1
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Smith CS, Caneva S. Site-Specific Integration of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Quantum Emitters on 2D DNA Origami Nanopores. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38856705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Optical emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising probes for single-molecule sensing platforms. When engineered in nanoparticle form, they can be integrated as detectors in nanodevices, yet positional control at the nanoscale is lacking. Here we demonstrate the functionalization of DNA origami nanopores with optically active hBN nanoparticles (NPs) with nanometer precision. The NPs are active under three wavelengths of visible illumination and display both stable and blinking emission, enabling their accurate localization by using wide-field optical nanoscopy. Correlative opto-structural characterization reveals deterministic binding of bright, multicolor hBN NPs at the pore rim due to π-π stacking interactions at site-specific locations on the DNA origami. Our work provides a scalable, bottom-up approach toward deterministic assembly of solid-state emitters on arbitrary structural elements based on DNA origami. Such a nanoscale arrangement of optically active components can advance the development of single-molecule platforms, including optical nanopores and nanochannel sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wang
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Carlas S Smith
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Sabina Caneva
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Shi J, Shen Y, Pan F, Sun W, Mangu A, Shi C, McKeown-Green A, Moradifar P, Bawendi MG, Moerner WE, Dionne JA, Liu F, Lindenberg AM. Solution-phase sample-averaged single-particle spectroscopy of quantum emitters with femtosecond resolution. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7. [PMID: 38589542 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of many quantum optical technologies depends on the availability of single quantum emitters with near-perfect coherence. Systematic improvement is limited by a lack of understanding of the microscopic energy flow at the single-emitter level and ultrafast timescales. Here we utilize a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy to capture the sample-averaged dynamics of defects with single-particle sensitivity. We employ this approach to study heterogeneous emitters in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride. From milliseconds to nanoseconds, the translational, shelving, rotational and antibunching features are disentangled in time, which quantifies the normalized two-photon emission quantum yield. Leveraging the femtosecond resolution of this technique, we visualize electron-phonon coupling and discover the acceleration of polaronic formation on multi-electron excitation. Corroborated with theory, this translates to the photon fidelity characterization of cascaded emission efficiency and decoherence time. Our work provides a framework for ultrafast spectroscopy in heterogeneous emitters, opening new avenues of extreme-scale characterization for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yuejun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anudeep Mangu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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3
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Chen CA, Chen PH, Zheng YX, Chen CH, Hsu MK, Hsu KC, Lai YY, Chuu CS, Deng H, Lee YH. Tunable Single-Photon Emission with Wafer-Scale Plasmonic Array. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3395-3403. [PMID: 38359157 PMCID: PMC10958497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Bright, scalable, and deterministic single-photon emission (SPE) is essential for quantum optics, nanophotonics, and optical information systems. Recently, SPE from hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has attracted intense interest because it is optically active and stable at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a tunable quantum emitter array in h-BN at room temperature by integrating a wafer-scale plasmonic array. The transient voltage electrophoretic deposition (EPD) reaction is developed to effectively enhance the filling of single-crystal nanometals in the designed patterns without aggregation, which ensures the fabricated array for tunable performances of these single-photon emitters. An enhancement of ∼500% of the SPE intensity of the h-BN emitter array is observed with a radiative quantum efficiency of up to 20% and a saturated count rate of more than 4.5 × 106 counts/s. These results suggest the integrated h-BN-plasmonic array as a promising platform for scalable and controllable SPE photonics at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-An Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xiang Zheng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Han Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Kai Hsu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Hsu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yu Lai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United
States
| | - Chih-Sung Chuu
- Department
of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui Deng
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2122, United
States
| | - Yi-Hsien Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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4
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Ma J, Zhang J, Horder J, Sukhorukov AA, Toth M, Neshev DN, Aharonovich I. Engineering Quantum Light Sources with Flat Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313589. [PMID: 38477536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum light sources are essential building blocks for many quantum technologies, enabling secure communication, powerful computing, and precise sensing and imaging. Recent advancements have witnessed a significant shift toward the utilization of "flat" optics with thickness at subwavelength scales for the development of quantum light sources. This approach offers notable advantages over conventional bulky counterparts, including compactness, scalability, and improved efficiency, along with added functionalities. This review focuses on the recent advances in leveraging flat optics to generate quantum light sources. Specifically, the generation of entangled photon pairs through spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear metasurfaces, and single photon emission from quantum emitters including quantum dots and color centers in 3D and 2D materials are explored. The review covers theoretical principles, fabrication techniques, and properties of these sources, with particular emphasis on the enhanced generation and engineering of quantum light sources using optical resonances supported by nanostructures. The diverse application range of these sources is discussed and the current challenges and perspectives in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Ma
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jake Horder
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
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5
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Do TTH, Nonahal M, Li C, Valuckas V, Tan HH, Kuznetsov AI, Nguyen HS, Aharonovich I, Ha ST. Room-temperature strong coupling in a single-photon emitter-metasurface system. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2281. [PMID: 38480721 PMCID: PMC10937668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid state single-photon sources with high brightness and long coherence time are promising qubit candidates for modern quantum technology. To prevent decoherence processes and preserve the integrity of the qubits, decoupling the emitters from their surrounding environment is essential. To this end, interfacing single photon emitters (SPEs) with high-finesse cavities is required, especially in the strong coupling regime, when the interaction between emitters can be mediated by cavity fields. However, achieving strong coupling at elevated temperatures is challenging due to competing incoherent processes. Here, we address this long-standing problem by using a quantum system, which comprises a class of SPEs in hexagonal boron nitride and a dielectric cavity based on bound states in the continuum (BIC). We experimentally demonstrate, at room temperature, strong coupling of the system with a large Rabi splitting of ~4 meV thanks to the combination of the narrow linewidth and large oscillator strength of the emitters and the efficient photon trapping of the BIC cavity. Our findings unveil opportunities to advance the fundamental understanding of quantum dynamical system in strong coupling regime and to realise scalable quantum devices capable of operating at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thu Ha Do
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Milad Nonahal
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vytautas Valuckas
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hai Son Nguyen
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, INL, UMR5270, 69130, Ecully, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231, Paris, France.
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
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6
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Liu A, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li Y, Peng X, Li X, Qin Y, Hu C, Qiu Y, Jiang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Tang J, Liu J, Guo H, Deng T, Peng S, Tian H, Ren TL. The Roadmap of 2D Materials and Devices Toward Chips. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38363512 PMCID: PMC10873265 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the constraints imposed by physical effects and performance degradation, silicon-based chip technology is facing certain limitations in sustaining the advancement of Moore's law. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for the post-Moore era, offering significant potential in domains such as integrated circuits and next-generation computing. Here, in this review, the progress of 2D semiconductors in process engineering and various electronic applications are summarized. A careful introduction of material synthesis, transistor engineering focused on device configuration, dielectric engineering, contact engineering, and material integration are given first. Then 2D transistors for certain electronic applications including digital and analog circuits, heterogeneous integration chips, and sensing circuits are discussed. Moreover, several promising applications (artificial intelligence chips and quantum chips) based on specific mechanism devices are introduced. Finally, the challenges for 2D materials encountered in achieving circuit-level or system-level applications are analyzed, and potential development pathways or roadmaps are further speculated and outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Qiu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
- IMECAS-HKUST-Joint Laboratory of Microelectronics, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Luo W, Lawrie BJ, Puretzky AA, Tan Q, Gao H, Lingerfelt DB, Eichman G, Mcgee E, Swan AK, Liang L, Ling X. Imaging Strain-Localized Single-Photon Emitters in Layered GaSe below the Diffraction Limit. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38044592 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale strain control of exciton funneling is an increasingly critical tool for the scalable production of single photon emitters (SPEs) in two-dimensional materials. However, conventional far-field optical microscopies remain constrained in spatial resolution by the diffraction limit and thus can provide only a limited description of nanoscale strain localization of SPEs. Here, we quantify the effects of nanoscale heterogeneous strain on the energy and brightness of GaSe SPEs on nanopillars with correlative cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and atomic force microscopy, supported by density functional theory simulations. We report the strain-localized SPEs have a broad range of emission wavelengths from 620 to 900 nm. We reveal substantial strain-controlled SPE wavelength tunability over a ∼100 nm spectral range and 2 orders of magnitude enhancement in the SPE brightness at the pillar center due to Type-I exciton funneling. In addition, we show that radiative biexciton cascade processes contribute to observed CL photon superbunching. Also, the GaSe SPEs show excellent stability, where their properties remain unchanged after electron beam exposure. We anticipate that this comprehensive study on the nanoscale strain control of two-dimensional SPEs will provide key insights to guide the development of truly deterministic quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Benjamin J Lawrie
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Qishuo Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hongze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - David B Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gage Eichman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Edward Mcgee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Anna K Swan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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8
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Fischer M, Sajid A, Iles-Smith J, Hötger A, Miakota DI, Svendsen MK, Kastl C, Canulescu S, Xiao S, Wubs M, Thygesen KS, Holleitner AW, Stenger N. Combining experiments on luminescent centres in hexagonal boron nitride with the polaron model and ab initio methods towards the identification of their microscopic origin. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14215-14226. [PMID: 37594441 PMCID: PMC10472209 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional material hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) hosts luminescent centres with emission energies of ∼2 eV which exhibit pronounced phonon sidebands. We investigate the microscopic origin of these luminescent centres by combining ab initio calculations with non-perturbative open quantum system theory to study the emission and absorption properties of 26 defect transitions. Comparing the calculated line shapes with experiments we narrow down the microscopic origin to three carbon-based defects: C2CB, C2CN, and VNCB. The theoretical method developed enables us to calculate so-called photoluminescence excitation (PLE) maps, which show excellent agreement with our experiments. The latter resolves higher-order phonon transitions, thereby confirming both the vibronic structure of the optical transition and the phonon-assisted excitation mechanism with a phonon energy ∼170 meV. We believe that the presented experiments and polaron-based method accurately describe luminescent centres in hBN and will help to identify their microscopic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Fischer
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ali Sajid
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lynby, Denmark
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jake Iles-Smith
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Manchester M1 3BB, UK
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Denys I Miakota
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mark K Svendsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lynby, Denmark
| | - Christoph Kastl
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stela Canulescu
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sanshui Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martijn Wubs
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian S Thygesen
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lynby, Denmark
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nicolas Stenger
- Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton - Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Kim SH, Park KH, Lee YG, Kang SJ, Park Y, Kim YD. Color Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2344. [PMID: 37630929 PMCID: PMC10458833 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as an essential material for the encapsulation layer in van der Waals heterostructures and efficient deep ultraviolet optoelectronics. This is primarily due to its remarkable physical properties and ultrawide bandgap (close to 6 eV, and even larger in some cases) properties. Color centers in hBN refer to intrinsic vacancies and extrinsic impurities within the 2D crystal lattice, which result in distinct optical properties in the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (IR) range. Furthermore, each color center in hBN exhibits a unique emission spectrum and possesses various spin properties. These characteristics open up possibilities for the development of next-generation optoelectronics and quantum information applications, including room-temperature single-photon sources and quantum sensors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the atomic configuration, optical and quantum properties, and different techniques employed for the formation of color centers in hBN. A deep understanding of color centers in hBN allows for advances in the development of next-generation UV optoelectronic applications, solid-state quantum technologies, and nanophotonics by harnessing the exceptional capabilities offered by hBN color centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.)
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ho Park
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.)
| | - Young Gie Lee
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.)
| | - Seong Jun Kang
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17101, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongsup Park
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.)
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.)
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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10
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Neumann M, Wei X, Morales-Inostroza L, Song S, Lee SG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Götzinger S, Lee YH. Organic Molecules as Origin of Visible-Range Single Photon Emission from Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Mica. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37276077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of room-temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) hosted by two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D hBN) has sparked intense research interest. Although emitters in the vicinity of 2 eV have been studied extensively, their microscopic identity has remained elusive. The discussion of this class of SPEs has centered on point defects in the hBN crystal lattice, but none of the candidate defect structures have been able to capture the great heterogeneity in emitter properties that is observed experimentally. Employing a widely used sample preparation protocol but disentangling several confounding factors, we demonstrate conclusively that heterogeneous single-photon emission at ∼2 eV associated with hBN originates from organic molecules, presumably aromatic fluorophores. The appearance of those SPEs depends critically on the presence of organic processing residues during sample preparation, and emitters formed during heat treatment are not located within the hBN crystal as previously thought, but at the hBN/substrate interface. We further demonstrate that the same class of SPEs can be observed in a different 2D insulator, fluorophlogopite mica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neumann
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Wei
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seunghyun Song
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cai H, Ru S, Jiang Z, Eng JJH, He R, Li FL, Miao Y, Zúñiga-Pérez J, Gao W. Spin Defects in hBN assisted by Metallic Nanotrenches for Quantum Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37205843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The omnipresence of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in devices embedding two-dimensional materials has prompted it as the most sought after platform to implement quantum sensing due to its testing while operating capability. The negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) in hBN plays a prominent role, as it can be easily generated while its spin population can be initialized and read out by optical means at room-temperature. But the lower quantum yield hinders its widespread use as an integrated quantum sensor. Here, we demonstrate an emission enhancement amounting to 400 by nanotrench arrays compatible with coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrodes employed for spin-state detection. By monitoring the reflectance spectrum of the resonators as additional layers of hBN are transferred, we have optimized the overall hBN/nanotrench optical response, maximizing thereby the luminescence enhancement. Based on these finely tuned heterostructures, we achieved an enhanced DC magnetic field sensitivity as high as 6 × 10-5 T/Hz1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shihao Ru
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhengzhi Jiang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - John Jun Hong Eng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ruihua He
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Fu-Li Li
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- MajuLab, International Research Laboratory IRL 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- MajuLab, International Research Laboratory IRL 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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12
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Ngo GL, Nguyen L, Hermier JP, Lai ND. On-Chip 3D Printing of Polymer Waveguide-Coupled Single-Photon Emitter Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092201. [PMID: 37177347 PMCID: PMC10180566 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of quantum technology, there has been a growing interest in fully integrated systems that employ single photons due to their potential for high performance and scalability. Here, a simple method is demonstrated for creating on-chip 3D printed polymer waveguide-coupled single-photon emitters based on colloidal quantum dots (QDs). By using a simple low-one photon absorption technique, we were able to create a 3D polymeric crossed-arc waveguide structure with a bright QD on top. These waveguides can conduct both excitation laser and emitted single photons, which facilitates the characterization of single-photon signals at different outputs with a conventional confocal scanning system. To optimize the guiding effect of the polymeric waveguide structures, comprehensive 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations were performed. Our method provides a straightforward and cost-effective way to integrate high-performance single-photon sources with on-chip photonic devices, enabling scalable and versatile quantum photonic circuits for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Long Ngo
- LuMIn, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- GEMaC, UVSQ, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Long Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Ngoc Diep Lai
- LuMIn, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Baßler NS, Reitz M, Schmidt KP, Genes C. Linear optical elements based on cooperative subwavelength emitter arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6003-6026. [PMID: 36823868 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe applications of two-dimensional subwavelength quantum emitter arrays as efficient optical elements in the linear regime. For normally incident light, the cooperative optical response, stemming from emitter-emitter dipole exchanges, allows the control of the array's transmission, its resonance frequency, and bandwidth. Operations on fully polarized incident light, such as generic linear and circular polarizers as well as phase retarders can be engineered and described in terms of Jones matrices. Our analytical approach and accompanying numerical simulations identify optimal regimes for such operations and reveal the importance of adjusting the array geometry and of the careful tuning of the external magnetic fields amplitude and direction.
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14
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Preuß JA, Gehring H, Schmidt R, Jin L, Wendland D, Kern J, Pernice WHP, de Vasconcellos SM, Bratschitsch R. Low-Divergence hBN Single-Photon Source with a 3D-Printed Low-Fluorescence Elliptical Polymer Microlens. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:407-413. [PMID: 36445803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently collecting light from single-photon emitters is crucial for photonic quantum technologies. Here, we develop and use an ultralow fluorescence photopolymer to three-dimensionally print micrometer-sized elliptical lenses on individual precharacterized single-photon emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanocrystals, operating in the visible regime. The elliptical lens design beams the light highly efficiently into the far field, rendering bulky objective lenses obsolete. Using back focal plane imaging, we confirm that the emission is collimated to a narrow low-divergence beam with a half width at half-maximum of 2.2°. Using photon correlation measurements, we demonstrate that the single-photon character remains undisturbed by the polymer lens. The strongly directed emission and increased collection efficiency is highly beneficial for quantum optical experiments. Furthermore, our approach paves the way for a highly parallel fiber-based detection of single photons from hBN nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann A Preuß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lin Jin
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendland
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kern
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Michaelis de Vasconcellos
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bratschitsch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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15
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Xu X, Solanki AB, Sychev D, Gao X, Peana S, Baburin AS, Pagadala K, Martin ZO, Chowdhury SN, Chen YP, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Rodionov IA, Kildishev AV, Li T, Upadhyaya P, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Greatly Enhanced Emission from Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Enabled by a Low-Loss Plasmonic Nanocavity. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:25-33. [PMID: 36383034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defect in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with optically addressable spin states has emerged due to its potential use in quantum sensing. Remarkably, VB- preserves its spin coherence when it is implanted at nanometer-scale distances from the hBN surface, potentially enabling ultrathin quantum sensors. However, its low quantum efficiency hinders its practical applications. Studies have reported improving the overall quantum efficiency of VB- defects with plasmonics; however, the overall enhancements of up to 17 times reported to date are relatively modest. Here, we demonstrate much higher emission enhancements of VB- with low-loss nanopatch antennas (NPAs). An overall intensity enhancement of up to 250 times is observed, corresponding to an actual emission enhancement of ∼1685 times by the NPA, along with preserved optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. Our results establish NPA-coupled VB- defects as high-resolution magnetic field sensors and provide a promising approach to obtaining single VB- defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Abhishek B Solanki
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Demid Sychev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Samuel Peana
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Aleksandr S Baburin
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Karthik Pagadala
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Zachariah O Martin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy and Villum Center for Hybrid Quantum Materials and Devices, Aarhus University, 8000Aarhus-C, Denmark
- WPI-AIMR International Research Center for Materials Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Ilya A Rodionov
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow105005, Russia
- Dukhov Automatics Research Institute (VNIIA), Moscow127055, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Pramey Upadhyaya
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute (PQSEI), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
- The Quantum Science Center (QSC), a National Quantum Information Science Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
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16
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Jang J, Jeong M, Lee J, Kim S, Yun H, Rho J. Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low-Dimensional Light-Emitting Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203889. [PMID: 35861661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional light-emitting materials have been actively investigated due to their unprecedented optical and optoelectronic properties that are not observed in their bulk forms. However, the emission from low-dimensional light-emitting materials is generally weak and difficult to use in nanophotonic devices without being amplified and engineered by optical cavities. Along with studies on various planar optical cavities over the last decade, the physics of cavity-emitter interactions as well as various integration methods are investigated deeply. These integrations not only enhance the light-matter interaction of the emitters, but also provide opportunities for realizing nanophotonic devices based on the new physics allowed by low-dimensional emitters. In this review, the fundamentals, strengths and weaknesses of various planar optical resonators are first provided. Then, commonly used low-dimensional light-emitting materials such as 0D emitters (quantum dots and upconversion nanoparticles) and 2D emitters (transition-metal dichalcogenide and hexagonal boron nitride) are discussed. The integration of these emitters and cavities and the expect interplay between them are explained in the following chapters. Finally, a comprehensive discussion and outlook of nanoscale cavity-emitter integrated systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichang Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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17
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Aharonovich I, Tetienne JP, Toth M. Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9227-9235. [PMID: 36413674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a fascinating platform to explore quantum emitters and their applications. Beyond being a wide-bandgap material, it is also a van der Waals crystal, enabling direct exfoliation of atomically thin layers─a combination which offers unique advantages over bulk, 3D crystals. In this Mini Review we discuss the unique properties of hBN quantum emitters and highlight progress toward their future implementation in practical devices. We focus on engineering and integration of the emitters with scalable photonic resonators. We also highlight recently discovered spin defects in hBN and discuss their potential utility for quantum sensing. All in all, hBN has become a front runner in explorations of solid-state quantum science with promising future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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18
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Gan L, Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Sun H, Li Y, Ning CZ. Large-Scale, High-Yield Laser Fabrication of Bright and Pure Single-Photon Emitters at Room Temperature in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14254-14261. [PMID: 35981092 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters (SPEs) play an important role in many optical quantum technologies. However, an efficient large-scale approach to the generation of high-quality SPE arrays remains an elusive goal at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a scalable method of generating SPE arrays in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with high yield, brightness, and purity using single-pulse irradiation by a femtosecond laser. Our use of a single pulse per defect pattern minimized heat-related damages and improved the purity of SPEs compared with the previous laser-based approaches. Under the optimized fabrication and post-treatment conditions, SPE arrays were successfully generated from the 3.0 μm defect patterns with 43% yield, the highest among the 2D-based top-down approaches. Importantly, we found that 100% of the bright defect patterns are SPEs with g2(0) < 0.5 under such conditions, with the lowest g2(0) = 0.06 ± 0.03. Our SPEs also exhibit the highest brightness with the saturation SPE rate at 7.15 million counts per second. We believe that our overall high-quality and large-scale approach will help a wide range of applications of SPEs in on-chip quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiyao Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzhuo Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cun-Zheng Ning
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
- International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Integrated Circuits and Optoelectronic Chips, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
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19
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Klaiss R, Ziegler J, Miller D, Zappitelli K, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Alemán B. Uncovering the morphological effects of high-energy Ga + focused ion beam milling on hBN single-photon emitter fabrication. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques to fabricate complex nanostructures and quantum emitting defects in low dimensional materials for quantum information technologies rely on the patterning capabilities of focused ion beam (FIB) systems. In particular, the ability to pattern arrays of bright and stable room temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) in 2D wide-bandgap insulator hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) via high-energy heavy-ion FIB allows for direct placement of SPEs without structured substrates or polymer-reliant lithography steps. However, the process parameters needed to create hBN SPEs with this technique are dependent on the growth method of the material chosen. Moreover, morphological damage induced by high-energy heavy-ion exposure may further influence the successful creation of SPEs. In this work, we perform atomic force microscopy to characterize the surface morphology of hBN regions patterned by Ga+ FIB to create SPEs at a range of ion doses and find that material swelling, and not milling as expected, is most strongly and positively correlated with the onset of non-zero SPE yields. Furthermore, we simulate vacancy concentration profiles at each of the tested doses and propose a qualitative model to elucidate how Ga+ FIB patterning creates isolated SPEs that is consistent with observed optical and morphological characteristics and is dependent on the consideration of void nucleation and growth from vacancy clusters. Our results provide novel insight into the formation of hBN SPEs created by high-energy heavy-ion milling that can be leveraged for monolithic hBN photonic devices and could be applied to a wide range of low-dimensional solid-state SPE hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Klaiss
- Department of Physics, Material Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Joshua Ziegler
- Department of Physics, Material Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - David Miller
- Department of Physics, Material Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Kara Zappitelli
- Department of Physics, Material Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Benjamín Alemán
- Department of Physics, Material Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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20
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Masson SJ, Asenjo-Garcia A. Universality of Dicke superradiance in arrays of quantum emitters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2285. [PMID: 35477714 PMCID: PMC9046277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicke superradiance is an example of emergence of macroscopic quantum coherence via correlated dissipation. Starting from an initially incoherent state, a collection of excited atoms synchronizes as they decay, generating a macroscopic dipole moment and emitting a short and intense pulse of light. While well understood in cavities, superradiance remains an open problem in extended systems due to the exponential growth of complexity with atom number. Here we show that Dicke superradiance is a universal phenomenon in ordered arrays. We present a theoretical framework – which circumvents the exponential complexity of the problem – that allows us to predict the critical distance beyond which Dicke superradiance disappears. This critical distance is highly dependent on the dimensionality and atom number. Our predictions can be tested in state of the art experiments with arrays of neutral atoms, molecules, and solid-state emitters and pave the way towards understanding the role of many-body decay in quantum simulation, metrology, and lasing. Dicke superradiance is an important collective quantum phenomenon, but its analysis is hindered by the exponential growth of the state space with atom number. Here, the authors develop a theoretical framework that overcomes this, and predict a critical distance below which superradiant decay can be observed in large ordered arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Masson
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Ana Asenjo-Garcia
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
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21
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Pal A, Zhang S, Chavan T, Agashiwala K, Yeh CH, Cao W, Banerjee K. Quantum-Engineered Devices Based on 2D Materials for Next-Generation Information Processing and Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2109894. [PMID: 35468661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an approximation to the quantum state of solids, the band theory, developed nearly seven decades ago, fostered the advance of modern integrated solid-state electronics, one of the most successful technologies in the history of human civilization. Nonetheless, their rapidly growing energy consumption and accompanied environmental issues call for more energy-efficient electronics and optoelectronics, which necessitate the exploration of more advanced quantum mechanical effects, such as band-to-band tunneling, spin-orbit coupling, spin-valley locking, and quantum entanglement. The emerging 2D layered materials, featured by their exotic electrical, magnetic, optical, and structural properties, provide a revolutionary low-dimensional and manufacture-friendly platform (and many more opportunities) to implement these quantum-engineered devices, compared to the traditional electronic materials system. Here, the progress in quantum-engineered devices is reviewed and the opportunities/challenges of exploiting 2D materials are analyzed to highlight their unique quantum properties that enable novel energy-efficient devices, and useful insights to quantum device engineers and 2D-material scientists are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Shuo Zhang
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- College of ISEE, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tanmay Chavan
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kunjesh Agashiwala
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaustav Banerjee
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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22
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Liang C, Sha Y, Huang J, Zhang C, Su S, Li H, Wang G, Liu K, Wang F, Wang H, Luo W, Chen G, Wu T, Xie X, Qian D, Tao H. Oxidizing Hexagonal Boron Nitride into Fluorescent Structures by Photodissociated Directional Oxygen Radical. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3369-3376. [PMID: 35404049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the wide band gap semiconductor hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can bring new chances in photonics. By virtue of the solvothermal/hydrothermal oxidation or functionalization, hBN can be converted into fluorescent nanodots. Until now, it has been a big challenge to drily oxidize hBN and turn it into bright fluorescent structures due to its superior chemical stability. Here, we report the oxidation of multilayer hBN into fluorescent structures by ultraviolet (UV, λ = 172 nm) photodissociated directional oxygen radical [O(3P)] in a gradient magnetic field. The paramagnetic O(3P), produced in a low-pressure O2 atmosphere, drifts toward hBN and then converts it into boron nitride oxide (BNO) micro/nanometer structures constituted by BO, BO2, and O-doped hBN. For a properly oxidized BNO substance, bright and photostable wide-band photoluminescence is realized with nanosecond-scaled lifetimes under the excitation of UV and visible lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Sha
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, China
| | - Shubin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Tianru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
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23
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Yang T, Mendelson N, Li C, Gottscholl A, Scott J, Kianinia M, Dyakonov V, Toth M, Aharonovich I. Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride for strain sensing on nanopillar arrays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5239-5244. [PMID: 35315850 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07919k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has attracted much attention as a platform for studies of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, especially in quantum nanophotonics. Recent efforts have focused on spin defects, specifically negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) centers. Here, we demonstrate a scalable method to enhance the VB- emission using an array of SiO2 nanopillars. We achieve a 4-fold increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and a corresponding 4-fold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) contrast. Furthermore, the VB- ensembles provide useful information about the strain fields associated with the strained hBN at the nanopillar sites. Our results provide an accessible way to increase the emission intensity as well as the ODMR contrast of the VB- defects, while simultaneously form a basis for miniaturized quantum sensors in layered heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieshan Yang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Andreas Gottscholl
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics 6 and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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24
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Glushkov E, Macha M, Räth E, Navikas V, Ronceray N, Cheon CY, Ahmed A, Avsar A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Shorubalko I, Kis A, Fantner G, Radenovic A. Engineering Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Focused Ion Beam and Water. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3695-3703. [PMID: 35254820 PMCID: PMC8945698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a promising material platform for nanophotonics and quantum sensing, hosting optically active defects with exceptional properties such as high brightness and large spectral tuning. However, precise control over deterministic spatial positioning of emitters in hBN remained elusive for a long time, limiting their proper correlative characterization and applications in hybrid devices. Recently, focused ion beam (FIB) systems proved to be useful to engineer several types of spatially defined emitters with various structural and photophysical properties. Here we systematically explore the physical processes leading to the creation of optically active defects in hBN using FIB and find that beam-substrate interaction plays a key role in the formation of defects. These findings are confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, which reveals local mechanical deterioration of the hBN layers and local amorphization of ion beam irradiated hBN. Additionally, we show that, upon exposure to water, amorphized hBN undergoes a structural and optical transition between two defect types with distinctive emission properties. Moreover, using super-resolution optical microscopy combined with atomic force microscopy, we pinpoint the exact location of emitters within the defect sites, confirming the role of defected edges as primary sources of fluorescent emission. This lays the foundation for FIB-assisted engineering of optically active defects in hBN with high spatial and spectral control for applications ranging from integrated photonics, to nanoscale sensing, and to nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Glushkov
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Räth
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Navikas
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheol Yeon Cheon
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aqeel Ahmed
- Laboratory
of Quantum Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Avsar
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of
Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory
for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa−Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Fantner
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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25
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Liu H, Mendelson N, Abidi IH, Li S, Liu Z, Cai Y, Zhang K, You J, Tamtaji M, Wong H, Ding Y, Chen G, Aharonovich I, Luo Z. Rational Control on Quantum Emitter Formation in Carbon-Doped Monolayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3189-3198. [PMID: 34989551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters (SPEs) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are promising candidates for quantum light generation. Despite this, techniques to control the formation of hBN SPEs down to the monolayer limit are yet to be demonstrated. Recent experimental and theoretical investigations have suggested that the visible wavelength single-photon emitters in hBN originate from carbon-related defects. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy for controlling SPE creation during the chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer hBN via regulating surface carbon concentration. By increasing the surface carbon concentration during hBN growth, we observe increases in carbon doping levels by 2.4-fold for B-C bonds and 1.6-fold for N-C bonds. For the same samples, we observe an increase in the SPE density from 0.13 to 0.30 emitters/μm2. Our simple method enables the reliable creation of hBN SPEs in monolayer samples for the first time, opening the door to advanced two-dimensional (2D) quantum state engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Irfan H Abidi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Shaobo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen You
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Mohsen Tamtaji
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hoilun Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Guojie Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, P. R. China
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Zhengtang Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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26
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Mendelson N, Ritika R, Kianinia M, Scott J, Kim S, Fröch JE, Gazzana C, Westerhausen M, Xiao L, Mohajerani SS, Strauf S, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Xu ZQ. Coupling Spin Defects in a Layered Material to Nanoscale Plasmonic Cavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106046. [PMID: 34601757 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride, and specifically the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB - ) centers, are emerging candidates for quantum sensing. However, the VB - defects suffer from low quantum efficiency and, as a result, exhibit weak photoluminescence. In this work, a scalable approach is demonstrated to dramatically enhance the VB - emission by coupling to a plasmonic gap cavity. The plasmonic cavity is composed of a flat gold surface and a silver cube, with few-layer hBN flakes positioned in between. Employing these plasmonic cavities, two orders of magnitude are extracted in photoluminescence enhancement associated with a corresponding twofold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. The work will be pivotal to progress in quantum sensing employing 2D materials, and in realization of nanophotonic devices with spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Mendelson
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Ritika Ritika
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - John Scott
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Camilla Gazzana
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mika Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Licheng Xiao
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Seyed Sepehr Mohajerani
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
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27
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Xu X, Martin ZO, Sychev D, Lagutchev AS, Chen YP, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A. Creating Quantum Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Deterministically on Chip-Compatible Substrates. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8182-8189. [PMID: 34606291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) that hosts room-temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) is promising for quantum information applications. An important step toward the practical application of hBN is the on-demand, position-controlled generation of SPEs. Strategies reported for deterministic creation of hBN SPEs either rely on substrate nanopatterning that is not compatible with integrated photonics or utilize radiation sources that might introduce unpredictable damage or contamination to hBN. Here, we report a radiation- and lithography-free route to deterministically activate hBN SPEs by nanoindentation with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The method applies to hBN flakes on flat silicon dioxide-silicon substrates that can be readily integrated into on-chip photonic devices. The achieved SPE yields are above 30% for multiple indent sizes, and a maximum yield of 36% is demonstrated for indents around 400 nm. Our results mark an important step toward the deterministic creation and integration of hBN SPEs with photonic and plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zachariah O Martin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Demid Sychev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Alexei S Lagutchev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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