33888488 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is a sad fact that despite being almost completely preventable through human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening, cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer to affect women worldwide. Persistent high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection is the primary etiologic factor for cervical cancer. Upward of 70% of cases are driven by HPV types 16 and 18, with a dozen other hrHPVs associated with the remainder of cases. Current standard-of-care treatments include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or surgical resection. However, they have significant side effects and limited efficacy against advanced disease. There are a few treatment options for recurrent or metastatic cases. Immunotherapy offers new hope, as demonstrated by the recent approval of programmed cell death protein 1-blocking antibody for recurrent or metastatic disease. This might be augmented by combination with antigen-specific immunotherapy approaches, such as vaccines or adoptive cell transfer, to enhance the host cellular immune response targeting HPV-positive cancer cells. As cervical cancer progresses, it can foster an immunosuppressive microenvironment and counteract host anticancer immunity. Thus, approaches to reverse suppressive immune environments and bolster effector T-cell functioning are likely to enhance the success of such cervical cancer immunotherapy. The success of nonspecific immunostimulants like imiquimod against genital warts also suggest the possibility of utilizing these immunotherapeutic strategies in cervical cancer prevention to treat precursor lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and persistent hrHPV infections against which the licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines have no efficacy. Here, we review the progress and challenges in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ken Y Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cytomegalovirus retinitis following dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021; 22:101055. [PMID: 33732951 PMCID: PMC7944023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe a case of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis in an immunocompetent patient following Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (DII). Observations Retrospective chart review of a single patient. An 80-year-old immunocompetent male presented with floaters in his left eye 10 weeks after his DII. He was noted to have a visual acuity of 20/1200 in his left eye and a panuveitis with CMV retinitis. The patient underwent a vitreous biopsy and given immediate intravitreal foscarnet and an ongoing management regimen of oral valganciclovir for two months. His vision improved to 20/200 and his CMV retinitis resolved. Conclusion and Importance DII can trigger CMV retinitis in immunocompetent patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Duan F, Chen J, Yao H, Wang Y, Jia Y, Ling Z, Feng Y, Pan Z, Yin Y, Jiao X. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of Listeria-based cancer vaccine with codon-optimized HPV16 E7. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1568-1577. [PMID: 33449866 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1839291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of high mortality in women in developing countries and has a serious impact on women's health. Human papilloma virus (HPV) prophylactic vaccines have been produced and may hold promise for reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. However, the limitations of current HPV vaccine strategies make the development of HPV therapeutic vaccines particularly important for the treatment of HPV related lesions. Our previous work has demonstrated that LM4Δhly::E7 was safe and effective in inducing antitumor effect by antigen-specific cellular immune responses and direct killing of tumor cell on a cervical cancer model. In this study, the codon usage effect of a novel Listeria-based cervical cancer vaccine LM4Δhly::E7-1, was evaluated for effects of codon-optimized E7 expression, cellular immune response and therapeutic efficacy in a tumor-bearing murine model. Our data demonstrated that up-regulated expression of E7 was strikingly elevated by codon usage optimization, and thus induced significantly higher Th1-biased immunity, lymphocyte proliferation, and strong specific CTL activity ex-vivo compared with LM4Δhly::E7-treated mice. Furthermore, LM4Δhly::E7-1 enhanced a remarkable therapeutic effect in establishing tumors. Taken together, our results suggest that codon usage optimization is an important consideration in constructing live bacterial-vectored vaccines and is required for promoting effective T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiting Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin'An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nadir Y, Brenner B. Relevance of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase to Severity of COVID-19 in the Elderly. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:348-350. [PMID: 33429453 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mazidi M, Shekoohi N, Katsiki N, Rakowski M, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Serum anti-inflammatory and inflammatory markers have no causal impact on telomere length: a Mendelian randomization study. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:739-751. [PMID: 34025845 PMCID: PMC8130476 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/119965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers and telomere length (TL), a biological index of aging, is still poorly understood. By applying a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), we investigated the causal associations between adiponectin, bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and serum uric acid (SUA) with TL. MATERIAL AND METHODS MR was implemented by using summary-level data from the largest ever genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted on our interested exposure and TL. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS), and MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (PRESSO) were applied. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS With regard to adiponectin, CRP, leptin, and SUA levels, we found no effect on TL for all 4 types of tests (all p > 0.108). Results of the MR-Egger (p = 0.892) and IVW (p = 0.124) showed that bilirubin had no effect on telomere maintenance, whereas the results of the WM (p = 0.030) and RAPS (p = 0.022) were negative, with higher bilirubin concentrations linked to shorter TL. There was a low likelihood of heterogeneity for all the estimations, except for bilirubin (IVW p = 0.026, MR Egger p = 0.018). MR-PRESSO highlighted no outlier. For all the estimations, we observed negligible intercepts that were indicative of low likelihood of the pleiotropy (all p > 0.161). The results of leave-one-out method demonstrated that the links are not driven because of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that neither the anti-inflammatory nor pro-inflammatory markers tested have any significant causal effect on TL. The casual role of bilirubin on TL still needs to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Strand, London, UK
| | - Niloofar Shekoohi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michal Rakowski
- Polish Lipid Association (PoLA) & Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Albarrán-Tamayo F, Murillo-Ortiz B, González Amaro R, López Briones S. Both in vitro T cell proliferation and telomere length are decreased, but CD25 expression and IL-2 production are not affected in aged men. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:775-784. [PMID: 34025848 PMCID: PMC8130486 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is a natural process involving dysfunction of multiple organs and is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases. The functionality of the immune system depends on the capacity of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to antigenic challenges, and telomere length has an important role regulating the number of cell divisions. The aim of this study was to determine the possible relationship between telomere length, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production, CD25 expression and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in aged men. MATERIAL AND METHODS Telomere length was measured by RT-PCR in PBMCs from young and aged men. IL-2 production and CD25 expression were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured by CFSE dilution assays upon in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A). RESULTS PBMCs from aged men showed a shorter telomere length and a reduced capacity to proliferate in vitro, compared to young men. In contrast, no significant differences in the level of CD25 expression on T lymphocytes, and in vitro production of IL-2 were detected in both groups. In addition, no significant correlation was detected between levels of CD25 expression, IL-2 production, cell proliferation, and telomere length in aged men. CONCLUSIONS In aged men the telomere length shortening and the reduced T cell proliferation are not related to the capacity of IL-2 production and CD25 expression on T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca Murillo-Ortiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) No. 1 Bajío, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Roberto González Amaro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, San Luís Potosí, México
| | - Sergio López Briones
- Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mahesh S, van der Werf E, Mallappa M, Vithoulkas G, Lai NM. Long-term health effects of antipyretic drug use in the ageing population: protocol for a systematic review. F1000Res 2020; 9:1288. [PMID: 35528201 PMCID: PMC9051583 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fever is suppressed with drugs due to discomfort and risk of organ damage. However, there is some compelling evidence for the benefits of fever. The elderly are a special population in this regard as they have a blunted fever response. The benefit-harm balance of antipyretic use in this population is unclear. This study aims to provide the synthesized best evidence regarding long-term health effects of antipyretic treatment in the elderly during infections, investigating the onset/worsening of common chronic diseases, for e.g., thyroid disorders, connective tissue diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma. Methods: A systematic review will be performed to establish the best evidence available regarding antipyretic treatment in the elderly, searching databases such as Medline, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL from their inception till date for all types of studies. Studies that consider the drugs in analgesic role will be excluded. The search will be reported following the ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses’ (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized control trials, quasi experimental studies, observational studies, case series and reports will be included. The primary outcome measure being onset/worsening of chronic inflammatory diseases. Other outcomes include relief of symptoms, length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction, mortality, blood/immune parameters indicative of morbidity and complications of the infection. Risk of biases in randomized studies will be assessed through the Cochrane risk of bias tool. For other study types, appropriate tools such as CASP/QUIPS/Cochrane non-randomised studies tool will be used. Meta-analysis will be conducted on the Cochrane RevMan software and where pooling of data is not possible, a narrative synthesis will be performed. Overall certainty of evidence will be assessed through the GRADE approach. Discussion: The study aims to provide evidence regarding benefit-harm balance of antipyretic use in the elderly population to inform clinical practice and future research. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO
CRD42020160854
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mahesh
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Centre For Classical Homeopathy, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - George Vithoulkas
- Postgraduate Doctors Training Institute, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
- International Academy of Classical Homeopathy, Alonissos, Greece
| | - Nai Ming Lai
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodríguez-Argente F, Alba-Domínguez M, Ortiz-Muñoz E, Ortega-González Á. Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12972. [PMID: 32892403 PMCID: PMC7816245 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the importance of mucosal immunity in the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract for the first days of infection opens a new perspective in immunological strategies to counteract viral pathogenicity. An effective mucosal innate immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 paves the way to an also effective adaptive immune response. A strong local immune response seems to be crucial in the initial contention of the virus by the organism and for triggering the production of the necessary neutralizing antibodies in sera and mucosal secretions. However, if the innate immune response fails to overcome the immune evasion mechanisms displayed by the virus, the infection will progress and the lack of an adaptive immune response will take the patient to an overreactive but ineffective innate immune response. To revert this scenario, an immune strategy based on enhancement of immunity in the first days of infection would be theoretically well come. But serious concerns about cytokine response syndrome prevent us to do so. Fortunately, it is possible to enhance immune system response without causing inflammation through immunomodulation. Immunomodulation of local immune response at the oropharyngeal mucosa could hypothetically activate our mucosal immunity, which could send an early an effective warning to the adaptive immune system. There are studies on immunotherapeutic management of upper respiratory tract infections in children that can place us in the right path to design an immune strategy able to mitigate COVID‐19 symptoms and reduce clinical progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodríguez-Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Department, Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ortiz-Muñoz
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Ángel Ortega-González
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora del Prado, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The Effects of Cow-Milk Protein Supplementation in Elderly Population: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092548. [PMID: 32842497 PMCID: PMC7551861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To review currently available evidence on the effect of cow-milk proteins supplementation (CPS) on health in the elderly. Methods. Five electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched for studies about CPS among older people. All types of publications were included, with the exception of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, opinion letters, editorials, case reports, conference abstracts and comments. An additional search in Google Scholar and a manual review of the reference lists were performed. Results. Overall, 103 studies were included. Several studies explored the role of CPS in the preservation or improvement of muscle mass among healthy subjects (40 studies) and pre-frail, frail or sarcopenic patients (14), with evidence of beneficial effects. Other studies assessed the effect of CPS on bones (12), cardiovascular disease (8), inflamm-aging (7), chronic pulmonary disease (4), neurocognitive function (4), and vaccines (2), with weak evidence of positive effects. Seven studies in the field of protein metabolism investigated the role of CPS as an important contributor to nutritional needs. Other investigational areas are considered in the last five studies. Conclusions. The beneficial effects of CPS in achieving aged-related nutritional goals, in preserving muscle mass and in recovering after hospitalization may be particularly relevant in the elderly.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1466. [PMID: 32438620 PMCID: PMC7284818 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has engulfed the world, affecting more than 180 countries. As a result, there has been considerable economic distress globally and a significant loss of life. Sadly, the vulnerable and immunocompromised in our societies seem to be more susceptible to severe COVID-19 complications. Global public health bodies and governments have ignited strategies and issued advisories on various handwashing and hygiene guidelines, social distancing strategies, and, in the most extreme cases, some countries have adopted "stay in place" or lockdown protocols to prevent COVID-19 spread. Notably, there are several significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection. These include the presence of poor nutritional status and pre-existing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes mellitus, chronic lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, and various other diseases that render the patient immunocompromised. These diseases are characterized by systemic inflammation, which may be a common feature of these NCDs, affecting patient outcomes against COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the anti-inflammatory therapies that are currently under investigation intended to dampen the cytokine storm of severe COVID-19 infections. Furthermore, nutritional status and the role of diet and lifestyle is considered, as it is known to affect patient outcomes in other severe infections and may play a role in COVID-19 infection. This review speculates the importance of nutrition as a mitigation strategy to support immune function amid the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying food groups and key nutrients of importance that may affect the outcomes of respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (R.L.); (C.N.)
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (R.L.); (C.N.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Catherine Norton
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (R.L.); (C.N.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (R.L.); (C.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yaz I, Ozbek B, Ng YY, Cetinkaya PG, Halacli SO, Tan C, Kasikci M, Kosukcu C, Tezcan I, Cagdas D. Lymphocyte Subgroups and KREC Numbers in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Single Center Study. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:494-502. [PMID: 32056073 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) results in defective B cell differentiation and impaired antibody production and is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. Our aim was to evaluate the correlation among B cell subgroups, κ-deleting recombination excision circle (KREC) copy numbers, and clinical and immunological data of the patients with CVID, and evaluate the patients according to classifications currently available to define the role of KREC copy numbers in the diagnosis of CVID. KREC analysis was performed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and B cell subgroups were measured by flow cytometry. The median age of the patients (n = 30) was 25 (6-69) years. Parental consanguinity ratio was 33%. The median age at diagnosis was 15 (4-59), and follow-up period was 6 (1-37) years. CD19+ and CD4+ cell counts at the time of diagnosis were low in 66.7% and 46.7% of the patients, respectively. CD19+ cell counts were positively correlated with KREC copy numbers in patients and healthy controls. CD19+ cell counts and KREC copy numbers were significantly reduced in CVID patients compared to healthy controls as expected. KRECs are quantitative markers for B cell defects. We found low CD4+ cell numbers, recent thymic emigrants, and lymphopenia in some of the patients at diagnosis, which reminds the heterogeneity of CVID's etiology. In this study, a positive correlation was shown between CD19+ cell counts and KREC copy numbers. Low KREC copy numbers indicated B cell deficiency; however, high KREC copy numbers were not sufficient to rule out CVID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Yaz
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Ozbek
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yuk Yin Ng
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul Bilgi University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Gur Cetinkaya
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Oskay Halacli
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagman Tan
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Kasikci
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Kosukcu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School , 06100, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Institute of Child Health, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Altındağ, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. .,Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical School , 06100, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Taghiloo S, Allahmoradi E, Sadeghian-Kiadehi SF, Omrani-Nava V, Nazar E, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Up-regulation of human immune system function by Donkey’s Milk. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Allahmoradi
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Versa Omrani-Nava
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Eisa Nazar
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gounder AP, Boon ACM. Influenza Pathogenesis: The Effect of Host Factors on Severity of Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:341-350. [PMID: 30617115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to be a major global health threat. Severity and clinical outcome of influenza disease is determined by both viral and host factors. Viral factors have long been the subject of intense research and many molecular determinants have been identified. However, research into the host factors that protect or predispose to severe and fatal influenza A virus infections is lagging. The goal of this review is to highlight the recent insights into host determinants of influenza pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu P Gounder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Self-reported diabetes and herpes zoster are associated with a weak humoral response to the seasonal influenza A H1N1 vaccine antigen among the elderly. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:656. [PMID: 31337344 PMCID: PMC6651912 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune response to seasonal influenza vaccines decreases with advancing age. Therefore, an adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (Fluad®) exists for elderly individuals. Fluad® is more immunogenic and efficacious than conventional influenza vaccines. However, the immune response varies and may still result in high frequencies of poor responders. Therefore, we aimed to a) examine the prevalence of a weak response to Fluad® and b) identify potential risk factors. Methods A prospective population-based study among individuals 65–80 years old was conducted in 2015/2016 in Hannover, Germany (n = 200). Hemagglutination-inhibition titers 21 days after vaccination with Fluad® served as indicator of vaccine responsiveness. Results The percentage of vaccinees with an inadequate vaccine response varied depending on the influenza strain: it was lowest for H3N2 (13.5%; 95% CI, 9.4–18.9%), intermediate for B strain (37.0%; 30.6–43.9%), and highest for H1N1 (49.0%; 42.2–55.9%). The risk of a weak response to the influenza A H1N1 strain was independently associated with self-reported diabetes (AOR, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.16–18.54), a history of herpes zoster (2.27; 1.01–5.10) and, to a much lesser extent, increasing age (change per year, 1.08; 0.99–1.16). In addition, herpes zoster was the only risk factor for a weak response to the H3N2 antigen (AOR, 3.12; 1.18–8.23). We found no significant association between sex, Body Mass Index, cancer, hypertension, heart attack and CMV seropositivity and a weak response to these two influenza A antigens. Despite its occurence in over one third of vaccinees, none of the variables examined proved to be risk factors for a weak response to the B antigen. Conclusions A considerable proportion of elderly individuals displayed a weak vaccine response to this adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine and further efforts are thus needed to improve immune responses to influenza vaccination among the elderly. Diabetes and herpes zoster were identified as potentially modifiable risk factors for a poor vaccine response against influenza A antigens, but the results also reveal the need for broader investigations to identify risk factors for inadequate responses to influenza B antigens. Trial registration No. NCT02362919 (ClinicalTrials.gov, date of registration: 09.02.2015). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4214-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
38
|
The Negative Effect of Epstein-Barr Virus on the Response of Hepatitis C Virus Patients to Interferon-ribavirin Therapy. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
A Mathematical Model of the Effects of Aging on Naive T Cell Populations and Diversity. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:2783-2817. [PMID: 31201663 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human adaptive immune response is known to weaken in advanced age, resulting in increased severity of pathogen-born illness, poor vaccine efficacy, and a higher prevalence of cancer in the elderly. Age-related erosion of the T cell compartment has been implicated as a likely cause, but the underlying mechanisms driving this immunosenescence have not been quantitatively modeled and systematically analyzed. T cell receptor diversity, or the extent of pathogen-derived antigen responsiveness of the T cell pool, is known to diminish with age, but inherent experimental difficulties preclude accurate analysis on the full organismal level. In this paper, we formulate a mechanistic mathematical model of T cell population dynamics on the immunoclonal subpopulation level, which provides quantitative estimates of diversity. We define different estimates for diversity that depend on the individual number of cells in a specific immunoclone. We show that diversity decreases with age primarily due to diminished thymic output of new T cells and the resulting overall loss of small immunoclones.
Collapse
|
40
|
Clerc M, Babayan SA, Fenton A, Pedersen AB. Age affects antibody levels and anthelmintic treatment efficacy in a wild rodent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 8:240-247. [PMID: 30923672 PMCID: PMC6423487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the host immune system in determining parasite burdens and mediating within-host parasite interactions has traditionally been studied in highly controlled laboratory conditions. This does, however, not reflect the diversity of individuals living in nature, which is often characterised by significant variation in host demography, such as host age, sex, and infection history. Whilst studies using wild hosts and parasites are beginning to give insights into the complex relationships between immunity, parasites and host demography, the cause-and-effect relationships often remain unknown due to a lack of high resolution, longitudinal data. We investigated the infection dynamics of two interacting gastrointestinal parasites of wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the coccidian Eimeria hungaryensis, in order to assess the links between infection, coinfection, and the immunological dynamics of two antibodies (IgG1 and IgA). In an anthelmintic treatment experiment, mice were given a single oral dose of an anthelmintic treatment, or control dose, and then subsequently followed longitudinally over a period of 7–15 days to measure parasite burdens and antibody levels. Anthelmintic treatment successfully reduced burdens of H. polygyrus, but had no significant impact on E. hungaryensis. Treatment efficacy was driven by host age, with adult mice showing stronger reductions in burdens compared to younger mice. We also found that the relationship between H. polygyrus-specific IgG1 and nematode burden changed from positive in young mice to negative in adult mice. Our results highlight that a key host demographic factor like age could account for large parts of the variation in nematode burden and nematode-specific antibody levels observed in a naturally infected host population, possibly due to different immune responses in young vs. old animals. Given the variable success in community-wide de-worming programmes in animals and humans, accounting for the age-structure of a population could increase overall efficacy. Anthelmintic treatment reveals strong force of infection for H. polygyrus in wild wood mice. Anthelmintic treatment is more successful in younger compared to older mice. Relationship between IgG1 and H. polygyrus burden reverts with host age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Clerc
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen´s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh UK, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fujiya Y, Hayakawa K, Gu Y, Yamamoto K, Mawatari M, Kutsuna S, Takeshita N, Kato Y, Kanagawa S, Ohmagari N. Age-related differences in clinical characteristics of invasive group G streptococcal infection: Comparison with group A and group B streptococcal infections. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211786. [PMID: 30845149 PMCID: PMC6405256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Invasive Group G streptococcal infection (iGGS) has increasingly been recognized as a cause of severe disease, mainly among elderly people with chronic illnesses. This study aimed to examine age-related differences in clinical characteristics of iGGS and describe its characteristics among very elderly individuals (≥80 years). Methods Fifty-four iGGS patients for whom detailed clinical information was available were identified from 2002 to 2014 in a tertiary care hospital in Japan. iGGS (n = 54) was compared with invasive Group A (iGAS; n = 17) and B streptococcal infection patients (iGBS; n = 52) based on patient age. Results The incidence of iGGS in our catchment area significantly increased during the study period. The prevalence of iGGS in the very elderly population was higher than that of iGAS or iGBS (p<0.001). Among iGGS patients, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, oxygen demand, and bacteremia with unknown focus of infection were more frequent in the very elderly population (p = 0.009, p = 0.02, p = 0.04, and p = 0.04, respectively). Altered mental status was present in half of iGGS patients aged ≥60 years (p = 0.03). In contrast, alcohol drinking and liver cirrhosis were significantly more frequent in patients with iGGS aged <60 years than in other age groups (p<0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). Levofloxacin resistance in GBS isolates was significantly more frequent among very elderly patients than among other age groups (p<0.001). Conclusions The burden of iGGS has been increasing in our catchment area. Different iGGS-associated clinical characteristics were found in each age group. Unclear and atypical clinical manifestations and syndromes were likely to be observed in very elderly patients. Alcohol drinking and liver cirrhosis may contribute to iGGS even in patients aged <60 years. Understanding these age-related differences could be helpful for optimal diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Fujiya
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kayoko Hayakawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Gu
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Mawatari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takeshita
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kanagawa
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma S, Wang C, Mao X, Hao Y. B Cell Dysfunction Associated With Aging and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 30873171 PMCID: PMC6400972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired humoral responses, as well as an increased propensity for autoimmunity, play an important role in the development of immune system dysfunction associated with aging. Accumulation of a subset of atypical B cells, termed age-associated B cells (ABCs), is one of the key age-related changes in B cell compartments. ABCs are characterized by their distinct phenotypes, gene expression profiles, special survival requirements, variations in B cell receptor repertoires, and unique functions. Here, we summarize recent progress in the knowledge base related to the features of ABCs, their potential role in immune senescence, and their relationship with autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinru Mao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Narang V, Lu Y, Tan C, Camous XFN, Nyunt SZ, Carre C, Mok EWH, Wong G, Maurer-Stroh S, Abel B, Burdin N, Poidinger M, Tambyah PA, Bosco N, Visan L, Ng TP, Larbi A. Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses Are Not Impaired by Frailty in the Community-Dwelling Elderly With Natural Influenza Exposure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2465. [PMID: 30405641 PMCID: PMC6207627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Elderly adults over 65 years of age are recommended to receive seasonal influenza vaccination as they are at a higher risk of infection and its complications than the younger community. The elderly are often stratified according to frailty status where frail individuals are more susceptible to adverse health outcomes than their non-frail counterparts, however, it is not known whether immunity induced by influenza vaccination is impaired in the frail elderly. Study Design: Two hundred and five elderly subjects of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore (mean age 73.3 ± 5.3 years, 128 females and 77 males) were administered the recommended trivalent inactivated 2013–14 seasonal influenza vaccine (Vaxigrip™) containing A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains. The elderly subjects were stratified into three groups according to Fried's frailty criteria (59 frail, 85 pre-frail, 61 robust) and were also ranked by Rockwood's frailty index (RFI). Statistical associations were evaluated between frailty status and pre- and post-vaccination antibody titres in sera measured by Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Immunological responses across frailty strata were also studied in terms of leukocyte cellular distribution, cytokine levels and gene expression. Results: Post-vaccination, 83.4% of the subjects seroconverted for A/H1N1, 80.5% for A/H3N2, and 81% for the B strain. The seroconversion rates were comparable across frailty groups (A/H1N1, ANOVA, p = 0.7910; A/H3N2, ANOVA, p = 0.8356, B, ANOVA, p = 0.9741). Geometric mean titres of HAI and MN as well as seroprotection rates were also similar in all three frailty groups and uncorrelated with RFI (Spearman, r = 0.023, p = 0.738). No statistically significant differences were observed between the frailty groups in vaccine-induced modulation of leukocyte populations, cytokine responses, and gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Whereas, post- and pre-vaccination HAI titres were positively correlated after adjusting for age and gender (A/H1N1, R2 = 0.216, p = 9.1e−11; A/H3N2, R2 = 0.166, p = 3.4e−8; B, R2 = 0.104, p = 3.1e−5). With most subjects lacking previous history of influenza vaccination, the pre-vaccination titres were likely due to natural exposure and seen to match the pattern of influenza subtype prevalence in the time period of vaccination. Conclusion: The majority of the elderly subjects seroconverted for seasonal influenza upon vaccination, and importantly, influenza vaccination-induced humoral immune responses and seroprotection were similar across the frailty strata, indicating that frail individuals may also benefit from influenza vaccination. Pre-existing antibodies due to natural exposure appeared to positively influence vaccine-induced antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Narang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanxia Lu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Shwe Zin Nyunt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Brian Abel
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research Singapore Hub, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tze Pin Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zarzeczny R, Nawrat-Szołtysik A, Polak A, Manasar A, Maliszewski J, Kiełtyka A, Matyja B, Dudek M, Zborowska J, Wajdman A. The relationship between selected body fatness indices and the level of blood interleukin-6 in female nursing home residents aged 80+ years without inflammation: A pilot study. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:240-246. [PMID: 29730332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production facilitates a shift from acute to chronic inflammation that may induce the development of some diseases and aging. Several studies have suggested that adiposity is closely related to serum IL-6 level, but their authors examined relatively young older adults (aged 60-80 years), so it is not clear whether this association would also occur in people at a more advanced age. OBJECTIVE to assess whether in elderly women without inflammation the widely used anthropometric obesity indices are associated with serum IL-6 level and, if so, to determine the best anthropometric predictor of this inflammatory biomarker. METHODS The sample consisted of 12 women (85.1 ± 3.9 years; 58.1 ± 8.7 kg; 151.9 ± 6.3 cm), the residents of nursing homes, who did not use anti-inflammatory drugs, statins or diuretics and whose blood C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was lower than 3 mg/l. To determine CRP and IL-6 concentrations, venous blood samples were collected in the morning in a fasted state. The following anthropometric measurements were made in all participants: body weight, body height, the circumferences of waist, hip and neck. Body fat percentage and visceral fat rating (VFR) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The measurements were then used to calculate body mass index (BMI), body fat mass index (BFMI), body adiposity index (BAI), the waist-hip ratio (WHR) and the waist-height ratio (WHtR). In the statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analysis with backward elimination were used. RESULTS A direct relationship was established between IL-6 and CRP levels (r = 0.639; p < 0.05). Moreover, IL-6 significantly and positively correlated with hip and neck circumferences, BMI, BFMI, and BAI, as well as with VFR (r range 0.597-0.704; p < 0.05). The multiple regression analysis for IL-6 showed that the neck circumference was the only statistically significant independent variable (r2 = 0.496; p < 0.05; SEE = 0.554 pg/ml). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that of all popular indices of adiposity neck circumference is the best predictor of serum IL-6 concentration in the oldest old women without inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Zarzeczny
- Institute of Physical Education, Tourism and Physiotherapy, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej St., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72A Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Polak
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72A Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ahmed Manasar
- Silesians Analytical Laboratories in Katowice, 1 Żelazna St., 40-851 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Maliszewski
- TECHNOMEX - Trade and Service Company,15 Szparagowa St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Kiełtyka
- BetaMed Medical Center, 100A/802 Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Matyja
- Saint Elisabeth Nursing Home in Ruda Śląska, 30 Wolności St., 41-700 Ruda Śląska, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dudek
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72A Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Zborowska
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72A Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Wajdman
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 72A Mikołowska St., 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lu J, Duan X, Zhao W, Wang J, Wang H, Zhou K, Fang M. Aged Mice are More Resistant to Influenza Virus Infection due to Reduced Inflammation and Lung Pathology. Aging Dis 2018; 9:358-373. [PMID: 29896425 PMCID: PMC5988592 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are a double-edged sword. Effective and appropriate immune responses capable of controlling viral infection while also largely preserving tissue integrity, are critical for host survival. Too strong immune responses might result in immune pathology, while too weak immune responses might cause viral persistence. Physiologic ageing is accompanied with a decline in the normal functioning of the immune system, which is termed as "immunosenescence". We show that aged mice (16-19 months old) are more resistant to influenza A virus (IAV) infection than the young mice. Strong immune responses in the young mice after IAV infection result in faster clearance of virus, but also cause severe lung injury and higher mortality rate. While in the aged mice, the delayed and milder immune responses contribute to reduced pulmonary damage, and are still capable to clear the infection even with a slower kinetics, displaying a more resistant phenotype during IAV infection. Hence, our work demonstrates that moderate immune responses as a decline with ageing in the aged mice balance the immune pathology and viral clearance, might be beneficial for the host during certain circumstances. Our results provide important insight to our basic knowledge of immunosenescence and immune defenses to invading pathogens. Further, our results indicate that age factors should be considered when investigating the vaccination and therapeutic strategies for severe IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- 3Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Fang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,4International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vassiliadis S. Premature Immunosenescence Impairs Immune Surveillance Allowing the Endometriotic Stem Cell to Migrate: The Cytokine Profile as a Common Denominator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402651000200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While endometriosis, one of the most common reasons for infertility, remains a multifactorial condition and its exact cause highly speculative, there are data pointing to novel pathways of disease initiation which involve a stem cell and its ability to migrate and implant after it differentiates into an endometriotic stem cell. Thus, the mechanisms conferring immune surveillance, which would also normally expel the mesenchymal endometriotic cell, impairing its migration and implantation, appear to be negatively influenced by a state of endometriotic premature immunosenescence. This interplay between the two immunological mechanisms and endometriosis is influenced by a number of common factors having an active role in the host's protection process that inhibits harmful diseases and maintains cellular homeostasis. It appears more than coincidental that production/inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, VEGF, ICAM-1, and the number of Tolllike receptors is the same in immunosenescent states and in conditions with reduced immune surveillance, while the same variations are recorded in endometriotic patients. It is probable that these are common to all process signals, guide the endometriotic stem cell and dictate its fate according to the stochastic, transdifferentiation (plasticity) or deterministic model to become capable of migration and tissue invasion. It is currently unknown whether the pathway taken by the hemopoietic stem cell to become endometriotic represents a normal or aberrant route of development. This prompts research into its isolation and in vitro study of its behavior in order to reveal its potential function and role in endometriosis. (Journal of Endometriosis 2010; 2: 7–18)
Collapse
|
47
|
Grupping K, Campora L, Douha M, Heineman TC, Klein NP, Lal H, Peterson J, Vastiau I, Oostvogels L. Immunogenicity and Safety of the HZ/su Adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults Previously Vaccinated With a Live Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1343-1351. [PMID: 29029122 PMCID: PMC5853346 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protection against herpes zoster (HZ) induced by the live attenuated zoster vaccine Zostavax (ZVL) wanes within 3–7 years. Revaccination may renew protection. We assessed whether (re)vaccination with the adjuvanted HZ subunit vaccine candidate (HZ/su) induced comparable immune responses in previous ZVL recipients and ZVL-naive individuals (HZ-NonVac). Methods In an open-label, multicenter study, adults ≥65 years of age, vaccinated with ZVL ≥5 years previously (HZ-PreVac), were matched to ZVL-naive adults (HZ-NonVac). Participants received 2 doses of HZ/su 2 months apart. The primary objective of noninferiority of the humoral immune response 1 month post–dose 2 was considered demonstrated if the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the adjusted anti–glycoprotein E geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratio of HZ-NonVac over HZ-PreVac was <1.5. HZ/su cellular immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety were also assessed. Results In 430 participants, humoral immune response to HZ/su was noninferior in HZ-PreVac compared with HZ-NonVac (adjusted GMC ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, .92–1.17]). Cellular immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety appeared to be comparable between groups. HZ/su was well-tolerated, with no safety concerns raised within 1 month post–dose 2. Conclusions HZ/su induces a strong immune response irrespective of prior vaccination with ZVL, and may be an attractive option to revaccinate prior ZVL recipients. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02581410.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola P Klein
- Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland, California
| | - Himal Lal
- Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Keef E, Zhang LA, Swigon D, Urbano A, Ermentrout GB, Matuszewski M, Toapanta FR, Ross TM, Parker RS, Clermont G. Discrete Dynamical Modeling of Influenza Virus Infection Suggests Age-Dependent Differences in Immunity. J Virol 2017; 91:e00395-17. [PMID: 28904202 PMCID: PMC5686742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00395-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence, an age-related decline in immune function, is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Older hosts exhibit a delayed onset of immunity and prolonged inflammation after an infection, leading to excess damage and a greater likelihood of death. Our study applies a rule-based model to infer which components of the immune response are most changed in an aged host. Two groups of BALB/c mice (aged 12 to 16 weeks and 72 to 76 weeks) were infected with 2 inocula: a survivable dose of 50 PFU and a lethal dose of 500 PFU. Data were measured at 10 points over 19 days in the sublethal case and at 6 points over 7 days in the lethal case, after which all mice had died. Data varied primarily in the onset of immunity, particularly the inflammatory response, which led to a 2-day delay in the clearance of the virus from older hosts in the sublethal cohort. We developed a Boolean model to describe the interactions between the virus and 21 immune components, including cells, chemokines, and cytokines, of innate and adaptive immunity. The model identifies distinct sets of rules for each age group by using Boolean operators to describe the complex series of interactions that activate and deactivate immune components. Our model accurately simulates the immune responses of mice of both ages and with both inocula included in the data (95% accurate for younger mice and 94% accurate for older mice) and shows distinct rule choices for the innate immunity arm of the model between younger and aging mice in response to influenza A virus infection.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infection causes high morbidity and mortality rates every year, especially in the elderly. The elderly tend to have a delayed onset of many immune responses as well as prolonged inflammatory responses, leading to an overall weakened response to infection. Many of the details of immune mechanisms that change with age are currently not well understood. We present a rule-based model of the intrahost immune response to influenza virus infection. The model is fit to experimental data for young and old mice infected with influenza virus. We generated distinct sets of rules for each age group to capture the temporal differences seen in the immune responses of these mice. These rules describe a network of interactions leading to either clearance of the virus or death of the host, depending on the initial dosage of the virus. Our models clearly demonstrate differences in these two age groups, particularly in the innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Keef
- Department of Mathematics, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Ang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Swigon
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alisa Urbano
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - G Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Matuszewski
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert S Parker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gilles Clermont
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sotgia S, Zinellu A, Mangoni AA, Serra R, Pintus G, Caruso C, Deiana L, Carru C. Cellular immune activation in Sardinian middle-aged, older adults and centenarians. Exp Gerontol 2017; 99:133-137. [PMID: 29024722 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to viral infections, malignant disorders, autoimmune diseases, and allograft rejection episodes, neopterin increases in older people where it is found to be predictive of overall mortality. Thus, the serum concentrations of this biomarker of systemic immune and inflammation activation, were measured in a small cohort of Sardinian middle-aged, older adults and centenarians. There was a significant positive correlation between neopterin concentrations and age with the subjects in the 95-year-old group with the highest values. Notably, the group of centenarians had neopterin values comparable to those of 80- and 90-year-old groups, and significantly lower than that of 95-year-old group. This suggests a decreased monocyte/macrophage-mediated immune activation and an apparently preserved immune status in centenarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roberta Serra
- University Hospital of Sassari (AOU-SS), Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical Methodology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Quality Control Unit, University Hospital of Sassari (AOU-SS), Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Attenuation of the physiological response to infection on adults over 65 years old admitted to the emergency room (ER). Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:847-856. [PMID: 27854067 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been considered that the elderly have clinical manifestations different from the ones observed in middle-age adults during an injury event. This hypothesis has not been extensively explored in sepsis and bacterial infections. Secondary analysis of two prospective studies including 2611 patients over 18 years of age admitted to the emergency room with confirmed or probable bacterial infections and sepsis. The outcome measures were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, Glasgow Coma Scale, creatinine, PaO2/FiO2 and platelets daily during the first week. Compared to survivors younger than 65, the deceased under 65 had an average heart rate of 12.5 beats per minute per day higher (95% CI 9.32; 15.61), while patients over 65 who died barely had an average 5.7 beats per minute per day higher than the same reference group (95% CI 3.45; 8.06). The systolic blood pressure had a significant decreased in those who died younger than 65, compared to survivors with the same age, in both cohorts (-5.2 mmHg, 95% CI -8.17; -2.23 and -8.5 mmHg, 95% CI -13.48; -3.54, respectively), while those older than 65 who died had a nonsignificant increase (+1.6 mmHg, 95% CI -1.33; 4.62 and +0.1, 95% CI -6.48; 6.72, respectively) compared to the same reference group. The behavior of most clinical and laboratory variables suggests a less pronounced response of subjects above 65 years of age who died 28 days after being diagnosed with sepsis.
Collapse
|