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Yazıcı-Kabadayı S, Öztemel K. The Mediating Role of Rumination and Self-Regulation Between Self-Generated Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:550-576. [PMID: 36002229 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221119415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the relationships between self-generated stress (SGS) and psychological well-being (PWB) and the mediating role of self-critical rumination (SCR) and self-regulation in this relationship. In this direction, the Self-Generated Stress Scale (SGSS) was adapted into Turkish in the first study. In the second study, we tested the mediating role of SCR and self-regulation in the relationship between SGS and PWB in university students. The findings showed that the Self-Generated Stress Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture and PWB and self-regulation have partial mediating roles in the relationship between SGS and PWB. These results contribute to a better understanding of the association between SGS and PWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Yazıcı-Kabadayı
- Department of Counseling and Guidance, Faculty of Education,Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Kemal Öztemel
- Psychological Counseling and Guidance Program, Faculty of Gazi Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Ho TC, Buthmann J, Chahal R, Miller JG, Gotlib IH. Exploring sex differences in trajectories of pubertal development and mental health following early adversity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 161:106944. [PMID: 38171040 PMCID: PMC10842731 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite evidence that early life adversity (ELA) affects mental health in adolescence, we know little about sex differences in how distinct dimensions of adversity affect development and their corresponding effects on mental health. In this three-wave longitudinal study, 209 participants (118 females; ages 9-13 years at baseline) provided objective (salivary hormones, BMI, age of menarche) and subjective (perceived gonadal and adrenal status) measures of puberty and physical development, and reported on levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at all timepoints. Participants also reported lifetime exposure to three distinct types of ELA: deprivation, threat, and unpredictability. Using generalized additive mixed models, we tested within each sex whether dimensions of adversity were associated with longitudinal changes in measures of pubertal and physical development, and whether these indices of development were associated with trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In females, experiences of threat and unpredictability were significantly associated with earlier pubertal timing (e.g., age of menarche) whereas experiences of deprivation were associated with steeper increases in BMI; further, faster pubertal tempo (i.e., steeper increases in pubertal stage) was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In males, however, ELA was not associated with any measures of pubertal or physical development or with symptoms. Together, our results suggest that adverse experiences during early life have sex-selective consequences for pubertal and physical maturation and mental health trajectories in ways that may elucidate why females are at higher risk for mental health difficulties during puberty, particularly following exposure to unpredictable and threatening experiences of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Buthmann
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonas G Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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3
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Yuan JP, Coury SM, Ho TC, Gotlib IH. Early life stress moderates the relation between systemic inflammation and neural activation to reward in adolescents both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:532-540. [PMID: 37673968 PMCID: PMC10789786 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of systemic inflammation are associated with altered reward-related brain function in ventral striatal areas of the brain like the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). In adolescents, cross-sectional research indicates that exposure to early life stress (ELS) can moderate the relation between inflammation and neural activation, which may contribute to atypical reward function; however, no studies have tested whether this moderation by ELS of neuroimmune associations persists over time. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis and the first exploratory longitudinal analysis testing whether cumulative severity of ELS moderates the association of systemic inflammation with reward-related processing in the NAcc in adolescents (n = 104; 58F/46M; M[SD] age = 16.00[1.45] years; range = 13.07-19.86 years). For the cross-sectional analysis, we modeled a statistical interaction between ELS and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) predicting NAcc activation during the anticipation and outcome phases of a monetary reward task. We found that higher CRP was associated with blunted NAcc activation during the outcome of reward in youth who experienced higher levels of ELS (β = -0.31; p = 0.006). For the longitudinal analysis, we modeled an interaction between ELS and change in CRP predicting change in NAcc activation across 2 years. This analysis similarly showed that increasing CRP over time was associated with decreasing NAcc during reward outcomes in youth who experienced higher levels of ELS (β = -0.47; p = 0.022). Both findings support contemporary theoretical frameworks involving associations among inflammation, reward-related brain function, and ELS exposure, and suggest that experiencing ELS can have significant and enduring effects on neuroimmune function and adolescent neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Saché M Coury
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Borchers LR, Yuan JP, Leong JK, Jo B, Chahal R, Ryu J, Nam A, Coury SM, Gotlib IH. Sex-Specific Vulnerability to Externalizing Problems: Sensitivity to Early Stress and Nucleus Accumbens Activation Over Adolescence. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)00038-6. [PMID: 38272286 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure and sensitivity to early-life stress (ELS) are related to increased risk for psychopathology in adolescence. While cross-sectional studies have reported blunted nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation in the context of these associations, researchers have not yet assessed the effects of ELS on developmental trajectories of activation. We examined whether trajectories are affected by stress and the moderating role of biological sex in predicting vulnerability to symptoms of psychopathology. METHODS Adolescents (n = 173) completed 3 assessments at 2-year intervals across puberty (ages 9-18 years). At baseline, we assessed objective ELS and stress sensitivity using the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children. At all time points, we assessed NAcc activation using the Monetary Incentive Delay task and externalizing, internalizing, and total problems using the Youth Self-Report. We examined correlations between NAcc trajectories (extracted using linear mixed-effects models) with ELS and stress sensitivity and conducted multivariate regression analysis to examine the interaction of NAcc trajectories and biological sex in predicting symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS Symptoms increased over adolescence. Stress sensitivity, but not objective ELS, was associated with decreasing trajectories of NAcc activation. Biological sex interacted with NAcc trajectories to predict psychopathology; boys, but not girls, with decreasing NAcc activation had more severe externalizing problems in adolescence. These findings were replicated in the putamen and caudate but not in the medial prefrontal cortex or control brain regions. CONCLUSIONS NAcc activation may be a sex-specific marker of externalizing problems in adolescence. Efforts to reduce stress sensitivity may help to decrease symptoms of psychopathology in adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Borchers
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Justin P Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Josiah K Leong
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joshua Ryu
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew Nam
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Saché M Coury
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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5
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Buthmann JL, Miller JG, Uy JP, Coury SM, Jo B, Gotlib IH. Early life stress predicts trajectories of emotional problems and hippocampal volume in adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02331-4. [PMID: 38135803 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress (ELS) has been consistently associated with adverse emotional and neural consequences in youth. The development of brain structures such as the hippocampus, which plays a significant role in stress and emotion regulation, may be particularly salient in the development of psychopathology. Prior work has documented smaller hippocampal volume (HCV) in relation to both ELS exposure and risk for psychopathology. We used longitudinal k-means clustering to identify simultaneous trajectories of HCV and emotional problems in 155 youth across three assessments conducted approximately two years apart (mean baseline age = 11.33 years, 57% female). We also examined depressive symptoms and resilience approximately two years after the third timepoint. We identified three clusters of participants: a cluster with high HCV and low emotional problems; a cluster with low HCV and high emotional problems; and a cluster with low HCV and low emotional problems. Importantly, severity of ELS was associated with greater likelihood of belonging to the low HCV/high symptom cluster than to the low HCV/low symptom cluster. Further, low HCV/high symptom participants had more depressive symptoms and lower resilience scores than did participants in the low HCV/low symptom, but not than in the high HCV/low symptom cluster. Our findings suggest that smaller HCV indexes biological sensitivity to stress. This adds to our understanding of the ways in which ELS can affect hippocampal and emotional development in young people and points to hippocampal volume as a marker of susceptibility to context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Buthmann
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jonas G Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jessica P Uy
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Saché M Coury
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Stewart JG, Pizzagalli DA, Auerbach RP. Stress exposure in at-risk, depressed, and suicidal adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023. [PMID: 38100210 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress exposure contributes to the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents. However, the precise stress facets (e.g. chronicity, domain) most strongly linked to outcomes at different stages along the depression severity continuum remain unclear. Across two studies, chronic and episodic stressors were comprehensively assessed among: (a) healthy youth with (High-Risk [HR]) and without (Low-Risk [LR]) a maternal history of MDD and (b) adolescents with current MDD and suicide ideation and healthy controls (HC). METHOD Study 1 included LR (n = 65) and HR (n = 22) 12- to 14-year-olds (49 females; 56.32%) with no lifetime history of mental disorders. Study 2 enrolled 87 mid-to-late adolescents (64 females; 73.56%), including 57 MDD youth from a short-term intensive treatment service and 30 HCs from the community. All depressed youth reported recent suicide ideation; some had no lifetime history suicide attempts (SI; n = 31) and others reported at least one past year attempt (SA; n = 26). The Life Events and Difficulties Schedule was used to capture stressor severity in both studies. RESULTS We used multiple linear regression models that adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates. Being in the HR versus LR group was associated with more severe chronic (β = .22, CI95 = 0.01-0.42, p = .041), independent (β = .34, CI95 = 0.12-0.56, p = .003), and interpersonal (β = .23, CI95 = 0.004-0.45, p = .047) stress severity. By contrast, the MDD group reported significantly more severe chronic (β = .62, CI95 = 0.45-0.79, p < .001) and dependent (β = .41, CI95 = 0.21-0.61, p < .001) stress than the HC group, but not independent (p = .083) stress. Stress severity did not differ between recent attempters versus youth who reported suicide ideation alone (SA vs. SI contrast). However, the SA group reported a higher rate of targeted rejection events (RR = 3.53, CI95 = 1.17-10.70, p = .026). CONCLUSIONS Our findings clarify the stressor features that may most strongly contribute to adolescent depression and its clinical correlates at two important points along depression's clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Psychogiou L, Ahun MN, Geoffroy MC, Brendgen M, Côté SM. Adolescents' internalizing symptoms predict dating violence victimization and perpetration 2 years later. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1573-1583. [PMID: 35473624 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200030x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine bidirectional associations of adolescents' internalizing symptoms with dating violence victimization and perpetration. We conducted secondary analyses of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development data (n = 974). Each adolescent completed items from the Conflict Tactics Scale (at ages 15 and 17 years) to assess psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization and perpetration in the past 12 months. Adolescents' symptoms of depression and general anxiety in the past 12 months were self-reported (at ages 15 and 17 years) using The Mental Health and Social Inadaptation Assessment for Adolescents. There were concurrent associations of adolescents' internalizing symptoms with dating violence victimization and perpetration. Internalizing symptoms at age 15 years were positively associated with dating violence victimization and perpetration 2 years later in both males and females, even after adjusting for baseline characteristics. However, neither dating violence victimization nor perpetration at age 15 years was associated with internalizing symptoms 2 years later. For males and females, internalizing symptoms put adolescents at risk for future dating violence victimization and perpetration. Interventions that target internalizing symptoms may have the potential to decrease subsequent dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn N Ahun
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Axe Cerveau et développement de l'enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Axe Cerveau et développement de l'enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Axe Cerveau et développement de l'enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Shaw ZA, Handley ED, Warmingham JM, Starr LR. Patterns of life stress and the development of ruminative brooding in adolescence: A person-centered approach. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37589100 PMCID: PMC10873479 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Research links life stressors, including acute, chronic, and early life stress, to the development of ruminative brooding. However, singular forms of life stress rarely occur in isolation, as adolescents typically encounter stressors that vary on important dimensions (e.g., types, timings, quantities) across development. The current study employs latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify natural clusters of life stress that, over time, may be differently associated with ruminative brooding. Evaluations of episodic, chronic, and early life stress were conducted with community-recruited mid-adolescents (N = 241, Mage = 15.90 years, 53% female) and their parents using the UCLA Life Stress Interview and lifetime adversity portions of the Youth Life Stress Interview. Analyses identified four distinct patterns: low stress, high peer stress, moderate home / family stress, and multifaceted / high school stress. Adolescents in the high peer stress and moderate home / family stress profiles were at highest risk for developing a brooding style over time. Despite high overall levels of stress, teens in the multifaceted / high school stress profile were at not at elevated risk for developing a brooding style. Findings demonstrate the utility of person-centered approaches to identify patterns of stress exposure that heighten risk for brooding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey A Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Warmingham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa R Starr
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Stroud CB, Chen FR, Dunning EE, Cheng J, Marr C, Vrshek-Schallhorn S. Early adversity and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls: the mediating role of exposure to recent interpersonal acute stress. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1272-1287. [PMID: 34743768 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Early adversity confers risk for depression in part through its association with recent (i.e., proximal) acute stress. However, it remains unresolved whether: a) early adversity predicts increases in recent acute stress over time; b) all - or only certain types - of recent events mediate the relationship between early adversity and depression; and c) early adversity places individuals at greater risk for depression via greater exposure to independent (i.e., fateful) interpersonal events or via greater generation of dependent (i.e., partially self-initiated) interpersonal events (i.e., stress generation) or both. These questions were examined in a 3-wave longitudinal study of early adolescent girls (N = 125; M = 12.35 years [SD = .77]) with no history of diagnosable depression using contextual life stress and diagnostic interviews. Path analyses indicated that increases in past-year acute interpersonal, but not non-interpersonal, stress mediated the link between early adversity and depressive symptoms. The mediating role of interpersonal events was limited to independent ones, suggesting increases in interpersonal event exposure, not interpersonal stress generation, acted as a mediator. Finally, findings support prior evidence that early adversity may not directly predict future depressive symptoms. Implications for understanding the role of recent stress in the association between early adversity and adolescent depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances R Chen
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin E Dunning
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carey Marr
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jiang L, Ju J, Liang L, Bian Y. Trajectories of Chinese paternal emotion-related socialization behaviors during early adolescence: Contributions of father and adolescent factors. FAMILY PROCESS 2023:e12913. [PMID: 37394243 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Parental emotion-related socialization behaviors (ERSBs) are developmental and multiply determined. However, longitudinal studies on the development patterns of ERSBs and their antecedents, especially for Chinese fathers, are scarce. This study examined the longitudinal trajectories of Chinese fathers' ERSBs during early adolescence and whether they are influenced by the father (depressive symptoms and emotion dysregulation) and adolescent factors (depressive symptoms and emotional intelligence). We used 4-year, self-reported, survey-based data from Chinese early adolescents (46.70% girls, Mage at Wave 1 = 10.26 years, SD = 0.33) and their fathers (Mage at Wave 1 = 40.36 years, SD = 4.22), and data analyses were conducted using unconditional and conditional latent growth model (N = 1061 at Wave 1). The results revealed an increase in the father's supportive and non-supportive ERSBs over 4 years. Furthermore, father's depression symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and adolescent's depression symptoms can predict paternal supportive ERSBs' trajectories, while only the father's depression symptoms and emotion dysregulation can predict the change in non-supportive ERSBs. The findings give a holistic picture of the developmental trajectories of paternal ERSBs during early adolescence, and highlight the importance of accounting for differences in father and adolescent factors in understanding changes in parental ERSBs during this critical developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Child and Family Education Research Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Child and Family Education Research Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Child and Family Education Research Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Child and Family Education Research Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Harrison TJ, Ginsburg GS, Smith IC, Orlando CM. Youth stress generation: an examination of the role of anxiety, anxiety symptoms and cognitive distortions. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:304-319. [PMID: 35576123 PMCID: PMC9666622 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2076083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress generation suggests a reciprocal relationship between depression and prospective stressful life events. However, the applicability of stress generation to anxiety disorders has been understudied, particularly among youth. We address this gap by examining stress generation in youth at high-risk of developing anxiety disorders. METHODS Participants were one-hundred thirty-six at-risk youth (M age = 8.69, 84.6% Caucasian; 55.9% female), each of whom had a parent with an anxiety disorder. We examined the role of an anxiety disorder diagnosis, anxiety symptoms, and cognitive distortions in youth's prospective one and six-year stressful life events (i.e., stress generation). RESULTS Anxiety symptoms and cognitive distortions were significant predictors of one-year total dependent stress. Anxiety diagnosis and anxiety symptoms were significant predictors of one-year dependent interpersonal stress. Anxiety diagnosis and anxiety symptoms were significant predictors of six-year independent stress. CONCLUSION Support for the stress generation model was found in high-risk youth, but only over a one-year period. This suggests important effects of anxiety and cognitive distortions on stress generation, though their implications might be time-capped.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaac C. Smith
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Psychiatry
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12
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Yang X, Fridman AJ, Unsworth N, Casement MD. Pupillary motility responses to affectively salient stimuli in individuals with depression or elevated risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105125. [PMID: 36924842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Elaborative affective processing is observed in depression, and pupillary reactivity, a continuous, sensitive, and reliable indicator of physiological arousal and neurocognitive processing, is increasingly utilized in studies of depression-related characteristics. As a first attempt to quantitively summarize existing evidence on depression-related pupillary reactivity alterations, this review and meta-analysis evaluated the direction, magnitude, and specificity of pupillary indices of affective processing towards positively, negatively, and neutrally-valenced stimuli among individuals diagnosed with depression or with elevated risk of depression. Studies on pupillary responses to affective stimuli in the target groups were identified in PsycINFO and PubMed databases. Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria for the qualitative review and 16 for the quantitative review. Three-level frequentist and Bayesian models were applied to summarize pooled effects from baseline-controlled stimuli-induced average changes in pupillary responses. In general, compared to non-depressed individuals, individuals with depression or elevated risk of depression exhibited higher pupillary reactivity (d =0.15) towards negatively-valenced stimuli during affective processing. Pupillary motility towards negatively-valenced stimuli may be a promising trait-like marker for depression vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Andrew J Fridman
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Nash Unsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
| | - Melynda D Casement
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1451 Onyx St, Eugene, OR US 97403, USA.
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Hello Darkness, My Old Friend: Moderating a Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model of Loneliness and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:383-397. [PMID: 36422732 PMCID: PMC9908696 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the trait- and state-like associations between loneliness and symptoms of anxiety and depression during three years in middle to late adolescence. The moderating effect of gender and social self-efficacy was examined on the hypothesised model. The sample consisted of 1508 Norwegian upper secondary school students (61% female; mean age at T1 = 16.33; 52.9% high socioeconomic position; 70.6% Norwegian-born). We found 1) strong and positive trait- and state-like associations between loneliness and symptoms of anxiety and depression, 2) that anxiety and depressive symptoms consistently predicted later loneliness but not the other way around, 3) that gender moderated parts of the state-like associations between loneliness and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and 4) that social self-efficacy had no moderating effect on the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and anxiety and depressive symptoms. The present study might inform future research, theory development, and intervention strategies in middle to late adolescent samples.
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Buthmann J, Miller JG, Chahal R, Berens A, Gotlib IH. Negative caregiving and stress reactivity moderate the relation between early life stress and externalizing in adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22327. [PMID: 36282754 PMCID: PMC9608333 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress (ELS) is common and has been implicated in the development of psychopathology; importantly, however, many individuals who experience ELS do not develop emotional or behavioral difficulties. Prior research implicates stress exposure, negative caregiving behaviors, and patterns of physiological reactivity in predicting psychological well-being; however, the precise factors that contribute to resilience versus vulnerability to the adverse effects of stress exposures are not well understood. In a longitudinal study of adolescents (N = 120) assessed at three timepoints approximately every 2 years beginning at the ages of 913 years, we examined the roles of autonomic reactivity to social stress (assessed through skin conductance during the Trier Social Stress Task) and negative caregiving behaviors as moderators of the association between exposure to ELS and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. We found that the relation between ELS and externalizing symptoms was moderated by both negative caregiving and autonomic reactivity, such that the relation between ELS and externalizing was positive at low levels of negative caregiving and at high levels of autonomic reactivity; interactions predicting internalizing symptoms were not statistically significant. These findings highlight the importance of considering physiological and environmental variables that might contribute to susceptibility or resilience to symptoms of psychopathology following exposure to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Buthmann
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonas G Miller
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anne Berens
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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15
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Yuan JP, Ho TC, Coury SM, Chahal R, Colich NL, Gotlib IH. Early life stress, systemic inflammation, and neural correlates of implicit emotion regulation in adolescents. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:169-179. [PMID: 35842188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress (ELS) increases the risk for developing psychopathology; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. In this study we examined systemic inflammation as a pathway that may link exposure to stress to altered neural correlates of implicit emotion regulation in adolescents with varying levels of exposure to ELS (n = 83; 52 females, 31 males; 15.63 ± 1.10 years). We measured ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activation and functional connectivity (FC) between the bilateral amygdala and the vlPFC as adolescents completed an affect labeling task in the scanner and assessed concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) using a dried blood spot protocol. We found that CRP levels were negatively associated with vlPFC activation during implicit regulation of negatively-valenced stimuli, and that cumulative severity of ELS exposure moderated this neuroimmune association. Severity of ELS also significantly moderated the association between CRP levels and FC between the bilateral amygdala and l-vlPFC during implicit emotion regulation: in adolescents who had been exposed to more severe ELS, higher CRP was associated with more negative frontoamygdala FC during implicit regulation of negatively-valenced stimuli. Thus, ELS may disrupt the normative association between the immune system and the neural processes that underlie socioemotional functioning potentially increasing adolescents' risk for maladaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States.
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Saché M Coury
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
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16
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Gonadal and adrenal hormones interact with pubertal maturation to predict depressive symptoms in a group of high-school females. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1064-1078. [PMID: 33436142 PMCID: PMC8275662 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent females are at elevated risk for the development of depression. In this study, we addressed two questions: Are pubertal hormones associated with adolescent mental health? Might this association depend on pubertal development? We tested the hypothesis that estradiol, which has been associated with adolescent social sensitivity, might interact with pubertal stage to predict depression risk at three time points in ninth and tenth grade. Hormones and pubertal development were measured ninth-grade females. Linear regression analyses were used to predict fall ninth-grade (N = 79), spring ninth-grade (N = 76), and spring tenth-grade (N = 67) Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scores. The hypothesized model was not statistically significant, but exploratory analyses revealed that two- and three-way interactions incorporating estradiol, puberty (stage and perceived onset), and cortisol predicted current and future CDI scores. Our exploratory model did not predict changes in CDI but did account for future (spring of ninth grade) CDI scores. Specifically, estradiol was positively correlated with fall and spring ninth-grade depressive symptoms in participants with high cortisol who also reported earlier stages and later perceived onset of pubertal development. These findings suggest that hormones associated with sensitivity to the social environment deserve consideration in models of adolescent depression risk.
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17
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Chyu EPY, Chen JK. Associations Between Academic Stress, Mental Distress, Academic Self-Disclosure to Parents and School Engagement in Hong Kong. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:911530. [PMID: 35928778 PMCID: PMC9344061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.911530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that academic stress is associated with various detrimental personal physical and emotional outcomes; however, relatively few studies have explored how academic stress affects adolescents' interactions with their significant others in families and schools, which are two important social systems for school-age adolescents. In addition, there are also few studies examining how academic stress influences adolescents' self-disclosure to parents and school engagement in East Asian districts particularly in Hong Kong, where the level of academic stress among adolescents is high. This study examines how academic stress affects mental distress, academic self-disclosure to parents and school engagement and explores gender differences in the risk for the outcomes of academic stress. One thousand and eight hundred and four students from eight secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in this study. The results indicate that academic stress has a significant association with all three outcomes, but the correlation with school engagement is positive, which is contrary to the findings of most previous studies. The possible reasons for such positive association are discussed. In addition, the model can be applied to both genders, but females are more susceptible to the detrimental outcomes of academic stress by suffering a higher level of mental distress. This study suggests that academic stress should be an important entry point to tackle adolescents' mental distress while interventions should be targeted at females who are experiencing a higher level of mental distress. In addition, in view of the significant associations between academic stress and self-disclosure to parents, as well as between academic stress and school engagement, suggestions are provided to families and schools on how to proactively provide support to those students who are experiencing academic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Pui Yung Chyu
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Felton JW, Collado A, Cinader M, Key K, Lejuez CW, Yi R. The Role of Delay Discounting in the Generation of Stressful Life Events Across Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1529-1541. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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MacLochlainn J, Mallett J, Kirby K, McFadden P. Stressful Events and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Person-Centred Approach to Expanding Adverse Childhood Experience Categories. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:327-340. [PMID: 35600522 PMCID: PMC9120305 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stress from cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can pose a serious risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders in adolescence. However, there is a paucity of research identifying specific profiles or combinations of exposure to other forms of stressful life events and their impact on adolescent psychopathology. This study attempted a conceptual expansion of the ACE checklist by examining these stressful events. The study used cross-sectional data from a modified version of the CASE Study survey where 864 adolescents (56% female, n = 480), aged from 11 - 18 years were recruited from four post-primary schools in the North-West region of NI. Latent class analysis of the 20-item stressful events checklist revealed 3 distinct risk classes: a low-risk class (53.5%), at-risk class (42.7%), and an immediate-risk class (3.8%). Results showed those at most risk of adolescent psychopathology had the highest probability of encountering interpersonal relationship issues, experiencing family dysfunction, and having close friends experiencing psychological difficulties. Findings indicate that the original ten ACE categories may be too narrow in focus and do not capture the wide range of childhood adversity. Expanding the ACE checklist to include other stressful events is discussed as these may also be antecedents to psychopathologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin MacLochlainn
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H259, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - John Mallett
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H259, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Kirby
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Room H245, Cromore Road, Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Paula McFadden
- School of Applied Social and Policy Sc, Institute for Research in Social Sciences, Magee campus, Room MF211, Derry, BT48 7JL Northern Ireland
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20
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Young KS, Ward C, Vinograd M, Chen K, Bookheimer SY, Nusslock R, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG. Individual differences in threat and reward neural circuitry activation: Testing dimensional models of early adversity, anxiety and depression. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2739-2753. [PMID: 34989038 PMCID: PMC9149108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Altered functioning of the brain's threat and reward circuitry has been linked to early life adversity and to symptoms of anxiety and depression. To date, however, these relationships have been studied largely in isolation and in categorical-based approaches. It is unclear to what extent early life adversity and psychopathology have unique effects on brain functioning during threat and reward processing. We examined functional brain activity during a face processing task in threat (amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and reward (ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex) regions of interest among a sample (N = 103) of young adults (aged 18-19 years) in relation to dimensional measures of early life adversity and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results demonstrated a significant association between higher scores on the deprivation adversity dimension and greater activation of reward neural circuitry during viewing of happy faces, with the largest effect sizes observed in the orbitofrontal cortex. We found no significant associations between the threat adversity dimension, or symptom dimensions of anxiety and depression, and neural activation in threat or reward circuitries. These results lend partial support to theories of adversity-related alterations in neural activation and highlight the importance of testing dimensional models of adversity and psychopathology in large sample sizes to further our understanding of the biological processes implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Young
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research CentreKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Camilla Ward
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meghan Vinograd
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kelly Chen
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard E. Zinbarg
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA,The Family InstituteNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Michelle G. Craske
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States,Department of PsychologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Klimes-Dougan B, Başgöze Z, Mueller B, Wiglesworth A, Carosella KA, Westlund Schreiner M, Bortnova A, Reigstad K, Cullen KR, Gunlicks-Stoessel M. Structural and Functional Neural Correlates of Treatment Response for Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071878. [PMID: 35407493 PMCID: PMC8999886 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine approaches hold tremendous promise to advance current clinical practice by providing information about which individuals will benefit from which treatments. This pilot study evaluated if baseline structure and function of the salience and emotion brain regions implicated in adolescent depression, specifically the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), predict response to Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents (IPT-A). Adolescents (n = 15; mean age = 14.5 (1.6); 80.0% female) diagnosed with a depressive disorder completed brain scans before the start of a 16 week trial of IPT-A. Clinical measures assessing depressive symptoms were completed before, during, and after a trial of therapy. Results show that at baseline, greater ACC activation in the context of an emotion-matching task and greater amygdala-ACC resting-state functional connectivity was related to greater improvement in depression symptoms. There was minimal evidence that brain structure predicted changes in depressive symptoms. The present study is the first to evaluate neural predictors of IPT-A response. While the results are preliminary, these findings suggest some avenues for future research to pursue in the hopes that more will benefit from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.W.); (K.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-4347
| | - Zeynep Başgöze
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (Z.B.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (K.R.C.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Bryon Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (Z.B.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (K.R.C.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Andrea Wiglesworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.W.); (K.A.C.)
| | - Kathrine A. Carosella
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.W.); (K.A.C.)
| | | | - Ana Bortnova
- Minnesota Department of Health and Human Services, Saint Paul, MN 55101, USA;
| | - Kristina Reigstad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (Z.B.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (K.R.C.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Kathryn R. Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (Z.B.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (K.R.C.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Meredith Gunlicks-Stoessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (Z.B.); (B.M.); (K.R.); (K.R.C.); (M.G.-S.)
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22
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Chyu EPY, Chen JK. The Correlates of Academic Stress in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074009. [PMID: 35409692 PMCID: PMC8997729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Most previous studies have attempted to explore how different personal, familial, or school factors are linked to academic stress in Western countries. However, relatively less research has incorporated these different factors into one model to examine the most crucial correlate(s) that predict academic stress, particularly in the East Asian context, where the level of academic stress among adolescents is high. This study examined how perfectionism, social-oriented achievement motivation, parental aspiration for achievement, parent–child relationship, emphasis on academics in school, and school climate work together to predict academic stress in Hong Kong. One thousand eight hundred and four students from eight secondary schools in Hong Kong participated in this study. The results indicate that perfectionism, social-oriented achievement motivation, parent–child relationships, and emphasis on academics in school have significant associations with academic stress, while perfectionism and social-oriented achievement motivation, the two factors from the personal domain, are the dominant drivers of academic stress. In addition, these findings applied to both genders. As the significant correlates come from the personal, familial, and school domains, this study recommends multilevel interventions for decreasing the level of academic stress. In addition, this study also suggests further research directions to examine the psychosocial mechanism between the correlates and academic stress.
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23
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Politte-Corn M, Nick EA, Dickey L, Pegg S, Cole DA, Kujawa A. #socialdistancing: Social Media Use and Online Social Support Moderate the Effect of Pandemic-Related Stress on Internalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 41:30-53. [PMID: 35785150 PMCID: PMC9248848 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2021.40.6.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major stressors, increases in internalizing symptomatology, and greater reliance on online interactions. We examined associations between social media use, online social support, pandemic-related stress, and internalizing symptoms, and tested the moderating role of social media use on the relation between stress and symptom change across time. Methods Emerging adults aged 18-25 (N=200) self-reported pandemic-related stress, internalizing symptoms, social media use, and online social support in May 2020, then repeated measures of internalizing symptoms in August 2020. Results Greater social media use was cross-sectionally associated with greater stress and anxiety symptoms. High social media use in conjunction with high interpersonal stress was predictive of increases in depression, whereas low online social support and high total stress was predictive of increases in anxiety. Discussion Findings suggest that general social media usage and online social support are differentially related to internalizing symptom change among emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Politte-Corn
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN
| | - Elizabeth A. Nick
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lindsay Dickey
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN
| | - Samantha Pegg
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN
| | - David A. Cole
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN
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24
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Ding R, He W, Wang Q, Qi Z. Communicating emotional distress experienced by adolescents between adolescents and their mothers: Patterns and links with adolescents' emotional distress. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:35-46. [PMID: 34808136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This research proposes the construct of Communication Patterns of adolescents' emotional distress (CPAED) between adolescents and their parents, describing situations in which open or defective dialog about adolescents' emotions following distressful events are formed between adolescents and their parents. By addressing adolescents' perceptions of CPAED in adolescents and their mothers, we developed a valid and reliable scale to assess the hypothesized CPAED theoretical framework. Factor analyses in Study 1 (EFA; N = 257, Mage = 15.66 years old, SD = 0.35) and Study 2 (CFA; initial N = 684; Mage = 14.08, SD = 0.45) suggested three factors: a) Active and Reactive Emotion Sharing (ARES), referring to adolescents' active sharing of emotion or reactive sharing in the face of maternal inquiry; b) Lack of Solicitation by mothers (LS), tracking mothers' avoidance of communication; and c) Lack of Response by adolescents (LR), describing adolescents' avoidance of communication even when asked by mothers. Moreover, Study 2 documented that CPAED were linked to maternal emotion socialization practices (i.e., emotion expressivity and responses to adolescents' negative emotions) and adolescents' negative emotion expression. Study 2 found that ARES predicted decreased emotional distress in adolescents, whereas LS and LR predicted increased emotional distress accordingly; and the three factors of CPAED incrementally predicted adolescents' emotional distress over and beyond other theoretically relevant predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Ding
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Nanshan Educational Science Institute of Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, PR China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zixuan Qi
- Department of Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedfordway, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
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25
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An exploration of dimensions of early adversity and the development of functional brain network connectivity during adolescence: Implications for trajectories of internalizing symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:557-571. [PMID: 35094729 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different dimensions of adversity may affect mental health through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, though current supporting evidence consists largely of cross-sectional associations between threat or deprivation and fronto-limbic circuitry. In this exploratory three-wave longitudinal study spanning ages 9-19 years, we examined the associations between experiences of unpredictability, threat, and deprivation with the development of functional connectivity within and between three brain networks implicated in psychopathology: the salience (SAL), default mode (DMN), and fronto-parietal (FPN) networks, and tested whether network trajectories moderated associations between adversity and changes in internalizing symptoms. Connectivity decreased with age on average; these changes differed by dimension of adversity. Whereas family-level deprivation was associated with lower initial levels and more stability across most networks, unpredictability was associated with stability only in SAL connectivity, and threat was associated with stability in FPN and DMN-SAL connectivity. In youth exposed to higher levels of any adversity, lower initial levels and more stability in connectivity were related to smaller increases in internalizing symptoms. Our findings suggest that whereas deprivation is associated with widespread neurodevelopmental differences in cognitive and emotion processing networks, unpredictability is related selectively to salience detection circuitry. Studies with wider developmental windows should examine whether these neurodevelopmental alterations are adaptive or serve to maintain internalizing symptoms.
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26
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Kalia V, Knauft K, Hayatbini N. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) associated with reduced cognitive flexibility in both college and community samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260822. [PMID: 34855895 PMCID: PMC8638954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is sensitive to stress experiences and significantly impacted by early life adversity. Cognitive flexibility is an executive function that is associated with positive outcomes in adulthood and implicated in activity in the prefrontal cortex. The relationship between early life adversity and cognitive flexibility is underreported. Using the cumulative risk model, we conducted two studies to examine the association between early life adversity and cognitive flexibility in college students and adults (cumulative N = 510). Exposure to early life adversity was assessed using the adverse childhood experiences scale (ACEs). Cognitive flexibility was assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Additionally, as perceived chronic stress is associated with impaired prefrontal cortex function, we measured that as well. Higher number of ACEs was correlated with lower number of completed categories on the WCST in both college students and adults. Perceived chronic stress was not associated with cognitive flexibility, but did correlate positively with ACEs. Individuals with a higher number of ACEs were also more likely to report higher levels of perceived chronic stress. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that exposure to adverse childhood experiences predicted lower scores on completed categories. Our findings provide further evidence that individuals with early life adversity exhibit reduced cognitive flexibility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine Knauft
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Niki Hayatbini
- Psychology Department, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
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27
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Arroyo-Belmonte M, Natera-Rey G, Tiburcio-Sainz M, Martínez-Vélez N. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Adversity and Stress Scale (ASS): Validation in the Adult Mexican Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-15. [PMID: 34720773 PMCID: PMC8544184 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since stress is known to play a role in the development of physical and mental illness, empirically validated measurements are required to assess the effect of adverse events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Adversity and Stress Scale (ASS). A sample of 3937 adults living in Mexico was used. The structure of the instrument was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Construct validity was measured through associations between the ASS and psychological symptoms. In the EFA, the relational and contextual dimensions of stress were identified. A good fit was obtained in the CFA (CFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.040). The ASS score was associated with all the selected variables in the expected direction, and internal consistency was α = .86. The ASS is a valid, reliable measure, with the potential to be used in other adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermina Natera-Rey
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370 Mexico City, CP Mexico
| | - Marcela Tiburcio-Sainz
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370 Mexico City, CP Mexico
| | - Nora Martínez-Vélez
- Department of Social Sciences in Health, Direction of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370 Mexico City, CP Mexico
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Dagan O, Buisman RSM, Nivison MD, Waters TEA, Vaughn BE, Bost KK, Bleil ME, Vandell DL, Booth-LaForce C, Roisman GI. Does secure base script knowledge mediate associations between observed parental caregiving during childhood and adult romantic relationship quality and health? Attach Hum Dev 2021; 23:643-664. [PMID: 33107784 PMCID: PMC8076343 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1836858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, attachment representations are being assessed via secure base script knowledge - the degree to which individuals show awareness of the temporal-causal schema that summarizes the basic features of seeking and receiving effective support from caregivers during times of need. Limited research has assessed the links between secure base script knowledge and aspects of adult functioning and the role that secure base script knowledge may play in accounting for associations between early caregiving quality and adulthood functioning. We used follow-up assessments of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development cohort (N = 585) to examine whether secure base script knowledge at age 18 years: (a) is associated with later romantic relationship quality, depressive symptoms, and body mass index (BMI) at age 26 years, and (b) mediates expected associations between the quality of maternal and paternal sensitivity across the first 15 years of life and age-26 outcomes. More access to, and elaborated knowledge of the secure base script predicted less extreme hostility with romantic partners, and better emotional and physical health. Moreover, secure base script knowledge mediated the links between early maternal and paternal sensitivity and both later romantic partner hostility and depressive symptoms, but not BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dagan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marissa D. Nivison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, USA
| | | | - Brian E. Vaughn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kelly K. Bost
- Human and Community Development, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Maria E. Bleil
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Glenn I. Roisman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, USA
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Bahji A, Forth E, Hargreaves T, Harkness K. Genetic markers of the stress generation model: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114139. [PMID: 34371296 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Robust evidence suggests that depression, and risk for depression, are associated with the generation of stressful life events. This tendency to generate stress may be genetically determined. This systematic review aimed to identify specific molecular genetic markers associated with the generation of interpersonal stressful life events, at least in part dependent on individuals' behavior. METHOD We followed the PRISMA guidelines in searching six electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE) from inception to January 2021, and we reviewed the reference lists of eligible articles for additional records. We restricted eligibility to empirical studies involving at least one genetic marker and including proximal life events. We evaluated the risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for observational studies. The outcome permitted a distinction between life events dependent on the individual's agency versus independent events. RESULTS Seven studies, including 3585 participants, met eligibility criteria. Three were longitudinal, and four were cross-sectional; six included adolescents and young adults, and one focused on middle adulthood. Four examined the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), two examined the rs53576 single nucleotide polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), and one examined a multilocus genetic profile score including four hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis genes. There were no significant direct correlations between genotype and life events in any study. Instead, their relation was significantly moderated by symptoms, exposure to early adversity, or attachment. Consistent with the stress generation hypothesis, this moderation relation was significant in predicting exposure to dependent life events but was not significant in predicting independent life event exposure. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that genetic variation in the serotonin, HPA axis, and oxytocin systems moderates the effects of psychosocial vulnerability markers on the generation of proximal, dependent life events. Future research should examine additional genetic markers in systems known to confer risk for stress generation. PROSPERO CRD42019136886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Bahji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Evan Forth
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tegan Hargreaves
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kate Harkness
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Bernasco EL, Nelemans SA, van der Graaff J, Branje S. Friend Support and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adolescence During COVID-19. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:692-702. [PMID: 34448295 PMCID: PMC8457148 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted adolescents' psychosocial adjustment and social relationships across the world. This prospective longitudinal study examined whether internalizing problems during the pandemic could be predicted by precrisis friend support, and whether this effect was moderated by the time adolescents spent with their friends and COVID-19-related stress. 245 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 11.60) participated before and during COVID-19. Higher pre-COVID-19 friend support predicted less (self-reported and parent-reported) internalizing problems during COVID-19, and this effect was not moderated by the time adolescents spent with friends or COVID-19-related stress. Friends may thus protect against developing internalizing symptoms in times of crisis. We also found the reverse effect: Internalizing problems before COVID-19 were predictive of friend support during COVID-19.
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Lisitsa E, Bolden CR, Johnson BD, Mezulis AH. Impact of stress and parenting on respiratory sinus arrythmia trajectories in early adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22165. [PMID: 34292618 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of stress and parenting on 1-year trajectories of physiological emotion regulation capacity among adolescents were examined. Consistent with the vulnerability-stress and allostatic load models, stress (chronic family and marital) was hypothesized to be associated with less favorable trajectories of basal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) over 1 year. This relationship was further hypothesized to be moderated by parenting practices (warmth, neglect, and rejection) and adolescent sex. Participants included 150 adolescents (51.3% female), 11-15 years of age (M = 13.04, SD = 0.89). Basal RSA and stress were assessed four times across 1 year. Results indicated a significant decrease in RSA over the course of 1 year (β = -0.15, p = .010). Warm parenting style was associated with lower RSA in environments of low marital stress and was also related with higher RSA in environments of high marital stress (β = 0.86, p = .021). Rejecting parenting styles were associated with higher RSA in environments of low family stress and lower RSA in environments of high family stress (β = -0.60, p = .014). These findings may be explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law of optimal stress, suggesting that sufficient environmental challenge is needed to catalyze regulatory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Lisitsa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - China R Bolden
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin D Johnson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amy H Mezulis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Persistent Low Positive Affect and Sleep Disturbance across Adolescence Moderate Link between Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adulthood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 48:109-121. [PMID: 31446530 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the association between recent major life events and depressive symptoms during early adulthood, and to determine whether adolescents with chronically low positive affect or persistent sleep disturbance were more vulnerable to the link between stress and depressive symptoms. Adolescents (n = 147; 63.9% female; 33.7% non-Hispanic white) were recruited in 10th-11th grade and re-assessed 2 and 4 years later. At each assessment, adolescents completed measures of positive affect and sleep disturbances. At the final assessment, participants reported on their exposure to major life events in the past 12 months. Exposure to more major life events in the past year was associated with greater depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Chronically low positive affect and persistent sleep disturbances throughout adolescence each independently moderated this relationship. Specifically, only participants reporting low positive affect across the three assessments showed a positive and significant association between major life events and depressive symptoms. Further, only participants reporting sleep disturbances at all three assessments showed a positive and significant association between major life events and depressive symptoms. Chronically low positive affect and persistent sleep disturbances during adolescence may be useful indicators of risk for depression during early adulthood. Further, interventions targeting adolescent sleep disturbances and improving positive affect may be useful in reducing the risk for depression following life stress during this high risk developmental phase.
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What makes adolescents psychologically distressed? Life events as risk factors for depression and suicide. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:359-367. [PMID: 32232580 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a vulnerable period for psychological distress. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the distribution of major stress-causing factors and their correlates in a large population of adolescents. A computerized self-report questionnaire was completed by 291,110 participating adolescents over a 4-year period using a cross-sectional study design. The questionnaire included items assessing demographic variables, major stressors, severity of perceived stress, and mental health outcomes such as depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and attempts. Among the major stressors, schoolwork/career was the most predominant (54.7%). However, the odds ratios for depressed mood and suicidal ideation were the highest in the stressor of conflict with peers (OR = 1.97 for depressed mood and OR = 2.00 for suicidal ideation), followed by family circumstances (OR = 1.77 and 1.94 for depressed mood and suicidal ideation, respectively). Conversely, schoolwork/career presented significantly lower odds ratios of 0.87 and 0.87 for depressed mood and suicidal ideation, respectively. This study provides important information on psychological distress related to adolescents' mental health. Although school/career was the most prevalent source of psychological stress, the odds ratios for negative health outcomes of adolescents were higher in interpersonal problems such as conflicts with parents and peers and family circumstances. The present findings might help parents and clinicians understand the psychological distress of adolescents and improve their mental health.
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A mediation model for relational aggression, victimization, attachment, and depressive symptoms in Guam: A gender-informed approach. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2020.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the association between relational aggression and depressive symptoms, and the serial mediation of relational victimization and attachment insecurity in this association from a gender-informed approach. Participants consisted of 35 students (77% female; age: 18–25) for the pilot qualitative study and 206 students (68% female; age: 18–25) for the main quantitative study. Both sets of participants were recruited at the same public university in Guam. The qualitative data were transcribed verbatim and coded by three trained researchers (interrater agreement = 90%). From the qualitative data, several themes, such as relational aggression and victimization, physical aggression and victimization, negative affect and emotion, and culture emerged. All participants reported the use of relational aggression and showing negative emotions in a close relationship. Gender differences in the content of the themes were also found, such that relational aggression and victimization seemed to be more emotionally stressful for women than men. In line with these qualitative findings, the quantitative data showed that relational aggression was associated with depressive symptoms, and this association was mediated by relational victimization and attachment anxiety (not avoidance) only for women, while the contributions of physical aggression and victimization were controlled for. No direct and indirect links for physical aggression was evidenced. These findings are discussed from clinical, developmental and cultural perspectives.
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Chahal R, Kirshenbaum JS, Ho TC, Mastrovito D, Gotlib IH. Greater age-related changes in white matter morphometry following early life stress: Associations with internalizing problems in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 47:100899. [PMID: 33340790 PMCID: PMC7750321 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is associated with increased risk for internalizing disorders and variations in gray matter development. It is unclear, however, whether ELS affects normative age-related changes in white matter (WM) morphology, and if such maturational differences are associated with risk for internalizing psychopathology. We conducted comprehensive interviews in a cross-sectional sample of young adolescents (N = 156; 89 F; Ages 9-14) to assess lifetime exposure to stress and objective cumulative ELS severity. We used diffusion-weighted imaging to measure WM fixel-based morphometry and tested the effects of age and ELS on WM fiber density and cross-section (FDC), and associations between WM FDC and internalizing problems. Age was positively associated with FDC in all WM tracts; greater ELS severity was related to stronger age-WM associations in several association tracts connecting the frontal lobes with limbic, parietal, and occipital regions, including bilateral superior and inferior longitudinal and uncinate fasciculi (UF). Among older adolescents with greater ELS severity, a higher UF FDC was associated with fewer internalizing problems. Greater ELS severity predicted more mature WM morphometry in tracts implicated in emotion regulation and cognitive processing. More phenotypically mature UF WM may be adaptive against internalizing psychopathology in adolescents exposed to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Jaclyn S Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Dana Mastrovito
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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Padrón I, Fraga I, Vieitez L, Montes C, Romero E. A Study on the Psychological Wound of COVID-19 in University Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:589927. [PMID: 33574786 PMCID: PMC7870473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have addressed the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the general population. Nevertheless, far less is known about the impact on specific populations such as university students, whose psychological vulnerability has been shown in previous research. This study sought to examine different indicators of mental health in university students during the Spanish lockdown; we also analyzed the main sources of stress perceived by students in relation to the COVID-19 crisis, and the coping strategies adopted when faced with the situation. Data was collected from 932 students (704 women) through a web-based platform. Measures of anxiety (i.e., GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), irritability, and self-perceived change in mental health were administered, as well as ad hoc measures of stressors and coping strategies. Results indicated that students experienced considerable psychological problems during the confinement, with higher rates of emotional difficulties in women and undergraduate students than in men and postgraduates, respectively. Psychological distress was mainly related to several specific domains of stressors, as perceived by the participants: academic future, task overload, worsening of interpersonal conflicts, and restrictions in pleasant social contact; and far less related to the spread of the disease and its consequences for physical health. As regards coping strategies, both reframing skills and daily routines were shown to be the most effective. A path-analysis model integrating stressors, coping, and mental health revealed that coping strategies partially mediated the effect of stressors on psychological health. In general, results suggest that students' psychological health was substantially affected by the COVID-19 situation and that the academic and relational changes were the most notable sources of stress. This study reinforces the need to monitor and promote mental health in university students to boost resilience in times of crisis. Our results on effective coping strategies may inform preventive programs aimed at helping students to deal with challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Padrón
- Cognitive Processes & Behavior Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Fraga
- Cognitive Processes & Behavior Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lucía Vieitez
- Cognitive Processes & Behavior Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Montes
- Department of Social, Psychology, Basic Psychology, and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Estrella Romero
- UNDERISK, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Sympathetic nervous system dominance during stress recovery mediates associations between stress sensitivity and social anxiety symptoms in female adolescents. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1914-1925. [PMID: 33427188 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is commonly diagnosed during adolescence and is associated with psychological stress reactivity and heightened physiological arousal. No study, however, has systematically examined which aspects of autonomic nervous system function mediate likely links between stress sensitivity and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Here, we assessed 163 adolescents (90 females; 12.29 ± 1.39 years) with respect to life stress and social anxiety symptoms, and measured respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance levels (SCL) during a psychosocial stress paradigm. We operationalized stress sensitivity as the residual variance in subjective stress severity after accounting for objective severity and changes in autonomic regulation using standardized change scores in RSA and SCL. In females only, stress sensitivity and social anxiety symptoms were significantly correlated with each other (p < .001) and with autonomic regulation during both reactivity and recovery (all ps < 0.04). Further, sympathetic nervous system dominance during recovery specifically mediated associations between stress sensitivity and social anxiety symptoms (B = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.02-2.64). In contrast, in males, stress sensitivity, autonomic regulation during reactivity or recovery, and social anxiety symptoms were not significantly associated (all ps > 0.1). We interpret these results in the context of psychobiological models of SAD and discuss implications for interventions targeting autonomic processes.
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Gotlib IH, Borchers LR, Chahal R, Gifuni AJ, Teresi GI, Ho TC. Early Life Stress Predicts Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress. Front Psychol 2021; 11:603748. [PMID: 33510680 PMCID: PMC7835338 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to early life stress (ELS) is alarmingly prevalent and has been linked to the high rates of depression documented in adolescence. Researchers have theorized that ELS may increase adolescents' vulnerability or reactivity to the effects of subsequent stressors, placing them at higher risk for developing symptoms of depression. METHODS We tested this formulation in a longitudinal study by assessing levels of stress and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of adolescents from the San Francisco Bay Area (N = 109; 43 male; ages 13-20 years) who had been characterized 3-7 years earlier (M = 5.06, SD = 0.86 years) with respect to exposure to ELS and symptoms of depression. RESULTS As expected, severity of ELS predicted levels of depressive symptoms during the pandemic [r(107) = 0.26, p = 0.006], which were higher in females than in males [t(107) = -3.56, p < 0.001]. Importantly, the association between ELS and depression was mediated by adolescents' reported levels of stress, even after controlling for demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of monitoring the mental health of vulnerable children and adolescents during this pandemic and targeting perceived stress in high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lauren R. Borchers
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Anthony J. Gifuni
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Giana I. Teresi
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany C. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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39
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Kujawa A, Green H, Compas BE, Dickey L, Pegg S. Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:1280-1288. [PMID: 33169481 DOI: 10.1002/da.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful events due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are likely to have profound effects on mental health, and validated methods for assessing these experiences and associations with psychopathology are needed. We developed the Pandemic Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and tested its psychometric properties, characterized experiences in emerging adults, and examined associations with internalizing symptoms. METHODS Emerging adults (N = 450) completed the PSQ and measures of internalizing symptoms and perceived stress through an online platform in May 2020. One month later, 288 participants completed a follow-up questionnaire to assess reliability of the PSQ and longitudinal associations between stress and internalizing symptoms. RESULTS Results supported the validity/reliability of PSQ total scores and indicated that stressful events were highly prevalent in May, particularly among younger, female, and Black emerging adults. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were high overall, but decreased at the follow-up assessment. Pandemic-related stress was moderately associated with both depression and anxiety at each assessment, but baseline stress did not predict change in symptoms when controlling for baseline symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results provide empirical evidence that emerging adults are at high risk for depression and anxiety related to the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlight specific types of experiences associated with greatest risk. Further, this study provides support for a questionnaire measure of experiences related to the COVID-19 pandemic that can be applied in future work to advance understanding of risk and resilience in response to stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Haley Green
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay Dickey
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samantha Pegg
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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40
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Smith KE, Leitzke BT, Pollak SD. Youths' processing of emotion information: Responses to chronic and video-based laboratory stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 122:104873. [PMID: 33070023 PMCID: PMC7686118 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Integrating multiple sources of information about others' emotional states is critical to making accurate emotional inferences. There is evidence that both acute and chronic stress influence how individuals perceive emotional information. However, there is little research examining how acute and chronic stress interact to impact these processes. The current study examined whether acute and chronic stress interact to influence how children make emotional inferences. Eighty-nine youths (aged 11-15 years) underwent a novel video-based social stressor. Children completed an emotion recognition task prior to and after the stressor in which they saw integrated displays of facial expressions and contexts depicting congruent or incongruent emotional information. Eye tracking assessed changes in attention to the stimuli. Children became more likely to use and attended more to facial information than contextual information when labeling emotions following exposure to acute stress. Moreover, the effect of acute stress on use of facial information to label emotions was stronger for children who experienced higher levels of chronic stress. These data suggest that acute stress shifts attention towards facial information while suppressing processing of other sources of emotional information, and that youths with a history of chronic stress are more susceptible to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Smith
- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison,Correspondence should be directed to Karen E. Smith, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Rm 392, Madison, WI 53705.
| | - Brian T. Leitzke
- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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41
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Goldstein BL, Perlman G, Eaton NR, Kotov R, Klein DN. Testing explanatory models of the interplay between depression, neuroticism, and stressful life events: a dynamic trait-stress generation approach. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2780-2789. [PMID: 31615596 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic conceptual frameworks explaining the relationship of personality traits to depression include the precursor and predisposition models. The former hypothesizes that depression is predicted by traits alone whereas the latter hypothesizes that stress, together with personality, predicts depression. Dynamic vulnerability models (DVM) expand on these perspectives by incorporating fluctuations in personality over time. The stress generation model provides an alternative view, positing that depression generates stress, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. However, these conceptual models are rarely directly compared. METHOD We tested these models, focusing on neuroticism and stressful life events that the participant may have contributed to, using path analysis in a sample of 550 never-depressed, adolescent females assessed five times over 3 years. RESULTS A dynamic precursor model with stress generation was best supported. For the precursor component, neuroticism predicted subsequent depression across four assessment intervals. For the dynamic trait component, stressful life events predicted subsequent neuroticism at three of four intervals. Finally, in line with stress generation, depression consistently predicted subsequent stressful life events, and life events then predicted depression. CONCLUSIONS Finding support for the DVM is noteworthy, as this is the first comprehensive test of this model. Moreover, results supported integrating stress generation with trait vulnerability. Continued use of integrated approaches and refining the statistical implementation of these theories is necessary to advance understanding of the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, NY, USA
| | | | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
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Zimmer‐gembeck MJ, Nesdale D, Fersterer J, Wilson J. An experimental manipulation of rejection: Effects on children's attitudes and mood depend on rejection sensitivity and relationship history. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Zimmer‐gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Drew Nesdale
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Jade Fersterer
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Jasmine Wilson
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
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Rudolph J, Zimmer‐gembeck MJ. Parent relationships and adolescents' depression and social anxiety: Indirect associations via emotional sensitivity to rejection threat. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rudolph
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Melanie J. Zimmer‐gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Health Institute, Behavioural Basis of Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Ding J, Xiao J. The “Weakest Link” as an Indicator of Cognitive Vulnerability Predicts Stress Generation: A Multi-Wave Longitudinal Study among Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schneider RL, Long EE, Arch JJ, Hankin BL. The relationship between stressful events, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety symptoms among youth: longitudinal support for stress causation but not stress generation. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 34:157-172. [PMID: 33156724 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1839730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a clear bi-directional link between stressful events and depressive symptoms in adolescence, but the directionality of this link for anxiety symptoms remains underexamined. We critically evaluate the longitudinal relationship between stressors and anxiety among youth. Specifically, we examine whether stressors predict anxiety symptoms over a 1.5-year period (stress causation), and whether anxiety symptoms predict stressors over this period (stress generation). We examine potential influencing factors, including stressor type (independent vs. dependent) and emotion dysregulation (nonacceptance; goal-directed difficulty). METHODS Social, separation, and physical anxiety symptoms, and frequency and stressor type, were assessed every 3 months for 1.5 years among community youth (n = 528, ages 8-17). Baseline emotion dysregulation was assessed. Time-lagged analyses evaluated the bi-directional relationship of stress and anxiety over time, controlling for previous anxiety and depression. RESULTS Interpersonal stressors predicted subsequent physical and social anxiety symptoms, but anxiety did not predict subsequent stressors. Both nonacceptance and goal-directed difficulties predicted subsequent anxiety symptoms and stressors, but did not moderate the relationship. CONCLUSION The findings supported the stress causation model for youth anxiety, but not the stress generation model. Nonacceptance and goal-directed difficulty predicted greater subsequent anxiety symptoms and stressors. We discuss implications for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Schneider
- University of Colorado Boulder, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin E Long
- University of Illinois, Psychology, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Joanna J Arch
- University of Colorado Boulder, Psychology and Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
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Tompson MC, Langer DA, Asarnow JR. Development and efficacy of a family-focused treatment for depression in childhood. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:686-695. [PMID: 32871701 PMCID: PMC7513621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression in childhood frequently involves significant impairment, comorbidity, stress, and mental health problems within the family. Family-Focused Treatment for Childhood Depression (FFT-CD) is a 15-session developmentally-informed, evidence-based intervention targeting family interactions to enhance resiliency within the family system to improve and manage childhood depression. METHODS We present the conceptual framework underlying FFT-CD, the treatment development process, the intervention strategies, a case illustration, and efficacy data from a recent 2-site randomized clinical trial (N = 134) of 7-14 year old children randomly assigned to FFT-CD or individual supportive psychotherapy (IP) conditions. RESULTS Compared to children randomized to IP, those randomized to FFT-CD showed higher rates of depression response (≥50% Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised reduction) across the course of acute treatment (77.7% vs. 59.9%, t = 1.97, p = .0498). The rate of improvement overall leveled off following treatment with a high rate of recovery from index depressive episodes in both groups (estimated 76% FFT-CD, 77% IP), and there was an attenuation of observed group differences. By final follow-up (9 months post-treatment), one FFT-CD child and six IP children had suffered depressive recurrences, and four IP children attempted suicide. LIMITATIONS Without a no treatment control group it is not possible to disentangle the impact of the interventions from time alone. CONCLUSIONS While seldom evaluated, family interventions may be particularly appropriate for childhood depression. FFT-CD has demonstrated efficacy compared to individual supportive therapy. However, findings underscore the need for an extended/chronic disease model to enhance outcomes and reduce risk over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Tompson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Ave, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - David A Langer
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joan R Asarnow
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Culpin I, Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Sallis H, Lee R, Cordero M, Rajyaguru P, Kordas K, Cadman T, Pearson RM. Specific domains of early parenting, their heritability and differential association with adolescent behavioural and emotional disorders and academic achievement. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1401-1409. [PMID: 31786662 PMCID: PMC7501134 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variations in parenting across large populations have rarely been described. It also remains unclear which specific domains of parenting are important for which specific offspring developmental outcomes. This study describes different domains of early parenting behaviours and their genetic heritability, then determines the extent to which specific domains of parenting are associated with later offspring outcomes. Parenting behaviours (birth to 3 years) were extracted from self-reported questionnaires administered to 12,358 mothers from the UK-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and modelled as a latent factor using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Genetic heritability and correlations between parenting factors were estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Three parenting factors were derived: parental enjoyment, conflictual relationships and stimulation; all showed low genetic heritability. There was no evidence of association between parental enjoyment and offspring behavioural disorders and depressed mood. Stimulation was associated with better English grades (standardised β = 0.195, p < 0.001) and enjoyment was negatively associated with English grades (β = - 0.244, p = < 0.001). Conflictual relationships were associated with higher risk of offspring behavioural disorders (β = 0.228, p = 0.010) and depressed mood (β = 0.077, p = 0.005). Higher enjoyment reduced the association between conflict and behavioural problems (interaction term β = 0.113, p < 0.001). We found evidence for predictive specificity of early parenting domains for offspring outcomes in adolescence. Early stimulation, unlike enjoyment, promoted later educational achievement. Conflictual relationships were associated with greater risk of behavioural problems, buffered by increased enjoyment. These findings hold implications for parenting interventions, guiding their focus according to the specificity of parenting domains and their long-term outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Culpin
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
| | - Diane L. Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hannah Sallis
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruby Lee
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Miguel Cordero
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Priya Rajyaguru
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University At Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Tim Cadman
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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A Dynamic Examination of the Associations between Shyness, Psychological Difficulties, and Stressful Life Events during Early Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1183-1195. [PMID: 30714075 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have established linkages between shyness and later psychological difficulties, most extant research did not examine variation in shyness over time in relation to variation in psychological difficulties over time or possible environmental factors of influence outside of the school context. The current study used multi-level modelling to simultaneously examine time-invariant and time-variant associations between shyness, the psychological difficulties of depressive symptoms and loneliness, and stressful life events at four waves across 1 year in a community sample of 271 young adolescents (51% boys; Mage = 11.83 years at W1). Results revealed significant time-variant and time-invariant effects when loneliness was examined as a predictor of shyness. In addition, a significant interaction effect indicated that shyness decreased over time for those young adolescents who experienced few stressful life events, highlighting an understudied moderator of risk. Overall, findings have important implications for understanding the psychological concomitants of shyness as well as etiological models of shyness.
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Owens SA, Helms SW, Rudolph KD, Hastings PD, Nock MK, Prinstein MJ. Interpersonal Stress Severity Longitudinally Predicts Adolescent Girls' Depressive Symptoms: the Moderating Role of Subjective and HPA Axis Stress Responses. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:895-905. [PMID: 30298267 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, stress response models of adolescent depression have gained attention, but it remains unclear why only certain adolescents are vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of stress while others are not. Building on evidence that affective and physiological responses to stress moderate the impact of stress exposure on depression, the current study examined whether the interaction between severity of interpersonal stress, subjective affective reactivity, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to an acute, in-vivo psychosocial stressor prospectively predicted depressive symptoms nine months later. Hypotheses were examined with a clinically-oversampled group of 182 adolescent girls (aged 12-16) to ensure an examination of the widest possible range of risk. Self-report measures of affect and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after an in-vivo stress task to assess affective reactivity and HPA axis reactivity, respectively. Severity of interpersonal stress between baseline and nine months was assessed using a semi-structured interview and was objectively coded for severity and content theme (i.e., interpersonal vs. non-interpersonal). Results indicate that experiences of severe interpersonally-themed stress predict elevated levels of depressive symptoms longitudinally only for adolescent girls with elevated affective reactivity to stress, and suggest that these deleterious effects of stress are most exacerbated for girls with elevated physiological responses to stress. Findings suggest that it may be critical to examine both affective and physiological stress responses when assessing risk for depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Davie Hall, Campus Box 3270, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA.
| | - Sarah W Helms
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Davie Hall, Campus Box 3270, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Davie Hall, Campus Box 3270, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
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Dryburgh NSJ, Khullar TH, Sandre A, Persram RJ, Bukowski WM, Dirks MA. Evidence Base Update for Measures of Social Skills and Social Competence in Clinical Samples of Youth. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 49:573-594. [PMID: 32697122 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1790381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Social skills and social competence are key transdiagnostic processes in developmental psychopathology and are the focus of an array of clinical interventions. In this Evidence Base Update, we evaluated the psychometric properties of measures of social skills and social competence used with clinical samples of children and adolescents. A systematic literature search yielded eight widely used measures of social skills and one measure of social competence. Applying the criteria identified by Youngstrom et al. (2017), we found that, with some exceptions, these measures had adequate to excellent norms, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. There was at least adequate evidence of construct validity and treatment sensitivity in clinical samples for nearly all measures assessed. Many of the scales included items assessing constructs other than social skills and competence (e.g., emotion regulation). Development of updated tools to assess youth's effectiveness in key interpersonal situations, including those occurring online, may yield clinical dividends.
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