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Gismondi A, Di Marco G, Canuti L, Altamura MM, Canini A. Ultrastructure and development of the floral nectary from Borago officinalis L. and phytochemical changes in its secretion. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112135. [PMID: 38797382 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although Boraginaceae have been classified as good sources of nectar for many insects, little is still known about their nectar and nectaries. Thus, in the present contribution, we investigated the nectar production dynamics and chemistry in Borago officinalis L. (borage or starflower), together with its potential interaction capacity with pollinators. A peak of nectar secretion (∼5.1 µL per flower) was recorded at anthesis, to decrease linearly during the following 9 days. In addition, TEM and SEM analyses were performed to understand ultrastructure and morphological changes occurring in borage nectary before and after anthesis, but also after its secretory phase. Evidence suggested that nectar was transported by the apoplastic route (mainly from parenchyma to epidermis) and then released essentially by exocytotic processes, that is a granulocrine secretion. This theory was corroborated by monitoring the signal of complex polysaccharides and calcium, respectively, via Thiéry staining and ESI/EELS technique. After the secretory phase, nectary underwent degeneration, probably through autophagic events and/or senescence induction. Furthermore, nectar (Nec) and other flower structures (i.e., sepals, gynoecia with nectaries, and petals) from borage were characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD, in terms of plant secondary metabolites, both at early (E-) and late (L-) phase from anthesis. The content of phytochemicals was quantified and discussed for all samples, highlighting potential biological roles of these compounds in the borage flower (e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, staining effects). Surprisingly, a high significant accumulation of flavonoids was registered in L-Nec, with respect to E-Nec, indicating that this phenomenon might be functional and able to hide molecular (e.g., defence against pathogens) and/or ecological (e.g., last call for pollinators) purposes. Indeed, it is known that these plant metabolites influence nectar palatability, encouraging the approach of specialist pollinators, deterring nectar robbers, and altering the behaviour of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gismondi
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
| | - Lorena Canuti
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Canini
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
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2
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Cvetanoska M, Pocrnić M, Stefova M, Galić N, Petreska Stanoeva J. UHPLC-Q-TOF analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in North-Macedonian honey. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024; 17:5-15. [PMID: 37881029 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2266701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Honey contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) could pose a risk for human consumption, being a widely consumed food product. A fast and simple LC/MS method for the analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey was optimised to collect occurrence data. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by a systematic study of multiple solvent mixtures and clean-up procedures. The best results for PA extraction were obtained using a formic acid/methanol mixture with subsequent clean-up by the QuEChERS method, resulting in a mean recovery range of 91.8-102%. The method validation showed satisfactory intra-day (RSD < 5.1%) and inter-day precision (RSD < 9.1%). The proposed method was applied to 14 samples. A total of six PAs and two N-oxides were detected, with levels between 89 and 8188 µg/kg. This assessment highlights the potential risk of intoxication and the need for further investigations regarding an effective quality system for manufacturers to control PAs in honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Cvetanoska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Marijana Pocrnić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Nives Galić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
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3
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Gumus ZP. Assessment of Toxic Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Herbal Teas and Culinary Herbs Using LC-Q-ToF/MS. Foods 2023; 12:3572. [PMID: 37835225 PMCID: PMC10572649 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by plants as a defense against insects. These can cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans. Therefore, avoiding potential poisoning from the consumption of tea and culinary plants contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), pyrrolizidine alkaloids N-oxides (PANOs), and tropane alkaloids (TAs) is important for human health and food safety. Therefore, it is important to determine the levels of these substances with reliable and highly accurate methods. In this study, the PAs, PANOs, and TAs in herbal teas and culinary herbs sold in Turkish markets were identified and their levels were determined. Thus, the general profiles of herbal teas and culinary herbs in Turkey were revealed, and the compliance of the total amounts of PA and TA with the regulations was examined. The identification and quantification of 25 PAs and N-oxides and 2 TAs (atropine and scopolamine) in the samples was performed with a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (LC-Q-ToF/MS). At least a few of these substances were detected in all of the tested herbal teas and culinary herbs. The total contents of the black tea, green tea, mixed tea, flavored tea, chamomile tea, sage tea, linden tea, fennel tea, rosehip tea, peppermint, and thyme samples ranged from 4.6 ng g-1 to 1054.5 ng g-1. The results obtained shed light on the importance of analyzing the total dehydro PA, PANO, and TA amounts in plant-based products consumed in diets with sensitive and accurate methods, and they highlight the necessity of performing these analyses routinely in terms of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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4
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T. M. C, P. I. SJ, G. N, R. M. N, R. Z. M. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2150647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cantero T. M.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silva Junior P. I.
- Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immuneresponse and cell signaling (CeTICS/CEPID), Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Negri G.
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nascimento R. M.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mendonça R. Z.
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Motti R, Paura B, Cozzolino A, de Falco B. Edible Flowers Used in Some Countries of the Mediterranean Basin: An Ethnobotanical Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233272. [PMID: 36501312 PMCID: PMC9736219 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are becoming an essential component of people's nutrition in the Mediterranean basin. In the last decades, many researchers also have focused their attention on the nutritional composition of the edible flowers, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, including studies on their safety issues. Despite the growing interest in the use of flowers in human nutrition, the ethnobotanical literature is lacking coverage of some important issues, particularly those which concern the use of flowers in the folk tradition. Only recently, a review regarding the contribution of 32 edible flowers to the Mediterranean diet was published. The aim of the present review is to document the plant lore regarding the wild and cultivated edible flowers consumed in the Mediterranean basin. Based on the 112 studies reviewed, we documented 251 taxa as being used in the Mediterranean basin as edible flowers. The plant species belong to 45 families and 141 genera. Asteraceae (54 taxa) is the most frequently cited family. Sambucus nigra L. is the most cited species. This study can be the basis for future research on the supposed bioactivity and toxicity of wild and cultivated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Motti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100 Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Bruno Paura
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessia Cozzolino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100 Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna de Falco
- Spanish Bank of Algae, Marine Biotechnology Center, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
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6
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Klečka J, Mikát M, Koloušková P, Hadrava J, Straka J. Individual-level specialisation and interspecific resource partitioning in bees revealed by pollen DNA metabarcoding. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13671. [PMID: 35959478 PMCID: PMC9359135 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that intraspecific variation in traits, such as morphology, behaviour, or diet is both ubiquitous and ecologically important. While many species of predators and herbivores are known to display high levels of between-individual diet variation, there is a lack of studies on pollinators. It is important to fill in this gap because individual-level specialisation of flower-visiting insects is expected to affect their efficiency as pollinators with consequences for plant reproduction. Accordingly, the aim of our study was to quantify the level of individual-level specialisation and foraging preferences, as well as interspecific resource partitioning, in three co-occurring species of bees of the genus Ceratina (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae), C. chalybea, C. nigrolabiata, and C. cucurbitina. We conducted a field experiment where we provided artificial nesting opportunities for the bees and combined a short-term mark-recapture study with the dissection of the bees' nests to obtain repeated samples from individual foraging females and complete pollen provisions from their nests. We used DNA metabarcoding based on the ITS2 locus to identify the composition of the pollen samples. We found that the composition of pollen carried on the bodies of female bees and stored in the brood provisions in their nests significantly differed among the three co-occurring species. At the intraspecific level, individual females consistently differed in their level of specialisation and in the composition of pollen carried on their bodies and stored in their nests. We also demonstrate that higher generalisation at the species level stemmed from larger among-individual variation in diets, as observed in other types of consumers, such as predators. Our study thus reveals how specialisation and foraging preferences of bees change from the scale of individual foraging bouts to complete pollen provisions accumulated in their nests over many days. Such a multi-scale view of foraging behaviour is necessary to improve our understanding of the functioning of plant-flower visitor communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klečka
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mikát
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Koloušková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hadrava
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Isolation of Echimidine and Its C-7 Isomers from Echium plantagineum L. and Their Hepatotoxic Effect on Rat Hepatocytes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092869. [PMID: 35566223 PMCID: PMC9102911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Echimidine is the main pyrrolizidine alkaloid of Echium plantagineum L., a plant domesticated in many countries. Because of echimidine’s toxicity, this alkaloid has become a target of the European Food Safety Authority regulations, especially in regard to honey contamination. In this study, we determined by NMR spectroscopy that the main HPLC peak purified from zinc reduced plant extract with an MS [M + H]+ signal at m/z 398 corresponding to echimidine (1), and in fact also represents an isomeric echihumiline (2). A third isomer present in the smallest amount and barely resolved by HPLC from co-eluting (1) and (2) was identified as hydroxymyoscorpine (3). Before the zinc reduction, alkaloids (1) and (2) were present mostly (90%) in the form of an N-oxide, which formed a single peak in HPLC. This is the first report of finding echihumiline and hydroxymyoscorpine in E. plantagineum. Retroanalysis of our samples of E. plantagineum collected in New Zealand, Argentina and the USA confirmed similar co-occurrence of the three isomeric alkaloids. In rat hepatocyte primary culture cells, the alkaloids at 3 to 300 µg/mL caused concentration-dependent inhibition of hepatocyte viability with mean IC50 values ranging from 9.26 to 14.14 µg/mL. Our discovery revealed that under standard HPLC acidic conditions, echimidine co-elutes with its isomers, echihumiline and to a lesser degree with hydroxymyoscorpine, obscuring real alkaloidal composition, which may have implications for human toxicity.
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Wang W, Jin J, Xu H, Shi Y, Boersch M, Yin Y. Comparative analysis of the main medicinal substances and applications of Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L.: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114894. [PMID: 34871767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L. originated in the Mediterranean, and were later domesticated in Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania, where they were widely used to treat many diseases including cough, urinary tract infection, fever, inflammation and muscle strain. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this review is to provide scientific literature on the traditional uses, bioactive chemical components and pharmacological activities of two species of Echium, and to critically analyze the information provided, so as to understand the current work on these two species and explore the possible prospect of this plant in pharmaceutical research. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Prisma guidelines, and the related literatures searched on Google Academic, Science Direct, Baidu Scholars and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to June 2021 were reviewed. The key words used are: Echium, E.vulgare, E.plantagineum, plant components, chemical components, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical products and applications. Thereafter all eligible studies are analyzed and summarized in this review. The selection of manuscripts is based on the following inclusion criteria: the article has years of research or publication, is published in English, Portuguese or Spanish and Chinese, and there are keywords in the title, abstract, keywords or full text of the article. For the selection of manuscripts, first, select articles according to titles, then summarize them, and finally, analyze the full text of the publication. Elimination criteria: 1. Duplicate reports; 2. There are research design defects and poor quality; 3. Incomplete data and unclear ending effect; 4. The statistical method is wrong and cannot be corrected. RESULTS The pharmacological characteristics of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum can basically support their traditional use, but the medicinal substances contained in them are quite different in composition and content, and the development and application of corresponding products are also different. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is little clinical data about drugs related to the two species, and more research is needed in the future, especially human experiments and clinical trials, to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms based on pharmacological, biological activity and safety studies, and to provide more powerful scientific basis for their traditional medicinal properties. In addition, the further application and development of the medicinal products of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum still need to be precise and identified, so as to give full play to their medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Ju Jin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Huifeng Xu
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Yanling Shi
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Mark Boersch
- Gold Coast Private Hospital, 15 Hill Street, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, No.7186 Weixing Road, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130022, China.
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9
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Yan S, Wang K, Al Naggar Y, Vander Heyden Y, Zhao L, Wu L, Xue X. Natural plant toxins in honey: An ignored threat to human health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127682. [PMID: 34839979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Consumers often believe that "natural food" is harmless, however naturally occurring toxins in food represent a health risk to humans. Honey as a natural, nutritious sweetener, is one of the most commonly consumed foods throughout the world. However, food safety concerns for honey arise when honeybees collect nectar from poisonous plants such as Rhododendron sp., Coriaria arborea, and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Such honey contains natural plant toxins. Humans may develop intoxication symptoms after consuming toxic honey; in some cases, it can be fatal. As a result, toxic honey poses an often-ignored threat to public health. Typical plant toxins such as grayanotoxins, triptolides, tutin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have been identified in toxic honey. Although different toxic honeys elicit similar symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, and dizziness, the mechanism of toxicity may be different. Thus, it is necessary to determine the exact toxicity mechanism of different toxins to further develop effective antidotes and cures. Another important challenge is preventing toxic honey from entering the food chain. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has a wide range of applications in the detection of different toxins due to its accuracy and simplicity. More methods, however, are urgently needed to detect multiple plant-derived toxins in honey and its derivatives. Developing uniform international standards for toxin detection during quarantine using advanced techniques is critical for preventing human consumption of toxic honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle, Germany; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Innovation Research Team of Risk Assessment for Bee Products Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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10
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Martinello M, Manzinello C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. In‐house validation and application of UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in commercial honey bee‐collected pollen, teas and herbal infusions purchased on Italian market in 2019‐2020 referring to recent European Union regulations. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Chiara Manzinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Albino Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
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11
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Characterization and Lifetime Dietary Risk Assessment of Eighteen Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid N-Oxides in New Zealand Honey. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120843. [PMID: 34941681 PMCID: PMC8704962 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a large group of botanical toxins of concern, as they are considered genotoxic carcinogens, with long-term dietary exposure presenting an elevated risk of liver cancer. PAs can contaminate honey through honeybees visiting the flowers of PA-containing plant species. A program of monitoring New Zealand honey has been undertaken over several years to build a comprehensive dataset on the concentration, regional and seasonal distribution, and botanical origin of 18 PAs and PA N-oxides. A bespoke probabilistic exposure model has then been used to assess the averaged lifetime dietary risk to honey consumers, with exposures at each percentile of the model characterized for risk using a margin of exposure from the Joint World Health Organization and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Benchmark Dose. Survey findings identify the typical PA types for New Zealand honey as lycopsamine, echimidine, retrorsine and senecionine. Regional and seasonal variation is evident in the types and levels of total PAs, linked to the ranges and flowering times of certain plants. Over a lifetime basis, the average exposure an individual will receive through honey consumption is considered within tolerable levels, although there are uncertainties over high and brand-loyal consumers, and other dietary contributors. An average lifetime risk to the general population from PAs in honey is not expected. However, given the uncertainties in the assessment, risk management approaches to limit or reduce exposures through honey are still of value.
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12
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Keuth O, Humpf HU, Fürst P. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea and honey with automated SPE clean-up and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:149-157. [PMID: 34702137 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1982149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For routine analytical purpose a method based on a combination of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up and detection by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in various food commodities. In this survey, honey, tea and herbal infusion samples from local retailers collected in 2012-2015 were obtained and analysed for their PA content. PA concentrations were found in 30% of the honey samples and in 42% of the tea and herbal infusion samples with levels up to 595 µg/kg. The survey included 17 individual PA, and their sum is also reported for each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Keuth
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.,Special Analytical Services, Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe-AöR, Münster, Germany
| | - H U Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Special Analytical Services, Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe-AöR, Münster, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Throughout history, honey has been used for many different purposes and due to its medicinal properties, has been one of the products marketed by traders. The figure of the bee first appeared in drawings on rock with the history of humanity, then on statues, as a logo, on money or stamps, and also in movies. Beekeeping museums, which present the historical process of beekeeping, also reflect an important culture with their ancient hives, documents, beekeeping materials, and historical antiquities. The contribution of bees to the sustainability of natural life is very important and has a history of 100 million years. The importance of bees and their by-products is increasing day by day, and the demand for the beekeeping industry as alternative income determines the emergence of new products and activities. Based on its health properties, apitherapy is the basis of activities such as api-air and api-diet. In natural regions (i.e., mountainous areas, forests) where beekeeping is carried out, people’s tradition, food culture, and healthy lifestyle attract society’s attention. In this context, api-tourist activity appears as a new phenomenon. In this article, the existing literature was scanned to create a resource about these new fields triggered by the beekeeping sector.
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Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Food Chain: Is Horizontal Transfer of Natural Products of Relevance? Foods 2021; 10:foods10081827. [PMID: 34441604 PMCID: PMC8392022 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have raised the question whether there is a potential threat by a horizontal transfer of toxic plant constituents such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) between donor-PA-plants and acceptor non-PA-plants. This topic raised concerns about food and feed safety in the recent years. The purpose of the study described here was to investigate and evaluate horizontal transfer of PAs between donor and acceptor-plants by conducting a series of field trials using the PA-plant Lappula squarrosa as model and realistic agricultural conditions. Additionally, the effect of PA-plant residues recycling in the form of composts or press-cakes were investigated. The PA-transfer and the PA-content of soil, plants, and plant waste products was determined in form of a single sum parameter method using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). PA-transfer from PA-donor to acceptor-plants was frequently observed at low rates during the vegetative growing phase especially in cases of close spatial proximity. However, at the time of harvest no PAs were detected in the relevant field products (grains). For all investigated agricultural scenarios, horizontal transfer of PAs is of no concern with regard to food or feed safety.
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Valese AC, Daguer H, Muller CMO, Molognoni L, da Luz CFP, de Barcellos Falkenberg D, Gonzaga LV, Brugnerotto P, Gorniak SL, Barreto F, Fett R, Costa ACO. Quantification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio brasiliensis, beehive pollen, and honey by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:685-694. [PMID: 34264805 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1943257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by LC-MS/MS in honeys, pollen, and Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) samples, all from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. In addition, the Box-Behnken design was used to perform an optimized sample preparation on pollens and S. brasiliensis parts. Senecionine and its N-oxide, besides retrorsine N-oxide, were determined in six of the seven honeys samples. Pollen from species of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Boraginaceae families were found with greater predominance in three of the seven honeys samples. In these three honeys samples were also found the highest PAs levels. In beehive pollen, flower, and leaf of S. brasiliensis, the total levels of PAs and their N-oxides reached 221, 14.1 × 104, and 14.8 × 104 mg kg-1, respectively. In honeys, these compounds are chemical contaminants and therefore undesirable when the sum exceeds 71 µg kg-1, according to EFSA. On the other hand, although PAs are naturally present in plant and pollen of some species (Senecio, Crotalaria, Bacharis, Ecchium, Mimosa scabrella, Vernonia), it is important to monitor their levels in plants but also in honeys, and other beehive products since these compounds are transferred to the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Camargo Valese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Molognoni
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz
- Center for Research in Palynology, Department of the Environment of São Paulo, Institute of Botany, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvana Lima Gorniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Sao Jose, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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De Jesus Inacio L, Merlanti R, Lucatello L, Bisutti V, Carraro L, Larini I, Vitulo N, Cardazzo B, Capolongo F. Natural contaminants in bee pollen: DNA metabarcoding as a tool to identify floral sources of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and fungal diversity. Food Res Int 2021; 146:110438. [PMID: 34119245 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of bee pollen as a food supplement has increased in recent years as it contains several nutrients and phytochemicals. However, depending on floral composition, bee pollen can be contaminated by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), PA N-oxides (PANOs) and toxigenic fungi found in plants, which may pose a potential health risk for consumers. Thus, a DNA metabarcoding approach based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was used to identify the plant sources of 17 PAs/PANOs detected by a validated method in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as floral and fungal diversity in 61 bee pollen samples. According to LC-MS/MS analysis, 67% of the samples contained PAs/PANOs with mean concentration of 339 µg/kg. The contamination pattern was characterised by lycopsamine- and senecionine-type PAs/PANOs. PA/PANO-producing plants were identified in 54% of the PA/PANO-contaminated samples analysed by DNA metabarcoding, which also allowed identifying the overall floral and fungal composition of 56 samples. To evaluate the performance of the molecular approach, a subset of 25 samples was analysed by classical palynology. Palynological analysis partially confirmed the results of DNA metabarcoding, which had a better performance in distinguishing pollens of different genera from Asteraceae (76%) and Brassicaceae (88%). However, the molecular analysis did not identify pollens from Castanea, Eucalyptus, Hedera and Salix, which were abundant in 11 samples according to palynology. On the other hand, the molecular analysis allowed identifying several fungal genera in 33 samples, including the toxigenic fungi Alternaria and Aspergillus, which were positively correlated to the plant genus Hypericum. Despite limitations in identifying some pollen types, these preliminary results suggest that the DNA metabarcoding could be applied in a multidisciplinary approach to give a picture of floral and fungal diversity, which can be sources of natural contaminants in bee pollen and would help to control its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De Jesus Inacio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberta Merlanti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Larini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Benvenuti S, Mazzoncini M. The Biodiversity of Edible Flowers: Discovering New Tastes and New Health Benefits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:569499. [PMID: 33692813 PMCID: PMC7937964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floriculture and horticulture have always been two parallel and very distinct agronomic realities. Floriculture is concerned with meeting the ornamental needs of our urban ecosystems, while horticulture is based on meeting food requirements. These two activities have now converged toward a food chain where flowers are conceived of as a sort of "new vegetable" and one of the most promising novelties to satisfy the growing need for food innovation both in terms of an organoleptic and nutraceutical profile. This novelty has rapidly evolved, especially following the growing scientific evidence of the human health benefits of flowers used as food. The typically high pigment concentration of the corollas (especially flavonoids and carotenoids), which have evolved to chromatically attract pollinators, indicates a marked nutraceutical activity especially in terms of antioxidant power. In this review, we first attempted to explore which species are most promising and which should be avoided due to real or suspected toxicity problems. The nutraceutical virtues were therefore highlighted trying to focus attention on those "functional phytochemicals" capable of counteracting some specific human pathologies. Furthermore, the organoleptic profile of edible flowers was investigated since this is one of the least known aspects. The cropping systems suitable for their cultivation were therefore hypothesized and finally the criticalities of edible flowers were addressed in terms of shelf life and marketing opportunities.
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Günthardt BF, Wettstein FE, Hollender J, Singer H, Härri J, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K, Bucheli TD. Retrospective HRMS Screening and Dedicated Target Analysis Reveal a Wide Exposure to Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Small Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1036-1044. [PMID: 33372520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are found to be toxic pollutants emitted into the environment by numerous plant species, resulting in contamination. In this article, we investigate the occurrence of PAs in the aquatic environment of small Swiss streams combining two different approaches. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by numerous plant species. Although they were classified as persistent and mobile and found to be emitted into the environment, their occurrence in surface waters is largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a retrospective data analysis of two extensive HRMS campaigns each covering five small streams in Switzerland over the growing season. All sites were contaminated with up to 12 individual PAs and temporal detection frequencies between 36 and 87%. Individual PAs were in the low ng/L range, but rain-induced maximal total PA concentrations reached almost 100 ng/L in late spring and summer. Through PA patterns in water and plants, several species were tentatively identified as the source of contamination, with Senecio spp. and Echium vulgare being the most important. Additionally, two streams were monitored, and PAs were quantified with a newly developed, faster, and more sensitive LC-MS/MS method to distinguish different plant-based and indirect human PA sources. A distinctly different PA fingerprint in aqueous plant extracts pointed to invasive Senecio inaequidens as the main source of the surface water contamination at these sites. Results indicate that PA loads may increase if invasive species are sufficiently abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F Günthardt
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Felix E Wettstein
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jana Härri
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zürich 8046, Switzerland
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Brugnerotto P, Seraglio SKT, Schulz M, Gonzaga LV, Fett R, Costa ACO. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and beehive products: A review. Food Chem 2020; 342:128384. [PMID: 33214040 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary metabolites of plants, which are mostly found in the genus Senecio, Echium, Crotalaria, and Eupatorium. The presence of 1,2-unsaturated PA in foods is a concern to food regulators around the world because these compounds have been associated to acute and chronic toxicity, mainly in the liver. The intake foods with PA/PANO usually occur through accidental ingestion of plants and their derivatives, besides to products of vegetal-animal origin, such as honey. PA/PANO are transferred to honey by their presence in nectar, honeydew, and pollen, which are collected from the flora by bees. In addition to honey, other beekeeping products, such as pollen, royal jelly, propolis, and beeswax, are also vulnerable to PA contamination. In this context, this review provides information about chemical characteristics, regulation, and toxicity, as well as summarizes and critically discusses scientific publications that evaluated PA in honeys, pollens, royal jelly, and propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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Abstract
AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA-N-oxides (PANO) are a group of more than 660 secondary plant metabolites with hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in animals and humans. The phytotoxins can enter the food chain by transfer of PA/PANO between plants via the soil, unintended co-harvesting of PA/PANO-producing weeds, as well as by honeybees collecting pollen and nectar of these plants. Thus, bee- and plant-based products, e.g. (herbal) teas, spices and culinary herbs were identified to be a main source of consumers’ exposure to PA/PANO. Consequently, food supplements based on those ingredients may as well be contaminated with PA/PANO, but so far there are only very few studies available on this topic. Therefore, the current study investigated 50 herbal and bee product-based food supplements available in German retail pharmacies, drugstores, and online on the occurrence of 44 PA/PANO. In total, 19 samples contained PA/PANO with sum contents ranging from 0.1 to 105.1 ng/g in solid samples and from 0.03 to 2.20 ng/mL in liquid preparations. Considering the recommended daily consumption, the sum contents were of no or little concern for the health risk of adults, whereas in case of children the contents of singular samples could significantly contribute to the overall PA/PANO exposure.
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21
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Trunz V, Lucchetti MA, Bénon D, Dorchin A, Desurmont GA, Kast C, Rasmann S, Glauser G, Praz CJ. To bee or not to bee: The ‘raison d'être’ of toxic secondary compounds in the pollen of Boraginaceae. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Trunz
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | - Matteo A. Lucchetti
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland
- Agroscope Swiss Bee Research Centre Bern Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Bénon
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | - Achik Dorchin
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | | | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchatel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchatel Platform of Analytical Chemistry University of Neuchatel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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22
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Mädge I, Gehling M, Schöne C, Winterhalter P, These A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiling of four Boraginaceae species from Northern Germany and implications for the analytical scope proposed for monitoring of maximum levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1339-1358. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1757166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Mädge
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehling
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Schöne
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Kaltner F, Rychlik M, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E155. [PMID: 32121600 PMCID: PMC7150964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N‑oxides (PANO) are a group of toxic secondary plant metabolites occurring predominantly as contaminants in (herbal) teas, honeys and food supplements, as well as in spices and culinary herbs. Depending on the botanical origin of the contaminating plant, the pattern of PA/PANO can strongly vary within a sample. The current study aimed to broaden the existing data on the occurrence of PA/PANO in spices and culinary herbs. For this, 305 authentic samples covering 15 different matrices mainly harvested in 2016 or 2017 and originating from 36 countries were investigated for the presence of 44 PA/PANO. Fifty-eight percent of the samples contained at least one PA/PANO. The average sum content over all samples was 323 µg/kg (median of 0.9 µg/kg, 95% percentile of 665 µg/kg). The highest amount of 24.6 mg/kg was detected in an oregano sample. Additionally, conspicuous analyte patterns were discovered in samples from similar cultivation regions, indicating related botanical sources of PA/PANO contaminations. Particularly, oregano and cumin from Turkey often contained high amounts of PA/PANO. The results were used to assess the acute and chronic health risks related to PA/PANO intake via spices and culinary herbs, indicating a potential health risk in particular for adults and children with high consumption or when considering worst‑case contamination scenarios of a sum content of 5500 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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24
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Picron JF, Herman M, Van Hoeck E, Goscinny S. Monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in beehive products and derivatives on the Belgian market. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5693-5708. [PMID: 30778948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related N-oxides (PANOs) are secondary plant metabolites thought to be found in approximately 3% of the flowering plants worldwide and exhibiting hepatotoxic properties to humans. As a consequence, beehive products are prone to be contaminated with those compounds by bees foraging PA-producing plants. Downstream contamination can also occur through food items containing honey. Analytical methods based on UHPLC separation and MS/MS detection were developed with a focus on very low LOQs and validated for the analysis of 16 PAs and 14 PANOs in honey, honey-based candies and snacks, as well as beehive product-based food supplements. A maximum level of 182 ng/g of PAs was detected in a Mediterranean honey, and high levels of heliotrine-type compounds were reported for the first time. An extensive sampling of honeys harvested in Belgium was performed (N = 374), the concentration levels were more limited with a maximum of 60 ng/g, and the contamination pattern was dominated by senecionine-type PAs. The PA levels in honey-based candies and snacks were very low, with respective maxima of 7.61 ng/g and 0.36 ng/g. Seventy-five percent among the pre-dosed food supplements based on beehive products were contaminated, with a maximum of 43 ng/g. The highest level was detected in a bee-collected pollen sample (1672 ng/g). The analytical results were consistent with the previously reported data for beehive products and confirmed that PA/PANO contamination in these food commodities is recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Picron
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mélanie Herman
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Sixto A, Niell S, Heinzen H. Straightforward Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey through Simplified Methanol Extraction (QuPPE) and LC-MS/MS Modes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22632-22637. [PMID: 31909347 PMCID: PMC6941362 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of honey with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) was assessed by dilution with acidic methanol and analysis through liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in three different modes. The hybrid linear trap/triple quadrupole (LC-QTRAP) instrument was used in precursor ion scan (PIS), enhanced product ion scan (EPI), and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The parent ions from ions at m/z 120 or 138 amus, characteristic of all the toxic PAs and PANOs in the sample were first scanned by PIS. Then, the presence of each contaminant at specific retention times through its MS2 spectrum was confirmed by EPI. Finally, they were quantified in the MRM mode. The method was validated: recoveries 86-111%, relative standard deviation (RSD) <20%, at 20 and 40 μg/kg, except retrorsine, which showed a RSD of 30% at 20 μg/kg. Honey samples were analyzed and five of them showed levels of 40 μg/kg for the sum (PAs + PANOs). This approach allows the simultaneous determination of PAs and PANOs in honey, even if their chemical standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sixto
- Facultad
de Química, Departamento Estrella Campos, Química
Analítica and Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Grupo de Análisis de Compuestos Traza, Cátedra de Farmacognosia
y Productos Naturales, Universidad de la
República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Niell
- CENUR
Litoral Norte, PDU Abordaje holístico al impacto de agroquímicos
sobre alimentos y ambiente, Grupo de Análisis de Compuestos
Traza, Universidad de la República, 60000 Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Horacio Heinzen
- Facultad
de Química, Departamento Estrella Campos, Química
Analítica and Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Grupo de Análisis de Compuestos Traza, Cátedra de Farmacognosia
y Productos Naturales, Universidad de la
República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Carpinelli de Jesus M, Hungerford NL, Carter SJ, Anuj SR, Blanchfield JT, De Voss JJ, Fletcher MT. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids of Blue Heliotrope ( Heliotropium amplexicaule) and Their Presence in Australian Honey. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7995-8006. [PMID: 31145604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blue heliotrope (Heliotropium amplexicaule) is an invasive environmental weed that is widely naturalized in eastern Australia and has been implicated as a source of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) poisoning in livestock. Less well-documented is the potential of such carcinogenic alkaloids to contaminate honey from bees foraging on this plant species. In this study, the PA profile of H. amplexicaule plant material, determined by HRAM LC-MS/MS, revealed the presence of nine PAs and PA-N-oxides, including several PAs and PA-N-oxides of the indicine class, which have not previously been reported. The predominant alkaloid, indicine, represents 84% of the reduced PA content, with minor alkaloids identified as intermedine and the newly reported helioamplexine, constituting 7 and 9%, respectively. NMR analysis confirmed the identity of helioamplexine as a previously unreported indicine homologue. This is the first report of the isolation of intermedine, helioamplexine, and 3'-O-angelylindicine from H. amplexicaule. Also described is the identification of N-chloromethyl analogues of the major alkaloids as isolation-derived artifacts from reactions with dichloromethane. Analysis of regional-market honey samples revealed a number of honey samples with PA profiles analogous to that seen in H. amplexicaule, with measured PA contents of up to 2.0 μg of PAs per gram of honey. These results confirm the need for honey producers to be aware of H. amplexicaule as a potential PA source, most particularly in products where honey is sourced from a single location.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve J Carter
- Forensic and Scientific Services , Queensland Health , Brisbane , Queensland 4108 , Australia
| | - Shalona R Anuj
- Forensic and Scientific Services , Queensland Health , Brisbane , Queensland 4108 , Australia
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Reinhard H, Bieri K, Zoller O. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: The Botanical Origin of Pollen Collected during the Flowering Period of Echium vulgare and the Stability of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Bee Bread. Molecules 2019; 24:E2214. [PMID: 31200507 PMCID: PMC6631664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pollen products sold as nutritional supplements and used in apitherapy may contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) if bees collect pollen from PA-containing plants, such as Echium vulgare. In this study, the botanical origin of pollen from two observation sites was studied. Despite a high PA content in pollen samples that bees collected during E. vulgare's flowering period, bees were found to collect relatively few Echium pollen loads. Thus, the monitoring of pollen loads collected at the apiaries is unviable to estimate the risk of PA contamination in pollen or bee bread. In a second step, the stability of PAs in bee bread samples containing PAs at concentrations of 2538 ng/g and 98 ng/g was assessed over a period of five or six months, respectively. No significant PA reduction was observed in bee bread stored at 15 °C, but there were overall PA reductions of 39% and 33% in bee bread stored at 30 °C, reflecting hive conditions. While PA N-oxides decreased over time, other types of PAs remained relatively stable. Monitoring PAs in pollen products remains important to ensure consumer safety and should include echivulgarine (and its N-oxide), the major PA type found in pollen from E. vulgare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Katharina Bieri
- Biologisches Institut für Pollenanalyse K. Bieri GmbH, Talstrasse 23, 3122 Kehrsatz, Switzerland.
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Lucchetti MA, Kilchenmann V, Glauser G, Praz C, Kast C. Nursing protects honeybee larvae from secondary metabolites of pollen. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2849. [PMID: 29563265 PMCID: PMC5897640 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen of many plants contains toxic secondary compounds, sometimes in concentrations higher than those found in the flowers or leaves. The ecological significance of these compounds remains unclear, and their impact on bees is largely unexplored. Here, we studied the impact of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) found in the pollen of Echium vulgare on honeybee adults and larvae. Echimidine, a PA present in E. vulgare pollen, was isolated and added to the honeybee diets in order to perform toxicity bioassays. While adult bees showed relatively high tolerance to PAs, larvae were much more sensitive. In contrast to other bees, the honeybee larval diet typically contains only traces of pollen and consists predominantly of hypopharyngeal and mandibular secretions produced by nurse bees, which feed on large quantities of pollen-containing bee bread. We quantified the transfer of PAs to nursing secretions produced by bees that had previously consumed bee bread supplemented with PAs. The PA concentration in these secretions was reduced by three orders of magnitude as compared to the PA content in the nurse diet and was well below the toxicity threshold for larvae. Our results suggest that larval nursing protects honeybee larvae from the toxic effect of secondary metabolites of pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Lucchetti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Praz
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Wang T, Frandsen HL, Christiansson NR, Rosendal SE, Pedersen M, Smedsgaard J. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey: Quantification with and without standards. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tamakhina AY, Akhkubekova AA. MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EPIDERMIS AND HYSTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE LEAVES OF BORAGINACEAE HERBAСEOUS PLANTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-31-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim. In conventional medicine, the species of the Boraginaceae family are not used due to the poor scientific knowledge of the products of secondary metabolism and the lack of information about most of the species. We investigated micromorphological features of the epidermis and conducted histochemical analysis of the products of secondary metabolism in the leaves of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Echium vulgare L., Symphytum asperum Lepech. and S. caucasicum M. Bieb. Methods. Micromorphological analysis included the study of the shape of the main cells of the epidermis, the structure of trichomes and stomata. The number of stomata and trichomes was calculated per 1 mm2. Were used the histochemical reactions in order to identify the products of secondary metabolism. Results. The studied species are characterized by the bifacial type of leaves, numerous trichomes, including long leaf fuzz with a rosette of epidermal cells. The anomocytic type of stomata is characteristic for P. mollis and E. vulgare, anomocytic and anisocytic for S. asperum and S. caucasicum. The leaves of P. mollis, E. vulgare and S. caucasicum are amphistomatic while S. asperum is hypostomatic. The ratio of the non- glandular and glandular trichomes of the intercostal zones of the lower epidermis to the upper in P. mollis was 1.08 and 1.83, respectively, in S. caucasicum 1.61 and 2.67, in S. asperum 7.21 and 2.50, in E. vulgare 1.65 (glandular trichomes in the interstitial zones are absent). In the leaves of the studied species, the products of secondary metabolism (tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, anthracene derivatives and mucus) are localized in bases of non-glandular, glandular trichomes, veins and the main cells of the epidermis. Conclusions. Genus signs of the epidermis of leaves of Boraginaceae are the structure and location of trichomes. Species differences are due to the location of stomata, glandular trichomes and shape of the main epidermal cells. The intensity of staining of secondary metabolites depends on their content in the leaves. The presence of biologically active substances in the leaves of P. mollis, S. caucasicum, S. asperum and E. vulgare determines the value of these species in the creation of new phytopreparations.
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Vanderplanck M, Glauser G. Integration of non-targeted metabolomics and automated determination of elemental compositions for comprehensive alkaloid profiling in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 154:1-9. [PMID: 29929020 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large array of specialized metabolites to protect themselves. Among these allelochemicals, alkaloids display highly diverse and complex structures that are directly related to their biological activities. Plant alkaloid profiling traditionally requires extensive and time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. Herein, we developed a rapid and efficient approach for the comprehensive profiling of alkaloids in plants using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomics. Using automated compound extraction and elemental composition assignment, our method achieved >83% correct alkaloid identification and even >90% for medium to high intensity peaks. This represented a significant improvement in identification rate compared to generic methods used for EC determination with no a priori, such as in untargeted metabolomics studies. The developed approach was then applied to identify specific alkaloids of Aconitum lycoctonum L. and A. napellus L. (Ranunculaceae) using different parts of the plant (leaf, perianth and pollen). Significant differences in alkaloid profiles between the two species were highlighted and discussed under taxonomic and evolutionary perspectives. Taken together, the presented approach constitutes a valuable chemotaxonomic tool in the search for known and unknown alkaloids from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse Vanderplanck
- Analytical Chemistry, AgroBioChem Department, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Gottschalk C, Huckauf A, Dübecke A, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Rahaus I, Beuerle T. Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1366-1383. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1468929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Aiko Huckauf
- Nature Conservation Foundation Schleswig-Holstein, Tansy Ragwort Competence Centre, Molfsee, Germany
| | - Arne Dübecke
- QSI – Quality Services International GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ines Rahaus
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig (TUB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig (TUB), Braunschweig, Germany
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Moreira R, Pereira DM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Food Safety. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1668. [PMID: 29874826 PMCID: PMC6032134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are widely distributed in plants throughout the world, frequently in species relevant for human consumption. Apart from the toxicity that these molecules can cause in humans and livestock, PA are also known for their wide range of pharmacological properties, which can be exploited in drug discovery programs. In this work we review the current body of knowledge regarding the chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and food safety of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey: Determination with Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Method. J Vet Res 2018; 62:173-181. [PMID: 30364911 PMCID: PMC6200291 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are probably the most widespread toxins of natural origin. More than 6,000 plant species produce these toxic compounds. Bees can forage on flowers of plants producing PAs, which leads to contamination of honey with the toxic compounds. To determine the contamination of honey with PAs, a sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS PAs were extracted with 0.05 M sulphuric acid and purified with MCX cartridges. A solvent mixture consisting of ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, and triethylamine (8:1:1:0.1:0.1, v/v) was used to wash alkaloids from the cartridges. After evaporation the residues were reconstituted in water and methanol mixture and subjected to LC-MS analysis. RESULTS The developed method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015 requirements. The recovery was from 80.6% to 114.5%. The repeatability ranged from 2.3% to 14.6%, and the reproducibility was from 4.9% to 17.7%. CONCLUSIONS A new method for the determination of PAs in honey has been developed and validated. All evaluated parameters were in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 guidance document. Out of 50 analysed honey samples, 16 (32%) were positive for the content of at least one PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Kaltner F, Rychlik M, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Influence of Storage on the Stability of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Peppermint Tea, Hay, and Honey. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5221-5228. [PMID: 29709169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA- N-oxides (PANO) are phytotoxins, which presumably occur in more than 6,000 plant species worldwide. Plants containing PA/PANO are responsible for various food and feed poisonings recorded for decades. Main reasons of exposition of consumers and livestock are contaminations of food and animal feed with parts, seeds, pollen, or nectar of PA-containing plants. Concerning stability, effects of processing on PA were mainly investigated in the past. The current study examined the behavior of PA/PANO in unprocessed matrices peppermint tea, hay, and honey during storage. Blank samples were fortified with PA/PANO or contaminated with blueweed ( Echium vulgare) and ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea) and stored for 182 d. The time-series analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed that all 25 analyzed PA/PANO compounds remained stable in herbal samples. However, the results showed a very fast decrease of PANO in honey samples within hours. These results were discussed with respect to potential consequences for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
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Zhu L, Wang Z, Wong L, He Y, Zhao Z, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. Contamination of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in retail honey in China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Personal Care Products Are Only One of Many Exposure Routes of Natural Toxic Substances to Humans and the Environment. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Kowalczyk E, Sieradzki Z, Kwiatek K. Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey with Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kast C, Kilchenmann V, Reinhard H, Droz B, Lucchetti MA, Dübecke A, Beckh G, Zoller O. Chemical fingerprinting identifies Echium vulgare, Eupatorium cannabinum and Senecio spp. as plant species mainly responsible for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee-collected pollen. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:316-327. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1378443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Reinhard
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Droz
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Angelo Lucchetti
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Dübecke
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Beckh
- Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Bremen, Germany
| | - Otmar Zoller
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland
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