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Hou J, Wang L, Wang J, Chen L, Han B, Li Y, Yu L, Liu W. A comprehensive evaluation of influencing factors of neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) in farmland soils across China: First focus on film mulching. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134284. [PMID: 38615648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticide (NEO) residues in agricultural soils have concerning and adverse effects on agroecosystems. Previous studies on the effects of farmland type on NEOs are limited to comparing greenhouses with open fields. On the other hand, both NEOs and microplastics (MPs) are commonly found in agricultural fields, but their co-occurrence characteristics under realistic fields have not been reported. This study grouped farmlands into three types according to the covering degree of the film, collected 391 soil samples in mainland China, and found significant differences in NEO residues in the soils of the three different farmlands, with greenhouse having the highest NEO residue, followed by farmland with film mulching and farmland without film mulching (both open fields). Furthermore, this study found that MPs were significantly and positively correlated with NEOs. As far as we know this is the first report to disclose the association of film mulching and MPs with NEOs under realistic fields. Moreover, multiple linear regression and random forest models were used to comprehensively evaluate the factors influencing NEOs (including climatic, soil, and agricultural indicators). The results indicated that the random forest model was more reliable, with MPs, farmland type, and total nitrogen having higher relative contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiXi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JinZe Wang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - BingJun Han
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - YuJun Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Liu H, Tang X, Tam NFY, Li Q, Ruan W, Xu X, Gao Y, Yan Q, Zhang X, Dai Y, Yang Y. Phytodegradation of neonicotinoids in Cyperus papyrus from enzymatic and transcriptomic perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132715. [PMID: 37844494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used but environmentally hazardous insecticides. Constructed wetlands offer potential for neonicotinoid removal, but the corresponding metabolic pathways and mechanisms in wetland plants are incompletely understood. This study investigated the fate of six neonicotinoids and their metabolites in Cyperus papyrus, a common wetland plant, and the underlying metabolic mechanisms through enzymatic and transcriptomic analyses. Neonicotinoids were absorbed by roots and translocated upward, causing high levels in shoots. Concentrations of neonicotinoids and their metabolites declined to their minimum at day 28 of exposure. Nitro reduction, hydroxylation, and demethylation were the major metabolic reactions with which C. papyrus responded to neonicotinoids. These reactions may be mediated by cytochrome P450 enzyme, aldehyde oxidase, glutathione-disulfide reductase, and glucuronate reductase. The toxicity of neonicotinoids in C. papyrus was evaluated according to the peroxidase and catalase enzymatic activities. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly encoded proteins related to immune processes and cell growth regulation. Co-expression correlation analysis of DEGs revealed that the genes encoding P450s, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were the key functional genes. This study elucidates the stress response and degradation mechanism of neonicotinoids in wetland plants, providing new insights into the phytoremediation of organic contaminants in constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanping Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China; Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- School of Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weifeng Ruan
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunv Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Chen Y, Ling J, Yu W, Zhang L, Wu R, Yang D, Qu J, Jin H, Tao Z, Shen Y, Meng R, Yu J, Zheng Q, Shen G, Du W, Sun H, Zhao M. Identification of point and nonpoint emission sources of neonicotinoid pollution in regional surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120863. [PMID: 37976945 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely applied in farmland, with high detection rates in soils and surface waters, posing potential risks to biodiversity and human health. As a nonpoint emission, surface runoff is widely regarded as the major source of neonicotinoid pollution in surface waters, but few studies have determined the point source contribution to rivers that may be primarily from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here, we collected the surface water from eight river basins in Zhejiang Province of China and quantified residual concentrations of eight widely commercialized neonicotinoids. Four of these were detected in all samples, with concentrations of dinotefuran and nitenpyram of 119 ± 166 and 87.6 ± 25.3 ng/L, respectively, representing more than 90 % of the total (282 ± 174 ng/L). Neonicotinoid residues were higher in tributaries due to nearby farmland and more dilution effects in the mainstream, and the residues were higher in lower reaches which can be explained by the water flow direction. Significant spatial differences in neonicotinoid distribution between surface water and agricultural soils result from environmental factors (e.g., water turbidity, precipitation, temperature) impacting migration and transport processes. Neonicotinoid residues in surface water showed a significant positive correlation with total WWTP emissions after adjusting for environmental factors. Conversely, no significant association was observed with cropland density (a nonpoint emission source), indicating that point emission source (contributing 20.6 %) predominantly influenced neonicotinoid residue spatial variation in river basin-scale surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, China.
| | - Jun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Ruxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jiajia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, China.
| | - Zhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Yuexin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Ruirui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jingtong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Qingyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Haitong Sun
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
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Mamy L, Pesce S, Sanchez W, Aviron S, Bedos C, Berny P, Bertrand C, Betoulle S, Charles S, Chaumot A, Coeurdassier M, Coutellec MA, Crouzet O, Faburé J, Fritsch C, Gonzalez P, Hedde M, Leboulanger C, Margoum C, Mougin C, Munaron D, Nélieu S, Pelosi C, Rault M, Sucré E, Thomas M, Tournebize J, Leenhardt S. Impacts of neonicotinoids on biodiversity: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-31032-3. [PMID: 38036909 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides in the world, but they have raised numerous concerns regarding their effects on biodiversity. Thus, the objective of this work was to do a critical review of the contamination of the environment (soil, water, air, biota) by neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) and of their impacts on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Neonicotinoids are very frequently detected in soils and in freshwater, and they are also found in the air. They have only been recently monitored in coastal and marine environments, but some studies already reported the presence of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in transitional or semi-enclosed ecosystems (lagoons, bays, and estuaries). The contamination of the environment leads to the exposure and to the contamination of non-target organisms and to negative effects on biodiversity. Direct impacts of neonicotinoids are mainly reported on terrestrial invertebrates (e.g., pollinators, natural enemies, earthworms) and vertebrates (e.g., birds) and on aquatic invertebrates (e.g., arthropods). Impacts on aquatic vertebrate populations and communities, as well as on microorganisms, are less documented. In addition to their toxicity to directly exposed organisms, neonicotinoid induce indirect effects via trophic cascades as demonstrated in several species (terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates). However, more data are needed to reach firmer conclusions and to get a clearer picture of such indirect effects. Finally, we identified specific knowledge gaps that need to be filled to better understand the effects of neonicotinoids on terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, as well as on ecosystem services associated with these biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mamy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | | | | | | | - Carole Bedos
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR ICE Vetagro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire, 69280, Marcy‑L'Etoile, France
| | - Colette Bertrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Normandie Université, ULH, INERIS, SEBIO, 51100, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Michael Coeurdassier
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Coutellec
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, L'Institut Agro, Ifremer, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Crouzet
- OFB, Direction de la Recherche et Appui Scientifique (DRAS), 78610, Auffargis, France
| | - Juliette Faburé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, Univ. Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Mickael Hedde
- Eco&Sols, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Institut Agro Montpellier, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Christian Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sylvie Nélieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Céline Pelosi
- INRAE, Avignon Université, UMR EMMAH, 84000, Avignon, France
| | - Magali Rault
- Université d'Avignon, Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Pôle Agrosciences, 84916, Avignon, France
| | - Elliott Sucré
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200, Sète, France
- Centre Universitaire de Formation Et de Recherche de Mayotte (CUFR), 97660, Dembeni, Mayotte, France
| | - Marielle Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UR AFPA, 54000, Nancy, France
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Zhang C, Wang X, Kaur P, Gan J. A critical review on the accumulation of neonicotinoid insecticides in pollen and nectar: Influencing factors and implications for pollinator exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165670. [PMID: 37478949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a class of neuro-active insecticides widely used to protect major crops, primarily because of their broad-spectrum insecticidal activity and low vertebrate toxicity. Owing to their systemic nature, plants readily take up neonicotinoids and translocate them through roots, leaves, and other tissues to flowers (pollen and nectar) that serve as a critical point of exposure to pollinators foraging on treated plants. The growing evidence for potential adverse effects on non-target species, especially pollinators, and persistence has raised serious concerns, as these pesticides are increasingly prevalent in terrestrial and aquatic systems. Despite increasing research efforts, our understanding of the potential toxicity of neonicotinoids and the risks they pose to non-target species remains limited. Therefore, this critical review provides a succinct evaluation of the uptake, translocation, and accumulation processes of neonicotinoids in plants and the factors that may affect the eventual build-up of neonicotinoids in pollen and nectar. The role of plant species, as well as the physicochemical properties and application methods of neonicotinoids is discussed. Potential knowledge gaps are identified, and questions meriting future research are suggested for improving our understanding of the relationship between neonicotinoid residues in plants and exposure to pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, CA, USA; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, CA, USA.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, CA, USA
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Al Dhafar ZM, Abdel Razik MAA, Osman MA, Sweelam ME. Determination of thiamethoxam residues and dissipation kinetic in tomato plants and its efficacy against Bemisia tabaci under open field eco system. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e273105. [PMID: 37493783 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.273105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci cause important losses for many crops especially tomato, therefore farmers often use many chemical insecticides which had dangerous side effects on human beings and environment, thus there are need to determine the residues of these chemicals in plant . The dissipation of thiamethoxam in tomato leaves and fruits followed the first order kinetics; Half-lives were 2.91 and 3.15 days for fruits and leaves, respectively. The residues of thiamethoxam were determined using a QuEChERS method with HPLC-DAD and it was 0.14 mg/ kg in fruits after 7 days of treatment and less than the maximum residue limit (MRL 0.2 mg/kg. The residue in leaves was more than in fruits. Seedlings produced from treated seeds were more resistant to different stages of the whitefly population and protect tomato plants from whitefly infestation for 6-10 weeks after transplanting. The three sprays of thiamethoxam increased the reduction percentage of B. tabaci stages and the highest increase was recorded after the third spray in egg, nymph, and adult stages. It could be recommend that Thiamethoxam is considered an unconventional insecticide appropriate for B. tabaci control and safe for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Al Dhafar
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A A Abdel Razik
- Menoufia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Pesticides Department, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - M A Osman
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - M E Sweelam
- Menoufia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Economic Entomology & Agricultural Zoology Department, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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7
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Riedo J, Wächter D, Gubler A, Wettstein FE, Meuli RG, Bucheli TD. Pesticide residues in agricultural soils in light of their on-farm application history. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121892. [PMID: 37247768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of synthetic pesticides to agricultural fields for the protection of crops leads to the formation of residues in soils. While the short-term behavior of pesticide residues in soils after an application is generally known from laboratory and field studies required for authorization (prospective risk assessments), there is still a lack of in-situ observations that address their long-term fate. Long-term soil monitoring programs, with comprehensive site-specific records of pesticide application data, constitute an invaluable, complementary, retrospective exposure assessment tool to address this gap. Considering the pesticide applications over the past 10-15 years, this study assessed the occurrence of pesticides in agricultural soils of Switzerland and put their presence or absence, as well as their concentrations, in the context of their previous application. The results showed that pesticides could also be detected at sites without a connection to previous applications and that small residual mass fractions of pesticides, even of some non-persistent compounds, were found in soils, years or decades after their last application. This finding points to an environmental issue that may not be adequately captured in prospective risk assessment and calls attention to the need for comprehensive long-term recording and monitoring as a complementary retrospective exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedo
- Swiss Soil Monitoring, Agroscope, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wächter
- Swiss Soil Monitoring, Agroscope, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Gubler
- Swiss Soil Monitoring, Agroscope, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Reto G Meuli
- Swiss Soil Monitoring, Agroscope, 8046, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Tiwari S, Tripathi P, Mohan D, Singh RS. Imidacloprid biodegradation using novel bacteria Tepidibacillus decaturensis strain ST1 in batch and in situ microcosm study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61562-61572. [PMID: 36534260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is one of the frequently used insecticides. Indiscriminate use of imidacloprid makes it perilous to non-target organisms as well as the environment, including soil and water sources, thus, making its elimination from the environment an irresistible concern. Bioremediation is a technique that uses the degrading capabilities of bacteria to create an economical and reliable method of pesticide abatement. In an attempt to solve the problem arising due to imidacloprid contamination, bacterial strains possessing the ability to degrade imidacloprid were isolated from contaminated agricultural soil samples in the present study. Imidacloprid-degrading isolate, identified as Tepidibacillus decaturensis strain ST1, could effectively degrade imidacloprid in liquid media, slurry, and soil microcosms. The microcosm studies using the isolate resulted in the degradation of around 77.5% and 85% of imidacloprid (200 ppm) in sterile and unsterile soils within 45 days. In addition to biodegradation, sorption of insecticide by the plants and natural reduction of insecticide over time has also been reported. The degradation in soil follows first-order kinetics. Hydrazinecarboxamide and hydroxyurea were identified as metabolites on conducting GC-MS analysis of the degraded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Devendra Mohan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Ram Sharan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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9
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Stehle S, Ovcharova V, Wolfram J, Bub S, Herrmann LZ, Petschick LL, Schulz R. Neonicotinoid insecticides in global agricultural surface waters - Exposure, risks and regulatory challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161383. [PMID: 36621497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides worldwide. However, the widespread usage of neonicotinoids has sparked concerns over their effects on non-target ecosystems including surface waters. We present here a comprehensive meta-analysis of 173 peer-reviewed studies (1998-2022) reporting measured insecticide concentrations (MICs; n = 3983) for neonicotinoids in global surface waters resulting from agricultural nonpoint source pollution. We used compound-specific regulatory threshold levels for water (RTLSW) and sediment (RTLSED) defined for pesticide authorization in Canada, the EU and the US, and multispecies endpoints (MSESW) to assess acute and chronic risks of global neonicotinoid water-phase (MICSW; n = 3790) and sediment (MICSED; n = 193) concentrations. Results show a complete lack of exposure information for surface waters in >90 % of agricultural areas globally. However, available data indicates for MICSW overall acute risks to be low (6.7 % RTLSW_acute exceedances), but chronic risks to be of concern (20.7 % RTLSW_chronic exceedances); exceedance frequencies were particularly high for chronic MSESW (63.3 %). We found RTLSW exceedances to be highest for imidacloprid and in less regulated countries. Linear model analysis revealed risks for global agricultural surface waters to decrease significantly over time, potentially biased by the lack of sensitive analytical methods in early years of neonicotinoid monitoring. The Canadian, EU and US RTLSW differ considerably (up to factors of 223 for RTLSW_acute and 13,889 for RTLSW_chronic) for individual neonicotinoids, indicating large uncertainties and regulatory challenges in defining robust and protective RTLs. We conclude that protective threshold levels, in concert with increasing monitoring efforts targeting agricultural surface waters worldwide, are essential to further assess the ecological consequences from anticipated increases of agricultural neonicotinoid uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stehle
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Viktoriia Ovcharova
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Jakob Wolfram
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sascha Bub
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Larissa Zoë Herrmann
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Lara Luisa Petschick
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany; Eusserthal Ecosystem Research Station, University Koblenz-Landau, 76857 Eusserthal, Germany
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10
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Wang P, Ma L, Ge J, Feng F, Wan Q, Zeng D, Yu X. Colonization Mechanism of Endophytic Enterobacter cloacae TMX-6 on Rice Seedlings Mediated by Organic Acids Exudated from Roots. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4802-4809. [PMID: 36921065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular organic acids (SMOAs) in root exudates are critical for plant-microbe interaction, especially under environmental stresses. However, the dominant organic acids driving the process and promoting the colonization are unclear. Here, using a target metabolomics, 20 main SMOAs of rice root exudates were identified and analyzed in control and 10 mg/L thiamethoxam-treated groups. The composition of these SMOAs differed significantly between the two treatments. Among which, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and proline induced a chemotactic response, swimming ability, and biofilm formation of Enterobacter cloacae TMX-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal chemotactic response of TMX-6 was induced by proline at 10 mg/L, and a strong chemotactic response was even observed at 0.01 mg/L. The recruitment assay confirmed that the addition of these four compounds promoted the colonization of TMX-6. The results provide insight for directional regulation of plant-microbe interactions for beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agrio-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fayun Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agrio-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agrio-Environment and Agric-Product Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chow R, Curchod L, Davies E, Veludo AF, Oltramare C, Dalvie MA, Stamm C, Röösli M, Fuhrimann S. Seasonal drivers and risks of aquatic pesticide pollution in drought and post-drought conditions in three Mediterranean watersheds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159784. [PMID: 36328263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Western Cape in South Africa has a Mediterranean climate, which has in part led to an abundance of agriculturally productive land supporting the wheat, deciduous fruit, wine, and citrus industries. South Africa is the leading pesticide user in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is limited data on the pesticide pollution of surface water over different seasons in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated the seasonal drivers of aquatic pesticide pollution in three river catchments (Berg, Krom, and Hex Rivers) from July 2017 to June 2018 and April to July 2019, using 48 passive samplers. Our sampling followed the most severe drought (2015-2018) since recordings in 1960. Thus, our analyses focus on how drought and post-drought conditions may affect in-stream pesticide concentrations and loads. Samples were analyzed for 101 pesticide compounds using liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) were used to assess the risks. We detected 60 pesticide compounds across the sampling periods. Our results indicate that all samples across all three catchments contained at least three pesticides and that the majority (83%) contained five or more pesticides. Approximately half the number of pesticides were detected after the drought in 2018. High concentration sums of pesticides (>1 μg/L) were detected over long time periods in the Hex River Valley (22 weeks) and in Piketberg (four weeks). Terbuthylazine, imidacloprid, and metsulfuron-methyl were detected in the highest concentrations, making up most of the detected mass, and were frequently above EQS. The occurrence of some pesticides in water generally correlated with their application and rainfall events. However, those of imidacloprid and terbuthylazine did not, suggesting that non-rainfall-driven transport processes are important drivers of aquatic pesticide pollution. The implementation of specific, scientifically sound, mitigation measures against aquatic pesticide pollution would require comprehensive pesticide application data as well as a targeted study identifying sources and transport processes for environmentally persistent pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chow
- Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - L Curchod
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Davies
- Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - A F Veludo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Oltramare
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - M A Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Stamm
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - M Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Woodward EE, Hladik ML, Main AR, Cahn M, Orlando JL, Teerlink J. Comparing imidacloprid, clothianidin, and azoxystrobin runoff from lettuce fields using a soil drench or treated seeds in the Salinas Valley, California. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120325. [PMID: 36228859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticide use has increased over the last decade, including as agricultural seed treatments (application of chemical in a coating to the seed prior to planting). In California, multiple crops, including lettuce, can be grown using neonicotinoid treated seeds or receive a direct neonicotinoid soil application (drenching) at planting. Using research plots, this study compared pesticide runoff in four treatments: (1) imidacloprid seed treatment; (2) clothianidin seed treatment; (3) imidacloprid drench and an azoxystrobin seed treatment; and (4) a control with no pesticidal treatment. Neonicotinoid and azoxystrobin concentrations were measured in surface water runoff during six irrigations events in the 2020 growing seasons. Results showed runoff concentrations up to 1308 (±1200) ng L-1 for imidacloprid drench treatment, 431 (±100) ng L-1 for clothianidin seed treatment, 135 (±60) ng L-1 for imidacloprid seed treatment, and 13 (±10) ng L-1 for azoxystrobin seed treatment (treatments averaged). The percent of applied mass in runoff over the entire sampling period varied by compound; the imidacloprid seed treatment and drench were similar (0.015 and 0.019%, respectively) to the clothianidin seed treatment (0.036%) while the azoxystrobin seed treatment was much higher (15%). Although the proportion of imidacloprid in runoff was similar for imidacloprid treatments, the mass applied during soil drench was > 4x the amount applied from the imidacloprid seed treatment. Surface soils were collected before planting and at the end of the trial. The neonicotinoids were detected in soil throughout the study and average maximum concentrations were 9-13 ng g-1; azoxystrobin was detected in only two soils at concentrations up to 0.57 ng g-1. These results elucidate the comparative mass runoff resulting from planting treated seed and soil drench applications and highlight the value of additional work to characterize off-site transport from the many commodities that may be utilizing treated seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Woodward
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Anson R Main
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Michael Cahn
- University of California, Cooperative Extension, Monterey County, Salinas, CA, 93901, USA
| | - James L Orlando
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jennifer Teerlink
- California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
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13
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Morrison BA, Xia K, Stewart RD. Soil organic matter can delay-but not eliminate-leaching of neonicotinoid insecticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:1270-1281. [PMID: 35989664 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) retains and attenuates many contaminants; however, its interactions with neonicotinoid insecticides under field conditions remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine if SOM influences the persistence or leaching of two neonicotinoid insecticides: thiamethoxam (TMX) and its transformation-product clothianidin (CLO). Thiamethoxam-coated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was planted into a clay soil containing different soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations. Leachate and soil samples were collected for 10 wk after planting and were analyzed for insecticide concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Single and multiple linear regressions were performed between SOC, leaching volumes, and measured insecticide concentrations, focusing on rainfall events near the beginning, middle, and end of the study. Correlations were also tested between SOC and cumulative mass of leached insecticides. Neither SOC nor per-event leachate volumes explained variability in TMX leaching or residual CLO concentrations in soils; however, by the conclusion of the study residual thiamethoxam concentrations in soil were negatively correlated with cumulative volume of leached water. Initially, the concentration and total mass of leached CLO were significantly and negatively correlated with SOC content; however, this effect faded with time. Leachate dynamics also affected CLO transport, with positive correlations between leachate volume and CLO concentration during the latter events. This analysis demonstrates that SOM can reduce peak loading of neonicotinoids but may not alter cumulative leaching over the entire growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Morrison
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ryan D Stewart
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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14
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Hu H, Wu R, Ling J, Yue S, Yang D, Yu W, Du W, Shen G, Zhao M. Neonicotinoid pollution in marine sediments of the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156658. [PMID: 35691346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely and exceedingly applied in farmlands worldwide and are ubiquitous in various environments, including surface water, soil, river sediments, etc. However, few studies reported neonicotinoid residues in the marine environment. Considering the large application of neonicotinoids in China, here, we collected marine sediments in offshore and far sea areas of the East China Sea, including the Hangzhou Bay and the area along the Zhejiang Province coast, and measured the concentrations of nine commercialized neonicotinoids. The total concentration of neonicotinoids was 11.9 ± 6.22 ng/g (dry weight) (range: 4.77-29.9 ng/g), which was higher than other regions reported in previous studies. Neonicotinoid residues found in far sea areas were statistically lower than those in offshore areas. Nitenpyram and dinotefuran were the dominant compounds, contributing to >75 % of the total residue. It is thought that the flux of the Yangtze River is the main source of the neonicotinoid pollution in the East China Sea and the sediment is the sink of neonicotinoid residue from mainland China. Neonicotinoid residues were found to be negatively correlated with sediment pH, and positively correlated with microbial diversity and nitrate content. Based on structural equation modeling, we also illustrated the associations between neonicotinoid residues and different factors, suggesting that the change in sediment pH and microbial diversity were related to the degradation of neonicotinoid residues. Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospirota were found to be the key bacterial community at the phylum level on the degradation of neonicotinoids. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of spatial distribution, source, and migration of neonicotinoids and their impacts on marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Technology Research for Fisheries Resources of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Ruxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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15
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Potts J, Jones DL, Macdonald A, Ma Q, Cross P. Acetamiprid fate in a sandy loam with contrasting soil organic matter contents: A comparison of the degradation, sorption and leaching of commercial neonicotinoid formulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156711. [PMID: 35718179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of neonicotinoids have generally focussed on the responses of the pure active ingredient. Using a selection of two commercial formulations and the active ingredient, we ran three laboratory studies using 14C-labelled acetamiprid to study the leaching, sorption and mineralisation behaviours of the commercially available neonicotinoid formulations compared to the pure active ingredient. We added 14C-spiked acetamiprid to a sandy loam soil that had received long-term additions of farmyard manure at two rates (10 t/ha/yr and 25 t/ha/yr) and mineral fertilisers, as a control. We found significant differences in acetamiprid mineralisation across both the SOM and chemical treatments. Sorption was primarily impacted by changes in SOM and any differences in leachate recovery were much less significant across both treatment types. The mineralisation of all pesticide formulations was comparatively slow, with <23 % of any given chemical/soil organic matter combination being mineralised over the experimental period. The highest mineralisation rates occurred in samples with the highest soil organic matter levels. The results also showed that 82.9 % ± 1.6 % of the acetamiprid applied was leached from the soil during repeated simulated rainfall events. This combined with the low sorption values, and the low rates of mineralisation, implies that acetamiprid is highly persistent and mobile within sandy soils. As a highly persistent neurotoxin with high invertebrate selectivity, the presence of neonicotinoids in soil presents a high toxicology risk to various beneficial soil organisms, including earthworms, as well as being at high risk of transfer to surrounding watercourses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Qingxu Ma
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul Cross
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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16
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Riedo J, Herzog C, Banerjee S, Fenner K, Walder F, van der Heijden MG, Bucheli TD. Concerted Evaluation of Pesticides in Soils of Extensive Grassland Sites and Organic and Conventional Vegetable Fields Facilitates the Identification of Major Input Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13686-13695. [PMID: 36099238 PMCID: PMC9535809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of pesticides and their subsequent distribution to the environment and non-target organisms is of increasing concern. So far, little is known about the occurrence of pesticides in soils of untreated areas─such as ecological refuges─as well as the processes contributing to this unwanted pesticide contamination. In this study, we analyzed the presence and abundance of 46 different pesticides in soils from extensively managed grassland sites, as well as organically and conventionally managed vegetable fields (60 fields in total). Pesticides were found in all soils, including the extensive grassland sites, demonstrating a widespread background contamination of soils with pesticides. The results suggest that after conversion from conventional to organic farming, the organic fields reach pesticide levels as low as those of grassland sites not until 20 years later. Furthermore, the different pesticide composition patterns in grassland sites and organically managed fields facilitated differentiation between long-term persistence of residues and diffuse contamination processes, that is, short-scale redistribution (spray drift) and long-scale dispersion (atmospheric deposition), to offsite contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Riedo
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Herzog
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samiran Banerjee
- Department
of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel G.A. van der Heijden
- Department
of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D. Bucheli
- Department
of Methods Development and Analytics, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Hama JR, Jorgensen DBG, Diamantopoulos E, Bucheli TD, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW. Indole and quinolizidine alkaloids from blue lupin leach to agricultural drainage water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155283. [PMID: 35439507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are produced in plants including agricultural crops. Lupins and other plants of the Fabaceae family produce toxic alkaloids. These alkaloids have been studied in food and feed, however, the environmental fate of alkaloids produced by cultivated lupins is largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted an agricultural field experiment to investigate the occurrence of indole and quinolizidine alkaloids in lupin plant tissues, soil, soil pore water and in drainage water. During the field experiment, alkaloids were regularly quantified (median concentrations) in lupin (13-8.7 × 103 ng/g dry weight (dw)), and topsoils at depth 0-5 cm (0.1-10 ng/g dw), and depth 15-30 cm (0.2-8.5 ng/g dw), soil pore water (0.2-7.5 ng/L) and drainage water samples (0.4-18 ng/L). Lupanine was the dominant alkaloid in all collected samples. Cumulative amounts of alkaloids emitted via drainage water were around 0.1-11 mg/ha for individual alkaloids over one growing season. The total cumulative amount of alkaloid in drainage water was 14 mg/ha, which is a very small amount compared to the mass of alkaloid in the lupin biomass (11 kg/ha) and soil (0.02 kg/ha). Nearly half of the alkaloids were exported in the drainage water during high flow events, indicating that alkaloids transport preferentially via macropores. These findings indicate that drainage from lupin cultivated areas contribute to surface water contamination. The environmental and ecotoxicological relevance of alkaloids as newly identified aquatic micropollutants in areas with agricultural activities have yet to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawameer R Hama
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Efstathios Diamantopoulos
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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18
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Chen Y, Wu R, Zhang L, Ling J, Yu W, Shen G, Du W, Zhao M. High spatial resolved cropland coverage and cultivation category determine neonicotinoid distribution in agricultural soil at the provincial scale. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128476. [PMID: 35739663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Croplands are experiencing increasing neonicotinoid pollution and ecological health problems, which are especially widely applied in China. However, the large regional scale distribution of neonicotinoids and the key factors have seldom been determined. We show that the total residual concentration of neonicotinoids ranged from 13.4 to 157 ng/g with an average level of 75.8 ng/g and imidacloprid which was the dominant compound ranged from 10.4 to 81.3 ng/g during 2017-2021 in the Yangtze River Delta, China. In comparison, the neonicotinoid residues detected here were mostly higher than those in other regions. We further show that the 1-km spatial resolution cropland coverage (78.0%) and crop type (18.1%) predominantly contributed to the large spatial variation of neonicotinoids after adjusting for the factors including temperature, soil pH, soil moisture, and precipitation via automatic linear regression modeling at the provincial scale. Additional analyses revealed that tea croplands had significantly lowest concentration and fruit fields had the highest level due to the different application methods. Our findings provide new insight into key factors quantifying the high spatial resolved distribution of neonicotinoids and urgently call for reasonable application methods against rapidly growing ecology threats from neonicotinoid pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ruxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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19
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Thompson H, Vaughan S, Mahlein A, Ladewig E, Kenter C. Is there a risk to honeybees from use of thiamethoxam as a sugar beet seed treatment? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:709-721. [PMID: 34292667 PMCID: PMC9290588 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ban imposed by the European Union on the use of neonicotinoids as sugar beet seed treatments was based on the exposure of bees to residues of neonicotinoids in pollen and nectar of succeeding crops. To address this concern, residues of thiamethoxam (TMX) and clothianidin (CTD) were analyzed in soil collected from fields planted in at least the previous year with thiamethoxam-treated sugar beet seed. This soil monitoring program was conducted at 94 sites across Germany in two separate years. In addition, a succeeding crop study assessed residues in soil, guttation fluid, pollen, and nectar sampled from untreated succeeding crops planted in the season after thiamethoxam seed-treated sugar beet at eight field sites across five countries. The overall mean residues observed in soil monitoring were 8.0 ± 0.5 µg TMX + CTD/kg in the season after the use of treated sugar beet seed. Residue values decreased with increasing time interval between the latest thiamethoxam or clothianidin application before sugar beet drilling and with lower application frequency. Residues were detected in guttation fluid (2.0-37.7 µg TMX/L); however, the risk to pollinators from this route of exposure is likely to be low, based on the reported levels of consumption. Residues of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in pollen and nectar sampled from the succeeding crops were detected at or below the limit of quantification (0.5-1 µg a.i./kg) in 86.7% of pollen and 98.6% of nectar samples and, unlike guttation fluid residues, were not correlated with measured soil residues. Residues in pollen and nectar are lower than reported sublethal adverse effect concentrations in studies with honeybee and bumble bee individuals and colonies fed only thiamethoxam-treated sucrose, and are lower than those reported to result in no effects in honeybees, bumble bees, and solitary bees foraging on seed-treated crops. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:709-721. © 2021 SYNGENTA. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thompson
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research StationBerkshireUK
| | - Sarah Vaughan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research StationBerkshireUK
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20
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Raby M, Lissemore L, Kaltenecker G, Beaton D, Prosser RS. Characterizing the exposure of streams in southern Ontario to agricultural pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133769. [PMID: 35101428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic communities can be exposed to pesticides transported from land. Characterizing this exposure is key to predicting potential toxic effects. In this study, samples of streamwater from 21 sites were used to characterize pesticide exposure to aquatic communities. Sites were in agricultural areas of southwestern Ontario, Canada and were sampled monthly from 2012 to 2019 from April to November. Samples were analyzed for a suite of hundreds of pesticides and pesticide degradation products and other water quality indicators (e.g., nutrients). Frequently detected pesticides included herbicides (2,4-D; bentazon; MCPP; metolachlor) and neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) (clothianidin; thiamethoxam) which were detected in >50% of samples collected between 2015 and 2019. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to explore connections between pesticide concentrations and upstream land use and crop type. Detectable concentrations of the NNI clothianidin and many herbicides were related to corn, soybean, and grain/cereal crops while concentrations of the NNI imidacloprid, insecticide flonicamid, and fungicide boscalid were related to greenhouse/nursery land use. Potential toxicity to aquatic communities was assessed by comparing pesticide concentrations to Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) values. Few samples exceeded levels where acute (1% of samples) or chronic toxicity (10.5%) would be expected. The diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole was detected in several streamwater samples at levels that may cause toxicity to aquatic invertebrates, highlighting the need for continued toxicity research into this pesticide class. The number of pesticides detected was positively correlated with nutrient and total suspended solids levels, underscoring the multiple stressors aquatic communities are exposed to in these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Raby
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Linda Lissemore
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Georgina Kaltenecker
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise Beaton
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Albers CN, Bollmann UE, Badawi N, Johnsen AR. Leaching of 1,2,4-triazole from commercial barley seeds coated with tebuconazole and prothioconazole. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131819. [PMID: 34371354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seed dressing with fungicide or insecticide is a standard procedure for growing major crops, but very little is known about the leaching risk and the general fate of pesticides from coated seeds. Triazole fungicides are commonly used seed dressing fungicides and recently, there has been increasing concern that 1,2,4-triazole, a major degradation product of several triazole fungicides, may leach to groundwater in concentrations exceeding the 0.1 μg/L threshold limit of the European Union. We therefore carried out a laboratory column experiment with commercial barley seeds coated with the triazole fungicides tebuconazole and prothioconazole to study the fate of the fungicides and their degradation products, especially 1,2,4-triazole. Our experiment showed that the fungicides themselves were relatively immobile in the soil columns, but also that leaching of 1,2,4-triazole will occur no matter if tebuconazole or prothioconazole is used as seed dressing. Relatively high 1,2,4-triazole concentrations (up to 0.8 μg/L) were measured in the column leachates, but when the experiment was terminated after 63 days, a total of only 1 % of the fungicides was recovered as 1,2,4-triazole in the leachate. Our results suggest that seed dressing pesticides should be considered together with spray applications when estimating the total 1,2,4-triazole load from agriculture and that seed dressing pesticides and their degradation products should be included when evaluating leaching risks from pesticide applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyrop Albers
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), O. Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Elisabeth Bollmann
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), O. Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Badawi
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), O. Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Risbjerg Johnsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), O. Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Zheng T, Zhang J, Tang C, Zhang Y, Duan J. Persistence and vertical distribution of neonicotinoids in soils under different citrus orchards chrono sequences from southern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131584. [PMID: 34293560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Continual input of neonicotinoid insecticides occurs in the citrus orchards from southern China. However, it is still unknown about the variations in the distribution and accumulation of neonicotinoids in soil profiles along a long-term chronosequence of cultivation and the driving factors contributing to these shifts. Here, changes of neonicotinoids in the 0-100 cm soil profiles with distinct orchard cultivation age (1, 10, and 20 years) were investigated, and their related factors were further determined. The results showed that the total levels of five target neonicotinoids (∑5NEOs) in the soil profiles were in the range of 0-25.76 ng/g dw. Imidacloprid was the most dominating neonicotinoid, followed by thiamethoxam. We observed higher neonicotinoid accumulations in the soil profiles from the citrus orchards after 10 and 20 years of cultivation. Neonicotinoids migrated deeper into the soil profiles in orchards with a longer time since cultivation. Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and the total amount of neonicotinoid (∑5NEOs) were mainly affected by the cultivation age of citrus orchards (accounting for 58.9% variance; P < 0.001); whereas clothianidin, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid were mainly influenced by soil depths (accounting for 66.9-85.2% variance; P < 0.05). Redundancy analyzes further indicated that the enhanced accumulation of neonicotinoids was mainly correlated with the increase of soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil porosity, and the reduction of bulk density in the profiles of citrus orchards with increasing cultivation age. This study highlights the finding that we should give more concerns about the contamination and ecological risks of neonicotinoids in the orchards with a long cultivation age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihui Zheng
- Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, 330029, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, 330029, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Chongjun Tang
- Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, 330029, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Yongfen Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, 330029, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Jian Duan
- Jiangxi Academy of Water Science and Engineering, Nanchang, 330029, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
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23
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Niu YH, Wang L, Wang Z, Yu SX, Zheng JY, Shi ZH. High-frequency monitoring of neonicotinoids dynamics in soil-water systems during hydrological processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118219. [PMID: 34626917 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids pollution poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. However, there is currently little knowledge about how neonicotinoids are transferred from the agricultural environment to the aquatic environment. Here, we conducted in situ high-frequency monitoring of neonicotinoids in soil-water systems along the hydrological flow path during rainfall to explore the horizontal and vertical transport mechanisms of neonicotinoids. The collected samples included 240 surface runoff, 128 subsurface runoff, 60 eroded sediment, 120 soil and 144 soil solution, which were used to analyse neonicotinoids concentrations. Surface runoff, subsurface runoff and eroded sediment were the three main paths for the horizontal migration of neonicotinoids. In the CK (citrus orchards without grass cover) and grass-covered citrus orchards, there are 15.89% and 2.29% of the applied neonicotinoids were transported with surface runoff, respectively. While in the CK and grass-covered citrus orchards, there are only 1.23% and 0.19% of the applied neonicotinoids were transported with eroded sediment and subsurface runoff. Although the amount of neonicotinoids lost along with eroded sediment was small, the concentration of neonicotinoids in eroded sediment was two orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of neonicotinoids in sediments of the surface water. Meanwhile, neonicotinoids migrated vertically in soil due to water infiltration. In the CK and grass-covered citrus orchards, there are 57.64% and 24.36% of the applied neonicotinoids were retained in soil and soil solution, respectively, and their concentration decreased as soil depth increased. Another noteworthy phenomenon is that more neonicotinoids migrated to deeper soil layers under grass cover compared with no grass cover because grass roots promoted the formation of cracks and vertical preferential flow. Our results are expected to improve the accuracy of neonicotinoids pollution prediction by considering migration paths, including surface and subsurface runoff and eroded sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Niu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - L Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Z Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - S X Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - J Y Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Z H Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430072, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
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24
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Tooker JF, Pearsons KA. Newer characters, same story: neonicotinoid insecticides disrupt food webs through direct and indirect effects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 46:50-56. [PMID: 33667691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the Green Revolution, older classes of insecticides contributed to biodiversity loss by decreasing insect populations and bioaccumulating across food webs. Introduction of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) improved stewardship of insecticides and promised fewer non-target effects. IPM adoption has waned in recent decades, and popularity of newer classes of insecticides, like the neonicotinoids, has surged, posing new and unique threats to insect populations. In this review, we first address how older classes of insecticides can affect trophic interactions, and then consider the influence of neonicotinoids on food webs and the role they may be playing in insect declines. We conclude by discussing challenges posed by current use patterns of neonicotinoids and how their risk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, Merkle Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Kirsten A Pearsons
- Department of Entomology, Merkle Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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25
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Rechsteiner D, Wettstein FE, Pfeiffer N, Hollender J, Bucheli TD. Natural estrogen emissions to subsurface tile drains from experimental grassland fields in Switzerland after application of livestock slurries and free compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146351. [PMID: 33743455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural estrogens are present in high concentrations in livestock slurries, which are often applied to agricultural fields in large quantities. As such, the export of slurry-derived natural estrogens from tile-drained fields is a potential source for estrogenic pollution in surface waters. Yet despite the abundance of tile-drained fields in Central Europe, export of natural estrogens from agricultural fields receiving livestock slurries is rarely studied in this region. In an effort to fill this knowledge gap, here we applied natural estrogens to Swiss experimental fields in the form of cattle slurry, pig slurry or dissolved in water, and quantified them in flow-proportionally collected drainage water over 18 months. After pig and cattle slurry applications, concentration maxima in drainage water of 73, 8, 37, and 60 ng L-1 for 17α-estradiol (E2α), 17β-estradiol (E2β), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3), respectively, were observed shortly after rain events. The exported fractions of individual natural estrogens to tile drains were on average 0.26% (ranging from 0.08 to 0.41%) after cattle, and 0.18% (0.03-0.40%) after pig slurry applications. Such numbers were higher than expected from the leaching potential based on substance properties, and comparable to those of more mobile micropollutants previously studied on the same fields. Natural estrogens were mainly exported to tile drains through preferential flow. Exported fractions were lower when applied in aqueous solution than when applied in slurry, pointing to particle-facilitated transport to tile drains when applied in slurry. In Switzerland, the estimated 6.3, 0.6, 7.4, and 7.7 g of E2α, E2β, E1, and E3, respectively, exported through the tile-drained agricultural area per year contribute little to the total natural estrogen load received by surface waters. However, after slurry applications in highly drained catchments, natural estrogen emissions to tile drains can cause short term (i.e. less than 1 week) estrogenic exposure in nearby streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rechsteiner
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix E Wettstein
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Giorio C, Safer A, Sánchez-Bayo F, Tapparo A, Lentola A, Girolami V, van Lexmond MB, Bonmatin JM. An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 1: new molecules, metabolism, fate, and transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11716-11748. [PMID: 29105037 PMCID: PMC7920890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the exponential number of published data on neonicotinoids and fipronil during the last decade, an updated review of literature has been conducted in three parts. The present part focuses on gaps of knowledge that have been addressed after publication of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides in 2015. More specifically, new data on the mode of action and metabolism of neonicotinoids and fipronil, and their toxicity to invertebrates and vertebrates, were obtained. We included the newly detected synergistic effects and/or interactions of these systemic insecticides with other insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, adjuvants, honeybee viruses, and parasites of honeybees. New studies have also investigated the contamination of all environmental compartments (air and dust, soil, water, sediments, and plants) as well as bees and apicultural products, food and beverages, and the exposure of invertebrates and vertebrates to such contaminants. Finally, we review new publications on remediation of neonicotinoids and fipronil, especially in water systems. Conclusions of the previous WIA in 2015 are reinforced; neonicotinoids and fipronil represent a major threat worldwide for biodiversity, ecosystems, and all the services the latter provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Laboratoire Chimie de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anton Safer
- Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, INF324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Lentola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Girolami
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
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27
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Frame ST, Pearsons KA, Elkin KR, Saporito LS, Preisendanz HE, Karsten HD, Tooker JF. Assessing surface and subsurface transport of neonicotinoid insecticides from no-till crop fields. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:476-484. [PMID: 33368300 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of neonicotinoid-coated crop seeds introduces greater amounts of insecticides into the environment, where they are vulnerable to transport. To understand the transport of neonicotinoids from agricultural fields, we planted maize (Zea mays L.) seeds coated with thiamethoxam in lysimeter plots in central Pennsylvania. Over the next year, we sampled water generated by rainfall and snowmelt and analyzed these samples with mass spectrometry for the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and clothianidin (metabolite), which originated from the coated seeds. For surface and subsurface transport, thiamethoxam exhibited "first-flush" dynamics, with concentrations highest during the first events following planting and generally decreasing for the remainder of the study. The metabolite clothianidin, however, persisted throughout the study. The mass of thiamethoxam and clothianidin exported during the study period accounted for 1.09% of the mass applied, with more than 90% of the mass transported in subsurface flow and less than 10% in surface runoff. These results suggest that surface runoff, at least for our site, is a relatively small contributor to the overall fate and transport of these insecticides and that the delivery ratio (i.e., mass exported/mass applied) observed for these compounds is similar to those of other trace-level emerging contaminants known to negatively influence aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Frame
- Dep. of Entomology, Merkle Lab., The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kirsten A Pearsons
- Dep. of Entomology, Merkle Lab., The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kyle R Elkin
- USDA-ARS Pasture Systems & Watershed Management Research, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Louis S Saporito
- USDA-ARS Pasture Systems & Watershed Management Research, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Heather E Preisendanz
- Dep. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 252 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Heather D Karsten
- Dep. of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State Univ., 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John F Tooker
- Dep. of Entomology, Merkle Lab., The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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28
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Pisa L, Goulson D, Yang EC, Gibbons D, Sánchez-Bayo F, Mitchell E, Aebi A, van der Sluijs J, MacQuarrie CJK, Giorio C, Long EY, McField M, Bijleveld van Lexmond M, Bonmatin JM. An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11749-11797. [PMID: 29124633 PMCID: PMC7921077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the previous Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) in 2015. The high toxicity of these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed and expanded to include more species and compounds. Most of the recent research has focused on bees and the sublethal and ecological impacts these insecticides have on pollinators. Toxic effects on other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and aquatic arthropods. Little new information has been gathered on soil organisms. The impact on marine and coastal ecosystems is still largely uncharted. The chronic lethality of neonicotinoids to insects and crustaceans, and the strengthened evidence that these chemicals also impair the immune system and reproduction, highlights the dangers of this particular insecticidal class (neonicotinoids and fipronil), with the potential to greatly decrease populations of arthropods in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Sublethal effects on fish, reptiles, frogs, birds, and mammals are also reported, showing a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of these insecticides in vertebrates and their deleterious impacts on growth, reproduction, and neurobehaviour of most of the species tested. This review concludes with a summary of impacts on the ecosystem services and functioning, particularly on pollination, soil biota, and aquatic invertebrate communities, thus reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Gibbons
- RSPB Centre for Conservation of Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Edward Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Aebi
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Anthropology Institute, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Saint-Nicolas 4, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen van der Sluijs
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, Postboks 7805, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Postboks 7805, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J K MacQuarrie
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth Yim Long
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Melanie McField
- Smithsonian Institution, 701 Seaway Drive Fort Pierce, Florida, 34949, USA
| | | | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
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Wayment DG, Ledet HJ, Torres KA, White PM. Soil dissipation of sugarcane billet seed treatment fungicides and insecticide using QuEChERS and HPLC. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:188-196. [PMID: 33499735 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1858685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical treatment of sugarcane seed with fungicides and insecticides prior to planting increases yields of cane and sugar for the perennial, annually harvested crop. However, the fate of the applied chemicals is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the aerobic dissipation of selected billet seed treatment chemicals in a mineral sugarcane soil from Louisiana. Soil samples from the surface 15 cm were treated with either thiamethoxam, azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, propiconazole, or pyraclostrobin and monitored over 100 days under laboratory conditions. Insecticide and fungicide levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Dissipation data were fitted to four kinetic models: simple first-order (SFO), first order multi-compartment (FOMC), double-first order in parallel (DFOP), and hockey-stick (HS). The dissipation half-life (DT50) of thiamethoxam, azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, propiconazole, or pyraclostrobin were 275, 100, 144, 74, and 39 d, respectively. Overall, the DT50 for the pesticides in the study indicated medium to long persistence in soil under the conditions of the experiment. This is the first report for several of these pesticides related to the aerobic dissipation in soils used to grow sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcey G Wayment
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
| | - Harley J Ledet
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kylie A Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paul M White
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, Louisiana, USA
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30
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Krupke CH, Tooker JF. Beyond the Headlines: The Influence of Insurance Pest Management on an Unseen, Silent Entomological Majority. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.595855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most of the last two decades, insect pest management in key grain and oilseed crops has relied heavily on an insurance-based approach. This approach mandates a suite of management tactics prior to planting and in the absence of pest data. Because there is little flexibility for using these tactics individually, most producers have adopted this full suite of practices despite mounting evidence that some components do not provide consistent benefits. In North America in particular, this preventive approach to insect pest management has led to steep increases in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and subsequent increases in neonicotinoids in soil and water within crop fields and beyond. These increases have been accompanied by a host of non-target effects that have been most clearly studied in pollinators and insect natural enemies. Less attention has been given to the effects of this practice upon the many thousands of aquatic insect species that are often cryptic and offer negligible, or undefined, clear benefits to humans and their commerce. A survey of the literature reveals that the non-target effects of neonicotinoids upon these aquatic species are often as serious as for terrestrial species, and more difficult to address. By focusing upon charismatic insect species that provide clearly defined services, we are likely dramatically under-estimating the effects of neonicotinoids upon the wider environment. Given the mounting evidence base demonstrating that the pest management and crop yield benefits of this approach are negligible, we advocate for a return to largely-abandoned IPM principles as a readily accessible alternative path.
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31
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Literature Review: Global Neonicotinoid Insecticide Occurrence in Aquatic Environments. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have been the most commonly used insecticides since the early 1990s. Despite their efficacy in improving crop protection and management, these agrochemicals have gained recent attention for their negative impacts on non-target species such as honeybees and aquatic invertebrates. In recent years, neonicotinoids have been detected in rivers and streams across the world. Determining and predicting the exposure potential of neonicotinoids in surface water requires a thorough understanding of their fate and transport mechanisms. Therefore, our objective was to provide a comprehensive review of neonicotinoids with a focus on their fate and transport mechanisms to and within surface waters and their occurrence in waterways throughout the world. A better understanding of fate and transport mechanisms will enable researchers to accurately predict occurrence and persistence of insecticides entering surface waters and potential exposure to non-target organisms in agricultural intensive regions. This review has direct implications on how neonicotinoids are monitored and degraded in aquatic ecosystems. Further, an improved understanding of the fate and transport of neonicotinoids aide natural resource practitioners in the development and implementation of effective best management practices to reduce the potential impact and exposure of neonicotinoids in waterways and aquatic ecosystems.
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32
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Thunnissen NW, Lautz LS, van Schaik TWG, Hendriks AJ. Ecological risks of imidacloprid to aquatic species in the Netherlands: Measured and estimated concentrations compared to species sensitivity distributions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126604. [PMID: 32315814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent declines of insects' biomass have been a major point of interest. While several causes, including use of neonicotinoids like imidacloprid, have been suggested, scientific underpinning is limited. The aim of our study was to assess the potential risk of imidacloprid for freshwater fauna in the Netherlands and to validate the SimpleBox model to allow application elsewhere. To this end, we compared imidacloprid concentrations estimated from emissions using the SimpleBox model to measurements obtained from monitoring databases and calculated the ecological risk based on measured concentrations for aquatic fauna. Imidacloprid concentration estimations were within the range measured, opening opportunities for application of SimpleBox to regions where measurements are limited. Aquatic insects were found to be most sensitive to imidacloprid while amphibians and fish are least sensitive to imidacloprid. In particular, the ecological risk of measured imidacloprid concentration in the Netherlands was 1%, implying that concentrations frequently exceed levels that are lethal in short-term experiments. Hence, based on lab toxicity data, the present study suggests that imidacloprid concentrations can be high enough to explain insect decline observed in the same areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Thunnissen
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - L S Lautz
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - T W G van Schaik
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Wang Z, Chen J, Zhan T, He X, Wang B. Simultaneous determination of eight neonicotinoid insecticides, fipronil and its three transformation products in sediments by continuous solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110002. [PMID: 31825794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs) and fipronil (FIP) are insecticides that are widely used in modern agriculture and have received considerable attention in recent years due to their adverse effects on non-target organisms in the environment. In the present study, a new method to simultaneously detect eight common NEO insecticides and FIP and its three transformation products (FIPs) in sediments was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) based on a combined pretreatment of continuous solvent extraction (CSE) and solid phase extraction (SPE). Under optimized conditions, 5.0 g of freeze-dried sediment samples were initially extracted with methanol (20 mL)-methanol (15 mL)-water (20 mL) in sequence, and then the extract was cleaned with hydrophilic-lypophilic balance SPE cartridges, and HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted. The established method was validated to be sensitive, linear, accurate, and precise. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of target compounds were 0.012-0.055 μg/kg d.w and 0.031-0.091 μg/kg d.w, respectively. Good linearity (R2 > 0.990) was observed between 4.0 × 10-2 and 20.0 μg/kg d.w. The recovery rates of all target insecticides were between 75.5% and 98.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were all less than 15.0% at the low, medium, and high spiked levels. Finally, the optimized method was applied to analyze 12 target insecticides in the sediments obtained from Jiaozhou Bay of China and its main inflow rivers. Acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil sulfone were detected in the river sediment samples at the concentration from <LOQ to 0.197 μg/kg d.w. Thus, the two types of studied insecticides can enter the sedimentary environment. Overall, the proposed method can be used to investigate the contamination status of typical NEOs and FIP insecticides in sediments and provide base data to comprehensively understand their environmental behavior, safety, and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tianrong Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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Alford AM, Krupke CH. Movement of the Neonicotinoid Seed Treatment Clothianidin into Groundwater, Aquatic Plants, and Insect Herbivores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14368-14376. [PMID: 31710225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural use of the neonicotinoid clothianidin (CLO) as a seed treatment of corn and soybeans has been linked to contamination of waterways and irrigation water. By analyzing samples collected from field lysimeters with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), this study reports the highest CLO concentrations within leachate following planting, with maximum concentrations occurring 4 weeks post-planting (3370 ng L-1). This concentration is approximately 10× greater than previously reported CLO concentrations in streams/rivers and prairie wetlands, likely the result of reduced dilution and photolysis impacts. To document nontarget vegetation translocation dynamics, the macrophyte Lemna gibba was exposed to varying CLO concentrations for 12 h within a laboratory setting. Quantification of CLO uptake occurred every 4 h. Finally, trophic level impacts were investigated by exposing the water lily aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae to L. gibba grown in CLO-contaminated water. Aphids lived and fed on contaminated duckweed for 48 h, after which an LC50 of 8.71 ng g of the plant tissue-1 was calculated. While uptake of CLO by duckweed was rapid, aphids are unlikely to suffer acute mortality at previously reported environmental CLO concentrations. Future research should expand on this work with other macrophytes/herbivores and longer-term experiments to more realistically mimic chronic field exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Alford
- Virginia Tech Department of Entomology , 216A Price Hall , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Christian H Krupke
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology , 216A Price Hall , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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35
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Willis Chan DS, Prosser RS, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Raine NE. Assessment of risk to hoary squash bees (Peponapis pruinosa) and other ground-nesting bees from systemic insecticides in agricultural soil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11870. [PMID: 31413274 PMCID: PMC6694176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the hoary squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) as a model, we provide the first probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to systemic insecticides in soil for ground-nesting bees. To assess risk in acute and chronic exposure scenarios in Cucurbita and field crops, concentrations of clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid (neonicotinoids) and chlorantraniliprole (anthranilic diamide) in cropped soil were plotted to produce an environmental exposure distribution for each insecticide. The probability of exceedance of several exposure endpoints (LC50s) was compared to an acceptable risk threshold (5%). In Cucurbita crops, under acute exposure, risk to hoary squash bees was below 5% for honey bee LC50s for all residues evaluated but exceeded 5% for clothianidin and imidacloprid using a solitary bee LC50. For Cucurbita crops in the chronic exposure scenario, exposure risks for clothianidin and imidacloprid exceeded 5% for all endpoints, and exposure risk for chlorantraniliprole was below 5% for all endpoints. In field crops, risk to ground-nesting bees was high from clothianidin in all exposure scenarios and high for thiamethoxam and imidacloprid under chronic exposure scenarios. Risk assessments for ground-nesting bees should include exposure impacts from pesticides in soil and could use the hoary squash bee as an ecotoxicology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Susan Willis Chan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ryan S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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36
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Hayasaka D, Kobashi K, Hashimoto K. Community responses of aquatic insects in paddy mesocosms to repeated exposures of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and dinotefuran. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:272-281. [PMID: 30904719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are one of major threats to wetland environments and their communities, and thus the information about ecological impact assessment of agro-chemicals on ecosystems is essential for future effective pesticides management. Here, effects of the yearly application of two neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and dinotefuran on aquatic insect communities of experimental rice fields were assessed during two years of monitoring. Both neonicotinoid-treated fields and controls were monitored biweekly throughout the 5-month experimental period until harvest (late October) in each year. Maximum concentrations of imidacloprid (157.5 μg/l in 2014 and 138.0 μg/l in 2015) and dinotefuran (10.54 μg/l in 2014 and 54.05 μg/l in 2015) in water were relatively similar in both years, but maximum residues of imidacloprid (245.45 μg/kg) and dinotefuran (419.5 μg/kg) in the sediment in the second-year were 18 and 175 times higher than in the first year, respectively, with great variability of concentrations among sampling dates. In addition, remaining soil residues of both neonicotinoids were approximately 1 μg/kg (ppb) at the start of the second-year. A total of 6265 individuals of 18 aquatic species belonging to 7 orders were collected. No differences in the number of species between controls and the two neonicotinoids-treated paddies were found between years. However, clear differences in community structures of aquatic insects among the imidacloprid- and dinotefuran-treated mesocosms, and controls and between years were shown by PRC analysis. In particular, imidacloprid likely decreased Crocothemisia servilia mariannae nymphs, Chironominae spp. larvae, and Aedes albopictus larvae, whereas dinotefuran tended to decrease Guignotus japonicus, Orthetrum albistylum speciosum nymphs, and Tubiificidae spp. In addition, long-living species of Coleoptera and Odonata were most sensitive to both neonicotinoids. Changes in composition of feeding functional groups (FFGs) of aquatic insects were more prominent in the first year and became subtler in the second year. One of the possibilities of this phenomenon may be functional redundancy in which species that had low sensitivity to imidacloprid and dinotefuran replaced the vacant niche caused by decreases of other species with high susceptibility within the same feeding functions, although further studies are needed to verify this explanation. Thus, feeding functional traits can be a good indicator for evaluation of changes in ecosystem processes under pesticides exposures. Consequently, the current study emphasized that more realistic prediction of community properties after the repeated application of agrochemicals in successive years should consider for 1) long-term population monitoring, 2) cumulative effects at least over the years, and 3) species' functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayasaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, KINDAI University, Nakamachi, 3327-204, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Koji Kobashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, KINDAI University, Nakamachi, 3327-204, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Koya Hashimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, KINDAI University, Nakamachi, 3327-204, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
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37
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Bonmatin JM, Noome DA, Moreno H, Mitchell EAD, Glauser G, Soumana OS, Bijleveld van Lexmond M, Sánchez-Bayo F. A survey and risk assessment of neonicotinoids in water, soil and sediments of Belize. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:949-958. [PMID: 30965547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Usage of neonicotinoids is common in all agricultural regions of the world but data on environmental contamination in tropical regions is scarce. We conducted a survey of five neonicotinoids in soil, water and sediment samples along gradients from crops fields to protected lowland tropical forest, mangroves and wetlands in northern Belize, a region of high biodiversity value. Neonicotinoid frequency of detection and concentrations were highest in soil (68%) and lowest in water (12%). Imidacloprid was the most common residue reaching a maximum of 17.1 ng/g in soil samples. Concentrations in soils differed among crop types, being highest in melon fields and lowest in banana and sugarcane fields. Residues in soil declined with distance to the planted fields, with clothianidin being detected at 100 m and imidacloprid at more than 10 km from the nearest applied field. About half (47%) of the sediments collected contained residues of at least one compound up to 10 km from the source. Total neonicotinoid concentrations in sediments (range 0.014-0.348 ng/g d. w.) were about 10 times lower than in soils from the fields, with imidacloprid being the highest (0.175 ng/g). A probabilistic risk assessment of the residues in the aquatic environment indicates that 31% of sediment samples pose a risk to invertebrate aquatic and benthic organisms by chronic exposure, whereas less than 5% of sediment samples may incur a risk by acute exposure. Current residue levels in water samples do not appear to pose risks to the aquatic fauna. Fugacity modeling of the four main compounds detected suggest that most of the dissipation from the agricultural fields occurs via runoff and leaching through the porous soils of this region. We call for better monitoring of pesticide contamination and invertebrate inventories and finding alternatives to the use of neonicotinoids in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CS 80054, 45071, Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Jardin botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Oumarou S Soumana
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CS 80054, 45071, Orléans, France
| | | | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW2015, Australia.
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38
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Jiang J, Zhang Z, Lin J, Liu F, Mu W. The minimally effective dosages of nitenpyram and thiamethoxam seed treatments against aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) and their potential exposure risks to honeybees (Apis mellifera). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:68-78. [PMID: 30798245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid seed coatings have been used as a major method to control seedling pests, especially the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), around the world. However, their negative influence on natural enemies and pollinators has been criticized for decades. The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of nitenpyram and thiamethoxam for A. gossypii control, impacts on natural enemies and their potential risks to honeybees. Investigations in two locations in China revealed that the seed treatment with nitenpyram at a dosage of 3 g a.i. kg-1 seed could effectively control A. gossypii throughout the seedling stage. In addition, Nitenpyram at the dosage of 2 g a.i. kg-1 seed did not significantly change present number of the 7-spot ladybeetles in fields, compared with thiamethoxam treatments and blank control. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was utilized to identify and quantify the residue dynamics and transformation of parental and metabolite products in pollen and leaves. On the basis of residue data, the first-tier risk assessment disclosed that nitenpyram applied at doses of 2, 3 and 4 g a.i. kg-1 seed might result in relative lower potential exposure risks to honeybees when compared with thiamethoxam. These results enable us to better understand the performance of nitenpyram seed treatments against A. gossypii during the seedling stage, indicating that nitenpyram may be safer than thiamethoxam for natural enemies and honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Kohl KL, Harrell LK, Mudge JF, Subbiah S, Kasumba J, Osma E, Barman AK, Anderson TA. Tracking neonicotinoids following their use as cotton seed treatments. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6805. [PMID: 31041156 PMCID: PMC6476295 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a leading class of insecticides on the global market, accounting for nearly 25%. They are widely used in both agricultural and residential settings. Causing neuron failure by irreversibly binding to the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, neonicotinoids offer broad spectrum efficacy against a variety of pests. However, because they are non-selective with regard to insect species, there has been some concern with neonicotinoid use over threats to pollinators such as honeybees, and potential indirect effects to migratory waterfowl as a result of invertebrate prey population depletion. In order to study occurrence and fate of neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid), we analyzed cotton leaves on plants grown from neonicotinoid-treated seeds and corresponding soil samples between cotton rows. Neonicotinoid concentration data from cotton leaves appears to be consistent with the claim that seed treatments protect plants for 3–4 weeks; by 30 days post-planting, neonicotinoid concentrations fell, in general, to 200 ng/g or lower. This represents about a 10-fold decrease from plant concentrations at approximately 2 weeks post-planting. It was found that neonicotinoids used as seed treatments remained present in the soil for months post planting and could be available for runoff. To that end, 21 playa wetlands were sampled; 10 had at least one quantifiable neonicotinoid present, three of which were classified as grassland or rangeland playas, two were urban, and the remaining five were cropland playas. In several instances, neonicotinoid concentrations in playas exceeded EPA chronic benchmarks for aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Kohl
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Joseph F Mudge
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John Kasumba
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Etem Osma
- Biology Department, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Erzincan Province, Turkey
| | - Apurba K Barman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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40
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Radolinski J, Wu J, Xia K, Hession WC, Stewart RD. Plants mediate precipitation-driven transport of a neonicotinoid pesticide. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:445-452. [PMID: 30716547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides provide crop protection via water solubility and systemicity, yet these chemical characteristics, combined with high toxicity to non-target invertebrates (e.g., honeybees), elicit concern of environmental transport. Neonicotinoids have been detected in soil and surface water throughout North America; however, no investigation has defined a direct connection to planted seed dressings. We quantified the physical transport of thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid, under field conditions. We planted TMX-coated corn seeds and maintained plots with and without viable crops (n = 3 plots per treatment) to determine plant influence on pesticide transport. TMX concentrations were measured in soil and drainage throughout the growing season. Storm-generated runoff was the dominant transport mechanism (maximum TMX concentration 1.72 ± 0.605 μg L-1; no viable plants), followed by shallow (<72 cm) lateral drainage (0.570 ± 0.170 μg L-1; no viable plants), and deep (110 cm) drainage (0.170 ± 0.265 μg L-1; viable plants). Soil samples confirmed vertical and lateral movement within 23 and 36 days of planting, respectively. Plants facilitated downward migration of TMX in soil but restricted TMX drainage. Altogether, these study results revealed that neonicotinoids can be transported from seed coatings both above and through the soil profile, which may enable migration into surrounding ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Radolinski
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Junxue Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing PR China
| | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - W Cully Hession
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 155 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ryan D Stewart
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Humann-Guilleminot S, Clément S, Desprat J, Binkowski ŁJ, Glauser G, Helfenstein F. A large-scale survey of house sparrows feathers reveals ubiquitous presence of neonicotinoids in farmlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1091-1097. [PMID: 30743906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The massive use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been repeatedly incriminated for their impacts to avian populations. Some studies have reported contamination of granivorous birds by neonicotinoids but very little is known about exposure to neonicotinoids in other bird species. To fill this lack of knowledge, we trapped house sparrows Passer domesticus, an omnivorous bird whose diet is composed of both grains and insects, and we collected 617 feathers from individuals living on 47 conventional, integrated-production (IP-Suisse) and organic farms distributed all over the Swiss plateau, the country's main agricultural area. We then assessed the concentration of five neonicotinoids in 146 pools of feathers. We found that all feather samples were contaminated by at least one neonicotinoid at measurable concentration (>LOQ), with thiacloprid accounting for most of the prevalence (99%), while clothianidin was found at highest concentrations (with averages ranging from 1.68 to 9.2 ppb). Additionally, house sparrows living on conventional farms showed higher concentrations of neonicotinoids (15.26 ± 3.58 ppb) than individuals living on IP-Suisse (3.38 ± 0.86 ppb), and organic farms (2.59 ± 0.56 ppb). Our large-scale survey highlights how ubiquitous neonicotinoid insecticides have become in agricultural habitats, and reveals generalized exposure of house sparrows, and potentially other species inhabiting farmlands, to neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Humann-Guilleminot
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Clément
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Desprat
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz J Binkowski
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Helfenstein
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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42
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Gui T, Jia GF, Xu J, Ge SJ, Long XF, Zhang YP, Hu DY. Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:326-335. [PMID: 30773126 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1571361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001-0.0002 mg kg-1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002 mg kg-1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001 mg kg-1. The recovery was 70.37%-109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n = 15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9-6.2 days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9-4.2 days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061 mg kg-1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gui
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Gui F Jia
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi J Ge
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao F Long
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu P Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
| | - De Y Hu
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a popular and widely-used class of insecticides whose heavy usage rates and purported negative impacts on bees and other beneficial insects has led to questions about their mobility and accumulation in the environment. Neonicotinoid compounds are currently registered for over 140 different crop uses in the United States, with commercial growers continuing to rely heavily on neonicotinoid insecticides for the control of key insect pests through a combination of in-ground and foliar applications. In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) began testing for neonicotinoids in groundwater test wells in the state, reporting detections of one or more neonicotinoids in dozens of shallow groundwater test wells. In 2011, similar detection levels were confirmed in several high-capacity overhead center-pivot irrigation systems in central Wisconsin. The current study was initiated to investigate the spatial extent and magnitude of neonicotinoid contamination in groundwater in and around areas of irrigated commercial agriculture in central Wisconsin. From 2013-2015 a total of 317 samples were collected from 91 unique high-capacity irrigation wells and tested for the presence of thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. 67% of all samples were positive for TMX at a concentration above the analytical limit of quantification (0.05 μg/L) and 78% of all wells tested positive at least once. Mean detection was 0.28 μg/L, with a maximum detection of 1.67 μg/L. Five wells had at least one detection exceeding 1.00 μg/L. Furthermore, an analysis of the spatial structure of these well detects suggests that contamination profiles vary across the landscape, with differences in mean detection levels observed from landscape (25 km), to farm (5 km), to individual well (500 m) scales. We also provide an update of DATCP's neonicotinoid monitoring in Wisconsin's shallow groundwater test wells and private potable wells for the years 2011-2017.
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Bradford BZ, Huseth AS, Groves RL. Widespread detections of neonicotinoid contaminants in central Wisconsin groundwater. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201753. [PMID: 30281610 PMCID: PMC6169852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a popular and widely-used class of insecticides whose heavy usage rates and purported negative impacts on bees and other beneficial insects has led to questions about their mobility and accumulation in the environment. Neonicotinoid compounds are currently registered for over 140 different crop uses in the United States, with commercial growers continuing to rely heavily on neonicotinoid insecticides for the control of key insect pests through a combination of in-ground and foliar applications. In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) began testing for neonicotinoids in groundwater test wells in the state, reporting detections of one or more neonicotinoids in dozens of shallow groundwater test wells. In 2011, similar detection levels were confirmed in several high-capacity overhead center-pivot irrigation systems in central Wisconsin. The current study was initiated to investigate the spatial extent and magnitude of neonicotinoid contamination in groundwater in and around areas of irrigated commercial agriculture in central Wisconsin. From 2013–2015 a total of 317 samples were collected from 91 unique high-capacity irrigation wells and tested for the presence of thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. 67% of all samples were positive for TMX at a concentration above the analytical limit of quantification (0.05 μg/L) and 78% of all wells tested positive at least once. Mean detection was 0.28 μg/L, with a maximum detection of 1.67 μg/L. Five wells had at least one detection exceeding 1.00 μg/L. Furthermore, an analysis of the spatial structure of these well detects suggests that contamination profiles vary across the landscape, with differences in mean detection levels observed from landscape (25 km), to farm (5 km), to individual well (500 m) scales. We also provide an update of DATCP’s neonicotinoid monitoring in Wisconsin’s shallow groundwater test wells and private potable wells for the years 2011–2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z. Bradford
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Anders S. Huseth
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Russell L. Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Jiang J, Ma D, Zou N, Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu F, Mu W. Concentrations of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in pollen, nectar and leaves from seed-dressed cotton crops and their potential risk to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:159-167. [PMID: 29524816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) have recently been recognized as co-factors in the decline of honeybee colonies because most neonicotinoids are systemic and can transfer into the pollen and nectar of many pollinated crops. In this study, we collected pollen, nectar and leaves from a cotton crop treated with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam to measure the residue levels of these two NIs at different application doses during the flowering period. Then, the residual data were used to assess the risk posed by the systemic insecticides to honeybees following mandated methods published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and a highly toxic risk to honeybees was highlighted. Imidacloprid was found in both pollen and nectar samples, whereas thiamethoxam was found in 90% of pollen samples and over 60% of nectar samples. Analysis of the pollen and nectar revealed residual amounts of imidacloprid ranging from 1.61 to 64.58 ng g-1 in the pollen and from not detected (ND) to 1.769 ng g-1 in the nectar. By comparison, the thiamethoxam concentrations in pollen and nectar ranged from ND to 14.521 ng g-1 and from ND to 4.285 ng g-1, respectively. The results of this study provide information on the transfer of two NIs from seed treatment to areas of the plant and provides an understanding of the potential exposure of the bee and other pollinators to systemic insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Dicheng Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Nan Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018 Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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46
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Chiaia-Hernandez AC, Keller A, Wächter D, Steinlin C, Camenzuli L, Hollender J, Krauss M. Long-Term Persistence of Pesticides and TPs in Archived Agricultural Soil Samples and Comparison with Pesticide Application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10642-10651. [PMID: 28829578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For polar and more degradable pesticides, not many data on long-term persistence in soil under field conditions and real application practices exist. To assess the persistence of pesticides in soil, a multiple-compound screening method (log Kow 1.7-5.5) was developed based on pressurized liquid extraction, QuEChERS and LC-HRMS. The method was applied to study 80 polar pesticides and >90 transformation products (TPs) in archived topsoil samples from the Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) from 1995 to 2008 with known pesticide application patterns. The results reveal large variations between crop type and field sites. For the majority of the sites 10-15 pesticides were identified with a detection rate of 45% at concentrations between 1 and 330 μg/kgdw in soil. Furthermore, TPs were detected in 47% of the cases where the "parent-compound" was applied. Overall, residues of about 80% of all applied pesticides could be detected with half of these found as TPs with a persistence of more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Keller
- Agroscope, Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wächter
- Agroscope, Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO) , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Steinlin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Louise Camenzuli
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Krauss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) , Leipzig, Germany
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47
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Leiva JA, Nkedi-Kizza P, Morgan KT, Kadyampakeni DM. Imidacloprid transport and sorption nonequilibrium in single and multilayered columns of Immokalee fine sand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183767. [PMID: 28837702 PMCID: PMC5570348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMD) is a neonicotinoid pesticide soil-drenched to many crops to control piercing-sucking insects such as the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Neonicotinoids are persistent in the environment and transport analyses are helpful estimate leaching potential from soils that could result in groundwater pollution. The objective of this study was to analyze IMD breakthrough under saturated water flow in soil columns packed with three horizons (A, E, Bh) of Immokalee Fine Sand (IFS). Also, we used the dimensionless form of the convective-dispersive model (CD-Model) to compare the optimized transport parameters from each column experiment (retardation factor, R; fraction of instantaneous-to-total retardation, β; and mass transfer coefficient, ω) with the parameters obtained from sorption batch equilibria and sorption kinetics. The tracer (Cl-) breakthrough curves (BTCs) were symmetrical and properly described by the CD-Model. IMD BTCs from A, Bh, and multilayered [A+E+Bh] soil columns showed steep fronts and tailing that were well described by the one-site nonequilibrium (OSNE) model, which was an evidence of non-ideal transport due to IMD mass transfer into the soil organic matter. In general, IMD was weakly-sorbed in the A and Bh horizons (R values of 3.72 ± 0.04 and 3.08 ± 0.07, respectively), and almost no retardation was observed in the E horizon (R = 1.20 ± 0.02) due to its low organic matter content (0.3%). Using the HYDRUS-1D package, optimized parameters (R, β, ω) from the individual columns successfully simulated IMD transport in a multilayered column mimicking an IFS soil profile. These column studies and corresponding simulations agreed with previous findings from batch sorption equilibria and kinetics experiments, where IMD showed one-site kinetic mass transfer between soil surfaces and soil solution. Ideally, sandy soils should be maintained unsaturated by crop irrigation systems and rainfall monitoring during and after soil-drench application. The unsaturated soil will increase IMD retardation factors and residence time for plant uptake, lowering leaching potential from soil layers with low sorption capacity, such as the E horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Leiva
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Gainesville, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Nkedi-Kizza
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS), Gainesville, United States of America
| | - Kelly T. Morgan
- UF-IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Immokalee, United States of America
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48
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Matyjaszczyk E. Comparison between Seed and Foliar Treatment as a Tool in Integrated Pest Management. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6081-6086. [PMID: 28686448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A study into doses of seed treatments and foliar plant protection products containing an identical active substance registered to control the same pest in the same crops was carried out in the European Union. The results show that, for fungicides, the use of seed treatment is often connected with a significantly lower release of active substance per hectare when compared to foliar treatments. In 11 of 13 cases, the difference was 8-fold or higher. For insecticides, in most of the cases, the consumption of an active substance was several times higher for seed treatment, in one case for foliar application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Matyjaszczyk
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute , Ulica Władysława Węgorka 20; 60-318 Poznań, Poland
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49
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Meng LS, Xu MK, Li D, Zhou MM, Jiang JH. Soluble Sugar Accumulation Can Influence Seed Size via AN3-YDA Gene Cascade. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4121-4132. [PMID: 28489361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, seed size is central to many aspects in evolutionary fitness and is a crucial agricultural trait. In this study, Arabidopsis an3 (angustifolia3) mutants present with increased seed size. Target-gene analysis revealed that YDA, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, is a target gene of AN3. Indeed, the loss of YDA function decreases seed size. Furthermore, AN3 and YDA mutations both disrupt normal sucrose and glucose contents and cause altered seed size in an3 or yda mutants. With these results, we provide a molecular model in which soluble sugar accumulation might affect seed size regulation via the AN3-YDA gene cascade. Our findings guide the synthesis of a model that predicts the integration of soluble sugar accumulation at AN3 to control the establishment of seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ke Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People's Republic of China
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50
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Valverde S, Ares AM, Bernal JL, Nozal MJ, Bernal J. Simultaneous determination of thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and metazachlor residues in soil by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1083-1090. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valverde
- IU CINQUIMA; Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Valladolid; 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Ana M. Ares
- IU CINQUIMA; Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Valladolid; 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José Luis Bernal
- IU CINQUIMA; Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Valladolid; 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - María Jesús Nozal
- IU CINQUIMA; Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Valladolid; 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José Bernal
- IU CINQUIMA; Analytical Chemistry Group; University of Valladolid; 47011 Valladolid Spain
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