1
|
Nostoc muscorum is a novel source of microalgal lectins with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex type-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:415-429. [PMID: 35504413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our survey for a new antiviral agent, two types of lectin were purified from Nostoc muscorum using both ion-exchange and affinity columns chromatography. Nostoc muscorum lectins (NMLs) are categorized based on their carbohydrate preference. Nostoc muscorum lectin-1(NML-1) exhibited a strict binding specificity for complex glycoproteins without linked carbohydrates, and the other displayed specificity for α- glycosides mannose polymers (NML-2) and was classified as a glycoprotein with 16.8% linked carbohydrates. NML-1 displayed a single band of 166 kDa on native-PAGE and two bands of 81 kDa and 85 kDa on SDS-PAGE, which confirmed the heterodimeric nature of this lectin. While NML-2 is a 50 kDa glycoprotein composed of 25 kDa subunits. Physical characterization of NML-1 displayed its stability at a higher temperature of 90 °C for 5 min and over a wide pH range (4-9), while MNL-2 displayed stability up to a temperature of 80 °C for 25 min and a pH range of 5-8. NML-1 didn't require metal ions for agglutination activity, while the activity of NML-2 was doubled by manganese ions. The antiviral activity of two lectins was assessed against herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) using a plaque assay which revealed that NML-1 inhibited HSV-1 infection at an early stage in contrast to NML-2 which exerted its antiviral effect at the late stage of infection. These results suggest that Nostoc muscorum is a unique lead for antiviral drug discovery as it is a novel source for antiviral lectins with different modes of action.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sammet S, Esser S. [Herpes simplex virus infections type 1 and 2 and their different clinical manifestations]. MMW Fortschr Med 2021; 163:46-55. [PMID: 34146287 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-021-9955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Sammet
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Hufelandstr. 55, 45157, Essen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Esser
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Hufelandstr. 55, 45157, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El-Fakharany EM, Saad MH, Salem MS, Sidkey NM. Biochemical characterization and application of a novel lectin from the cyanobacterium Lyngabya confervoides MK012409 as an antiviral and anticancer agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:417-430. [PMID: 32526302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
4
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 may infect the anal region and induce aphthous ulcers. HSV-induced proctitis may be severe with fever, anal pain, anal bleeding, and diarrhea. OBJECTIVES The pathogenic agents and treatment are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the current literature was performed. RESULTS The shift to later primary infections with HSV1 and changes towards more frequent oro-genital and oro-anal sex has increased the incidence of HSV1-induced primary anal infections. Due to frequent recurrences, HSV2 remains the most common cause of anal HSV infection. Anal and genital HSV infections are a risk factor for subsequent HIV infection. In case of suspicion, pathogen detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) should be performed and other sexually transmitted diseases should be excluded. HSV proctitis may mimic inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment should include antiviral medication as in genital herpes simplex. CONCLUSIONS HSV may induce perianal infections, anal infections and HSV proctitis. Diagnosis of HSV1 and HSV2 using PCR is recommended. Anal and genital HSV infections are a risk factor for subsequent HIV infection. The risk is higher for HSV2 infection due to more frequent recurrences.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schremser V, Antoniewicz L, Tschachler E, Geusau A. Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in dermatology : Analysis of clinical data. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 132:35-41. [PMID: 31820101 PMCID: PMC6978434 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-01585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Rapid identification of human herpesviruses from lesion swabs is necessary for timely initiation of antiviral treatment, especially with infections involving neonates and immunocompromised individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the results of an in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for herpesviruses in patients with symptoms suggestive for a herpesvirus infection. Patients and methods In this single center retrospective study the results of 3677 lesion swab specimens tested for human herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV 1 and 2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were analyzed in the context of data sheets giving details of the suspected diagnosis, medical history as well as the demographic data of the patients. The PCR procedures for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) were applied on special occasions. Results Of the samples 3369 (91.6%) were swabs and a minority were tissue or blood samples. Of the 3015 samples tested for HSV‑1, HSV‑2 and VZV concomitantly, 52.3% were positive for at least one of these viruses. Clinically distinct conditions, such as herpes zoster and varicella had a high rate of positive PCR results, ranging from 81% to 88%, respectively. Among HSV‑2 positive samples, 23.7% derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients, in contrast to the 10.8% originating from immunocompetent patients, the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.002). The HSV‑2 was detected more often in women than in men. Conclusion Distinct clinical diagnoses have a high correlation rate with positive PCR results. A significantly higher number of HSV‑2 positive results were found in HIV positive patients and in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schremser
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukasz Antoniewicz
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet at Danderyds University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Department of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Geusau
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
White SL, Rawlinson W, Boan P, Sheppeard V, Wong G, Waller K, Opdam H, Kaldor J, Fink M, Verran D, Webster A, Wyburn K, Grayson L, Glanville A, Cross N, Irish A, Coates T, Griffin A, Snell G, Alexander SI, Campbell S, Chadban S, Macdonald P, Manley P, Mehakovic E, Ramachandran V, Mitchell A, Ison M. Infectious Disease Transmission in Solid Organ Transplantation: Donor Evaluation, Recipient Risk, and Outcomes of Transmission. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e416. [PMID: 30656214 PMCID: PMC6324914 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand, with the support of the Australian Government Organ and Tissue authority, commissioned a literature review on the topic of infectious disease transmission from deceased donors to recipients of solid organ transplants. The purpose of this review was to synthesize evidence on transmission risks, diagnostic test characteristics, and recipient management to inform best-practice clinical guidelines. The final review, presented as a special supplement in Transplantation Direct, collates case reports of transmission events and other peer-reviewed literature, and summarizes current (as of June 2017) international guidelines on donor screening and recipient management. Of particular interest at the time of writing was how to maximize utilization of donors at increased risk for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, given the recent developments, including the availability of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus and improvements in donor screening technologies. The review also covers emerging risks associated with recent epidemics (eg, Zika virus) and the risk of transmission of nonendemic pathogens related to donor travel history or country of origin. Lastly, the implications for recipient consent of expanded utilization of donors at increased risk of blood-borne viral disease transmission are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L White
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Women's and Children's Health and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Schools of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Boan
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia
| | - Vicky Sheppeard
- Communicable Diseases Network Australia, New South Wales Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Waller
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Opdam
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- The Organ and Tissue Authority, Australian Government, Canberra, Australia
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Fink
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Verran
- Transplantation Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Webster
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Wyburn
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lindsay Grayson
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan Glanville
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Lung Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Cross
- Department of Nephrology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ashley Irish
- Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Toby Coates
- Renal and Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony Griffin
- Renal Transplantation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Greg Snell
- Lung Transplant, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Chadban
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Macdonald
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Manley
- Kidney Disorders, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eva Mehakovic
- The Organ and Tissue Authority, Australian Government, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vidya Ramachandran
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alicia Mitchell
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Lung Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burbelo PD, Iadarola MJ, Chaturvedi A. Emerging technologies for the detection of viral infections. Future Virol 2018; 14:39-49. [PMID: 31933674 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viruses represent one of the major environmental agents that cause human illness and disease. However, the ability to diagnose viral infections is limited by detection capability and scope. Here we describe several emerging technologies that provide rapid and/or high-quality viral diagnostic information. Two technologies, novel CRISPR-based diagnostics and a portable DNA sequencing instrument, are uniquely suited to increase the number of viral agents analyzed, even in point of care settings. We also discuss a phage-based method for generating comprehensive viral profiles of previous exposure/infection and a fluid-phase immunoassay that yields highly quantitative viral antibody analyses. Future applications of these approaches will accelerate on-site clinical diagnosis of viral infections and provide insights into the role viruses play in complex diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Burbelo
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrija Chaturvedi
- Dental Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chuerduangphui J, Proyrungroj K, Pientong C, Hinkan S, Budkaew J, Pimson C, Chumworathayi B, Hanond P, Ekalaksananan T. Prevalence and anatomical sites of human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus infections in men who have sex with men, Khon Kaen, Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:509. [PMID: 30305039 PMCID: PMC6180447 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) cause sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are frequently found in men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection. METHODS This study investigated the prevalence of infection and anatomical site distribution of these viruses in asymptomatic MSM. DNA, extracted from cells collected from the anorectum, oropharynx and urethra of 346 participants, was investigated for the presence of EBV, HPV and HSV using real-time PCR. Demographic data from the participants were analyzed. RESULTS All three viruses were found in all sampled sites. EBV was the commonest virus, being detected in the anorectum (47.7% of participants), oropharynx (50.6%) and urethra (45.6%). HPV and HSV were found in 43.9% and 2.9% of anorectum samples, 13.8% and 3.8% of oropharynx samples and 25.7% and 2% of urethra samples, respectively. HPV infection of the anorectum was significantly associated with age groups 21-30 (odds = 3.043, 95% CI = 1.643-5.638 and P = 0.001) and 46-60 years (odds = 2.679, 95% CI = 1.406-5.101 and P = 0.03). EBV infection of the urethra was significantly correlated with age group 21-30 years (odds = 1.790, 95% CI = 1.010-3.173 and P = 0.046). EBV/HPV co-infection of the anorectum (odds = 3.211, 95% CI = 1.271-8.110, P = 0.014) and urethra (odds = 2.816, 95% CI = 1.024-7.740, P = 0.045) was also associated with this age group. Among HIV-positive MSM, there was a significant association between age-group (odds = 21.000, 95% CI = 1.777-248.103, P = 0.016) in HPV infection of the anorectum. A failure to use condoms was significantly associated with HPV infection of the anorectum (odds = 4.095, 95% CI = 1.404-11.943, P = 0.010) and urethra (odds = 7.187, 95% CI = 1.385-37.306, P = 0.019). Similarly, lack of condom use was significantly associated with EBV infection of the urethra (odds = 7.368, 95% CI = 1.580-34.371, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION These results indicate that asymptomatic MSM in Northeast Thailand form a potential reservoir for transmission of STDs, and in particular for these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jureeporn Chuerduangphui
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanisara Proyrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Saowarop Hinkan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiratha Budkaew
- Department of Social Medicine, Khon Kaen Center Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Charinya Pimson
- Department of Animal Health Science, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bandit Chumworathayi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ploenpit Hanond
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. .,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cohen JA, Sellers A, Sunil TS, Matthews PE, Okulicz JF. Herpes simplex virus seroprevalence and seroconversion among active duty US air force members with HIV infection. J Clin Virol 2015; 74:4-7. [PMID: 26615389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is associated with an increased risk of both HIV transmission and acquisition. We evaluated longitudinal HSV serology and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among active duty US Air Force (USAF) members with HIV infection. METHODS USAF members diagnosed with HIV between 1996 and 2012 were included and divided into 2 groups: 1996-2004 (n=131) and 2005-2012 (n=266). HSV-1 and -2 serology was evaluated at HIV diagnosis. Longitudinal HSV-1 and -2 serology and ICD-9 codes for HSV and non-HSV STIs were also examined for those with ≥ 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS Patients were most commonly Caucasian (44.2%) or African American (43.4%) men with a median age of 28 years at HIV diagnosis. HSV-2 seroprevalence at HIV diagnosis decreased from the period of 1996-2004 (48.8%) to 2005-2012 (30.1%; P<0.01). Odds of HSV-2 seropositivity was significantly greater for non-Caucasians (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.33-3.60) and for HIV diagnosis between 1996 and 2004 (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.29-3.27), with a trend observed for those age >30 years at HIV diagnosis (OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.94-3.18). A total of 81 (20.4%) patients developed STIs by ICD-9 codes, including 24 (6.1%) new genital herpes diagnoses, during a median follow-up of 4.6 years. HSV-2 seroconversion occurred in 33 of 253 (13.0%) with an incidence rate of 5.07 per 100 person-years (95% CI 4.76-5.37). CONCLUSION Although HSV-2 seroprevalence at HIV diagnosis decreased over time, high-risk sexual behaviors were ongoing as evidenced by the high proportion of new STI diagnoses and HSV-2 seroconversions. Continued education to reduce risk behaviors is warranted to prevent acquisition and transmission of STIs in HIV-infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Cohen
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amanda Sellers
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - T S Sunil
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Peter E Matthews
- Mike O'Callaghan Federal Medical Center, Infectious Disease Service, Nellis AFB, NV, United States
| | - Jason F Okulicz
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Infectious Disease Service, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in HIV Coinfected Individuals in Eastern India with Risk Factor Analysis. Adv Virol 2015; 2015:537939. [PMID: 26557849 PMCID: PMC4628955 DOI: 10.1155/2015/537939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the cause of most genital herpes while HSV-1 is responsible for orolabial and facial lesions. In immunocompromised individuals, like HIV patients, impaired immunity leads to more frequent symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV infection. Fifty-two blood samples from HIV patients with clinically diagnosed HSV infection were taken as cases, while 45 blood samples each from HIV-infected (HIV control) and noninfected patients without any herpetic lesion (non-HIV control) were taken as control. Serum was tested for IgM and IgG antibodies of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 by ELISA. The seroprevalence was compared among the three groups of study population, considering the demographic and socioeconomic parameters. The HSV-2 IgM was significantly higher (p < 0.005) in the HIV patient group (34.6%) than the HIV control (2.2%) and non-HIV control (2.2%) groups, whereas HSV-2 IgG seroprevalence was higher in both HIV patient (61.5%) and HIV control (57.8%) groups than the non-HIV control group (17.8%). The prevalence of HSV-2 was significantly higher in persons with multiple partners and in the reproductive age group. The overall seroprevalence of HSV-1 IgM was too low (<5%), whereas it was too high (about 90%) with HSV-1 IgG in all three study groups.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding Y, Wu Z, Duan S, Rou K, Yang Y, Wang J, Gao M, Ye R, Detels R, He N. Risk factors for incident HSV-2 infections among a prospective cohort of HIV-1-discordant couples in China. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 92:76-82. [PMID: 26139205 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2014-051975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of risk factors is essential for developing herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) prevention interventions that could also reduce HIV-1 transmission, particularly among HIV-1-discordant couples. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted among HIV-1-discordant couples from June 2009 to March 2011 in Yunnan province, China. 413 HIV-1-infected partners and 517 HIV-1-uninfected partners who were HSV-2 seronegative or equivocal at enrolment and who had a study partner completing the baseline survey and HSV-2 testing were included in the analysis. RESULTS HSV-2 incidence was 2.9 per 100 person-years (PY) for HIV-1-infected partners and 4.5 per 100 PY for HIV-1-uninfected partners. At least 36% of incident HSV-2 infections were from outside sexual partner. Among HIV-1-infected partners, multivariate analysis indicated that HSV-2 incidence was significantly higher among those with baseline equivocal HSV-2 result, having an initially HSV-2 seropositive or equivocal partner, reporting no sex with study partner and initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) during follow-up. Among HIV-1-uninfected partners, multivariate analysis indicated that HSV-2 incidence was significantly higher among those having an initially HSV-2 seropositive partner and reporting sex with study partner ≥5 times/month, but was lower among those having a partner with baseline CD4(+) count ≥350 cells/μL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the importance of developing prevention and intervention programmes to reduce HSV-2 transmission among this population. The relationship between ART initiation and HSV-2 seroconversion requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Song Duan
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Keming Rou
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yuecheng Yang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jibao Wang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runhua Ye
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mucosal immunity in the female genital tract, HIV/AIDS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:350195. [PMID: 25313360 PMCID: PMC4181941 DOI: 10.1155/2014/350195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Burbelo PD, Ching KH, Morse CG, Alevizos I, Bayat A, Cohen JI, Ali MA, Kapoor A, Browne SK, Holland SM, Kovacs JA, Iadarola MJ. Altered antibody profiles against common infectious agents in chronic disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81635. [PMID: 24312567 PMCID: PMC3847058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the important diagnostic value of evaluating antibody responses to individual human pathogens, antibody profiles against multiple infectious agents have not been used to explore health and disease mainly for technical reasons. We hypothesized that the interplay between infection and chronic disease might be revealed by profiling antibodies against multiple agents. Here, the levels of antibodies against a panel of 13 common infectious agents were evaluated with the quantitative Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS) in patients from three disease cohorts including those with pathogenic anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies (IFN-γ AAB), HIV and Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) to determine if their antibody profiles differed from control subjects. The IFN-γ AAB patients compared to controls demonstrated statistically higher levels of antibodies against VZV (p=0.0003), EBV (p=0.002), CMV (p=0.003), and C. albicans (p=0.03), but lower antibody levels against poliovirus (p=0.04). Comparison of HIV patients with blood donor controls revealed that the patients had higher levels of antibodies against CMV (p=0.0008), HSV-2 (p=0.0008), EBV (p=0.001), and C. albicans (p=0.01), but showed decreased levels of antibodies against coxsackievirus B4 (p=0.0008), poliovirus (p=0.0005), and HHV-6B (p=0.002). Lastly, SjS patients had higher levels of anti-EBV antibodies (p=0.03), but lower antibody levels against several enteroviruses including a newly identified picornavirus, HCoSV-A (p=0.004), coxsackievirus B4 (p=0.04), and poliovirus (p=0.02). For the IFN-γ AAB and HIV cohorts, principal component analysis revealed unique antibody clusters that showed the potential to discriminate patients from controls. The results suggest that antibody profiles against these and likely other common infectious agents may yield insight into the interplay between exposure to infectious agents, dysbiosis, adaptive immunity and disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Burbelo
- Clinical Dental Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- *
| | - Kathryn H. Ching
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Caryn G. Morse
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren Syndrome Clinic, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ahmad Bayat
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mir A. Ali
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Browne
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antoine TE, Park PJ, Shukla D. Glycoprotein targeted therapeutics: a new era of anti-herpes simplex virus-1 therapeutics. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:194-208. [PMID: 23440920 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is among the most common human pathogens worldwide. Its entry into host cells is an intricate process that relies heavily on the ability of the viral glycoproteins to bind host cellular proteins and to efficiently mediate fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane. Acquisition of HSV-1 results in a lifelong latent infection. Because of the cycles of reactivation from a latent state, much emphasis has been placed on the management of infection through the use of DNA synthesis inhibitors. However, new methods are needed to provide more effective treatment at earlier phases of the viral infection and to prevent the development of drug resistance by the virus. This review outlines the infection process and the common therapeutics currently used against the fundamental stages of HSV-1 replication and fusion. The remainder of this article will focus on a new approach for HSV-1 infection control and management, the concept of glycoprotein-receptor targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thessicar E Antoine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lalut J, Tripoteau L, Marty C, Bares H, Bourgougnon N, Felpin FX. Synthesis of C3-arylated-3-deazauridine derivatives with potent anti-HSV-1 activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7461-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Raboud J, Anema A, Su D, Klein MB, Zakaryan A, Swan T, Palmer A, Hosein S, Loutfy MR, Machouf N, Montaner JSG, Rourke SB, Tsoukas C, Hogg RS, Cooper C. Relationship of chronic hepatitis C infection to rates of AIDS-defining illnesses in a Canadian cohort of HIV seropositive individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2012; 13:90-102. [PMID: 22510356 DOI: 10.1310/hct1302-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on the risk, timing, and type of AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) is not well described. To this end, rates of ADIs were evaluated in a Canadian cohort of HIV seropositive individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS ADIs were classified into 6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined etiological subgroups: non-Hodgkin lymphoma, viral infection, bacterial infection, HIV-related disease, protozoal infection, and mycotic infection. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effect of HCV on rates of ADIs after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Among 2,706 HAART recipients, 768 (28%) were HCV coinfected. Rates of all ADIs combined and of bacterial infection, HIV-related disease, and mycotic infection were increased in HCV-coinfected persons and among those with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 HCV was associated with an increased risk of ADIs (rate ratio [RR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.01-1.88) and a 2-fold increased risk of mycotic infections (RR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.35-3.62) in univariate analyses and after adjusting for age, baseline viral load, baseline CD4 count, and region of Canada. However, after further adjustment for HAART interruptions, HCV was no longer associated with an increased rate of ADIs overall (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.80-1.59), but remained associated with an increased rate of mycotic infections (RR, 1.97, 95% CI, 1.08-3.61). CONCLUSION Although HCV coin-fected individuals are at increased risk of developing ADIs overall, our analysis suggests that behavioral variables associated with HCV (including rates of retention on HAART), and not biological interactions with HCV itself, are primarily responsible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Raboud
- University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seroprevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus infection in a population of HIV-infected patients in Canada. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 36:165-9. [PMID: 19098690 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31818d3fb6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus infection in a population of HIV-infected individuals in Canada. METHODS HIV-infected patients attending 5 infectious disease clinics for follow-up care were approached to participate in the study. After informed consent was obtained, subjects completed a questionnaire documenting HIV-risk behavior, duration of infection, history of oral and/or genital herpes, and treatment for HIV and/or genital herpes. Blood for HSV type-specific serology was drawn and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Focus Diagnostics HerpeSelect HSV-1, HSV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG). Equivocal samples were repeated and any discrepant results were resolved with Western blot. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-nine HIV-infected individuals participated. The mean age was 43.9 years, 74.7% were Canadian born and 72.3% were men. The majority of foreign-born subjects were black (endemic) and women. The seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 78.1% and 54.6%, respectively. Women were 2.7 times more likely to be HSV-2 seropositive, non-Canadian-born participants were 2.0 times more likely to be HSV-2 seropositive, and nonwhite subjects were 3.2 times more likely to be seropositive. Men who had sex with other men had the lowest seroprevalence of HSV-2. Only 30.3% of HSV-2 positive subjects reported a history of genital herpes. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of HIV-infected subjects attending 5 infectious disease clinics in Canada are coinfected with HSV. Routine type-specific HSV-2 testing should be introduced to direct education regarding symptoms, signs, and transmission reduction of genital herpes and perhaps ultimately HIV-1. Knowledge of HSV serostatus would also provide an opportunity to consider antiviral therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Williams I, Leen C, Barton S. 6 Herpes viruses. HIV Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00944_7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Lagnese M, Daar ES, Christenson P, Rieg G. Herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence and incidence in acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:463-4. [PMID: 21742810 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.010551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) HIV co-infection is common and associated with increased risk of HIV transmission. HSV-2 seroprevalence was assessed on stored samples from baseline and one year follow-up from 81 patients identified with acute HIV infection and 81 age-matched chronically infected men. HSV-2 seroprevalence at baseline was lower for those with acute rather than chronic HIV-infection, 51.9 versus 71.6% (P = 0.01); relative risk 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.92). Since HSV-2 seroprevalence is lower in those newly HIV-infected, the diagnosis of early HIV infection may allow for counselling to reduce subsequent HSV-2 acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lagnese
- Division of HIV Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mark HD, Lucea M, Nanda JP, Farley JE, Gilbert L. Genital herpes testing among persons living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2011; 22:354-61. [PMID: 21459624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional survey explored the frequency of genital herpes testing among 110 people living with HIV (PLWH) and reported barriers and facilitators related to testing. Forty-four percent of the respondents had not been tested for genital herpes since receiving an HIV diagnosis, 34% had been tested, and 22% preferred not to say. Respondents' most frequently cited factors affecting a decision to not be tested were: (a) testing not being recommended by a provider, (b) not having herpes symptoms, and (c) not thinking they had herpes. Data from this study indicated that PLWH were not frequently tested for genital herpes; there was a limited understanding of the frequently subclinical nature of infection; and provider recommendations for testing, or lack thereof, affected testing decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Mark
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Antiviral activity of recombinant cyanovirin-N against HSV-1. Virol Sin 2010; 25:432-9. [PMID: 21221922 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a standard strain of HSV-1 (strain SM(44)) was used to investigate the antiviral activity of the recombinant Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro and in vivo. Cytopathic effect (CPE) and MTT assays were used to evaluate the effect of CV-N on HSV-1 in Vero cells. The number of copies of HSV-DNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR). The results showed that CV-N had a low cytotoxicity on Vero cells with a CC(50) of 359.03 ± 0.56 μg/mL, and that it could not directly inactivate HSV-1 infectivity. CV-N not only reduced the CPE of HSV-1 when added before or after viral infection, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) with 2.26 and 30.16 μg/mL respectively, but it also decreased the copies of HSV-1 DNA in infected host cells. The encephalitis model for HSV-1 infection was conducted in Kunming mice, and treated with three dosages of CV-N (0.5, 5 & 10 mg/kg) which was administered intraperitoneally at 2h, 3d, 5d, 7d post infection. The duration for the appearance of symptoms of encephalitis and the survival days were recorded and brain tissue samples were obtained for pathological examination (HE staining). Compared with the untreated control group, in the 5mg/kg CV-N and 10mg/kg CV-N treated groups, the mice suffered light symptoms and the number of survival days were more than 9 d and 14 d respectively. HE staining also showed that in 5mg/kg CV-N and 10mg/kg CV-N treated groups, the brain cells did not show visible changes, except for a slight inflammation. Our results demonstrated that CV-N has pronounced antiviral activity against HSV-1 both in vitro and in vivo, and it would be a promising new candidate for anti-HSV therapeutics.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gilbert L, Nanda J, Farley J, Mark H. Providers' knowledge, practices, and barriers related to genital herpes testing for patients with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2010; 21:327-34. [PMID: 20347347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study explored the knowledge, practice, and reported barriers related to genital herpes testing among 102 health care providers who treat people living with HIV in the United States. Twelve percent reported always testing HIV-infected patients for genital herpes, 65% sometimes or usually tested, and 23% rarely or never tested for genital herpes. Seventy-five percent said testing was not standard of care. Providers were more likely to recommend a herpes test if the patient had symptoms (94%) or had a partner with herpes (83%) and were less likely to recommend testing if patients had no partners (60%) or would rather not know (49%). Our work adds to the growing body of literature on herpes simplex virus-HIV coinfection by documenting that (a) providers often do not screen for genital herpes, (b) knowledge of appropriate diagnostic evaluation is limited, and (c) many clinicians report the lack of clear guidelines is a barrier to testing.
Collapse
|
23
|
Brazzale AG, Russell DB, Cunningham AL, Taylor J, McBride WJH. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among the Indigenous population of Cape York, Far North Queensland, Australia. Sex Health 2010; 7:453-9. [DOI: 10.1071/sh09098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to obtain representative seroprevalence data for the Indigenous population of Far North Queensland by measuring the age- and sex-specific seroprevalence of the herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in Cape York. Methods: A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted using de-identified serum samples collected from Indigenous patients living in Cape York, aged 16 years or older, who sought medical care between August 2007 and May 2008. An age- and sex-stratified random sample of 270 sera was tested for the presence of antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Indeterminate results were resolved with western blot. Results: The overall seroprevalence for the Indigenous population of Cape York was 97.8% for HSV-1 and 58.5% for HSV-2. There was a statistically significant difference in HSV-2 seroprevalence according to sex (P < 0.001). Females were more likely to be HSV-2 seropositive compared with males (72.1% and 43.8%, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first study to report on the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the Indigenous population of Cape York. This study has identified a population with an extremely high prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in this population was found to be five times higher than that reported for the general adult Australian population. These results will be invaluable to the implementation of appropriate prevention and control strategies against HSV infection and are especially important considering the strong association between HSV-2 and the acquisition and transmission of HIV.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mark H, Gilbert L, Nanda J. Psychosocial well-being and quality of life among women newly diagnosed with genital herpes. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2009; 38:320-6. [PMID: 19538620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the psychosocial well-being and quality of life among women with a new genital herpes simplex virus diagnosis. DESIGN Data were collected by a cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-three women diagnosed with genital herpes simplex virus by culture, visual exam and/or a description of symptoms within the last 3 months were recruited from primary health care clinics by their provider. MEASURES Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Recurrent Genital Herpes Quality of Life scale. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of the women qualified as "clinical cases" for depression, and 64% were designated as "anxiety cases" based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scoring methods. A majority of participants reported feeling ashamed about having herpes and worried about having an outbreak or giving herpes to someone else. CONCLUSIONS Despite substantial progress toward understanding genital herpes simplex virus epidemiology and transmission, a diagnosis of genital herpes continues to cause considerable psychosocial morbidity and to impact quality of life. There is a dearth of good evidence on how best to intervene to minimize the psychological impact of a diagnosis. Experts recommend addressing both the medical and psychological aspects of infection by providing antiviral therapy, written material, and resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Mark
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Room 449 Baltimore, MD 21205-2110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferreira DDC, Martins FO, Romanos MTV. Impacto do laser de baixa intensidade na supressão de infecções pelos vírus Herpes simplex 1 e 2: estudo in vitro. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:82-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O uso do laser de baixa intensidade na supressão de infecções pelos vírus Herpes simplex 1 e 2 foi avaliado após uma a cinco aplicações, sendo observada uma redução gradual na replicação dos vírus Herpes simplex 1 e 2 com 68,4% e 57,3% de inibição, respectivamente, após 5 aplicações, indicando o seu uso clínico.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sasadeusz JJ, Silvers JE, Kent HE, Devenish W, Hocking J, Garland SM. Prevalence of HSV-2 antibody in a Melbourne antenatal population attending a tertiary obstetric hospital. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48:266-72. [PMID: 18532957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2008.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence rate in a Melbourne antenatal cohort. DESIGN Prospective collection of serum and questionnaires in 1371 women attending an outpatient antenatal clinic. SETTING A tertiary obstetric hospital in metropolitan Melbourne. PARTICIPANTS Women aged 18 years or older attending an antenatal clinic appointment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Seroprevalence rate of HSV-2 using an ELISA-based- type-specific serological assay. RESULTS The overall HSV-2 seroprevalence rate in women was 13.6%. Only 0.4% of assays were equivocal and required confirmation by Western blot analysis. By multivariate analysis, HSV-2 seroprevalence was found to be associated with increasing age (odds ratio (OR) 4.63; confidence interval (CI) 1.86, 11.52 for age greater than 40 years), increasing number of sexual partners (OR 4.07, CI 2.13, 7.7 for five or more) and a past history of genital herpes in the index case (OR 5.48, CI 2.77, 10.87) or in a current or previous partner (OR 8.29, CI 4.15 to 16.56). CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 seroprevalence rates in Melbourne are comparable to other similar populations in Australia. Routine antenatal screening for HSV-2 is probably not warranted but targeted screening based on numbers of sexual partners or a history of genital herpes in partners may be justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph John Sasadeusz
- Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sassi AB, Harzallah-Skhiri F, Bourgougnon N, Aouni M. Antiviral activity of some Tunisian medicinal plants against Herpes simplex virus type 1. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:53-65. [PMID: 17999339 DOI: 10.1080/14786410701589790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen species of Tunisian traditional medicinal plants, belonging to 10 families, were selected for this study. They were Inula viscosa (L.) Ait and Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth ssp. discolor (Pom.) Batt. (Asteraceae), Mesembryanthemum cristallinum L. and M. nodiflorum L. (Aizoaceae), Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq., Atriplex inflata Muell., A. parvifolia Lowe var. ifiniensis (Caball) Maire, and Salicornia fruticosa L. (Chenopodiaceae), Cistus monspeliensis L. (Cistaceae), Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae), Erica multiflora L. (Ericaceae), Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankeniaceae), Hypericum crispum L. (Hypericaceae), Plantago coronopus L. ssp. eu-coronopus Pilger var. vulgaris G.G. (Plantaginaceae) and Zygophyllum album L. (Zygophyllaceae). Fifty extracts prepared from those plants were screened in order to assay their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), using neutral red incorporation. Extracts from eight plants among these 15 showed some degree of antiviral activity, while the methanolic extract of E. multiflora was highly active with EC(50) of 132.6 microg mL(-1). These results corroborate that medicinal plants from Tunisia can be a rich source of potential antiviral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ben Sassi
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives, Faculte de Pharmacie, rue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fairley CK, Fehler G, Lewin SR, Pitts M, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS. Sexually transmissible infection and HIV management among men who have sex with men with and without HIV: survey of medical practitioners who are members of the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. Sex Health 2008; 5:155-9. [DOI: 10.1071/sh07094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rates of HIV in New South Wales (NSW) have been stable, but have increased significantly in other Australian states. The reasons for this are unknown and may be associated with differences in the management of sexually transmissible infections (STI) and HIV in different states in Australia. Our aim was to determine if the use of suppressive treatment for genital herpes, the treatment of HIV or STI screening practices were different between states in Australia. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of medical practitioners who are S100 prescribers and members of the Australian Society for HIV Medicine. Results: In general, there were no differences between the clinical practices of practitioners in NSW and other states except that in NSW fewer practitioners tested HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) for syphilis annually (NSW 78% v. others 87%, P = 0.04) or treated MSM with advanced HIV disease (CD4 < 150 × 106 cells L–1) with acicylovir in the absence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) (NSW 4% v. others 13%, P = 0.03), and more practitioners in NSW tested HIV-negative MSM for HSV type-specific serology (NSW 21% v. others 11%, P = 0.02). Conclusions: It is unlikely that the minor differences in HSV and HIV treatment or STI screening practices among practitioners in NSW and other Australian states explains the differences in HIV notifications between these two areas.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fairley CK, Grulich AE, Imrie JC, Pitts M. Investment in HIV prevention works: a natural experiment. Sex Health 2008; 5:207-10. [DOI: 10.1071/sh08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
Genital herpes is the main cause of genital ulcers worldwide; the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 infections in the general population ranges from 10% to 60%. Most genital herpes is caused by HSV-2, although HSV-1 accounts for about half of new cases in developed countries. The risk of HIV acquisition is three times higher in people with HSV-2. Neonatal herpes is an uncommon but serious complication of genital herpes. Most genital HSV-2 infections are unrecognised and undiagnosed; infected individuals, even with mild symptoms, shed HSV, and can infect sexual partners. Since clinical diagnosis is neither sensitive nor specific, virological and type-specific serological tests should be used routinely. Oral antiviral drugs for HSV infections are safe and effective and can be used both to treat episodes and to prevent recurrences. Antiviral treatment of the infected partners and condom use reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HSV-2.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Condoms/statistics & numerical data
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/drug therapy
- Herpes Genitalis/physiopathology
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/virology
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Male
- Secondary Prevention
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smit C, Pfrommer C, Mindel A, Taylor J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B, Coutinho R, Dukers NHTM. Rise in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 among highly sexual active homosexual men and an increasing association between herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV over time (1984-2003). Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22:937-44. [PMID: 17929177 PMCID: PMC2190784 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-007-9178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are both highly prevalent. The rate of genital HSV-1 transmission is reportedly increasing over time. HSV-2 is considered to be an important risk factor for HIV transmission. We therefore studied changes in the HSV-1 and HSV-2 prevalence in a large cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) over a 20-year time period. Methods Among 1847 HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM participating in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies, seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was determined and prevalence rate ratios (PRR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Between 1984 and 2003 the HSV-1 and HSV-2 prevalence decreased among HIV-uninfected MSM (P < 0.001), but remained stable among HIV-infected MSM. HSV-1 prevalence increased among men with at least 200 sexual partners over lifetime (PRR: 1.49, P < 0.001). The association between HIV infection and HSV-2 became stronger over time (PRR: 3.45, P < 0.001). Conclusions Seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 remained high among HIV infected MSM from 1984 to 2003. The association of HIV and HSV-2 increased during the HIV epidemic. Since the proportion of sexual transmission of HSV-1 is rising, it is important to study the potential role of HSV-1 as risk factor for HIV acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colette Smit
- Cluster Infectious Diseases, Health Service of Amsterdam, Stichting HIV monitoring, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ramaswamy M, Geretti AM. Interactions and management issues in HSV and HIV coinfection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:231-43. [PMID: 17402838 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Significant synergistic interactions have been observed between HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV). HIV-induced immune compromise can cause frequent and persistent HSV disease, while poorly controlled HSV replication may influence HIV pathogenicity and transmission. HSV-2 seroprevalence is high in HIV-infected cohorts worldwide, with rates of over 80% for HSV-1 and ranging from 33% to more than 80% for HSV-2. As seen in HIV-negative individuals, HSV-2 coinfection is associated with female gender, older age and black ethnicity. HSV infection is commonly under-diagnosed in HIV-infected individuals, although the use of PCR for HSV detection in mucocutaneous swabs and HSV type-specific serology can improve the diagnostic yield. In HIV-1-infected patients with frequent clinical episodes of HSV reactivation, suppressive antiviral therapy may prove beneficial in controlling HSV disease while also reducing HSV-mediated promotion of HIV replication. Antiretroviral therapy leads to a gradual recovery of HSV-specific T-cell responses and a reduction in HSV-related morbidity, indicating that successful management of coinfection should target both HIV and HSV replication. The aim of this review is to address the more speculative issues surrounding the management of HSV/HIV coinfection and to summarize the data that inform them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ramaswamy
- Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free & University College Medical School, Department of Virology, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ziyaeyan M, Japoni A, Roostaee MH, Salehi S, Soleimanjahi H. A serological survey of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and 2 immunity in pregnant women at labor stage in Tehran, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:148-151. [PMID: 19070003 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.148.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-I) and type 2 (HSV-2) in pregnant women at labor stage. Blood samples from umbilical cord of four hundred women aging 16 to 40 years at labor stage were collected. After sera separation quantity of anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies were measured by serum neutralization test. Antibody quantification was assayed by two fold dilution of sera (from 1/2 to 1/256) with 500 Tissue Culture Infective Dose fifty percent (TCID50) of the HSV-1 and HSV-2, separately. Three hundred sixty three (90.75%) of women had neutralizing antibody against HSV-1. Thirty three (8.25%) tested women were seropositive for HSV-2 antibodies. Our results indicate that there is positive correlation between increase of age and seroprevalence of anti-HSV-2 infection in pregnant women. Furthermore, the pattern of HSV-2 infection is similar with other Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD). These results also show that seroprevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibody in our tested population was remarkable. However, the seroprevalence of anti-HSV-1 antibody in different age groups statistically were not significant. These results also showed that most women before fertility age have infections with HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brown EL, Wald A, Hughes JP, Morrow RA, Krantz E, Mayer K, Buchbinder S, Koblin B, Celum C. High risk of human immunodeficiency virus in men who have sex with men with herpes simplex virus type 2 in the EXPLORE study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:733-41. [PMID: 16896053 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition was evaluated among 4,295 high-risk, HIV-negative men who have sex with men in an intensive behavioral intervention (colloquially referred to as "EXPLORE") study in the United States from 1999 to 2003. Sexual behavior data were obtained by computer-assisted self-interview, and sera were collected semiannually for HIV and HSV-2 serology. HSV-2 infection was classified as "recent incident" (at the first HSV-2 seropositive visit), "remote incident" (within 24 months of the first positive visit), and "prevalent" (for visits >24 months after the first HSV-2 positive visit). Baseline HSV-2 prevalence was 20.3%. HSV-2 incidence was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6, 2.2) per 100 person-years; significant risk factors were African-American race, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, an HIV-positive male sex partner, and six or more male partners in the prior 6 months. The behavioral intervention did not reduce HSV-2 acquisition (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.6). Overall HIV incidence was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.7, 2.2) per 100 person-years. HIV risk was elevated among men who have sex with men with recent incident HSV-2 (adjusted HR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7, 7.8), remote incident HSV-2 (adjusted HR = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.8, 3.3), and prevalent HSV-2 (adjusted HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.1) infection compared with HSV-2 seronegative participants. HIV intervention strategies targeting HSV-2 prevention and suppression among men who have sex with men should be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Santos FC, de Oliveira SA, Setúbal S, Camacho LAB, Faillace T, Leite JPG, Velarde LGC. Seroepidemiological study of herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:315-9. [PMID: 16862329 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and to evaluate its association with age, sex as well as other demographic and behavioural factors in 150 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive adults patients attending the general medical outpatient ward for routine care of Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Serum samples were screened for HSV-2 antibodies using an indirect ELISA. Eighty-three patients were men (mean age: 38.8) and 67 were women (mean age: 35.4). The estimated prevalence of HSV-2 was 52% (95% CI: 44-60%) and it was higher among men (53%) than among women (50.7%). Overall, the age of first sexual intercourse and past history of genital herpes were associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Analysis by gender disclosed significant association of number of lifetime sex partners only among men. Although HSV-2 antibodies were frequent in the study group, genital herpes was reported by 21.8% of the HSV-2 positive subjects, indicating low awareness of the HSV-2 infection. These results may have public health importance for Brazil as the high rate of HSV-2 infection may act as a cofactor of HIV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Cunha Santos
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Niterói, RJ, 24030-210, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cunningham AL, Taylor R, Taylor J, Marks C, Shaw J, Mindel A. Prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Australia: a nationwide population based survey. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82:164-8. [PMID: 16581748 PMCID: PMC2564694 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2005.016899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies demonstrating previous herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV transmission, and the development of a HSV vaccine candidate, have emphasised the need for worldwide population based studies of HSV seroprevalence. The only nationwide seroprevalence studies have been conducted in the United States. METHODS An Australia-wide, population based study of HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence was conducted, using serum and sociodemographic data collected between 1999-2000, for a representative study of risk factors for diabetes in over 11 000 adults. A stratified random sample of 4000 was tested for HSV-2 and 1000 for HSV-1, with sampling and weighting for various demographic factors. RESULTS Seroprevalence of HSV-2 in Australian adults was 12%. Prevalence in women (16%) was twice that in men (8%). Rural populations had a lower prevalence (9%) than metropolitan (13%), and Indigenous had a higher prevalence (18%) than the non-Indigenous populations (12%). The seroprevalence of HSV-1 was 76% with significant differences by age group, sex and Indigenous status. CONCLUSION These are the first nationwide data to compare with US studies. HSV-2 infection is less common in Australia than the United States, and this will allow planning for combating HIV transmission in high prevalence populations in northern Australia. In addition, the high HSV-1 seroprevalence will be important for future deployment of genital herpes vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Cunningham
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Centre and University of Sydney, Marian Villa, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the article is to examine "appropriate" health care for men who have sex with men (MSM), which is not to suggest "special" health care. As a group, MSM are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections, anal cancer, and mental health disorders. Focus areas in this article will address health issues that the primary care nurse practitioner (NP) may encounter in clinical practice: anal carcinoma, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), high-risk sexual practices, depression, and substance abuse were topics chosen for inclusion in this article. These topics were among those highlighted in the Healthy People 2010 Companion Document for LGBT Health, which served to examine the healthcare disparities and lack of access to needed services related to sexual orientation. DATA SOURCE Extensive literature review of research articles, journals, clinical practice guidelines, books, and public health department Internet Web sites. CONCLUSIONS There are unique health disparities that exist for MSM related to social, emotional, and mental health factors, in addition to physical issues such as STDs. There is an increasing need for primary care providers to be aware of these disparities, as well as the factors that influence these disparities, in order to provide multidimensional care and health counseling that is unique to NP practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Both the primary care NP and the patient should be aware of the unique healthcare issues among MSM that should be incorporated into the patient's routine health maintenance program. As primary care providers, it is within the standards of practice for NPs to provide culturally competent care, along with health promotion and disease prevention for MSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Royal Gee
- Sacramento Family Medical Clinic, Sacramento, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Akanitapichat P, Wangmaneerat A, Wilairat P, Bastow KF. Anti-herpes virus activity of Dunbaria bella Prain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 105:64-8. [PMID: 16298095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The herpes inhibitory effect of Dunbaria bella Prain (Fabaceae), a Thai medicinal plant traditionally used to treat viral infections was investigated. Using a bioassay-guided fractionation procedure, tertiary fractionation of a dichloromethane-methanol plant extract afforded a partially purified fraction (Fr.372) equally active against replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. The 50% inhibitory concentration determined by a viral yield-inhibition assay was 1.21-1.25 microg/ml and the antiviral selectivity was about 17-fold. Treatment of HSV with high concentrations of Fr.372 followed by removal before infection had little effect on subsequent viral yield indicating the active principle(s) were not inactivating the virus. Concentrations greater than 0.5 microg/ml significantly inhibited viral release more than cell-associated virus suggesting that one or more active ingredients may inhibit viral release. Furthermore, the antiviral activity was dependent on multiplicity of infection and the type of host cell. Preliminary chemical analysis showed that Fr.372 contained neither phenolic compounds nor alkaloids.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ramaswamy M, Sabin C, McDonald C, Smith M, Taylor C, Geretti AM. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence at the time of HIV-1 diagnosis and seroincidence after HIV-1 diagnosis in an ethnically diverse cohort of HIV-1-infected persons. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:96-101. [PMID: 16432480 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000187211.61052.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence at HIV-1 diagnosis and seroincidence > or =1 year after HIV-1 diagnosis. METHODS HSV type-specific antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The cohort comprised 850 adults diagnosed HIV-positive in 1986-2001 and followed for a median of 3 years. HSV-2 seroprevalence was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60-66%) and was associated with female gender, heterosexual risk group, black ethnicity, and older age. HSV-2 seroincidence was 1.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.8-2.8) and was associated with other sexually transmitted diseases, including human papilloma virus infection (P = 0.005) and gonorrhea (P = 0.05). A diagnosis of genital herpes was made in 21% HSV-2-seropositive persons and was more likely in those who tested HIV-positive before 1997 (adjusted odds ratio, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.28-7.98; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Results confirm the epidemiologic association between HIV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-2 seroconversion was a marker of high-risk sexual behavior. The likelihood of developing symptoms of genital herpes declined from 1997 onward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ramaswamy
- Department of Virology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mark HD, Sifakis F, Hylton JB, Celentano DD, Mackellar DA, Valleroy LA, Zenilman J. Sex with women as a risk factor for herpes simplex virus type 2 among young men who have sex with men in Baltimore. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 32:691-5. [PMID: 16254544 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000175402.55952.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 is common among MSM and is a risk factor for transmission of HIV. The findings of studies investigating the relationship between infection with HSV-2 and number of sex partners among MSM are inconsistent and rarely distinguish between male and female partners. GOAL To determine the prevalence and risk factors for infection with HSV-2, including the number and gender of sex partners, in a group of MSM in Baltimore, MD. STUDY This was a cross-sectional study among young MSM in Baltimore. RESULTS Of the blood samples from 824 participants, 19.3% had HSV-2 antibodies. After adjusting for known HSV-2 correlates, independent predictors of HSV-2 seropositivity included HIV seropositivity, black race, older age, number of lifetime female sex partners, recent unprotected receptive anal intercourse with a man. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that female sex partners may be an important source of HSV-2 infection among young bisexual MSM. After adjusting for known HSV-2 correlates, the number of lifetime female but not male sex partners was independently associated with HSV-2. These results highlight the need for HSV-2 prevention and treatment efforts targeting MSM who also have sex with women. Future investigations of HSV-2 and sexual behavior among MSM need to distinguish between male and female sex partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Mark
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
It has been known for some years that the ulcerative and inflammatory STIs lead to an increased risk of HIV transmission. In particular, there is a two- to four-fold increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition associated with prevalent herpes simplex virus type 2. The challenges are discussed herein.
Collapse
|
42
|
Meyer JL, Crosby RA, Whittington WLH, Carrell D, Ashley-Morrow R, Meier AS, Harrington RD, DiClemente R, Wald A. The psychosocial impact of serological herpes simplex type 2 testing in an urban HIV clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81:309-15. [PMID: 16061537 PMCID: PMC1745021 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2004.012146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common infection among HIV infected people. HSV type specific serologies permit the diagnosis of previously unrecognised HSV-2 infection. While substantial psychosocial morbidity has been associated with a clinical diagnosis of genital herpes, the burden associated with a serological diagnosis of HSV-2 is unclear. This study prospectively measured the psychosocial response to a new serological HSV-2 diagnosis in patients receiving care at an urban HIV clinic. METHODS At entry, sera were tested for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies by western blot. Participants completed a 90 item psychosocial and life quality questionnaire at enrollment, and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after receiving test results. RESULTS Of 248 HIV infected participants, 172 (69.4%) were HSV-2 seropositive and 116 (67.4%) seropositive people did not have a previous history of genital herpes. After correction for multiple comparisons, no statistically significant differences were detected on the psychosocial and life quality scales between those who received a new HSV-2 serological diagnosis compared with those who were HSV-2 seropositive with a history of genital herpes, or those who tested HSV-2 seronegative. Additionally, no significant changes in scores were observed during follow up. CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 was a common but often unrecognised infection in this urban HIV clinic and participants coped well with a positive HSV-2 result. Concerns about psychosocial burden should not deter serological testing for HSV-2. Given the epidemiological and clinical interaction between HSV-2 and HIV, these data support routine HSV-2 testing of HIV infected people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Meyer
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Marrazzo JM, Stine K, Wald A. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Infection With Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 and -2 Among Lesbians. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:890-5. [PMID: 14646636 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000091151.52656.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sexual transmission of bacterial and viral sexually transmitted disease has been reported between women. No data are available on seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) among lesbians. GOAL The goal was to define prevalence of infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 among lesbians, and associated risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Women who reported sex with another woman in the preceding year were eligible. Medical and sexual histories were obtained. Serum was tested for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies using Western Blot assay. RESULTS Among 392 subjects, antibodies to HSV-1 were detected in 46% and to HSV-2 in 8%. Increasing age predicted higher seroprevalence to both HSV types, and HSV-2 seropositivity was associated with a history of male partner with genital herpes. Of 78 women reporting no prior sex with men, 3% were HSV-2-seropositive. Most HSV-2-seropositive subjects (71%) reported no history of genital herpes. HSV-1 seroprevalence increased significantly with an increasing number of female sex partners. CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 infection occurs in nearly 1 in 10 lesbians and is not predicted by report of sex with men or sexual identity. Most lesbians infected with HSV-2 are not aware of their infection. Sexual transmission of HSV-1 may occur more frequently among lesbians than among heterosexual women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Marrazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Suligoi B, Dorrucci M, Volpi A, Andreoni M, Zerboni R, Rezza G. Prevalence and determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in a cohort of HIV-positive individuals in Italy. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29:665-7. [PMID: 12438902 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200211000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections may be a risk factor for the transmission of HIV. Data on the prevalence of HSV-2 infection among HIV-positive individuals are scarce. GOAL The goal was to study the seroprevalence of and risk factors for HSV-2 infection among a cohort of Italian HIV-positive individuals. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. HSV-2 serologic testing was performed for individuals with known date of HIV seroconversion, on the serum specimen obtained on the date closest to the estimated date of seroconversion. Antibodies to HSV-2 (anti-HSV-2) were detected by a gG2-specific ELISA. RESULTS A total of 380 HIV-positive individuals were tested for anti-HSV-2; 126 (33.2%) of them were positive. Older age at HIV seroconversion and homosexuality were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data stress the need for including anti-HSV-2 testing and therapy in the management of HIV positivity, especially for reducing the risk of transmission of HIV through herpetic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Suligoi
- Reparto AIDS e MST, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis 2002; 186 Suppl 1:S3-28. [PMID: 12353183 DOI: 10.1086/343739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on age- and sex-specific prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 2 and 1 infections is essential to optimize genital herpes control strategies, which increase in importance because accumulating data indicate that HSV-2 infection may increase acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. This review summarizes data from peer-reviewed publications of type-specific HSV seroepidemiologic surveys. HSV-2 prevalence is, in general, highest in Africa and the Americas, lower in western and southern Europe than in northern Europe and North America, and lowest in Asia. HSV-2 and -1 prevalence, overall and by age, varies markedly by country, region within country, and population subgroup. Age-specific HSV-2 prevalence is usually higher in women than men and in populations with higher risk sexual behavior. HSV-2 prevalence has increased in the United States but national data from other countries are unavailable. HSV-1 infection is acquired during childhood and adolescence and is markedly more widespread than HSV-2 infection. Further studies are needed in many geographic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Smith
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Unit of Field and Intervention Studies, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|