1
|
Ferreira YAM, Santamarina AB, Mennitti LV, de Souza EA, Prado CM, Pisani LP. Unsaturated fatty acids enhance mitochondrial function and PGC1-α expression in brown adipose tissue of obese mice on a low-carbohydrate diet. J Nutr Biochem 2025; 140:109873. [PMID: 39986635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/24/2025]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) exhibits greater resilience against inflammation compared to white adipose tissue. However, chronic consumption of a high-fat diet can render brown adipocytes vulnerable to proinflammatory conditions, leading to a decline in their thermogenic capacity and subsequent dysfunction. The analysis of the effects of type fatty acids intake must be important in the context of the dietary pattern and obesity. This study aims to investigate the impact of a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet, enriched with different types of fatty acids, on mitochondrial activity on brown adipose tissue in obese mice. Male mice were allocated into different dietary groups: a control diet (CTL), and a high-fat diet (HFD) for a duration of 10 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, the HFD group was subdivided into the following categories for an additional 6 weeks: HFD with a low carbohydrate content enriched with saturated fatty acids; HFD with a low carbohydrate content enriched with fish oil; HFD with a low carbohydrate content enriched with soybean oil; and HFD with a low carbohydrate content enriched with olive oil. The findings indicated that in comparison to a low-carbohydrate diet rich in saturated fats, diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids-particularly omega-6 (n-6) and omega-9 (n-9)-resulted in elevated expression of UCP1, a marker of BAT activity. Moreover, there was an increase in the expression of PGC1-α, a protein involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and enhanced functionality of the oxidative phosphorylation system within BAT mitochondria. These results suggest that n-6 and n-9 fatty acids may confer greater benefits to BAT functionality than saturated fats within the context of a low-carbohydrate diet. Therefore, this study revealed some molecular components that mediate BAT mitochondria function influenced by different fatty acids in a low carbohydrate diet, making it an important therapeutic target in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Alaby Martins Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Boveto Santamarina
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Vales Mennitti
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Alves de Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Maximo Prado
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Kong Y, Kang H, Jiang Y, Hao X. Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids percentages and coronary artery disease incidence and mortality: Observational and Mendelian randomization analyses. Clin Nutr 2025; 48:122-133. [PMID: 40199060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing coronary artery disease (CAD) remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between circulating PUFA percentages and CAD outcomes using observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. METHODS We analyzed data from 203,373 UK Biobank participants without CAD at baseline. Four PUFA percentages (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]%, omega-3%, linoleic acid [LA]%, and omega-6%) were examined in relation to incident CAD and CAD mortality. MR analyses included one-sample linear and nonlinear approaches, as well as two-sample univariable and multivariable methods. Observational and one-sample MR analyses were conducted overall and stratified by age and sex. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 13.2 years, 16,098 incident CAD cases and 1243 CAD deaths occurred. Observationally, all PUFA percentages were inversely associated with both CAD outcomes. In one-sample MR, genetically predicted DHA% was strongly associated with decreased risk of CAD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.31, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.62, P = 9.71 × 10-4), with a pronounced effect in individuals aged ≥58 years (HR 0.20, 95 % CI 0.09-0.43, P = 4.75 × 10-5). Genetically predicted omega-6% was associated with a decreased risk of incident CAD (HR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.76-0.92, P = 1.26 × 10-4), with a significant effect in females but not in males. Two-sample MR confirmed these findings, suggesting partial mediation through lipid pathways. Nonlinear MR analyses validated these linear associations without threshold effects. CONCLUSIONS Observational and genetically predicted high DHA% protects against CAD mortality, particularly in older adults. Omega-6% and incident CAD exhibited sex-specific inverse associations. These findings underscore the importance of considering age and sex in PUFA-based strategies for CAD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yifan Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Haonan Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Xingjie Hao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Evolutionary perspectives have yielded profound insights in health and medical sciences. A fundamental recognition is that modern diet and lifestyle practices are mismatched with the human physiological constitution, shaped over eons in response to environmental selective pressures. This Darwinian angle can help illuminate and resolve issues in nutrition, including the contentious issue of fat consumption. In the present paper, the intake of saturated fat in ancestral and contemporary dietary settings is discussed. It is shown that while saturated fatty acids have been consumed by human ancestors across time and space, they do not feature dominantly in the diets of hunter-gatherers or projected nutritional inputs of genetic accommodation. A higher intake of high-fat dairy and meat products produces a divergent fatty acid profile that can increase the risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory disease and decrease the overall satiating-, antioxidant-, and nutrient capacity of the diet. By prioritizing fiber-rich and micronutrient-dense foods, as well as items with a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, and in particular the long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, a nutritional profile that is better aligned with that of wild and natural diets is achieved. This would help prevent the burdening diseases of civilization, including heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. Saturated fat is a natural part of a balanced diet; however, caution is warranted in a food environment that differs markedly from the one to which we are adapted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Garnås
- Institute of Health, Oslo New University College, Ullevålsveien 76, Oslo, 0454, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Gu X, Li Y, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Wang DD. Changes in fatty acid intake and subsequent risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in males and females: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2025; 121:141-150. [PMID: 39551355 PMCID: PMC11748121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between changes in fatty acid intake over time and subsequent mortality are unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to prospectively examine associations between changes in fatty acid intake (as percentage of total energy) and mortality. METHODS Among 65,179 adults from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, free from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at baseline in 1994, we documented 20,571 deaths through 2020 (1,334,603 person-years). Diets were assessed every 4 years using validated questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality risk were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A 5% energy increment in total fat intake was associated with 5% lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.96; isocaloric comparison was total carbohydrate). The HRs of all-cause mortality (95% CI) were 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) and 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) for a 5% increment in energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), respectively, and was 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) for a 1% increase in energy intake from trans fatty acid (TFA; all Ptrend ≤ 0.001). Changes in saturated fatty acid (SFA) were not associated with all-cause mortality. Increases in intakes of linoleic acid, marine n-3 PUFA, and MUFA from plant sources were each significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality. In substitution analyses, replacing 5% energy from SFA with PUFA was associated with 19% lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.87), whereas replacing 0.3% of energy from SFA with marine n-3 PUFA was associated with 11% lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93). Isocaloric substitution of SFA by PUFA, particularly marine n-3 PUFA, was associated with lower mortality due to cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS These findings support replacing SFA with unsaturated fatty acids (especially from plant sources) and eliminating dietary TFA to reduce premature death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Walter C Willett
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Dong D Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu T, Zhang C, Yang Y, Huang L, Liu Q, Li L, Zeng Q, Li Z. Role of Milk Intake in Modulating Serum Lipid Profiles and Gut Metabolites. Metabolites 2024; 14:688. [PMID: 39728469 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Milk is one of the main sources of nutrition in people's daily diet, but the fat in milk raises health concerns in consumers. Here, we aimed to elucidate the impact of Buffalo milk and Holstein cow milk consumption on blood lipid health through metabolomics analysis. METHODS Golden hamsters were administered Murrah Buffalo milk (BM) or Holstein cow milk (HM), and the body weight and serum lipid indicators were tested and recorded. The hamsters receiving equal amounts of physiological saline were used as the negative control (NC). Serum and fecal samples were collected, and LC-MS was used to identify the metabolites in the samples. RESULTS The results showed that both the BM and HM groups exhibited a significant reduction in body weight compared to that of the NC group from day 9, and the serum TG, TC, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower than those of the NC group. Further analysis identified 564 and 567 metabolites in the serum and fecal samples shared in the BM and HM groups and significantly different from those in the NC group, which were mainly enriched in the pathways related to lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Correlation analysis further suggested that milk intake can increase the levels of Muramic Acid, Oleoyl Ethanolamide, Seratrodast, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester, and Deoxycholic Acid in the serum and gut microbiota, which may affect TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C in the serum, and thereby benefit the body's lipid health. CONCLUSIONS The results further confirmed that milk intake has a beneficial effect on blood lipid health by altering multiple metabolites in the serum and the gut. This study provides novel evidence that milk consumption is beneficial to health and is a reference for guiding people to a healthy diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liang Huang
- School of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Ling Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Qingkun Zeng
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Buffalo Milk Quality and Safety Control Technology Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Şen DÖ, Yarkaç FU, Eroğlu ZT, Yıldız K. The relationship between periodontal status, physical activity, dietary practices, and dental caries. Sci Rep 2024; 14:29086. [PMID: 39580484 PMCID: PMC11585539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation between dietary patterns, levels of physical activity (PA), and the occurrence of periodontal disease. Many lifestyles have been connected to periodontal disease, but little is known about diet and PA intake. This study included 185 people-62 healthy, 61 gingivitis, and 62 periodontitis. PA, Mediterranean diet score (MDS), and carbohydrate consumption frequency were gathered together with demographics. Clinical and radiographic evaluations calculated decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index scores. PA, MDS, carbohydrate consumption, and periodontitis were evaluated. Periodontitis patients had higher DMFT scores, poorer periodontal features, and less daily tooth brushing. More PA overall, more PA in free time, and less sedentary behavior reduced periodontitis rates. Sedentary behavior increased periodontal disease risk in adjusted univariate regression models (OR = 0.235; p = 0.021). Of the study participants, 35 (18.9%) had high MDS. No correlation was established between Mediterranean diet (MD) and periodontitis. Periodontitis and MD, DMFT, and carbohydrate consumption do not seem to be substantially correlated. According to our research, a higher risk of periodontal disease was linked to more sedentary activity. To clarify the extent of the relationship between PA and periodontal disease, more prospective longitudinal research and approaches are required.Clinical Relevance: The periodontal status of individuals can be influenced by their lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Özkan Şen
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, 42050, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Uçan Yarkaç
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, 42050, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Taştan Eroğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, 42050, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kaan Yıldız
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, 42050, Konya, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Petersen KS, Maki KC, Calder PC, Belury MA, Messina M, Kirkpatrick CF, Harris WS. Perspective on the health effects of unsaturated fatty acids and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fat. Br J Nutr 2024; 132:1039-1050. [PMID: 39475012 PMCID: PMC11600290 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical trial evidence indicates that n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is cardioprotective. Nevertheless, claims that n-6 PUFA intake promotes inflammation and oxidative stress prevail. This narrative review aims to provide health professionals with an up-to-date evidence overview to provide the requisite background to address patient/client concerns about oils containing predominantly unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), including MUFA and PUFA. Edible plant oils, commonly termed vegetable oils, are derived from vegetables, nuts, seeds, fruits and cereal grains. Substantial variation exists in the fatty acid composition of these oils; however, all are high in UFA, while being relatively low in saturated fatty acids (SFA), except for tropical oils. Epidemiological evidence indicates that higher PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of incident CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, replacement of SFA with PUFA is associated with reduced risk of CVD and T2DM. Clinical trials show higher intake of UFA from plant sources improves major CVD risk factors, including reducing levels of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins. Importantly, clinical trials show that increased n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid) intake does not increase markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Evidence-based guidelines from authoritative health and scientific organisations recommend intake of non-tropical vegetable oils, which contain MUFA and n-6 PUFA, as part of healthful dietary patterns. Specifically, vegetable oils rich in UFA should be consumed instead of rich sources of SFA, including butter, tallow, lard, palm and coconut oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C. Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, USA
- Indiana University School of Public Health, Department of Applied Health Science, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martha A. Belury
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Jefferson, MO, USA
| | - Carol F. Kirkpatrick
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, USA
- Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - William S. Harris
- OmegaQuant, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harris WS, Westra J, Tintle NL, Sala-Vila A, Wu JH, Marklund M. Plasma n6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and risk for total and cause-specific mortality: A prospective observational study from the UK Biobank. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:936-942. [PMID: 39181205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential role of n-6 PUFAs in major health outcomes remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the major plasma n6 PUFA, linoleic acid (LA), as well as the non-LA n6 PUFAs, and total and cause-specific mortality. METHODS This was a prospective, observational, biomarker-based study in the UK Biobank. Individuals with complete information on baseline demographic, covariate and plasma PUFA levels (percent ot total fatty acids) and mortality outcomes were included (n=257,925). Multivariable-adjusted, Cox-proportional hazards models were used to predict risk of death from all-causes, and from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and other causes as a function of plasma LA and non-LA n6 levels, both continuously and by PUFA quintile (Q). RESULTS Comparing LA Q5 to Q1, the hazard ratio (HR, 95% CI) for total mortality was 0.80 (0.76, 0.84; p<0.001), and this was similar for all three cause-specific death categories. On the other hand, mortality HR for non-LA n6 was 1.12 (1.08,1.17; p<0.001), and this was primarily due to increased risk for non-CVD, noncancer deaths [HR 1.29 (1.19,1.40; p<0.001)]. Exploratory analyses among the eight next most common other causes of death suggested that both the decreased risk associated with higher LA and the increased risk associated with non-LA n6 were confined to deaths from respiratory and digestive diseases. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the profound differences in mortality risk related to LA and non-LA n6 PUFA levels and underscore the inappropriateness of treating n-6 PUFAs as a homogenous class with respect to health outcomes. They also support recommendations to maintain (if not increase) current LA intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
| | - Jason Westra
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason Hy Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Australia; The School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matti Marklund
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Australia; The School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jackson KH, Harris WS, Belury MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Calder PC. Beneficial effects of linoleic acid on cardiometabolic health: an update. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:296. [PMID: 39267068 PMCID: PMC11391774 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA), as a part of the wider debate about saturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and health, continues to be at the center of controversy in the world of fatty acid research. A robust evidence base, however, demonstrates that higher intakes and blood levels of LA are associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes. LA lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol when compared with saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. Using large prospective datasets, higher blood levels of LA were associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and incident type-2 diabetes mellitus compared with lower levels, suggesting that, across the range of typical dietary intakes, higher LA is beneficial. Recent trials of LA-rich oils report favorable outcomes in people with common lipid disorders. However, an LA intake that is too high can impair endogenous synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but the threshold at which this becomes clinically relevant is not known. In the absence of a significant intake of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid, an ideal dietary ratio of LA and ALA may be theoretically useful as it provides insight into the likely extent of endogenous EPA synthesis from ALA. Updating dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for LA and ALA is needed; however, there are insufficient data to establish RDAs for these fatty acids. The omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) PUFA ratio is not informative and does not shed meaningful insight about the amount of individual fatty acids in each class needed to confer health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina H Jackson
- OmegaQuant Analytics, 5009 W. 12th St, Suite 8, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA.
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - William S Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, 5009 W. 12th St, Suite 8, Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nayyar D, Said JM, McCarthy H, Hryciw DH, O'Keefe L, McAinch AJ. Effect of a High Linoleic Acid Diet on Pregnant Women and Their Offspring. Nutrients 2024; 16:3019. [PMID: 39275331 PMCID: PMC11397513 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intake during pregnancy can affect gestational length, fetal development, and impact postnatal growth and health in offspring. Perturbations in maternal nutrition with either an excess or deficiency in nutrients during pregnancy may have harmful effects on the offspring's development and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. In pregnancy, nutrients transfer from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA), can only be obtained in the diet. In Western countries, the ratio of LA and ALA in the diet has increased dramatically in recent decades. Some animal and human studies have found a correlation between maternal intake of LA and birth weight; however, the association varies. In contrast, some human studies have demonstrated inconclusive findings regarding the correlation between cord blood levels of LA and birth outcomes. In addition, high dietary LA intake in animal studies in pregnancy increased the production of inflammatory markers such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. This review aims to highlight the effect of high dietary LA intake during pregnancy on birth outcomes, obesity, maternal inflammatory markers, and the transfer of fatty acids across the placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nayyar
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Joanne M Said
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women's & Children's Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen McCarthy
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lannie O'Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Menta R, Rosso G, Canzoneri F. ONE QUALITY concept: a narrative perspective to unravel nutritional challenges, controversies, and the imperative need of transforming our food systems. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1379159. [PMID: 38685955 PMCID: PMC11056559 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring a healthy and sustainable diet for all should be a global priority, and to achieve this goal the food system requires substantial changes. Adopting a one-size-fits-all approach is not feasible, and we need to consider the cultural particularities of each geography and not try to export models that work in one place but may be unsustainable in others. Our discussion will center on two key aspects within this overarching process: (a) the combination of a rigorous evidence-based approach with existing or proposed Nutritional Guidelines and policies required to realize the "ONE HEALTH" and "ONE QUALITY" concepts. Examining the Mediterranean diet and the latest findings on saturated fats will aid us in comprehending the necessary paradigm shift required to formulate new guidelines with substantial impact in preventing the rising prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases worldwide; (b) the adequacy and scope of the data bank necessary to develop a global, science-based approach.
Collapse
|
12
|
Song Y, Wang Q, Jia L. Omega-3 fatty acids and their influence on hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis: Insights from a Mendelian randomization approach. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2024; 26:382-390. [PMID: 38450969 PMCID: PMC11007784 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
It has been suggested that Omega-3 fatty acids may improve endothelial thickness and thereby reduce the onset of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, published observational epidemiological studies on the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Omega-3 fatty acids remain inconclusive. Here, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis using publicly available GWAS pooled statistics to study a GWAS dataset of 16 380 466 SNPs in 23 363 cases and 195 429 controls (also of European ancestry) to determine genetic susceptibility to hypertension. We performed random-effects Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses supplemented by a series of sensitivity assessments to measure the robustness of the findings and to detect any violations of the MR assumptions. During the course of the study, we used IVW, MR-Egger, and weighted median regression to infer that Omega-3 intake has a potentially adverse effect against atherosclerosis, although the trend was not significant (OR = 1.1198; 95%; CI: 0.9641-1.3006, p = .130). Meanwhile, our analyses showed a statistically significant negative association between Omega-3 fatty acid levels and risk of hypertension (OR = 0.9006; 95% CI: 0.8179-0.9917, p = .033). In addition, we explored the causal relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension and found a significant correlation (OR = 1.3036; 95% CI: 1.0672-1.5923, p = .009). In conclusion, our extensive data investigated by MR suggest that elevated levels of Omega-3 fatty acids may be associated with an decreased risk of hypertension. Although there is no direct link between hypertension and atherosclerosis, the possibility of a subtle association cannot be categorically excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineLiaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera‐State Theory and ApplicationsMinistry of Education of ChinaLiaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera‐State Theory and ApplicationsMinistry of Education of ChinaLiaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShenyangLiaoningChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schooling CM, Kwok MK, Zhao JV. The relationship of fatty acids to ischaemic heart disease and lifespan in men and women using Mendelian randomization. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1845-1852. [PMID: 37536998 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observationally, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have health benefits compared with saturated fatty acids (SFAs); randomized controlled trials suggest fewer benefits. We used uni- and multi-variable Mendelian randomization to assess the association of major fatty acids and their sub-species with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) overall and sex-specifically and with lifespan sex-specifically, given differing lifespan by sex. METHODS We obtained strong (P <5x10-8), independent (r2<0.001) genetic predictors of fatty acids from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in a random subset of 114 999 UK Biobank participants. We applied these genetic predictors to the Cardiogram IHD GWAS (cases = 60 801, controls = 123 504) and to the Finngen consortium GWAS (cases = 31 640, controls = 187 152) for replication and to the UK Biobank for sex-specific IHD and for lifespan based on parental attained age (fathers = 415 311, mothers = 412 937). We used sensitivity analysis and assessed sex differences where applicable. RESULTS PUFAs were associated with IHD [odds ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 1.44] and lifespan in men (-0.76 years, 95% CI -1.34 to -0.17) but not women (0.20, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.70). Findings were similar for omega-6 fatty acids and linoleic acid. Independent associations of SFAs, mono-unsaturated fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids with IHD overall or lifespan in men and women were limited. CONCLUSIONS PUFAs, via specific subspecies, may contribute to disparities in lifespan by sex. Sex-specific dietary advice might be a start towards personalized public health and addressing inequities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Man Ki Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie V Zhao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonçalinho GHF, Sampaio GR, Soares-Freitas RAM, Damasceno NRT. Red Blood Cells' Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Have a Distinct Influence on LDL Particle Size and its Structural Modifications. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230078. [PMID: 37991120 PMCID: PMC10697675 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) have established effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, little is known about their impacts on LDL quality markers. OBJECTIVE To assess the associations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA within red blood cells (RBC) with LDL particle size, small dense LDL-c (sdLDL-c), and electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] in adults with CVD risk factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study involving 335 men and women aged 30 to 74 with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Analyses were conducted on biochemical parameters, such as glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, lipoprotein subfractions, electronegative LDL particle [LDL(-)] and its autoantibody, and RBC n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple linear regressions were applied. All tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The RBC n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with increased LDL(-) (β = 4.064; 95% CI = 1.381 - 6.748) and sdLDL-c (β = 1.905; 95% CI = 0.863 - 2.947) levels, and reduced LDL particle size (β = -1.032; 95% CI = -1.585 - -0.478). Separately, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs had opposing associations with those parameters, reinforcing the protective effects of n-3 and showing the potential negative effects of n-6 on LDL particle quality. CONCLUSION RBC n-6 PUFA was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk and atherogenicity of LDL particles, while n-3 PUFA was associated with better cardiometabolic parameters and LDL particle quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Henrique Ferreira Gonçalinho
- Departamento de NutriçãoFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Nutrição – Faculdade de Saúde Pública – Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Departamento de NutriçãoFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Nutrição – Faculdade de Saúde Pública – Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Rosana Aparecida Manólio Soares-Freitas
- Departamento de NutriçãoFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Nutrição – Faculdade de Saúde Pública – Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| | - Nágila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno
- Departamento de NutriçãoFaculdade de Saúde PúblicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Departamento de Nutrição – Faculdade de Saúde Pública – Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP – Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng W, Jin Q, Wang X. Reassessing the Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease in China: A Review of the Last Three Decades. Nutrients 2023; 15:4214. [PMID: 37836498 PMCID: PMC10574257 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Numerous studies have indicated a closed relationship between an increased incidence of CVD and dietary factors. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines. Our present review has analyzed the relationship between dietary fat consumption and CVD in China over the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2019). There is a significant correlation between CVD incidence and mortality for consumption of both vegetable oils and animal fats, per capita consumption, and the relative weight of dietary fat exceeding that of other food ingredients (e.g., salt, fruit, and marine food). For fatty acid species, the proportion of ω6 fatty acid consumption increased, causing a significant increase in the ratios of ω6/ω3 fatty acids, whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid consumption decreased. Such changes have been considered a characteristic of dietary fat consumption in Chinese residents over the past 30 years, and are closely related to the incidence of CVD. Therefore, we suggest that the government should spread awareness regarding the consumption of dietary fat intake to prevent CVD and related health disorders. The public should be educated to avoid high fat diet and increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and ω3 fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, 1 Hexie Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (Q.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhuang P, Liu X, Li Y, Wu Y, Li H, Wan X, Zhang L, Xu C, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Circulating fatty acids, genetic risk, and incident coronary artery disease: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9037. [PMID: 37738352 PMCID: PMC10881029 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of fatty acids (FAs) in primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) is highly debated, and the modification effect by genetic risk profiles remains unclear. Here, we report the prospective associations of circulating FAs and genetic predisposition with CAD development in 101,367 U.K. Biobank participants. A total of 3719 CAD cases occurred during a mean follow-up of 11.5 years. Plasma monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) were positively associated with risk of CAD, whereas the risk was significantly lower with higher n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and more reductions in risk were detected among TT carriers of rs174547. Furthermore, increased plasma saturated FAs (SFAs) and linoleic acid were related to a significant increase in CAD risk among participants with high genetic risk (genetic risk score > 90%). These findings suggest that individuals with high genetic risk need to reduce plasma SFAs levels for CAD prevention. Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs for CAD prevention may consider individuals' genetic makeup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lange Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 40 Randomized Controlled Trials. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112129. [PMID: 37297374 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Th aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) supplementation affected blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), compared with other fatty acids. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases, updated to December 2022, were searched. The present study employed weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Out of the 3700 studies identified, a total of 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 2175 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the control group, the dietary intake of LA significantly decreased the concentrations of LDL-C (WMD: -3.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.78, -0.74, I2 = 68.8%, p = 0.01), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.64 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.06, I2 = 30.3%, p = 0.03). There was no significant change in the TG and TC concentrations. Subgroup analysis showed that the LA intake was significantly reduced in blood lipid profiles compared with saturated fatty acids. The effect of LA on lipids was not found to be dependent on the timing of supplementation. LA supplementation in an excess of 20 g/d could be an effective dose for lowering lipid profiles. The research results provide further evidence that LA intake may play a role in reducing LDL-C and HDL-C, but not TG and TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vegetable Oil or Animal Fat Oil, Which is More Conducive to Cardiovascular Health Among the Elderly in China? Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101485. [PMID: 36336120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Our present study aimed to investigate the relationship between cooking oil types and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and to reveal which cooking oil is more beneficial to cardiovascular health in older Chinese. This study relies on cross-section data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in the 2018 wave. A total of 15,874 elderly Chinese over 65 years old were included in our analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between cooking oil types and ASCVD. Of the 15,874 elderly people, 13,709 cooked with vegetable/gingili oil, with an average age [SD] of 84.47 [11.51] years; 1533 cooked with lard/other animal fat oils, with an average age [SD] of 85.90 [11.72] years. 3918 of those who cooked with vegetable/gingili oil had ASCVD, and 249 of those who cooked with lard/other animal fat oils had ASCVD. The prevalence of ASCVD in vegetable/gingili oil users (31.68%) was higher than that in lard/other animal fat oil users (17.46%). Compared with lard/other animal fat users, the multivariate-adjusted model indicated that vegetable oil/sesame oil users were significantly associated with a higher risk of ASCVD (OR = 2.19; 95%CI, 1.90-2.53). Our study found that cooking with lard/other animal fat oil is more beneficial to cardiovascular health in older Chinese. Dietary guidelines should seriously consider the health effects of substituting vegetable/gingili oil for lard/other animal fat oil for different populations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Melita H. Diet and Sudden Death: How to Reduce the Risk. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2022; 20:383-408. [PMID: 35726434 DOI: 10.2174/1570161120666220621090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the association of dietary patterns, specific foods and nutrients with several diseases, including cardiovascular disease and mortality, there is also strong emerging evidence of an association of dietary patterns with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). In this comprehensive review, data are presented and analyzed about foods and diets that mitigate the risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and SCD, but also about arrhythmogenic nutritional elements and patterns that seem to enhance or facilitate potentially malignant VAs and SCD. The antiarrhythmic or protective group comprises fish, nuts and other foods enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the Mediterranean and other healthy diets, vitamins E, A and D and certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, selenium). The arrhythmogenic-food group includes saturated fat, trans fats, ketogenic and liquid protein diets, the Southern and other unhealthy diets, energy drinks and excessive caffeine intake, as well as heavy alcohol drinking. Relevant antiarrhythmic mechanisms include modification of cell membrane structure by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, their direct effect on calcium channels and cardiomyocytes and their important role in eicosanoid metabolism, enhancing myocyte electric stability, reducing vulnerability to VAs, lowering heart rate, and improving heart rate variability, each of which is a risk factor for SCD. Contrarily, saturated fat causes calcium handling abnormalities and calcium overload in cardiomyocytes, while a high-fat diet causes mitochondrial dysfunction that dysregulates a variety of ion channels promoting VAs and SCD. Free fatty acids have been considered proarrhythmic and implicated in facilitating SCD; thus, diets increasing free fatty acids, e.g., ketogenic diets, should be discouraged and replaced with diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can also reduce free fatty acids. All available relevant data on this important topic are herein reviewed, large studies and meta-analyses and pertinent advisories are tabulated, while protective (antiarrhythmic) and arrhythmogenic specific diet constituents are pictorially illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis S Manolis
- First Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Helen Melita
- Central Laboratories, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lorkowski S. [Long known and mostly unused: lifestyle measures to support lipid-lowering therapy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2022; 147:796-806. [PMID: 35672026 DOI: 10.1055/a-1516-2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias are common metabolic disorders in Western industrialized countries. Lifestyle measures such as increasing physical activity and improving diet were for many years the only measure for their treatment. Because of their health-promoting effects, guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemias consider lifestyle measures to be the basis of any drug therapy. Due to the numerous efficient options for intensive lipid-lowering medication, lifestyle measures are recommended by responsible physicians, but their implementation is usually not intensively pursued due to the large time commitment; in contrast to sustained recommendations for increasing physical activity and normalizing body weight, nutritional therapists are too rarely consulted as specialists despite the significant effects our diet has on cardiovascular risk factors such as LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure. In this review, the principles of nutritional therapy of dyslipidemias are described, and it is outlined how recent studies support the plausibility and evidence of the individual measures.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu MY, Du MH, Wen H, Wang WQ, Tang J, Shen LR. Effects of n-6 PUFA-rich soybean oil, MUFA-rich olive oil and camellia seed oil on weight and cardiometabolic profiles among Chinese women: a 3-month double-blind randomized controlled-feeding trial. Food Funct 2022; 13:4375-4383. [PMID: 35389391 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03759e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiometabolic health. However, research that directly compares the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) is rare. The present 3-month, three-arm, randomized, controlled-feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of n-6 PUFA- and MUFA-rich cooking oils on body weight and cardiometabolic profiles among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women at high cardiovascular risk. Ninety participants were recruited and randomly assigned to groups fed diets using n-6 PUFA-rich soybean oil (SO, n = 30), MUFA-rich olive oil (OO, n = 30), and MUFA-rich camellia seed oil (CSO, n = 30) as cooking oils considering traditional Chinese eating habits for 3 months. Participants were required to eat only the foods provided for lunch and dinner, and avoid intake of edible oils in breakfast. Body weight and cardiovascular profiles were measured at the baseline, middle, and end of the intervention, and group differences in changes of outcomes during intervention were examined by a linear mixed model. We found no significant difference in the changes of body weight among the SO group (mean change, 0.31 kg; 95% CI, -0.88 to 0.27), the OO group (mean change, -0.13 kg; 95% CI, -0.62 to 0.36), and the CSO group (mean change, -0.72 kg; 95% CI, -1.38 to -0.07). For secondary outcomes, the OO group showed a slight increase in HDL cholesterol (P = 0.03), while the CSO group showed greater reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.02) when compared with the SO group. These results suggested that MUFA-rich OO and CSO exerted more favorable effects on cardiometabolic profiles among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women at high cardiovascular risk than the n-6 PUFA-rich SO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Meng-Hao Du
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ren XL, Liu Y, Chu WJ, Li ZW, Zhang SS, Zhou ZL, Tang J, Yang B. Blood levels of omega-6 fatty acids and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational epidemiology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7983-7995. [PMID: 35380474 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Individual omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), principally linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), may have differential impacts on cardiovascular risk. We aimed to summarize the up-to-date epidemiology evidence on the relationship between blood levels of omega-6 PUFAs and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Population-based studies determining PUFA levels in blood were identified until May 2021 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Random-effects meta-analyses of cohorts comparing the highest versus lowest category were conducted to combine study-specific risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Blood levels of omega-6 PUFAs were compared between the CHD case and non-case, presented as a weight mean difference (WMD). Twenty-one cohorts and eleven case-control studies were included. The WMD was -0.71 (95% CI: -1.20, -0.21) for LA and 0.08 (95% CI: -0.28, 0.43) for AA. LA levels were inversely associated with total CHD risk (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.00), but not AA. Each one-SD increase in LA levels resulted in 10% reductions in the risk of fatal CHD (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), but not in non-fatal CHD. Such findings highlight that the current recommendation for optimal intakes of omega-6 PUFAs (most LA) may offer a coronary benefit in primary prevention.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2056867 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Ren
- The Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The 1st School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Chu
- The 1st School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ze-Wang Li
- The 1st School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- The 1st School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Zhou
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lawrence GD. Reply to MA Belury et al. and J Moore. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:690-692. [PMID: 37270209 PMCID: PMC8970829 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glen D Lawrence
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chilton FH, Manichaikul A, Yang C, O'Connor TD, Johnstone LM, Blomquist S, Schembre SM, Sergeant S, Zec M, Tsai MY, Rich SS, Bridgewater SJ, Mathias RA, Hallmark B. Interpreting Clinical Trials With Omega-3 Supplements in the Context of Ancestry and FADS Genetic Variation. Front Nutr 2022; 8:808054. [PMID: 35211495 PMCID: PMC8861490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.808054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diets in developed countries such as the US have changed dramatically over the past 75 years, leading to increased obesity, inflammation, and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Evidence over the past decade indicates that the interaction of genetic variation with changes in the intake of 18-carbon essential dietary omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), respectively, has impacted numerous molecular and clinical phenotypes. Interactions are particularly relevant with the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, which encode key fatty acid desaturases in the pathway that converts LA and ALA to their long chain (≥20 carbons), highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) counterparts. These gene by nutrient interactions affect the levels and balance of n-6 and n-3 HUFA that in turn are converted to a wide array of lipids with signaling roles, including eicosanoids, docosanoids, other oxylipins and endocannabinoids. With few exceptions, n-6 HUFA are precursors of pro-inflammatory/pro-thrombotic signaling lipids, and n-3 HUFA are generally anti-inflammatory/anti-thrombotic. We and others have demonstrated that African ancestry populations have much higher frequencies (vs. European-, Asian- or indigenous Americas-ancestry populations) of a FADS "derived" haplotype that is associated with the efficient conversion of high levels of dietary n-6 PUFA to pro-inflammatory n-6 HUFA. By contrast, an "ancestral" haplotype, carrying alleles associated with a limited capacity to synthesize HUFA, which can lead to n-3 HUFA deficiency, is found at high frequency in certain Hispanic populations and is nearly fixed in several indigenous populations from the Americas. Based on these observations, a focused secondary subgroup analysis of the VITAL n-3 HUFA supplementation trial stratifying the data based on self-reported ancestry revealed that African Americans may benefit from n-3 HUFA supplementation, and both ancestry and FADS variability should be factored into future clinical trials design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floyd H. Chilton
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Timothy D. O'Connor
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laurel M. Johnstone
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sarah Blomquist
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Susan M. Schembre
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Manja Zec
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian Hallmark
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
WULANSARI PD, Nurliyani, ENDAH SRN, NOFRIYALDI A, HARMAYANI E. Microbiological, chemical, fatty acid and antioxidant characteristics of goat milk kefir enriched with Moringa oleifera leaf powder during storage. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.71621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
27
|
Sun SY, Yang WY, Tan Z, Zhang XY, Shen YL, Guo QW, Su GM, Chen X, Lin J, Fang DZ. Serum Levels of Free Fatty Acids in Obese Mice and Their Associations with Routine Lipid Profiles. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:331-343. [PMID: 35140491 PMCID: PMC8820261 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s348800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and their associations with routine serum lipids in diet-induced obese mice, which have been scantily reported before. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed high-fat diets for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Levels of serum FFAs were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Obese mice had higher serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but lower triglycerides (TG) than control mice. A total of 30 FFAs were found, and 3 saturated fatty acids (SFAs), all 8 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and 7 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased in obese mice, but one SFA (C4:0) increased. Differences in the relative levels of individual FFAs to total FFAs, SFAs, MUFAs or PUFAs between obese and control mice were different from each other and from those evaluated by concrete levels except C4:0, C16:1, C19:1 and C18:4. Only the concrete levels of C4:0, C22:3 and C18:4 were associated with routine serum lipids, including C22:3 negatively with TG in control mice, and C4:0 and C18:4 positively with LDL-C in obese mice, although the relative levels of C4:0 to total MUFAs negatively with TC, and C23:3 to total SFAs or MUFAs negatively with TG in control mice. Different relative levels of the remaining FFAs were differently associated with different routine serum lipids in obese and/or control mice. CONCLUSION Obesity may influence serum FFAs profiles. The relationship of individual FFAs and their relative levels to other FFAs with routine serum lipids in obese and control mice suggests that individual FFAs may interact with others and obesity on levels of routine serum lipids. Once confirmed, the interactions may be novel perspectives when fatty acids are used to improve hyperlipidemia in the subjects with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yu Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Yi Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Tan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Lin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wei Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo Ming Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Zhi Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ding Zhi Fang, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 28 85503410, Fax +86 28 85503204, Email
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ahluwalia MK. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics-A personalized approach to nutrition. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:277-340. [PMID: 34844714 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-communicable diseases has been on an upward trajectory for some time and this puts an enormous burden on the healthcare expenditure. Lifestyle modifications including dietary interventions hold an immense promise to manage and prevent these diseases. Recent advances in genomic research provide evidence that focussing these efforts on individual variations in abilities to metabolize nutrients (nutrigenetics) and exploring the role of dietary compounds on gene expression (nutrigenomics and nutri-epigenomics) can lead to more meaningful personalized dietary strategies to promote optimal health. This chapter aims to provide examples on these gene-diet interactions at multiple levels to support the need of embedding targeted dietary interventions as a way forward to prevent, avoid and manage diseases.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chhajed R, Thomas T, Swaminathan S, Kurpad AV, Mani I. Association between mustard oil consumption and BMI in India. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:4869-4877. [PMID: 33190676 PMCID: PMC11094388 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between predominant vegetable oil consumed and BMI of adult women and men in India, with emphasis on predominant consumption of mustard oil. DESIGN Two nationally representative data, the consumer expenditure survey of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)-68th round (2011-2012) for food consumption and National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-2016) for weight status, were analysed. Data from both surveys were combined by matching households through common matching variables ('family size', 'religion', etc.) using Nearest-Neighbour Hot-Deck matching. The association of overweight/obesity with predominant mustard oil consumption in the household was examined using logistic regression adjusted for confounders. The NSSO reports household consumption of mustard, groundnut, coconut, refined oils (sunflower, safflower, soyabean) and all other edible oils. SETTING Two nationally representative surveys from India. PARTICIPANTS Total of 638 445 women and 92 312 men, respectively. RESULTS Mustard oil was the most predominantly consumed oil (51 %) followed by refined oils (32·4 %). Prevalence of overweight/obesity in women and men was lower in households with predominant mustard oil consumption (17 and 15 %) v. all other refined and other oils combined (27 and 26 %). The adjusted OR for predominant mustard oil use was 0·88 (95 % CI 0·86, 0·87) for women and 0·80 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·83) for men. A similar analysis with predominant groundnut oil consumption showed no association with overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS The data from a large national level survey suggest an inverse association between mustard oil consumption and overweight/obesity which needs to be explored with further research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Chhajed
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Indu Mani
- Division of Nutrition, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore560034, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
[Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular risk : Is a revision of the recommendations on nutrition indicated?]. Herz 2021; 47:354-365. [PMID: 34554285 PMCID: PMC9355924 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Die „Fetthypothese der koronaren Herzkrankheit“, derzufolge „gesättigte Fettsäuren“ („saturated fatty acids“, SFA) die LDL(„low-density lipoprotein“)-Cholesterin-Konzentration (LDL-C) steigern und folglich das Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen erhöhen, prägte die Ernährungsempfehlungen der letzten 60 Jahre, zunächst in den USA und später auch in Europa. Über die Jahre mehrte sich Evidenz aus Epidemiologie und kontrollierten klinischen Studien, dass der Konsum von SFA per se nicht mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko einhergeht bzw. die Einschränkung des Konsums von SFA keine präventive Wirkung zeigt. Die Fokussierung auf den SFA-Gehalt negiert die biologisch heterogenen und zum Teil biologisch günstigen Wirkungen unterschiedlicher SFA. Zudem wird hierbei außer Acht gelassen, dass SFA in intakten Lebensmitteln in unterschiedliche komplexe Matrizes eingebunden sind, die aus Dutzenden Nährstoffen mit unterschiedlicher Struktur und Begleitstoffen bestehen und damit jeweils unterschiedliche biologische Antworten und metabolische Effekte auslösen. Entsprechend sind solche nährstoffbasierten Empfehlungen prinzipiell wenig zielführend und zudem schlecht umsetzbar. Hinzu kommt, dass LDL‑C kein geeigneter Marker ist, um den Effekt von Lebensstilintervention wie der Ernährung oder aber der körperlichen Aktivität auf das globale kardiovaskuläre Risiko zu beurteilen.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fernandez ML, Blomquist SA, Hallmark B, Chilton FH. Omega-3 Supplementation and Heart Disease: A Population-Based Diet by Gene Analysis of Clinical Trial Outcomes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2154. [PMID: 34201625 PMCID: PMC8308291 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their metabolites have long been recognized to protect against inflammation-related diseases including heart disease. Recent reports present conflicting evidence on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on major cardiovascular events including death. While some studies document that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduces the risk for heart disease, others report no beneficial effects on heart disease composite primary outcomes. Much of this heterogeneity may be related to the genetic variation in different individuals/populations that alters their capacity to synthesize biologically active n-3 and omega 6 (n-6) PUFAs and metabolites from their 18 carbon dietary precursors, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic (ALA, 18:3, n-3). Here, we discuss the role of a FADS gene-by-dietary PUFA interaction model that takes into consideration dietary exposure, including the intake of LA and ALA, n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in determining the efficacy of n-3 PUFA supplementation. We also review recent clinical trials with n-3 PUFA supplementation and coronary heart disease in the context of what is known about fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene-by-dietary PUFA interactions. Given the dramatic differences in the frequencies of FADS variants that impact the efficiency of n-3 and n-6 PUFA biosynthesis, and their downstream signaling products among global and admixture populations, we conclude that large clinical trials utilizing "one size fits all" n-3 PUFA supplementation approaches are unlikely to show effectiveness. However, evidence discussed in this review suggests that n-3 PUFA supplementation may represent an important opportunity where precision interventions can be focused on those populations that will benefit the most from n-3 PUFA supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut1, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Sarah A. Blomquist
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.A.B.); (F.H.C.)
| | - Brian Hallmark
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.A.B.); (F.H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kaikkonen JE, Jula A, Viikari JSA, Juonala M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT. Associations of Serum Fatty Acid Proportions with Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Blood Pressure, and Fatty Liver: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Nutr 2021; 151:970-978. [PMID: 33561215 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The links between fatty acids (FAs) and cardiometabolic outcomes are topics of debate. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the associations between serum standardized FA percentages and cardiometabolic outcomes. METHODS We used cross-sectional (n = 2187-2200 subjects, age 24-39 y, women 54%) and 10-year prospective data (n = 975-1414 subjects) from the Young Finns Study. Outcomes included prevalent and incident obesity, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index in the upper quintile), elevated blood pressure (BP; taking medication, or diastolic or systolic BP in the upper quintile), and incident nonalcoholic fatty liver. Logistic regression models were used to calculate ORs per SD increase in fatty acids (FAs). The models were adjusted for age and sex, and additionally for other potential confounders. RESULTS Several cross-sectional findings were also statistically significant in prospective models (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.003). In fully-adjusted models for obesity, these consisted of SFAs (OR: 1.28) and MUFAs (OR: 1.38), including palmitoleic (OR: 1.39) and oleic acids (OR: 1.37). Furthermore, PUFAs (OR: 0.70), including linoleic (OR: 0.67) and docosahexaenoic acids (OR: 0.75), were inversely related with obesity, whereas γ-linolenic acid (OR: 1.32) was positively associated with obesity. In age- and sex-adjusted models for insulin resistance, MUFAs (OR: 1.26) and oleic acid (OR: 1.25) were positively, and PUFAs (OR: 0.81), particularly linoleic acid (OR: 0.78), were inversely associated with HOMA-IR. Similarly with elevated BP, palmitic acid (OR: 1.22), MUFAs (OR: 1.28), and oleic acid (OR: 1.28) were positively associated with elevated BP, whereas PUFAs (OR: 0.77), n-6 (omega-6) PUFAs (OR: 0.79), and linoleic acid (OR: 0.77) were inversely associated. In fully-adjusted models for incident fatty liver, the most consistent predictors were high palmitic (OR: 1.61) and low linoleic acid (OR: 0.63) percentages. The n-6/n-3 (omega-3) PUFA ratio was not linked with any adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS High serum percentages of total SFAs and MUFAs and low PUFAs, but also several specific FAs, predict future unfavorable cardiometabolic outcomes in Finnish adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Kaikkonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Grytten E, Laupsa-Borge J, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Changes in lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, and apolipoproteins after supplementation with n-3 or n-6 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: A randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2556-2575. [PMID: 33933722 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower circulating levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) may reduce cholesterol levels. Clinical studies on effects of these dietary or supplemental PUFAs on other blood fat fractions are few and have shown conflicting results. This study aimed to determine effects of high-dose supplemental n-3 (EPA + DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs from high-quality oils on circulating lipoprotein subfractions and standard lipids (primary outcomes), as well as apolipoproteins, fatty acids, and glycemic control (secondary outcomes), in females and males with abdominal obesity. METHODS This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-wk intervention periods separated by a 9-wk washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (TAG fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we investigated lipoprotein particle subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling with 'subjects' as the random factor. RESULTS The difference between interventions in relative change scores was among the lipoprotein subfractions significant for total very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (n-3 vs. n-6: -38%∗ vs. +16%, p < 0.001; ∗: significant within-treatment change score), large VLDLs (-58%∗ vs. -0.91%, p < 0.001), small VLDLs (-57%∗ vs. +41%∗, p < 0.001), total low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (+5.8%∗ vs. -4.3%∗, p = 0.002), large LDLs (+23%∗ vs. -2.1%, p = 0.004), total high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (-6.0%∗ vs. +3.7%, p < 0.001), large HDLs (+11%∗ vs. -5.3%, p = 0.001), medium HDLs (-24%∗ vs. +6.2%, p = 0.030), and small HDLs (-9.9%∗ vs. +9.6%∗, p = 0.002), and among standard lipids for TAGs (-16%∗ vs. -2.6%, p = 0.014), non-esterified fatty acids (-19%∗ vs. +5.5%, p = 0.033), and total cholesterol (-0.28% vs. -4.4%∗, p = 0.042). A differential response in relative change scores was also found for apolipoprotein (apo)B (+0.40% vs. -6.0%∗, p = 0.008), apoA-II (-6.0%∗ vs. +1.5%, p = 0.001), apoC-II (-11%∗ vs. -1.7%, p = 0.025), and apoE (+3.3% vs. -3.8%, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS High-dose supplementation of high-quality oils with n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFAs was followed by reductions in primarily TAG- or cholesterol-related markers, respectively. The responses after both interventions point to changes in the lipoprotein-lipid-apolipoprotein profile that have been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, also among people with TAG or LDL-C levels within the normal range. REGISTRATION Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02647333. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02647333.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Simon N Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Teasdale SB, Marshall S, Abbott K, Cassettari T, Duve E, Fayet-Moore F. How should we judge edible oils and fats? An umbrella review of the health effects of nutrient and bioactive components found in edible oils and fats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5167-5182. [PMID: 33706623 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1882382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary guidelines for many Western countries base their edible oil and fat recommendations solely on saturated fatty acid content. This study aims to demonstrate which nutritional and bioactive components make up commonly consumed edible oils and fats; and explore the health effects and strength of evidence for key nutritional and bioactive components of edible oils. An umbrella review was conducted in several stages. Food composition databases of Australia and the United States of America, and studies were examined to profile nutrient and bioactive content of edible oils and fats. PUBMED and Cochrane databases were searched for umbrella reviews, systematic literature reviews of randomized controlled trials or cohort studies, individual randomized controlled trials, and individual cohort studies to examine the effect of the nutrient or bioactive on high-burden chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, mental illness, cognitive impairment). Substantial systematic literature review evidence was identified for fatty acid categories, tocopherols, biophenols, and phytosterols. Insufficient evidence was identified for squalene. The evidence supports high mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, total biophenol content, phytosterols, and possibly high α-tocopherol content as having beneficial effects on high-burden health comes. Future dietary guidelines should use a more sophisticated approach to judge edible oils beyond saturated fatty acid content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Teasdale
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Skye Marshall
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Bond University Nutrition & Dietetics Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kylie Abbott
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tim Cassettari
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Translational Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Duve
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Translational Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zinöcker MK, Svendsen K, Dankel SN. The homeoviscous adaptation to dietary lipids (HADL) model explains controversies over saturated fat, cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:277-289. [PMID: 33471045 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SFAs play the leading role in 1 of the greatest controversies in nutrition science. Relative to PUFAs, SFAs generally increase circulating concentrations of LDL cholesterol, a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the purpose of regulatory mechanisms that control the diet-induced lipoprotein cholesterol dynamics is rarely discussed in the context of human adaptive biology. We argue that better mechanistic explanations can help resolve lingering controversies, with the potential to redefine aspects of research, clinical practice, dietary advice, public health management, and food policy. In this paper we propose a novel model, the homeoviscous adaptation to dietary lipids (HADL) model, which explains changes in lipoprotein cholesterol as adaptive homeostatic adjustments that serve to maintain cell membrane fluidity and hence optimal cell function. Due to the highly variable intake of fatty acids in humans and other omnivore species, we propose that circulating lipoproteins serve as a buffer to enable the rapid redistribution of cholesterol molecules between specific cells and tissues that is necessary with changes in dietary fatty acid supply. Hence, circulating levels of LDL cholesterol may change for nonpathological reasons. Accordingly, an SFA-induced raise in LDL cholesterol in healthy individuals could represent a normal rather than a pathologic response. These regulatory mechanisms may become disrupted secondarily to pathogenic processes in association with insulin resistance and the presence of other ASCVD risk factors, as supported by evidence showing diverging lipoprotein responses in healthy individuals as opposed to those with metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and obesity. Corresponding with the model, we suggest alternative contributing factors to the association between elevated LDL cholesterol concentrations and ASCVD, involving dietary factors beyond SFAs, such as an increased endotoxin load from diet-gut microbiome interactions and subsequent chronic low-grade inflammation that interferes with fine-tuned signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karianne Svendsen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Nitter Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Several countries have issued dietary recommendations about total and specific fatty acid (FA) intake for the prevention of CHD. For many years until today, controversies have existed especially about the deleterious effect or not of SFA, and the protective effect or not of n-3 PUFA, so that some authors have criticised these recommendations. There are many reasons for these controversies, including the different conclusions of prospective cohort studies compared with randomised clinical trials (RCT), and the contradictory conclusions of meta-analyses depending on the quality, number and type of studies included. The interrelationships between different FA in the diet make it difficult to analyse the specific effect of a particular class of FA on CHD. Furthermore, based on clinical practice and effectiveness of population-based prevention, it is very difficult at the individual level to assess in personal dietary intake the actual percentage and/or amount of SFA contained in each meal or consumed daily/weekly. In this critical narrative review, we try to answer the question of whether it would not be more relevant, in 2020, to promote dietary patterns, rather than FA intake recommendations. We critically analyse past and recent data on the association of FA with CHD, then propose that the Mediterranean diet and Japanese diet should be revitalised for Westerners and Asian populations, respectively. This does not exclude the usefulness of continuing research about effects of FA towards CHD, and accepting that what seems true today might be revised, at least partially tomorrow.
Collapse
|
37
|
Izar MCDO, Lottenberg AM, Giraldez VZR, Santos Filho RDD, Machado RM, Bertolami A, Assad MHV, Saraiva JFK, Faludi AA, Moreira ASB, Geloneze B, Magnoni CD, Scherr C, Amaral CK, Araújo DBD, Cintra DEC, Nakandakare ER, Fonseca FAH, Mota ICP, Santos JED, Kato JT, Beda LMM, Vieira LP, Bertolami MC, Rogero MM, Lavrador MSF, Nakasato M, Damasceno NRT, Alves RJ, Lara RS, Costa RP, Machado VA. Position Statement on Fat Consumption and Cardiovascular Health - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:160-212. [PMID: 33566983 PMCID: PMC8159504 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE) - Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein (FICSAE), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha Giraldez
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Raul Dias Dos Santos Filho
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberta Marcondes Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Adriana Bertolami
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - André Arpad Faludi
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Geloneze
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lis Mie Misuzawa Beda
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Miyoko Nakasato
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP),São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Renato Jorge Alves
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberta Soares Lara
- Núcleo de Alimentação e Nutrição da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schulze MB, Minihane AM, Saleh RNM, Risérus U. Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:915-930. [PMID: 32949497 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prospective observational studies support the use of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, randomised controlled trials, have often reported neutral findings. There is a long history of debate about the potential harmful effects of a high intake of omega-6 PUFAs, although this idea is not supported by prospective observational studies or randomised controlled trials. Health effects of PUFAs might be influenced by Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, the key enzymes in the metabolism of PUFAs. The activity of these enzymes and modulation by variants in encoding genes (FADS1-2-3 gene cluster) are linked to several cardiometabolic traits. This Review will further consider non-genetic determinants of desaturase activity, which have the potential to modify the availability of PUFAs to tissues. Finally, we discuss the consequences of altered desaturase activity in the context of PUFA intake, that is, gene-diet interactions and their clinical and public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rasha Noureldin M Saleh
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hoang T, Kim J. Comparative Effect of Statins and Omega-3 Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events: Meta-Analysis and Network Meta-Analysis of 63 Randomized Controlled Trials Including 264,516 Participants. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082218. [PMID: 32722395 PMCID: PMC7468776 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins and omega-3 supplementation have been recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention, but comparative effects have not been investigated. This study aimed to summarize current evidence of the effect of statins and omega-3 supplementation on cardiovascular events. A meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis of 63 randomized controlled trials were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effects of specific statins and omega-3 supplementation compared with controls. Overall, the statin group showed significant risk reductions in total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke; however, omega-3 supplementation significantly decreased the risks of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction only, in the comparison with the control group. In comparison with omega-3 supplementation, pravastatin significantly reduced the risks of total cardiovascular disease (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72–0.91), coronary heart disease (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60–0.94), and myocardial infarction (RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.55–0.94). Risks of total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke in the atorvastatin group were statistically lower than those in the omega-3 group, with RRs (95% CIs) of 0.80 (0.73–0.88), 0.64 (0.50–0.82), 0.75 (0.60–0.93), and 0.81 (0.66–0.99), respectively. The findings of this study suggest that pravastatin and atorvastatin may be more beneficial than omega-3 supplementation in reducing the risk of total cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Li J, Guasch-Ferré M, Li Y, Hu FB. Dietary intake and biomarkers of linoleic acid and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:150-167. [PMID: 32020162 PMCID: PMC7326588 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence on associations between intakes of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid, and mortality is inconsistent and has not been summarized by a systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE The aim was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to examine associations between LA intake and mortality. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through 31 July 2019 for prospective cohort studies reporting associations of LA (assessed by dietary surveys and/or LA concentrations in adipose tissue or blood compartments) with mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Multivariable-adjusted RRs were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies reporting 44 prospective cohorts were identified; these included 811,069 participants with dietary intake assessment (170,076 all-cause, 50,786 CVD, and 59,684 cancer deaths) and 65,411 participants with biomarker measurements (9758 all-cause, 6492 CVD, and 1719 cancer deaths). Pooled RRs comparing extreme categories of dietary LA intake (high vs low) were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.94; I2 = 67.9%) for total mortality, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.92; I2 = 3.7%) for CVD mortality, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.93; I2 = 0%) for cancer mortality. Pooled RRs for each SD increment in LA concentrations in adipose tissue/blood compartments were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.95; I2 = 64.1%) for total mortality, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94; I2 = 28.9%) for CVD mortality, and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.98; I2 = 26.3%) for cancer mortality. Meta-regressions suggested baseline age and dietary assessment methods as potential sources of heterogeneity for the association between LA and total mortality. CONCLUSIONS In prospective cohort studies, higher LA intake, assessed by dietary surveys or biomarkers, was associated with a modestly lower risk of mortality from all causes, CVD, and cancer. These data support the potential long-term benefits of PUFA intake in lowering the risk of CVD and premature death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Address correspondence to FBH (E-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
O'Sullivan TA, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:928-950. [PMID: 32119732 PMCID: PMC7360438 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guidelines commonly recommend that children aged >2 y consume reduced-fat dairy products rather than regular- or whole-fat dairy. In adults, most studies have not found the consumption of whole-fat dairy products to be associated with increased cardiometabolic or adiposity risk. Associations in children could differ due to growth and development. We systematically reviewed the literature in indexed, peer-reviewed journals to summarize pediatric studies (children aged from 2 to 18 y) assessing associations between whole- and reduced-fat dairy intake and measures of adiposity as well as biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk, including the serum lipid profile, blood pressure, low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and measures of glucose homeostasis. For the purposes of this review, a "whole-fat" dairy product was defined as a product with the natural fat content, whereas a "reduced-fat" dairy product was defined as a product with some or all of the fat removed (including "low-fat" and "skim" versions). A total of 29 journal articles met our criteria for inclusion. The majority were conducted in the United States and were prospective or cross-sectional observational studies, with only 1 randomized controlled trial. Studies were consistent in reporting that whole-fat dairy products were not associated with increased measures of weight gain or adiposity. Most evidence indicated that consumption of whole-fat dairy was not associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, although a change from whole-fat to reduced-fat dairy improved outcomes for some risk factors in 1 study. Taken as a whole, the limited literature in this field is not consistent with dietary guidelines recommending that children consume preferably reduced-fat dairy products. High-quality randomized controlled trials in children that directly compare the effects of whole-fat compared with reduced-fat dairy intake on measures of adiposity or biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk are needed to provide better quality evidence in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese A O'Sullivan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kelsey A Schmidt
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chareonrungrueangchai K, Wongkawinwoot K, Anothaisintawee T, Reutrakul S. Dietary Factors and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1088. [PMID: 32326404 PMCID: PMC7231110 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy diet is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, this umbrella review aims to comprehensively review the effects of dietary factors, including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on CVD risks. Medline and Scopus databases were searched through March 2020. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses (SRMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies measuring the effects of dietary factors on CVD risks were eligible. Fifty-four SRMAs, including 35 SRMAs of observational studies, 10 SRMAs of RCTs, and 9 SRMAs of combined RCT and observational studies, were included for review. Findings from the SRMAs of RCTs suggest the significant benefit of Mediterranean and high-quality diets for lowering CVD risk, with pooled risk ratios (RRs) ranging from 0.55 (95%CI: 0.39-0.76) to 0.64 (95%CI: 0.53-0.79) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.57-0.87), respectively. For food nutrients, two SRMAs of RCTs found that high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) significantly reduced CVD risks, with pooled RRs ranging from 0.89 (95%CI: 0.82, 0.98) to 0.90 (95%CI: 0.85-0.96), while evidence of efficacy of n-6 PUFA and combined n-3 and n-6 PUFA were inconsistent. Moreover, results from the SRMAs of RCTs did not find a significant benefit of a low-salt diet and low total fat intake for CVD prevention. For food groups, results from the SRMAs of cohort studies suggest that high intakes of legumes, nuts, and chocolate, as well as a vegetarian diet significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease, with pooled RRs of 0.90 (95%CI: 0.84-0.97), 0.68 (95%CI: 0.59-0.78), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.82-0.97), and 0.71 (95%CI: 0.57-0.87), respectively. Healthy dietary patterns had a significant benefit for CVD prevention. With the substitutional and synergistic interactions between different food groups and nutrients, dietary recommendations for CVD prevention should be focused more on healthy dietary patterns than single food groups or nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kridsada Chareonrungrueangchai
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Praram VI Road, Rachathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (K.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Keerati Wongkawinwoot
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Praram VI Road, Rachathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (K.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Thunyarat Anothaisintawee
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Praram VI Road, Rachathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (K.C.); (K.W.)
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Praram VI Road, Rachathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott, Ste E625, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lüchtenborg C, Niederhaus B, Brügger B, Popovic B, Fricker G. Lipid Profiles of Five Essential Phospholipid Preparations for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comparative Study. Lipids 2020; 55:271-278. [PMID: 32255515 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an imbalance in fatty acid composition and can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Essential phospholipids (EPL), which contain high levels of 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, can be used to treat NAFLD. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) preparations are external, commercially available EPL products. The lipid composition of five commercially available PPC preparations, including Essentiale Forte, Fortifikat, Hepatoprotect Regenerator, Fortifikat Forte, and Esentin Forte were compared, the outcome of which may impact physician choice in the treatment of NAFLD. Following lipid extraction, a comparative analysis of key lipid content was performed using a QTRAP6500+ triple quadruple ion trap hybrid mass spectrometer (Sciex) in nanoelectrospray ionization mode. The glycerophospholipid composition of each PPC was determined, including levels of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) species, as well as PtdCho:PtdEtn ratio. Of the five preparations analyzed, Essentiale Forte contained the highest PtdCho levels (61.9 mol%) and lowest PtdEtn levels (4.9 mol%). PtdCho 36:4 levels, a polyunsaturated species of PtdCho, were highest in Esentin Forte (39.3 mol%) and Essentiale Forte (38.3 mol%) compared with other PPCs (28.7-35.8 mol%). Levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylglycerol were low in all five preparations. Lipid composition was consistent between the preparations. The high PtdCho:PtdEtn ratio composition of Essentiale Forte compared with the other PPC analyzed, as well as the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, suggest it could be the most clinically beneficial commercially available hepatoprotective product in the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Branko Popovic
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, 65929, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liao LZ, Li WD, Liu Y, Li JP, Zhuang XD, Liao XX. Exploring the causal pathway from omega-6 levels to coronary heart disease: A network Mendelian randomization study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:233-240. [PMID: 31648883 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence on the effect of omega-6 fats on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk remains inconclusive. We applied a network MR framework to determine the causal effects between omega-6 levels and CHD and the potential cholesterol metabolic risk factors (Total cholesterol, TC; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; Triglycerides, TG) which might act as mediators in the link between omega-6 levels and CHD by integrating summary-level genome wide association study (GWAS) data. METHODS AND RESULTS Network MR analysis-an approach using genetic variants as the instrumental variables for both the exposure and mediator to infer causality was performed to examine the causal effects between omega-6 levels and CHD and cholesterol metabolic risk factors. Summary statistics from the Kettunen et al. 's consortium were used (n = 13506) for omega-6, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium data were used (n = 184305) for CHD, and GLGC consortia data were used (n = 108363) for TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. The IVW method estimate indicated that the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CHD was 1.210 (1.118-1.310) per standard deviation increase in omega-6. Results were consistent in MR Egger method (OR, 1.418; 95% CI, 1.087-1.851; P = 0.050) and weighted median methods (OR, 1.239; 95% CI, 1.125-1.364; P = 0.000). Omega-6 was positively causal associated with TC, LDL-C, and TG but was not associated with HDL-C. Moreover, TC, LDL-C, and TG were positively associated with CHD. CONCLUSIONS Using a network MR framework, we provided evidence supporting a positive causal relationship between omega-6 and CHD, which might be partially mediated by TC, LDL-C, and TG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Liao
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Jia-Ping Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, Guangzhou, 510080, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, Guangzhou, 510080, GuangDong, PR China.
| | - Xin-Xue Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, Guangzhou, 510080, GuangDong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Abstract
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently published a meta-analysis that confirmed their 60-year-old recommendation to limit saturated fat (SFA, saturated fatty acid) and replace it with polyunsaturated fat to reduce the risk of heart disease based on the strength of 4 Core Trials. To assess the evidence for this recommendation, meta-analyses on the effect of SFA consumption on heart disease outcomes were reviewed. Nineteen meta-analyses addressing this topic were identified: 9 observational studies and 10 randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses of observational studies found no association between SFA intake and heart disease, while meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were inconsistent but tended to show a lack of an association. The inconsistency seems to have been mediated by the differing clinical trials included. For example, the AHA meta-analysis only included 4 trials (the Core Trials), and those trials contained design and methodological flaws and did not meet all the predefined inclusion criteria. The AHA stance regarding the strength of the evidence for the recommendation to limit SFAs for heart disease prevention may be overstated and in need of reevaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zirnheld KH, Warner DR, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, McClain CJ, Kirpich IA. Dietary fatty acids and bioactive fatty acid metabolites in alcoholic liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
47
|
Puri K, Lal N, Shang R, Ghosh S, Flibotte S, Dyer R, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Diabetes Mellitus Severity and a Switch From Using Lipoprotein Lipase to Adipose-Derived Fatty Acid Results in a Cardiac Metabolic Signature That Embraces Cell Death. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e014022. [PMID: 31665961 PMCID: PMC6898854 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatty acid (FA) provision to the heart is from cardiomyocyte and adipose depots, plus lipoprotein lipase action. We tested how a graded reduction in insulin impacts the source of FA used by cardiomyocytes and the cardiac adaptations required to process these FA. Methods and Results Rats injected with 55 (D55) or 100 (D100) mg/kg streptozotocin were terminated after 4 days. Although D55 and D100 were equally hyperglycemic, D100 showed markedly lower pancreatic and plasma insulin and loss of lipoprotein lipase, which in D55 hearts had expanded. There was minimal change in plasma FA in D55. However, D100 exhibited a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in various saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA in the plasma. D100 demonstrated dramatic cardiac transcriptomic changes with 1574 genes differentially expressed compared with only 49 in D55. Augmented mitochondrial and peroxisomal β‐oxidation in D100 was not matched by elevated tricarboxylic acid or oxidative phosphorylation. With increasing FA, although control myocytes responded by augmenting basal respiration, this was minimized in D55 and reversed in D100. Metabolomic profiling identified significant lipid accumulation in D100 hearts, which also exhibited sizeable change in genes related to apoptosis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling–positive cells. Conclusions With increasing severity of diabetes mellitus, when the diabetic heart is unable to control its own FA supply using lipoprotein lipase, it undergoes dramatic reprogramming that is linked to handling of excess FA that arise from adipose tissue. This transition results in a cardiac metabolic signature that embraces mitochondrial FA overload, oxidative stress, triglyceride storage, and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karanjit Puri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Rui Shang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology IKBSAS University of British Columbia-Okanagan Kelowna Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Roger Dyer
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Simonetto M, Infante M, Sacco RL, Rundek T, Della-Morte D. A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Role of Omega-3 PUFAs in Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Nutrients 2019; 11:2279. [PMID: 31547601 PMCID: PMC6835717 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic disease affecting arterial vessels and leading to vascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The relationship between atherosclerosis and risk of neurodegeneration has been established, in particular with vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Systemic atherosclerosis increases the risk of VCID by inducing cerebral infarction, or through systemic or local inflammatory factors that underlie both atherosclerosis and cognition. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in inflammatory processes, but with opposite roles. Specifically, omega-3 PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory properties by competing with omega-6 PUFAs and displacing arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids, decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Experimental studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the risk of different phenotypes of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review describes the link between atherosclerosis, VCID and inflammation, as well as how omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be useful to prevent and treat inflammatory-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Simonetto
- Department of Neurology and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Marco Infante
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) and Clinical Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Neurology and The Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yamagishi SI, Matsui T. Effects of Dietary Intake and Supplementation of Fatty Acids on Cardiometabolic Disorders in Humans: a Lesson from a Large Number of Meta-Analyses. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666181107113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids have exerted numerous pathophysiological effects in humans. Indeed,
monounsaturated fatty acids and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are generally thought to have favorable
cardiometabolic actions via their anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties, while saturated
fatty acids and trans fatty acids are supposed to contribute to the development and progression
of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases by inducing dyslipidemia and obesity. However, there is
much controversy about the effects of dietary intake and supplementation of fatty acids on cardiometabolic
disorders. Therefore, in the present study, we limited the scope of this review to metaanalyses
(1) of observational studies of dietary intake of fatty acids and (2) of interventional trials
with fatty acid supplements to scrutinize the role of fatty acids in various cardiometabolic disorders.
We discuss here the clinical effects of fatty acids from dietary intake or supplements on incidence of
diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity and body weight, cardiovascular diseases and total mortality,
and also review the association of fatty acid biomarkers with these cardiometabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Emelyanova L, Boukatina A, Myers C, Oyarzo J, Lustgarten J, Shi Y, Jahangir A. High calories but not fat content of lard-based diet contribute to impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in C57BL/6J mice heart. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217045. [PMID: 31265457 PMCID: PMC6605645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose High calorie intake leads to obesity, a global socio-economic and health problem, reaching epidemic proportion in children and adolescents. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from animal (lard) fat are major components of the western-pattern diet and its regular consumption leads to obesity, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, no clear evidence exists whether consumption of diet rich in saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids has detrimental effects on cardiac structure and energetics primarily due to excessive calories. We, therefore, sought to determine the impact of high calories versus fat content in diet on cardiac structure and mitochondrial energetics. Methods Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with high calorie, high lard fat-based diet (60% fat, HFD), high-calorie and low lard fat-based diet (10% fat, LFD), and lower-calorie and fat diet (standard chow, 12% fat, SCD) for 10 weeks. Results The HFD- and LFD-fed mice had higher body weight, ventricular mass and thickness of posterior and septal wall with increased cardiomyocytes diameter compared to the SCD-fed mice. These changes were associated with a reduction in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I and III activity compared to the SCD-fed mice without significant differences between the HFD- and LFD-fed animals. The HFD-fed animals had higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) than LFD and SCD-fed mice. Conclusions We assume that changes in cardiac morphology and selective reduction of the OXPHOS complexes activity observed in the HFD- and LFD-fed mice might be related to excessive calories with additional effect of fat content on oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Emelyanova
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Boukatina
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Myers
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Janice Oyarzo
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Yang Shi
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|