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Gameiro PH, Assis KH, Hasenack H, Arenzon A, Dias Silva KU, Torres de Lemos C, Ferrão Vargas VM. Evaluation of effect of hazardous contaminants in areas for the abstraction of drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109862. [PMID: 32846646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lower portion of Taquari River is influenced by compounds from anthropic activities causing concern about the drinking water supplied to cities in the region. The study objective was to investigate the presence of contaminants at drinking water abstraction sites, defining the mutagenic effects of these stressors as an ecosystem quality parameter and its possible effects on human health. Geographic Information System techniques were used to investigate sources of contamination and it was found that agricultural activities predominated with a few medium and high potential pollutant agricultural activities, besides a soil area that was contaminated and undergoing an intervention process. Mutagenic effects were evaluated by Salmonella/microsome assay using TA98, TA97a, TA100, YG1041 and YG1042 strains in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9). Mutagenesis found in organic sediment extracts and surface water samples showed the prevalence of direct-acting mutagens at the drinking water abstraction sites. Taquari (Ta032, the sampling points were named according to the initial letters of the river (Ta), followed by the number of kilometers from the mouth) showed the highest mutagenic potency in sediment, while Ta063, at Bom Retiro do Sul, presented it in the water sample. In the Triunfo region (Ta011) there were significant responses in sediment and in water samples. The samples at General Câmara (Ta006) showed the least presence of contaminants. The Allium cepa test applied to sediments in natura showed significant micronucleus induction in Ta032 in accordance with the Salmonella/microssome assay. The test performed on Danio rerio embryos (FET) in the in natura water samples did not present significant responses. Chemical analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals already identified as chemical markers in the area indicated a small contribution to the mutagenic potency, calling attention to the fact that other direct-acting pollutants may be present at the drinking water abstraction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hauber Gameiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ecologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Cx Postal 15007, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kauê Hohn Assis
- Divisão de Laboratórios, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Heinrich Hasenack
- Centro de Ecologia (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500. Setor 4, Prédio 43411, 91.501-970, Campus Do Vale, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Arenzon
- Centro de Ecologia (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500. Setor 4, Prédio 43411, 91.501-970, Campus Do Vale, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kewen Ubirajara Dias Silva
- Divisão de Laboratórios, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarice Torres de Lemos
- Divisão de Laboratórios, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Divisão de Laboratórios, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ecologia (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500. Setor 4, Prédio 43411, 91.501-970, Campus Do Vale, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Roubicek DA, Rech CM, Umbuzeiro GA. Mutagenicity as a parameter in surface water monitoring programs-opportunity for water quality improvement. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:200-211. [PMID: 31294883 DOI: 10.1002/em.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effect-based analyses are being recognized as excellent tools to a comprehensive and reliable water quality evaluation to complement physical and chemical parameters. The Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test was introduced in the São Paulo State water quality-monitoring program in 1999 and waters from 104 sites used to the production of drinking water were analyzed. Samples were tested after organic extraction, using the microsuspension version of the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9-mammalian metabolic system. Of the 1720 water samples analyzed in 20 years, 20% were positive; TA98 was the most sensitive strain, detecting alone 99%. Results were presented in hazard categories to facilitate water managers' understanding and general public communication. Hot spots of mutagenicity were identified, and pollution sources investigated. A flow scheme with instructions of how to proceed in case of mutagenic samples was developed and implemented in the monitoring program. Enforcement actions were taken to reduce exposure of humans and aquatic biota to mutagenic compounds. The results presented provide scientific basis for the incorporation of the Salmonella/microsome assay in a regulatory framework, and to guide water-quality managers. The inclusion of a mutagenicity assay using standardized conditions proved to be an opportunity to improve the quality of water, and the strategy presented here could be applied by any environmental agency around the world. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:200-211, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia M Rech
- São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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3
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Berninger JP, DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Simmons JE, Wilson VS, Conley JM, Armstrong MD, Iwanowicz LR, Kolpin DW, Kuivila KM, Reilly TJ, Romanok KM, Villeneuve DL, Bradley PM. Predictive Analysis Using Chemical-Gene Interaction Networks Consistent with Observed Endocrine Activity and Mutagenicity of U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8611-8620. [PMID: 31287672 PMCID: PMC6770991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a recent U.S. Geological Survey/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study assessing more than 700 organic compounds in 38 streams, in vitro assays indicated generally low estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor activities, with 13 surface waters with 17β-estradiol-equivalent (E2Eq) activities greater than a 1-ng/L estimated effects-based trigger value for estrogenic effects in male fish. Among the 36 samples assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella bioassay (reported here), 25% had low mutagenic activity and 75% were not mutagenic. Endocrine and mutagenic activities of the water samples were well correlated with each other and with the total number and cumulative concentrations of detected chemical contaminants. To test the predictive utility of knowledge-base-leveraging approaches, site-specific predicted chemical-gene (pCGA) and predicted analogous pathway-linked (pPLA) association networks identified in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were compared with observed endocrine/mutagenic bioactivities. We evaluated pCGA/pPLA patterns among sites by cluster analysis and principal component analysis and grouped the pPLA into broad mode-of-action classes. Measured E2eq and mutagenic activities correlated well with predicted pathways. The pPLA analysis also revealed correlations with signaling, metabolic, and regulatory groups, suggesting that other effects pathways may be associated with chemical contaminants in these waters and indicating the need for broader bioassay coverage to assess potential adverse impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Berninger
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Vickie S. Wilson
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Justin M. Conley
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mikayla D. Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- Leetown Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- Central Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Kuivila
- Oregon Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Timothy J. Reilly
- New Jersey Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kristin M. Romanok
- New Jersey Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- South Atlantic Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
- Corresponding author: Phone 803-727-9046;
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Postigo C, DeMarini DM, Armstrong MD, Liberatore HK, Lamann K, Kimura SY, Cuthbertson AA, Warren SH, Richardson SD, McDonald T, Sey YM, Ackerson NOB, Duirk SE, Simmons JE. Chlorination of Source Water Containing Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media: Mutagenicity and Identification of New Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13047-13056. [PMID: 30339747 PMCID: PMC6369525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are nonmutagenic agents administered for X-ray imaging of soft tissues. ICM can reach μg/L levels in surface waters because they are administered in high doses, excreted largely unmetabolized, and poorly removed by wastewater treatment. Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are highly genotoxic and have been reported in disinfected waters containing ICM. We assessed the mutagenicity in Salmonella of extracts of chlorinated source water containing one of four ICM (iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, and diatrizoate). We quantified 21 regulated and nonregulated DBPs and 11 target I-DBPs and conducted a nontarget, comprehensive broad-screen identification of I-DBPs. We detected one new iodomethane (trichloroiodomethane), three new iodoacids (dichloroiodoacetic acid, chlorodiiodoacetic acid, bromochloroiodoacetic acid), and two new nitrogenous I-DBPs (iodoacetonitrile and chloroiodoacetonitrile). Their formation depended on the presence of iopamidol as the iodine source; identities were confirmed with authentic standards when available. This is the first identification in simulated drinking water of chloroiodoacetonitrile and iodoacetonitrile, the latter of which is highly cytotoxic and genotoxic in mammalian cells. Iopamidol (5 μM) altered the concentrations and relative distribution of several DBP classes, increasing total haloacetonitriles by >10-fold. Chlorination of ICM-containing source water increased I-DBP concentrations but not mutagenicity, indicating that such I-DBPs were either not mutagenic or at concentrations too low to affect mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author: CP: Phone +34-93-400-6100;
| | - David M. DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mikayla D. Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Karsten Lamann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Amy A. Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St., Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Tony McDonald
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Yusupha M. Sey
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Nana Osei B. Ackerson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44235, United States
| | - Stephen E. Duirk
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44235, United States
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Materón EM, Marchetto R, Araujo AR, Vega-Chacon J, Pividori MI, Jafelicci M, Shimizu FM, Oliveira ON, Zanoni MVB. A simple electrochemical method to monitor an azo dye reaction with a liver protein. Anal Biochem 2018; 553:46-53. [PMID: 29802842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Disperse Orange 37 (DO37) is an efficient azo dye for dyeing synthetic textile materials owing to its resistance to degradation that may also be harmful to humans as DO37 is not entirely eliminated in wastewater treatment. In this paper, we demonstrate that DO37 is bleached by reduced glutathione (GSH) in a reaction catalyzed by glutathione-s-transferase (GST), a phase II detoxification enzyme. The reaction included a nucleophilic attack involving sulfhydryl groups, confirmed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DO37 also induced quenching in the fluorescence of GST through static suppression. The reaction was determined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) by monitoring the oxidation peak at 0.65 V of GSH sulfhydryl group. Quantitative estimation of the product reaction could be made by measuring an additional oxidation peak at 0.91 V which increased linearly with DO37 concentration. These electrochemical determinations were made possible by preconcentrating the reaction product on a graphite-epoxy electrode with immobilization of GST onto magnetite nanoparticles. Straightforward biological implications from the results are associated with the known toxicity of azo dyes such as DO37, which has been proven here to interact strongly with both GSH and the liver enzyme GST, and may induce hepatocarcinogenesis or other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Maria Materón
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil; São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reinaldo Marchetto
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Regina Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Vega-Chacon
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria I Pividori
- Institute of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Jafelicci
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavio M Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O Box 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Vacchi FI, Vendemiatti JADS, da Silva BF, Zanoni MVB, Umbuzeiro GDA. Quantifying the contribution of dyes to the mutagenicity of waters under the influence of textile activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:230-236. [PMID: 28554114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of chemical analyses and bioassays allows the identification of potentially mutagenic compounds in different types of samples. Dyes can be considered as emergent contaminants and were detected in waters, under the influence of textile activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of 9 azo dyes to the mutagenicity of representative environmental samples. Samples were collected along one year in the largest conglomerate of textile industries of Brazil. We analyzed water samples from an important water body, Piracicaba River, upstream and downstream two main discharges, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the tributary Quilombo River, which receives untreated effluent from local industries. Samples were analyzed using a LC-MS/MS and tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay with TA98 and YG1041. Six dyes were detected in the collected samples, Disperse Blue 291, Disperse Blue 373, Disperse Orange 30, Disperse Red 1, Disperse Violet 93, and Disperse Yellow 3. The most sensitive condition for the detection of the mutagenicity was the strain YG1041 with S9. The concentration of dyes and mutagenicity levels varied along time and the dry season represented the worst condition. Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 were the major contributors to the mutagenicity. We conclude that dyes are contributing for the mutagenicity of Piracicaba River water; and both discharges, WWTP effluent and Quilombo River, increase the mutagenicity of Piracicaba River waters in about 10-fold. The combination of chemical analysis and bioassays were key in the identification the main drivers of the water mutagenicity and allows the selection of priority compounds to be included in monitoring programs as well for the enforcing actions required to protect the water quality for multiple uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Inforçato Vacchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Technology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Technology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Heringa M, Zeiger E. In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing: Significance and Use in Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 157:59-80. [PMID: 27631084 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing concern about the consequences of mutations in humans and biota arising from environmental exposures to industrial and other chemicals. Genetic toxicity tests have been used to analyze chemicals, foods, drugs, and environmental matrices such as air, water, soil, and wastewaters. This is because the mutagenicity of a substance is highly correlated with its carcinogenicity. However, no less important are the germ cell mutations, because the adverse outcome is related not only to an individual but also to population levels. For environmental analysis the most common choices are in vitro assays, and among them the most widely used is the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome assay). There are several protocols and methodological approaches to be applied when environmental samples are tested and these are discussed in this chapter, along with the meaning and relevance of the obtained responses. Two case studies illustrate the utility of in vitro mutagenicity tests such as the Ames test. It is clear that, although it is not possible to use the outcome of the test directly in risk assessment, the application of the assays provides a great opportunity to monitor the exposure of humans and biota to mutagenic substances for the purpose of reducing or quantifying that exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minne Heringa
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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Roubicek DA, Souza-Pinto NCD. Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA as relevant targets for environmental contaminants. Toxicology 2017; 391:100-108. [PMID: 28655544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a closed circular molecule that encodes, in humans, 13 polypeptides components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Integrity of the mitochondrial genome is essential for mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis, and mutations and deletions in the mtDNA lead to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. In vitro and in situ studies suggest that when exposed to certain genotoxins, mtDNA accumulates more damage than nuclear DNA, likely owing to its organization and localization in the mitochondrial matrix, which tends to accumulate lipophilic, positively charged molecules. In that regard, several relevant environmental and occupational contaminants have physical-chemical characteristics that indicate that they might accumulate in mitochondria and target mtDNA. Nonetheless, very little is known so far about mtDNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction due to environmental exposure, either in model organisms or in humans. In this article, we discuss some of the characteristics of mtDNA which render it a potentially relevant target for damage by environmental contaminants, as well as possible functional consequences of damage/mutation accumulation. In addition, we review the data available in the literature focusing on mitochondrial effects of the most common classes of environmental pollutants. From that, we conclude that several lines of experimental evidence support the idea that mitochondria and mtDNA are susceptible and biologically relevant targets for pollutants, and more studies, including mechanistic ones, are needed to shed more light into the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the environmental and human health effects of chemical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Roubicek
- Dept. of Environmental Analyses, São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadja C de Souza-Pinto
- Depto. de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Vincent-Hubert F, Uher E, Di Giorgio C, Michel C, De Meo M, Gourlay-France C. Use of low density polyethylene membranes for assessment of genotoxicity of PAHs in the Seine River. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:165-172. [PMID: 27933552 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of river water dissolved contaminants is usually estimated after grab sampling of river water. Water contamination can now be obtained with passive samplers that allow a time-integrated sampling of contaminants. Since it was verified that low density polyethylene membranes (LDPE) accumulate labile hydrophobic compounds, their use was proposed as a passive sampler. This study was designed to test the applicability of passive sampling for combined chemical and genotoxicity measurements. The LDPE extracts were tested with the umu test (TA1535/pSK1002 ± S9) and the Ames assay (TA98, TA100 and YG1041 ± S9). We describe here this new protocol and its application in two field studies on four sites of the Seine River. Field LDPE extracts were negative with the YG1041 and TA100 and weakly positive with the TA98 + S9 and Umu test. Concentrations of labile mutagenic PAHs were higher upstream of Paris than downstream of Paris. Improvement of the method is needed to determine the genotoxicity of low concentrations of labile dissolved organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Vincent-Hubert
- IRSTEA, UR Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS10030, 92761, Antony cedex, France.
- Present address: IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie - LNR, rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, F 44311, Nantes, Cedex 03, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Uher
- IRSTEA, UR Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS10030, 92761, Antony cedex, France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementales (EA 1784), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- IRSTEA, UR Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS10030, 92761, Antony cedex, France
| | - Michel De Meo
- Biogénotoxicologie et Mutagenèse Environnementales (EA 1784), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Gourlay-France
- IRSTEA, UR Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS10030, 92761, Antony cedex, France
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Vacchi FI, Vendemiatti JAS, Brosselin V, Ferreira da Silva B, B Zanoni MV, DeMeo M, Bony S, Devaux A, Umbuzeiro GA. Combining different assays and chemical analysis to characterize the genotoxicity of waters impacted by textile discharges. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:559-71. [PMID: 27412112 DOI: 10.1002/em.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Waters receiving textile discharges can exhibit genotoxic and mutagenic activity, which has been related to the presence of dyes and aromatic amines as synthesis precursors or byproducts. The aim of this study was to identify dyes and aromatic amines in water samples impacted by textile discharges, and to evaluate the genotoxic responses of these samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay in strains TA98 and YG1041, and the Fpg-modified comet assay in the RTL-W1 fish cell line. The genotoxicity of river samples downstream of the discharge was greater than the upstream samples in both of the Ames tests. The Fpg-modified comet assay detected similar levels of DNA damage in the upstream and downstream samples. Mutagenicity was not detected with TA98, except for the Quilombo River samples, but when YG1041 was used as the tester strain mutagenicity was detected for all sites with a very different profile in upstream sites relative to the other sites. The mutagenic response strongly indicated that aromatic amines or dyes were contributing to the mutagenic activity downstream. The impact of textile discharges was also confirmed by chemical analysis, because the highest concentrations of azo dyes and aromatic amines were detected in the river downstream. This study shows the value of combining assays measuring complementary endpoints to better characterize the mutagenicity of environmental samples, with the advantage that this approach provides an indication of what classes of compounds are responsible for the effect. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:559-571, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine I Vacchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Brosselin
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | | | | | - Michel DeMeo
- Aix-Marseille University, IMBE, FR, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Bony
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Alain Devaux
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Coronas MV, Rocha JAV, Salvadori DMF, Vargas VMF. Evaluation of area contaminated by wood treatment activities: Genetic markers in the environment and in the child population. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1207-1215. [PMID: 26465966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood preservation activities and related compounds are a problem since these areas have major environmental contamination liabilities which compromise the health of the surrounding population and the integrity of ecological processes. The present study evaluated an area influenced by soil contamination arising from the activities of a deactivated wood treatment plant. The presence and effect of mutagenic compounds in environmental samples were used as markers of exposure together with the evaluation biomarkers of genetic damage in children. Organic extracts from samples of public source water and from fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) were evaluated for mutagenic potential using the Salmonella/microsome assay. Children living in the area surrounding the plant were analyzed for genetic damage assessed by the comet assay in lymphocytes and micronucleus test (MN) in lymphocytes and oral mucosa and compared to a group living in an area outside the preferential quadrant of atmospheric dispersion and in opposition to the drainage at the site. The mutagenic effect and PAHs concentrations found were similar to studies that evaluated intensely occupied urban areas and those under industrial influence. The MN frequencies in lymphocytes and binucleated cells in the oral mucosa were significantly higher in the risk group. No significant differences were observed in the other genetic damage biomarkers evaluated. The presence of pollutants with a mutagenic and carcinogenic effect on the PM2.5 and the increased in some biomarkers indicate that the population is potentially exposed to substances capable of causing adverse health effects and atmospheric airborne is a possible exposure route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vieira Coronas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Doutor Salvador França, 1707, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; INAGEMP - Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jocelita Aparecida Vaz Rocha
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Doutor Salvador França, 1707, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Favero Salvadori
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Doutor Salvador França, 1707, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; INAGEMP - Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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López-Doval JC, Meirelles ST, Cardoso-Silva S, Moschini-Carlos V, Pompêo M. Ecological and toxicological responses in a multistressor scenario: Are monitoring programs showing the stressors or just showing stress? A case study in Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:466-476. [PMID: 26094799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP) is located in the Brazilian State of São Paulo and reservoirs in this region are vital for water supply and energy production. Changes in economic, social, and demographic trends produced pollution of water bodies, decreasing water quality for human uses and affecting freshwater populations. The presence of emerging pollutants, classical priority substances, nutrient excess and the interaction with tropical-climate conditions require periodic reviews of water policies and monitoring programs in order to detect and manage these threats in a global change scenario. The objective of this work is to determine whether the monitoring program of the São Paulo's Environmental Agency, is sufficient to explain the toxicological and biological responses observed in organisms in reservoirs of the MRSP, and whether it can identify the possible agents causing these responses. For that, we used publicly available data on water quality compiled by this agency in their routine monitoring program. A general overview of these data and a chemometric approach to analyze the responses of biotic indexes and toxicological bioassays, as a function of the physical and chemical parameters monitored, were performed. Data compiled showed temporal and geographical information gaps on variables measured. Toxicological responses have been observed in the reservoirs of the MRSP, together with a high incidence of impairments of the zooplankton community. This demonstrates the presence of stressors that affect the viability of organisms and populations. The statistical approach showed that the data compiled by the environmental agency are insufficient to identify and explain the factors causing the observed ecotoxicological responses and impairments in the zooplankton community, and are therefore insufficient to identify clear cause-effect relationships. Stressors different from those analyzed could be responsible for the observed responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C López-Doval
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Tadeu Meirelles
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila Cardoso-Silva
- São Paulo State University - UNESP "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Environmental Sciences Program, 3 de Março Avenue n. 511, PO Box: 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Moschini-Carlos
- São Paulo State University - UNESP "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Environmental Sciences Program, 3 de Março Avenue n. 511, PO Box: 18087-180, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pompêo
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, do Matão Str., Travessa 14, 321, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Warren SH, Claxton LD, Diliberto J, Hughes TJ, Swank A, Kusnierz DH, Marshall V, DeMarini DM. Survey of the mutagenicity of surface water, sediments, and drinking water from the Penobscot Indian Nation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:690-696. [PMID: 25462314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE) projects address the effects of environmental pollutants in a particular region on the health of the population in that region. This report is part of a RARE project that addresses this for the Penobscot Indian Nation (PIN), Penobscot Island, Maine, U.S., where the Penobscot River has had fish advisories for many years due to high levels of mercury. We used the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strains TA100, TA98, YG1041, and YG1042 with and without metabolic activation to assess the mutagenic potencies of organic extracts of the Penobscot River water and sediment, as well as drinking-water samples, all collected by the PIN Department of Natural Resources. The source water for the PIN drinking water is gravel-packed groundwater wells adjacent to the Penobscot River. Most samples of all extracts were either not mutagenic or had low to moderate mutagenic potencies. The average mutagenic potencies (revertants/L-equivalent) were 337 for the drinking-water extracts and 177 for the river-water extracts; the average mutagenic potency for the river-sediment extracts was 244 revertants(g-equivalent)(-1). This part of the RARE project showed that extracts of the Penobscot River water and sediments and Penobscot drinking water have little to no mutagenic activity that might be due to the classes of compounds that the Salmonella mutagenicity assay detects, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (nitroarenes), and aromatic amines. This study is the first to examine the mutagenicity of environmental samples from a tribal nation in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Warren
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Larry D Claxton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Janet Diliberto
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Thomas J Hughes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Adam Swank
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Daniel H Kusnierz
- Penobscot Indian Nation, Department of Natural Resources, Indian Island, ME 04468, USA
| | - Valerie Marshall
- Region 1, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Jar-Allah Al-Amrah H, Aboznada OA, Alam MZ, ElAssouli MZM, Mujallid MI, ElAssouli SM. Genotoxicity of waterpipe smoke in buccal cells and peripheral blood leukocytes as determined by comet assay. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:891-6. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.970787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Re-examination of the genotoxic activity of water taken from the Songhua River in P. R. China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:78-88. [PMID: 23435683 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Songhua River, in northeast China, has heavy organic contamination due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Thus, it is important to further determine its genotoxic activity, which is a potential hazard for human health. Short-term genotoxic bioassays using Salmonella, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay, and mouse liver cell comet assay were employed to further examine the genotoxic activity of diethyl ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. Ames test results showed that there were still frame-shift mutagens, both direct and indirect, in water samples at doses of 5.0 or 7.0 L water equivalent/plate. The mutagenicity seems to be less when compared with the results from 2002 to 2003. A dose-response relationship was also obtained between DNA damage in mouse liver cells by comet assay and micronuclei formation by CBMN assay. These results indicate that the water samples showed genotoxic activity with a mutagenic potency. 88 and 104 compounds, respectively, were identified in summer and winter water sample extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Four priority pollutants listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and six priority pollutants listed by the Chinese Environment Protection Agency were found in summer or winter water samples, respectively. The results indicate that the diethyl ether extracts of surface water samples taken from the Songhua River still show genotoxic activity (≥3.0 L water). The risks of potential carcinogenicity for human health in the Songhua River should be studied further.
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Takanashi H, Kishida M, Nakajima T, Ohki A, Akiba M. A level change in mutagenicity of Japanese tap water over the past 12 yr. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1208-1213. [PMID: 21507460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A relative comparison study of mutagenicity in Japanese tap water was conducted for 1993 and 2005 surveys. It intended to assess the effects of advanced water treatment installations to water works, improvement of raw water quality and improvement of residual HOCl concentration controlling. Sampling points (taps) were the same in both surveys. The results of 245 samples obtained by the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test (Ames test) were analyzed. The Ames tests were conducted by using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains with and without exogenous activation (S9). With the exception of TA100-S9, the other conditions needed no discussion as a factor in the mutagenicity level change. The average mutagenicity in 1993 and 2005 under the conditions of TA100-S9 were 2600 and 1100 net revertantL(-1), respectively. This indicated that the mutagenicity level of Japanese tap water decreased during the 12-yr period. Particularly a remarkable decrease in mutagenicity was observed in the water works where the advanced water treatments were installed during the 12-yr period. The advanced water treatments were effective in decreasing the mutagenicity of tap water. Mutagenicity also decreased in the water works with conventional water treatments; the improvement of residual HOCl concentration controlling was also considered to be effective in decreasing the mutagenicity of tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takanashi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Claxton LD, de A. Umbuzeiro G, DeMarini DM. The Salmonella mutagenicity assay: the stethoscope of genetic toxicology for the 21st century. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1515-22. [PMID: 20682480 PMCID: PMC2974687 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to the 2007 National Research Council report Toxicology for the Twenty-First Century, modern methods (e.g., "omics," in vitro assays, high-throughput testing, computational methods) will lead to the emergence of a new approach to toxicology. The Salmonella mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay has been central to the field of genetic toxicology since the 1970s. Here we document the paradigm shifts engendered by the assay, the validation and applications of the assay, and how the assay is a model for future in vitro toxicology assays. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge using key words relevant to the Salmonella assay and additional genotoxicity assays. DATA EXTRACTION We merged the citations, removing duplicates, and categorized the papers by year and topic. DATA SYNTHESIS The Salmonella assay led to two paradigm shifts: that some carcinogens were mutagens and that some environmental samples (e.g., air, water, soil, food, combustion emissions) were mutagenic. Although there are > 10,000 publications on the Salmonella assay, covering tens of thousands of agents, data on even more agents probably exist in unpublished form, largely as proprietary studies by industry. The Salmonella assay is a model for the development of 21st century in vitro toxicology assays in terms of the establishment of standard procedures, ability to test various agents, transferability across laboratories, validation and testing, and structure-activity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Similar to a stethoscope as a first-line, inexpensive tool in medicine, the Salmonella assay can serve a similar, indispensable role in the foreseeable future of 21st century toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D. Claxton
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gisela de A. Umbuzeiro
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Limnologia, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to D.M. DeMarini, B105-03, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-1510. Fax: (919) 541-0694. E-mail:
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Zubair Alam M, Ahmad S, Ahmad M. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of tannery effluents used for irrigation at Kanpur, India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1620-1628. [PMID: 20684992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tannery effluents at Kanpur (India) have been in use for irrigation since last many years, polluting soil directly while ground water and food crops indirectly. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the test samples revealed the presence of organic compounds including diisooctyl phthalate, phenyl N-methylcarbamate, dibutyl phthalate, bis 2-methoxyethyl phthalate, and higher alkanes. Tannery effluent extracts were prepared using XAD-4/8 resins, dichloromethane, chloroform, and hexane and tested with Ames Salmonella test and DNA repair-defective Escherichia coli K-12 mutants. In the presence of XAD-concentrated tannery effluent, TA98 found to be the most sensitive strain in terms of mutagenic index followed by TA97a whereas in terms of mutagenic potential TA102 was most responsive. The extracts were also found genotoxic as determined in terms of survival of E. coli K-12 mutants, suggesting the presence of DNA damaging compounds in the tannery effluents. In the light of results, precautious use of tannery effluents for irrigation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Rech CM, Correia S, Bergamasco AM, Cardenette GHL, Flückiger-Isler S, Kamber M. Comparison of the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay with the new microplate fluctuation protocol for testing the mutagenicity of environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:31-38. [PMID: 19484728 DOI: 10.1002/em.20504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the responses of the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay with the new microplate fluctuation protocol (MPF) for the evaluation of the mutagenic activity of environmental samples. Organic extracts of total particulate atmospheric air samples, surface waters, and effluents were tested in dose-response experiments. The assays were performed with strain TA98 in the absence and presence of S9 mix. Both protocols produced similar results, despite the fact that the maximum score of the MPF is limited to 48 wells, whereas in the regular plate assay it is possible to count up to 1,500 colonies using an automatic counter. Similar sensitivities based on the lowest dose that resulted in a positive response were obtained for both assays. The MPF procedure is less laborious (e.g., all-liquid format, use of multichannel pipettors) and allows for automation of the pipetting and dispensing steps, thus, reducing time of the analysis which is particularly important in environmental quality monitoring programs or in effect-directed analysis. The results show that the MPF procedure is a promising tool to test environmental samples for mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico, Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kanno A, Nishi I, Kishi T, Kawakami T, Takahashi Y, Onodera S. Mutagenic potentials of Amberlite XAD-2-resin extracts obtained from river and drinking waters in the Northwest district of Chiba, Japan. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:817-26. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kanno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Iwaki Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tomohiro Kishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Yasuo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Lemos AT, Rosa DP, Rocha JAV, Vargas VMF. Mutagenicity assessment in a river basin influenced by agricultural, urban and industrial sources. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2058-2065. [PMID: 19744711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic potential of samples from a river basin under impact of agricultural, urban and industrial activities was studied, to investigate the influence of climatic variations on the mutagenicity. Three sites were analyzed, a reference-SI121-and two with strong anthropic influence-SI028 and SI008. The Salmonella/microsome assay was performed in the presence/absence of hepatic metabolic system in samples of water and organic extracts. Different strains were used to identify frameshift mutagens, base-pair substitutions and oxidative damage. Indicative mutagens were detected especially with metabolization. The toxic response, which was quite frequent, may have interfered in the mutagenicity detection. The adverse impact of anthropic activities was detected through recurring cytotoxic and mutagenic responses at the site of greater urban and industrial concentration. The data suggest the influence of climatic conditions on mutagenic response, reinforcing the need to investigate mutagenicity for a prolonged period to a better risk assessment of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Torres Lemos
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Salvador França, 1707, CEP: 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Alam MZ, Ahmad S, Malik A. Genotoxic and mutagenic potential of agricultural soil irrigated with tannery effluents at Jajmau (Kanpur), India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:463-476. [PMID: 19153791 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is a common practice in India to irrigate agricultural fields with wastewater originating from industries and domestic sources. At Jajmau (Kanpur), India, tannery effluent is used for irrigation purposes. This practice has been polluting the soil directly and groundwater and food crops indirectly. This study is aimed at evaluating the mutagenic impact of soil irrigated with tannery effluent. Soil extracts were prepared using four organic solvents (dichloromethane, methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone) and tested with Ames Salmonella/microsome test and DNA repair-defective E. coli k-12 mutants. Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of soil samples revealed the presence of a large number of organic compounds including bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, benzene, 1,3-hexadien-5-yne, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl)phenol, Docosane, 10-methylnonadecane, and many higher alkanes. The soil extracts exhibited significant mutagenicity with Ames tester strains. TA98 was found to be the most sensitive strains to all the soil extracts, producing maximum response in terms of mutagenic index of 14.2 (-S9) and 13.6 (+S9) in the presence of dichloromethane extract. Dichloromethane-extracted soil exhibited a maximum mutagenic potential of 17.3 (-S9) and 20.0 (+S9) revertants/mg soil equivalent in TA100. Methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone extracts were also found to be mutagenic. A significant decline in the survival of DNA repair-defective E. coli K-12 mutants was observed compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts when treated with different soil extracts. PolA mutant was found to be the most sensitive strain toward all four soil extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
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Valente-Campos S, Dias CL, Barbour EDA, de Souza Nascimento E, de Aragão Umbuzeiro G. The introduction of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay in a groundwater monitoring program. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 675:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ansari MI, Malik A. Genotoxicity of wastewaters used for irrigation of food crops. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:103-115. [PMID: 18442071 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In most towns of India, wastewater coming from both industrial and domestic sources and without any treatment is used to irrigate the agricultural crops. This practice has been polluting the soil, and pollutants could possibly reach the food chain. For the above reasons, the wastewaters of Ghaziabad City (India), which is used for irrigation, were sampled (at two different sites) and monitored for the presence of genotoxic agents from January 2005 to June 2007. Gas chromatographic analysis showed the presence of certain OC (DDE, DDT, Dieldrin, Aldrin, and Endosulfan) and OP (Dimethoate, Malathion, Methlyparathion, and Chlorpyrifos) pesticides in both the sampling sites. Wastewater samples were concentrated using XAD resins (XAD-4 and XAD-8) and liquid-liquid extraction procedures, and the extracts were assayed for genotoxic potential by Ames Salmonella/microsome test, DNA repair defective mutants, and bacteriophage lambda systems. The test samples exhibited significant mutagenicity with TA98, TA97a, and TA100 strains with the probable role of contaminating pesticides in the wastewater. However, XAD-concentrated samples were more mutagenic in both sites as compared to liquid-liquid-extracted samples. The damage in the DNA repair defective mutants in the presence of XAD-concentrated water samples were also found to be higher to that of liquid-liquid-extracted water samples at the dose level of 20 muL/mL culture. All the mutants invariably exhibited significant decline in their colony-forming units as compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts. The survival was decreased by 81.7 and 75.5% in polA(-) strain in site I, and 76.0 and 73.5% in site II in polA(-) under the same experimental conditions after 6 h of treatment with XAD-concentrated and liquid-liquid-extracted samples, respectively. A significant decrease in the survival of bacteriophage lambda was also observed when treated with the test samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ikram Ansari
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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Genotoxicity of agricultural soils in the vicinity of industrial area. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 673:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 157:357-64. [PMID: 19027211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.
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Caritá R, Marin-Morales MA. Induction of chromosome aberrations in the Allium cepa test system caused by the exposure of seeds to industrial effluents contaminated with azo dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:722-725. [PMID: 18495201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous potentially mutagenic chemicals have been studied mainly because they can cause damaging and inheritable changes in the genetic material. Several tests are commonly used for biomonitoring pollution levels and to evaluate the effects of toxic and mutagenic agents present in the natural environment. This study aimed at assessing the potential of a textile effluent contaminated with azo dyes to induce chromosomal and nuclear aberrations in Allium cepa test systems. A continuous exposure of seeds in samples of the textile effluent in different concentrations was carried out (0.3%, 3%, 10%, and 100%). Cells in interphase and undergoing division were examined to assess the presence of chromosome aberrations, nuclear changes, and micronuclei. Our results revealed a mutagenic effect of the effluent at concentrations of 10% and 100%. At lower concentrations, the effluent (3% and 0.3%) did not induce mutagenic alterations in the test organism A. cepa. These findings are of concern, since cell damage may be transmitted to subsequent generations, possibly affecting the organism as a whole, as well as the local biota exposed to the effluent discharge. If the damage results in cell death, the development of the organism may be affected, which could also lead to its death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caritá
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Liu JR, Pang YX, Tang XL, Dong HW, Chen BQ, Sun CH. Genotoxic activity of organic contamination of the Songhua River in the north-eastern region of the People's Republic of China. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 634:81-92. [PMID: 17643343 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Songhua River is one of the biggest rivers in China and is the major freshwater source for industry and agriculture, as well as the source of the drinking water for millions of residents living along it. Heavy contamination of the Songhua River is due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Thus, we set out to determine the carcinogenic potential of water samples taken from drinking water source of Harbin city in the Songhua River. Short-term genotoxic bioassays using Ames, SCE, and cell transformation assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of the ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Ames test indicated that there were frame shift mutagens in the water samples, which were both direct and indirect. A dose-response relationship for the SCE assay was obtained, and the SCE cumulative frequency moved obviously to the right with increasing doses of water samples. Typical transformed foci were formed in NIH3T3 cells induced by ether extracts of water samples and the transformation frequency showed a dose-response relationship. The transformed cells showed the characteristics of malignant cells. All of the results indicated that the ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River showed genotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ren Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
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Kuroshima KN, Barreiros MAB, Lacava LA, Costódio PFS. The influence of dioxide chloride on water quality of Balneário Camboriú beach, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 129:179-87. [PMID: 16957841 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since February 1999, the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) of Balneário Camboriú, Brazil, started a complementary treatment with ClO(2) application on its effluent. It was realized to minimize its impacts caused by increase of the population during summer. This study was realized in order to verify the influence of this compound in the water quality and the environmental evaluations. Samples of surface water were collected in this environment between January 1997 and June 2001 for chemical and microbiological surveys. The results had shown that after application of ClO(2), fecal coliforms were decreased about six times in the beach (2.3 x 10(3) to 3.5 x 10(2) MPN/100 ml) and three times in the river (3.3 x 10(4) to 1.0 x 10(4) MPN/100 ml), during summer time. NH(4) (+) showed an increase of about four times and 1.5 times, respectively, to beach and river. These results are showing the influence of ClO(2) on chemical and microbiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Kuroshima
- Laboratório de Oceanografia Química, CTTMar/UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai, 458-Centro-Caixa Postal-360, CEP 88302-202 Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
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Egito LCM, Medeiros MDG, Medeiros SRBD, Agnez-Lima LF. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of surface water from the Pitimbu river, northeastern/RN Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kummrow F, Magalhães D, Franco A, Umbuzeiro GDA. [Blue rayon and Salmonella/microsome assay in the evaluation of coastal water quality]. Rev Saude Publica 2007; 40:890-7. [PMID: 17301912 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102006000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a strategy for water quality monitoring for the presence of genotoxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. METHODS A study was carried out in Santos estuary, Southern Brazil, in 2002. Two sampling sites with different concentration levels were selected and evaluated in different samplings using blue rayon hanging technique, chemical analyses, and Salmonella/microsome assay with bacterial strains sensitive to different compounds. The extracts were tested using the Salmonella/microsome assay in microsuspension with the strains TA98, TA100, YG1041, and YG1042 in the absence and presence of metabolic activation and through chemical analyses. RESULTS Site 1, which had high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in its sediment, showed more often positive results in the Salmonella/microsome assay as well as higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in both samplings compared to site 2, which was less contaminated. YG1041 strain showed to be the most sensitive allowing for comparisons between the sites with different levels of contamination. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the blue rayon hanging technique with the Salmonella/microsome assay using YG1041 strain and chemical analyses were effective in recovering genotoxins as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested in this study. Therefore this strategy seems to be adequate for water quality monitoring in Santos estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicologias, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Warren SH, Claxton LD. The mutation spectra of chlorinated drinking water samples using the base-specific TA7000 strains of Salmonella in the microsuspension assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 609:26-33. [PMID: 16880003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutation spectra analysis can provide important information about the types of genotoxic compounds that can be present in environmental samples. In this study, we used the TA7000 base-specific Salmonella typhimurium tester strains to characterize water samples from two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in São Paulo, Brazil. Because of the small sample sizes of these environmental samples, the use of the microsuspension protocol was necessary. Acidic extracts of drinking water samples from the two DWTPs gave similar responses in the TA7000 strains and caused primarily CG to AT transversions. It is likely that halogenated disinfection by-products, generated during the chlorination of water, are causing the response seen with the TA7000 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB, Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr, 345, 05459-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Kummrow F, Roubicek DA, Tominaga MY. Evaluation of the water genotoxicity from Santos Estuary (Brazil) in relation to the sediment contamination and effluent discharges. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2006; 32:359-64. [PMID: 16216325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic activity of water samples collected in 9 different sites within the area of the Santos estuary was preliminary evaluated, and related to previous data on the genotoxicity of sediments and the contents of PAHs in both water and sediment samples. The liquid discharge of a steel mill (coke plant), known to be mutagenic, was chemically analyzed to determine its PAH content. For the water evaluation we employed the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 mix in the plate incorporation method. The water was filtered with an AP20 membrane before being extracted with XAD4 at natural and acidic pH. The industrial effluent was filtered in 0.45 microm membranes before being extracted with the liquid/liquid method. Both membranes containing the particulate material were extracted using ultrasonication. PAHs were found associated with the suspended particles present in the industrial effluent in accordance with mutagenicity data previously reported. In relation to the estuarine waters, sites 1 and 5 presented low levels of mutagenic activity only in the filtered water (liquid fraction) extracts. At site 3, both the filtered water and particulate solids presented also low mutagenicity. Results show that the mutagenic activity observed in water could not be directly related to the genotoxic activity and PAHs contents of the bottom sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de A Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia. Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Rua Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
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Cardozo TR, Rosa DP, Feiden IR, Rocha JAV, de Oliveira NCD, da Silva Pereira T, Pastoriza TF, da Motta Marques D, de Lemos CT, Terra NR, Vargas VMF. Genotoxicity and toxicity assessment in urban hydrographic basins. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 603:83-96. [PMID: 16413222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of water in small urban basins was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay and micronucleus test in V79 cells. The results showed that the cytotoxic effect was the most significant response in areas with medium to heavy urban occupation for both assays evaluated. Water samples from these areas include different concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. As to genotoxic damage, the presence of mainly direct-acting frameshift mutagens was detected in areas with less urban concentration and showed genotoxic activity in V79 cells in more heavily urbanized areas. Water organic extracts, evaluated using a microsuspension procedure, showed frameshift mutagenic activity in the presence of hepatic metabolization that increased as the population density grow. Chronic toxicity studies of sediment samples with the microcrustacean Daphnia magna showed that, while survival was not highly affected, reproductive inhibition was found in 92% of the observations. A retrospective diagnosis of water quality using traditional physicochemical parameters that defined the differential contribution of urban wastes at the three sites was associated with the biological assays. It became clear that the biological assays were of significant benefit in the diagnosis of risks of contamination of hydrographic basins by pollutants from urban non-point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Rocha Cardozo
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luis Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Dr. Salvador França, 1707 CEP, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Aleem A, Malik A. Genotoxicity of the Yamuna River water at Okhla (Delhi), India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2005; 61:404-12. [PMID: 15922807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from the Yamuna River at Okhla (Delhi), India, were concentrated using XAD resins (XAD-4 and XAD-8) and liquid-liquid extraction procedures. Gas chromatographic analysis of liquid-liquid extracted water samples revealed the presence of the pesticides DDT, BHC, dieldrin, endosulfan, aldrin, 2,4-D, dimethoate, methyl parathion, and malathion at concentrations of 14, 25, 2.1, 114, 0.9, 0.6, 0.9, 1.7, and 1.9 ng/L, respectively. The genotoxicity of the extracted water samples was evaluated with the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, DNA repair-defective mutants, and bacteriophage lambda systems. The results of the Salmonella test demonstrated that the XAD-concentrated water samples had maximum mutagenicity with the TA98 strain both with and without metabolic activation. However, the liquid-liquid-extracted water samples were also found to be mutagenic with one or more of the Ames tester strains, but to a lesser extent as compared with XAD extracts. The damage brought about in the DNA repair-defective mutants in the presence of XAD-concentrated water samples was found to be markedly high as compared with that liquid-liquid-extracted water samples at the dose level of 20 microl/mL culture. All mutants invariably exhibited significant declines in their colony-forming units as compared with their isogenic wild-type counterparts. Survival decreased by 86.3 and 75.5% in the polA- strain after 6 h of treatment with XAD-concentrated and liquid-liquid-extracted water samples, respectively. A significant decrease was also observed in the survival of bacteriophage lambda when treated with the test samples. Mutagenic responses of the liquid-liquid-extracted water samples may not necessarily reflect the mutagenicity of existing pesticides in the test water, because some other organic pollutants might accompany the pesticides in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Aleem
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Freeman HS, Warren SH, de Oliveira DP, Terao Y, Watanabe T, Claxton LD. The contribution of azo dyes to the mutagenic activity of the Cristais River. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:55-64. [PMID: 15910902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To verify whether dyes emitted within the discharge of a dye processing plant were contributing to the mutagenicity repeatedly found in the Cristais River, Sao Paulo, Brazil, we chemically characterized the following mutagenic samples: the treated industrial effluent, raw and treated water, and the sludge produced by a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) located approximately 6 km from the industrial discharge. Considering that 20% of the dyes used for coloring activities might be lost to wastewaters and knowing that several dyes have mutagenic activity, we decided to analyze the samples for the presence of dyes. Thin layer chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of three prevalent dyes in all samples, except for the drinking water. This combination of dyes corresponded to a commercial product used by the industry, and it tested positive in the Salmonella assay. The structures of the dye components were determined using proton magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric (MS) methods, and the dyes were tested for mutagenicity. The blue component was identified as the C.I. Disperse Blue 373, the violet as C.I. Disperse Violet 93, and the orange as C.I. Disperse Orange 37. The dyes showed mutagenic responses of 6300, 4600, and 280 revertants/microg for YG1041 with S9 respectively. A bioassay-directed fractionation/chemical analysis showed that the C.I. Disperse Blue 373 contributed 55% of the mutagenic activity of the DWTP sludge. We showed that these dyes contributed to the mutagenic activity found in the Cristais River environmental samples analyzed and are indirectly affecting the quality of the related drinking water. Therefore, we believe that this type of discharge should be more thoroughly characterized chemically and toxicologically. Additionally, human and ecological risks associated with the release of dye processing plant effluents should be more fully investigated, especially where the resultant water is taken for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ohe T, Watanabe T, Wakabayashi K. Mutagens in surface waters: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:109-49. [PMID: 15572284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of the literature on the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of surface waters is presented in this article. Subheadings of this article include a description of sample concentration methods, mutagenic/genotoxic bioassay data, and suspected or identified mutagens in surface waters published in the literature since 1990. Much of the published surface water mutagenicity/genotoxicity studies employed the Salmonella/mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100 with and/or without metabolic activation. Among all data analyzed, the percentage of positive samples toward TA98 was approximately 15%, both in the absence and the presence of S9 mix. Those positive toward TA100 were 7%, both with and without S9 mix. The percentage classified as highly mutagenic (2500-5000 revertants per liter) or extremely mutagenic (more than 5000 revertants per liter) was approximately 3-5% both towards TA98 and TA100, regardless of the absence or the presence of S9 mix. This analysis demonstrates that some rivers in the world, especially in Europe, Asia and South America, are contaminated with potent direct-acting and indirect-acting frameshift-type and base substitution-type mutagens. These rivers are reported to be contaminated by either partially treated or untreated discharges from chemical industries, petrochemical industries, oil refineries, oil spills, rolling steel mills, untreated domestic sludges and pesticides runoff. Aquatic organisms such as teleosts and bivalves have also been used as sentinels to monitor contamination of surface water with genotoxic chemicals. DNA modifications were analyzed for this purpose. Many studies indicate that the 32P-postlabeling assay, the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and the micronucleus test are sensitive enough to monitor genotoxic responses of indigenous aquatic organisms to environmental pollution. In order to efficiently assess the presence of mutagens in the water, in addition to the chemical analysis, mutagenicity/genotoxicity assays should be included as additional parameters in water quality monitoring programs. This is because according to this review they proved to be sensitive and reliable tools in the detection of mutagenic activity in aquatic environment. Many attempts to identify the chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of surface waters have been reported. Among these reports, researchers identified heavy metals, PAHs, heterocyclic amines, pesticides and so on. By combining the blue cotton hanging method as an adsorbent and the O-acetyltransferase-overproducing strain as a sensitive strain for aminoarenes, Japanese researchers identified two new type of potent frameshift-type mutagens, formed unintentionally, in several surface waters. One group has a 2-phenylbenzotriazole (PBTA) structure, and seven analogues, PBTA-type mutagens, were identified in surface waters collected at sites below textile dyeing factories and municipal wastewater treatment plants treating domestic wastes and effluents. The other one has a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) skelton with nitro and amino substitution group and it was revealed to be 4-amino-3,3'-dichloro-5,4'-dinitrobiphenyl derived from chemical plants treating polymers and dye intermediates. However, the identification of major putative mutagenic/genotoxic compounds in most surface waters with high mutagenic/genotoxic activity in the world have not been performed. Further efforts on chemical isolation and identification by bioassay-directed chemical analysis should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan.
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Roubicek DA, Rech CM, Sato MIZ, Claxton LD. Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 54:1589-1597. [PMID: 14675838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the routine São Paulo state (Brazil) surface water quality-monitoring program, which includes the Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay as one of its parameters, a river where water is taken and treated for drinking water purposes has repeatedly shown mutagenic activity. A textile dyeing facility employing azo-type dyes was the only identifiable source of mutagenic compounds. We extracted the river and drinking water samples with XAD4 at neutral and acidic pH and with blue rayon, which selectively adsorbs polycyclic compounds. We tested the industrial effluent, raw, and treated water and sediment samples with YG1041 and YG1042 and compared the results with the TA98 and TA100 strains. The elevated mutagenicity detected with YG-strains suggested that nitroaromatics and/or aromatic amines were causing the mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. Positive responses for the blue rayon extracts indicated that mutagenic polycyclic compounds were present in the water samples analyzed. The mutagen or mixture of mutagens present in the effluent and water samples cause mainly frameshift mutations and are positive with and without metabolic activation. The Salmonella assay combined with different extraction procedures proved to be very useful in the identification of the origin of the pollution and in the identification of the classes of chemical compounds causing the mutagenic activity in the river analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB--Cia. Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kummrow F, Rech CM, Coimbrão CA, Roubicek DA, Umbuzeiro GDA. Comparison of the mutagenic activity of XAD4 and blue rayon extracts of surface water and related drinking water samples. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2003; 541:103-13. [PMID: 14568299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mutagenicity tests and selective extraction methodologies can be useful to indicate the possible classes of genotoxic organic contaminants in water samples. Treated and source water samples from two sites were analyzed: a river under the influence of an azo dye-processing plant discharge and a reservoir not directly impacted with industrial discharges, but contaminated with untreated domestic sewage. Organic extraction was performed in columns packed with XAD4 resin, that adsorbs a broad class of mutagenic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), arylamines, nitrocompounds, quinolines, antraquinones, etc., including the halogenated disinfection by-products; and with blue rayon that selectively adsorbs polycyclic planar structures. The organic extracts were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella assay using TA98 and TA100 strains and the potencies were compared. A protocol for cleaning the blue rayon fibers was developed and the efficiency of the reused fibers was analyzed with spiked samples. For the river water samples under the influence of the azo-type dye-processing plant, the mutagenicity was much higher for both blue rayon and XAD4 extracts when compared to the water from the reservoir not directly impacted with industrial discharges. For the drinking water samples, although both sites showed mutagenic responses with XAD4, only samples from the site under the influence of the industrial discharge showed mutagenic activity with the blue rayon extraction, suggesting the presence of polycyclic compounds in those samples. As expected, negative results were found with the blue rayon extracts of the drinking water collected from the reservoir not contaminated with industrial discharges. In this case, it appears that using the blue rayon to extract drinking water samples and comparing the results with the XAD resin extracts we were able to distinguish the mutagenicity caused by industrial contaminants from the halogenated disinfection by-products generated during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, R. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 Bl. 13-B, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Ma M, Rao K, Wang Z. Mutagenicity of water and sediment extracts from the Yongdinghe Watershed. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2003; 38:1781-1792. [PMID: 12940481 DOI: 10.1081/ese-120022878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potential mutagenicities of water and sediment in Guanting Reservoir/Yongdinghe River Watershed in Beijing, China were assessed using the Ame's tests for the organic pollutants. For different sampling sites, the results were indicative for the existence of mutagens. Furthermore, by using different types of Ames tests, different types of mutagens in water and in sediment were elucidated. The results on Ames tests for water concentrates and sediment extracts could be obviously differentiated. Mutagens in water were mainly direct-acting mutagens whereas in sediment they were mainly pro-mutagens, which exhibit mutagenic effects only after metabolic activation. In general, among all the six sampling sites, site-1, site-2 and site-4 were potentially at mutagenic risk. In a trial to find the causes of mutagenicities in the sediment samples, chemical analysis was performed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides. However, the available data were not sufficient to explain the mutagenicity in the sediment. Integration of the results of Ames test and chemical analysis on overlying water and sediment samples in Guanting Reservoir and Yongdinghe River indicated that this catchment was moderately contaminated by PCBs and organochlorinated pesticides thereby causing a significant mutaginicity in water and sediment. Special attention should be given to the water quality in site-1 and sediment quality in site-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Abstract
In the city of Aligarh (India), wastewater coming from both industrial and domestic sources and without any treatment is used to irrigate the agricultural crops. This practice has been polluting the soil, and the pollutants could possibly reach the food chain. For the above reason, soil irrigated with wastewater was sampled and monitored for the presence of genotoxic agents using three biological assays namely Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome test, survival of SOS defective E. coli K-12 mutants and bacteriophage lambda systems. Extracts from soils were prepared using different organic solvents, i.e. methanol, acetonitrile and acetone. TA98 was found to be most sensitive strain to all the soil extracts. A significant decline in the survival of DNA repair defective E. coli K-12 mutants as compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts were observed when treated with soil extracts. PolA was found to be the most sensitive strain. A remarkable decline in the plaque forming units was also observed when tested with the soil extracts. Extracts of soil that has been irrigated with ground water were also tested by the above three biological assays to compare the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Aleem
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India.
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Ohe T, White PA, DeMarini DM. Mutagenic characteristics of river waters flowing through large metropolitan areas in North America. Mutat Res 2003; 534:101-12. [PMID: 12504759 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hanging technique using blue rayon, which specifically adsorbs mutagens with multicyclic planar structures, has the advantages over most conventional methods of not having to bring large volumes of water back to the laboratory for extraction of organic materials. Therefore, for the same effort the hanging blue rayon technique allows for the analysis of more samples from remote sites, although it has a disadvantage of not allowing quantitative analysis. In this study, the blue rayon hanging technique was used to collect organic mutagens in river waters that flow through metropolitan areas in northeastern North America. Monitoring was performed at a total of 21 sites: the Providence River system (4 sites), the Charles River (2 sites), the Potomac River (6 sites), the St. Lawrence River (5 sites), the Hudson River (3 sites), and the East River (1 site). Mutagenicity was evaluated using the Salmonella assay with strains TA98, TA100, YG1024, YG1041, and YG1042 with and without metabolic activation. The results demonstrated that strains YG1041 and YG1024 were much more sensitive than TA98 with S9 mix. Fifteen samples out of 21 were positive in YG1041 with S9 mix. Six samples gave 5000-18,400 revertants/g blue rayon equivalent. YG1042 was also much more sensitive than TA100. Eight samples were positive in YG1042 with S9 mix. The highest activity was 10,200 revertants/g blue rayon equivalent. The overall results showed that rivers flowing through major cities in North America contain frameshift-type, aromatic amine-like mutagenic activity. However, the levels of mutagenic activity in these rivers were much lower than expected based on prior analyses and calculated population-to-discharge ratios. Further research, such as detailed chemical analyses and/or simultaneous comparisons of several different adsorbents (e.g. XAD and blue rayon), will be needed to clarify the observed differences between North American blue rayon values and published values for European and Asian river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Japan.
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