1
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Nelli D, Roncaglia C, Ferrando R, Kataya Z, Garreau Y, Coati A, Andreazza-Vignolle C, Andreazza P. Sudden collective atomic rearrangements trigger the growth of defect-free silver icosahedra. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18891-18900. [PMID: 37975176 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Ag clusters on amorphous carbon substrates is studied in situ by X-ray scattering experiments, whose final outcome is imaged by electron microscopy. The real-time analysis of the growth process at room temperature shows the formation of a large majority of icosahedral structures by a shell-by-shell growth mode which produces smooth and nearly defect-free structures. Molecular dynamics simulations supported by ab initio calculations reveal that the shell-by-shell mode is possible because of the occurrence of collective displacements which involve the concerted motion of many atoms of the growing shell. These collective processes are a kind of black swan event, as they occur suddenly and rarely, but their occurrence is decisive for the final outcome of the growth. Annealing and ageing experiments show that the as-grown icosahedra are metastable, in agreement with the energetic stability calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Cesare Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Ferrando
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Zeinab Kataya
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICMN UMR7374, 1b rue de la Férollerie, F-45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Yves Garreau
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme de Merisiers, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques UMR7162, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Coati
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme de Merisiers, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pascal Andreazza
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICMN UMR7374, 1b rue de la Férollerie, F-45071 Orléans, France.
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2
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Chen A, Dissanayake TU, Sun J, Woehl TJ. Unraveling chemical processes during nanoparticle synthesis with liquid phase electron microscopy and correlative techniques. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12830-12846. [PMID: 37807847 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) has enabled unprecedented direct real time imaging of physicochemical processes during solution phase synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. LPTEM primarily provides images of nanometer scale, and sometimes atomic scale, metal nanoparticle crystallization processes, but provides little chemical information about organic surface ligands, metal-ligand complexes and reaction intermediates, and redox reactions. Likewise, complex electron beam-solvent interactions during LPTEM make it challenging to pinpoint the chemical processes, some involving exotic highly reactive radicals, impacting nanoparticle formation. Pairing LPTEM with correlative solution synthesis, ex situ chemical analysis, and theoretical modeling represents a powerful approach to gain a holistic understanding of the chemical processes involved in nanoparticle synthesis. In this feature article, we review recent work by our lab and others that has focused on elucidating chemical processes during nanoparticle synthesis using LPTEM and correlative chemical characterization and modeling, including mass and optical spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, solution chemistry, and reaction kinetic modeling. In particular, we show how these approaches enable investigating redox chemistry during LPTEM, polymeric and organic capping ligands, metal deposition mechanisms on plasmonic nanoparticles, metal clusters and complexes, and multimetallic nanoparticle formation. Future avenues of research are discussed, including moving beyond electron beam induced nanoparticle formation by using light and thermal stimuli during LPTEM. We discuss prospects for real time LPTEM imaging and online chemical analysis of reaction intermediates using microfluidic flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Thilini U Dissanayake
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Taylor J Woehl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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3
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Ivanova P, Drozd M, Michrowski K, Karoń S, Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka M, Pietrzak M. Au-X (X=Pt/Ru)-decorated magnetic nanocubes as bifunctional nanozyme labels in colorimetric, magnetically-enhanced, one-step sandwich CRP immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115511. [PMID: 37429147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Scientific interest in the investigation and application of multifunctional nanomaterials in medical diagnostics has been increasing. The employment of magnetocatalytic immunoconjugates as both analyte-capturing agents and enzyme-like catalytic labels may enable rapid preconcentration and determination of relevant antigens. In this work, we synthesized and comprehensively characterized two types of noble metal-decorated magnetic nanocubes (MDMCs) which were subsequently applied in the one-step, sandwich nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NLISA). Magnetic cores allow for rapid separation from complex samples of biological origin. The catalytically active shell composed of Au-decorated Pt or Ru can effectively mimic the activity of horseradish peroxididase, retaining at the same time the ability to form stable bioconstructs through self-assembly of thiolated ligands. As a result, hybrid multifunctional nanoparticles were synthesized and used to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum samples. We have also paid considerable attention to the mechanistic studies of the formation of sandwich immunocomplexes with nanoparticle labels by means of immunoenzymatic methods and surface plasmon resonance. Analytical parameters of the Pt-MDMCs-labeled NLISA (detection limit LOD = 0.336 ng mL-1, recovery = 98.0%, linear response window covering two logarithmic units) turned out to be superior to the classical, one-step ELISA based on a horseradish peroxidase. In addition, our method offers further possibility of sensitivity adjustment by changing the parameters of magnetic preconcentration, together with good long-term stability of MDMCs conjugates and their good resistance to common interferences. We believe that the proposed simple synthetic protocol will guide a new approach to applying metal-decorated magnetic nanozymes as versatile and multifunctional labels for application in subsequent pre-analytical analyte concentration and immunoassays towards clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Ivanova
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland; Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanisława Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland; Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland; Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanisława Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michrowski
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Karoń
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland; Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanisława Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Ludwika Waryńskiego 1, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pietrzak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland; Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Stanisława Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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5
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Tian J, Sun M, Hong M, Yu B, Li M, Geng Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Chen Q. In situ study of wet chemical etching of ZnO nanowires with different diameters and polar surfaces by LCTEM. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8781-8791. [PMID: 37099151 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how nanomaterials evolve during the etching process is critical in many fields. Herein, the wet chemical etching process of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires is studied in situ in radiolytic water via liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM). The dissolution rate of thin nanowires is constant with reducing diameter, while thick nanowires (with the original diameter being larger than 95 nm) show complicated etching behaviors. The dissolution rate of thick nanowires is constant at the first stage and then increases. Anisotropic etching occurs at both ends of thick nanowires and distinct tips are formed. Different polarities at the two ends of the nanowire lead to differently shaped tips and different tip formation processes. The arrangement of the sidewall cones determines the macroscopic angle of the final tips. The present results are important for understanding liquid phase etching behavior in different dimensions and with different polar ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengyu Hong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bocheng Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Menglan Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhihong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Ma S, Li Y, Cui D, Yang G, Wang L, Ran G. In situ TEM investigation of nucleation and crystallization of hybrid bismuth nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8762-8771. [PMID: 37185584 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite great progress in the non-classical homogeneous nucleation and crystallization theory, the heterogeneous processes of atomic nucleation and crystallization remain poorly understood. Abundant theories and experiments have demonstrated the detailed dynamics of homogeneous nucleation; however, intensive dynamic investigations on heterogeneous nucleation are still rare. In this work, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the atomic scale was carried out with temporal resolution for heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization. The results show a reversible amorphous to crystal phase transformation that is manipulated by the size threshold effect. Moreover, the two growth pathways of Bi particles can be mainly assigned to the atomic adsorption expansion in the amorphous state and effective fusion in the crystal contact process. These interesting findings, based on a real dynamic imaging system, strongly enrich and improve our understanding of the dynamic mechanisms in the non-classical heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization theory, providing insights into designing innovative materials with controlled microstructures and desired physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Ma
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Yipeng Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Dewang Cui
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, No. 201-209 Hubinnan Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
| | - Guang Ran
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen city, Fujian Province, 361002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen 361002, China
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7
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Seifner MS, Hu T, Snellman M, Jacobsson D, Deppert K, Messing ME, Dick KA. Insights into the Synthesis Mechanisms of Ag-Cu 3P-GaP Multicomponent Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7674-7684. [PMID: 37017472 PMCID: PMC10134500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-semiconductor nanoparticle heterostructures are exciting materials for photocatalytic applications. Phase and facet engineering are critical for designing highly efficient catalysts. Therefore, understanding processes occurring during the nanostructure synthesis is crucial to gain control over properties such as the surface and interface facets' orientations, morphology, and crystal structure. However, the characterization of nanostructures after the synthesis makes clarifying their formation mechanisms nontrivial and sometimes even impossible. In this study, we used an environmental transmission electron microscope with an integrated metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system to enlighten fundamental dynamic processes during the Ag-Cu3P-GaP nanoparticle synthesis using Ag-Cu3P seed particles. Our results reveal that the GaP phase nucleated at the Cu3P surface, and growth proceeded via a topotactic reaction involving counter-diffusion of Cu+ and Ga3+ cations. After the initial GaP growth steps, the Ag and Cu3P phases formed specific interfaces with the GaP growth front. GaP growth proceeded by a similar mechanism observed for the nucleation involving the diffusion of Cu atoms through/along the Ag phase toward other regions, followed by the redeposition of Cu3P at a specific Cu3P crystal facet, not in contact with the GaP phase. The Ag phase was essential for this process by acting as a medium enabling the efficient transport of Cu atoms away from and, simultaneously, Ga atoms toward the GaP-Cu3P interface. This study shows that enlightening fundamental processes is critical for progress in synthesizing phase- and facet-engineered multicomponent nanoparticles with tailored properties for specific applications, including catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Seifner
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Snellman
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jacobsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Knut Deppert
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Messing
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimberly A. Dick
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box
118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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8
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Lee S, Schneider NM, Tan SF, Ross FM. Temperature Dependent Nanochemistry and Growth Kinetics Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5609-5619. [PMID: 36881385 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy has become a powerful and increasingly accessible technique for in situ studies of nanoscale processes in liquid and solution phase. Exploring reaction mechanisms in electrochemical or crystal growth processes requires precise control over experimental conditions, with temperature being one of the most critical factors. Here we carry out a series of crystal growth experiments and simulations at different temperatures in the well-studied system of Ag nanocrystal growth driven by the changes in redox environment caused by the electron beam. Liquid cell experiments show strong changes in both morphology and growth rate with temperature. We develop a kinetic model to predict the temperature-dependent solution composition, and we discuss how the combined effect of temperature-dependent chemistry, diffusion, and the balance between nucleation and growth rates affect the morphology. We discuss how this work may provide guidance in interpreting liquid cell TEM and potentially larger-scale synthesis experiments for systems controlled by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Shu Fen Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Abstract
Nucleation and growth are critical steps in crystallization, which plays an important role in determining crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of nucleation and growth is crucial to realize the controllable fabrication of crystalline products with desired and reproducible properties. Based on classical models, the initial crystal nucleus is formed by the spontaneous aggregation of ions, atoms, or molecules, and crystal growth is dependent on the monomer's diffusion and the surface reaction. Recently, numerous in situ investigations on crystallization dynamics have uncovered the existence of nonclassical mechanisms. This review provides a summary and highlights the in situ studies of crystal nucleation and growth, with a particular emphasis on the state-of-the-art research progress since the year 2016, and includes technological advances, atomic-scale observations, substrate- and temperature-dependent nucleation and growth, and the progress achieved in the various materials: metals, alloys, metallic compounds, colloids, and proteins. Finally, the forthcoming opportunities and challenges in this fascinating field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi830011, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Francis Leonard Deepak
- Nanostructured Materials Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre Jose Veiga, 4715-330Braga, Portugal
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10
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Sung J, Bae Y, Park H, Kang S, Choi BK, Kim J, Park J. Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Reliable In Situ Imaging of Nanomaterials. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:167-191. [PMID: 35700529 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-034534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a powerful in situ visualization technique for directly characterizing nanomaterials in the liquid state. Despite its successful application in many fields, several challenges remain in achieving more accurate and reliable observations. We present LPTEM in chemical and biological applications, including studies for the morphological transformation and dynamics of nanoparticles, battery systems, catalysis, biomolecules, and organic systems. We describe the possible interactions and effects of the electron beam on specimens during observation and present sample-specific approaches to mitigate and control these electron-beam effects. We provide recent advances in achieving atomic-level resolution for liquid-phase investigation of structures anddynamics. Moreover, we discuss the development of liquid cell platforms and the introduction of machine-learning data processing for quantitative and objective LPTEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbaek Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Bae
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Back Kyu Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joodeok Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; , , , , , , .,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ye H, Yang F, Sun Y, Wang R. Atom-Resolved Investigation on Dynamic Nucleation and Growth of Platinum Nanocrystals. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200171. [PMID: 35324080 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of nucleation and growth of nanocrystals is crucial for designing and regulating the structure and properties of nanocrystals. However, the process from molecules to nanocrystals remains unclear because of the rapid and complicated dynamics of evolution under reaction conditions. Here, the complete evolution process of solid-phase chloroplatinic acid during the electron beam irradiation triggered reduction and nucleation of platinum nanocrystals is recorded. Aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy is used for direct visualization of the dynamic evolution from H2 PtCl6 to Pt nanocrystals at the atomic scale, including the formation and growth of amorphous clusters, crystallization, and growth of clusters, and the ripening of Pt nanocrystals. At the first two stages, there exists a critical size of ≈2.0 nm, which represents the start of crystallization. Crystallization from the center and density fluctuation are observed in the second stage of the crystallization of a few clusters with a size obviously larger than the critical size. The work provides valuable information to understand the kinetics of the early stage of nanocrystal nucleation and crystallization at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Ye
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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12
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Rodrigues Fiuza TE, Muniz da Silva M, Bettini J, Leite ER. Visualization of the Final Stage of Sintering in Nanoceramics with Atomic Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1978-1985. [PMID: 35225619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The deep understanding of the sintering mechanism is pivotal to optimizing denser ceramics production. Although several models explain the sintering satisfactorily on the micrometric scale, the extrapolation for nanostructured systems is not trivial. Aiming to provide additional information about the particularities of the sintering at the nanoscale, we performed in situ experiments using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We studied the pore elimination process in a ZrO2 thin film and identified a high anisotropic pore elimination. Interestingly, there is a redistribution of the atoms from the rough surface in the solid-gas surface, followed by the atom attachment in a faceted surface. Finally, we found evidence of the pore acting as a pin, reducing the GB mobility. These findings certainly can contribute to enhance the kinetic models to describe the densification process of systems at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlon Muniz da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), CNPEM, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Ambientais e de Tecnologias (CEATEC), Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUCCamp), 13086-900, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), CNPEM, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Roberto Leite
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), CNPEM, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Huang J, Ji L, Li X, Wu X, Qian N, Li J, Yan Y, Yang D, Zhang H. Facile synthesis of PdSn alloy octopods through the Stranski–Krastanov growth mechanism as electrocatalysts towards the ethanol oxidation reaction. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pd72Sn28 octopods synthesized through the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode exhibited remarkably enhanced catalytic performance for the EOR relative to commercial Pd/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningkang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- BTR New Material Group CO., LTD., GuangMing District, Shenzhen 518106, People's Republic of China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Semiconductors, Hangzhou Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
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14
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Sun M, Cheng Z, Chen W, Jones M. Understanding Symmetry Breaking at the Single-Particle Level via the Growth of Tetrahedron-Shaped Nanocrystals from Higher-Symmetry Precursors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15953-15961. [PMID: 34554725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of single crystalline metal nanoparticles adopt shapes in the Oh point group as a consequence of the symmetry of the underlying face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal lattice. Tetrahedra are a notable exception to this rule, and although they have been observed in several syntheses, their growth mechanism, and the symmetry-reduction process that necessarily characterizes it, is poorly understood. Here, a symmetry breaking mechanism is revealed by in situ liquid flow cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of seeded growth in which tetrahedra nanoparticles are formed from higher symmetry seeds. Real-time observation of the growth demonstrates a kinetically driven pathway during which rhombic dodecahedra nanoparticles transition to tetrahedra through tristetrahedra intermediates, with an accompanying surface facet evolution from {110} to {111} via {hhl} (where h > l), respectively. On the basis of these data, we propose a mechanism that relies on a rapid loss of inversion symmetry in the initial stages of the reaction, followed by differential reactivity of tips vs faces under conditions of relatively high supersaturation and moderate ligand concentration. The application of these insights to ex situ synthesis conditions allowed for an improved yield of tetrahedra nanoparticles. This work sheds an important mechanistic light on the crystallographic underpinnings of nanoparticle shape and symmetry transformations and highlights the importance of single-particle characterization tools for monitoring nanoscale phenomena.
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15
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Shi F, Peng J, Li F, Qian N, Shan H, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Deng T, Zhang H, Wu J. Design of Highly Durable Core-Shell Catalysts by Controlling Shell Distribution Guided by In-Situ Corrosion Study. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101511. [PMID: 34346100 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most degradations in electrocatalysis are caused by corrosion in operation, for example the corrosion of the core in a core-shell electrocatalyst during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, according to the in-situ study on nanoscale corrosion kinetics via liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) in the authors' previous work, they sequentially designed an optimized nanocube with the protection of more layers on the corners by adjusting the Pt atom distribution on corners and terraces. This modified nanocube (MNC) is much more corrosion resistant in the in-situ observation. Furthermore, in the practical electrochemical stability testing, the MNC catalyst also showed the best stability performance with the 0.37% and 9.01% loss in specific and mass activity after 30 000 cycles accelerated durability test (ADT). This work also demonstrates that how an in-situ study can guide the design of desired materials with improved properties and build a bridge between in-situ study and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiaheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ningkang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Hydrogen Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Hydrogen Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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16
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Gao W, Elnabawy AO, Hood ZD, Shi Y, Wang X, Roling LT, Pan X, Mavrikakis M, Xia Y, Chi M. Atomistic insights into the nucleation and growth of platinum on palladium nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3215. [PMID: 34078886 PMCID: PMC8173021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the large number of reports on colloidal nanocrystals, very little is known about the mechanistic details in terms of nucleation and growth at the atomistic level. Taking bimetallic core-shell nanocrystals as an example, here we integrate in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy with first-principles calculations to shed light on the atomistic details involved in the nucleation and growth of Pt on Pd cubic seeds. We elucidate the roles played by key synthesis parameters, including capping agent and precursor concentration, in controlling the nucleation site, diffusion path, and growth pattern of the Pt atoms. When the faces of a cubic seed are capped by Br-, Pt atoms preferentially nucleate from corners and then diffuse to edges and faces for the creation of a uniform shell. The diffusion does not occur until the Pt deposited at the corner has reached a threshold thickness. At a high concentration of the precursor, self-nucleation takes place and the Pt clusters then randomly attach to the surface of a seed for the formation of a non-uniform shell. These atomistic insights offer a general guideline for the rational synthesis of nanocrystals with diverse compositions, structures, shapes, and related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed O Elnabawy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zachary D Hood
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yifeng Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luke T Roling
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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17
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Sun M, Tian J, Chen Q. The studies on wet chemical etching via in situ liquid cell TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113271. [PMID: 33879369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wet chemical etching is a widely used process to fabricate fascinating nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles with precisely controlled size and shape. Understanding the etching mechanism and kinetic evolution process is crucial for controlling wet chemical etching. The development of in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) enables the study on wet chemical etching with high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, there still lack a detailed literature review on the wet chemical etching studies by in situ LCTEM. In this review, we summarize the studies on wet etching nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanomaterials and nanoribbons by in situ LCTEM, including etching rate, anisotropic etching, morphology evolution process, and etching mechanism. The challenges and opportunities of in situ LCTEM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiamin Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Wei W, Bai T, Fu R, Sun L, Wang W, Dong M, Chen L, Guo Z, Xu F. Unravelling the shell growth pathways of Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles by in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3136-3143. [PMID: 33523060 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the growth, structure and morphology of core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) is significant for catalytic applications and it can be achieved by adding chemical additives to the synthesis reaction mixture. However, achieving precise control over NP synthesis would require a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NP formation under different chemical conditions, which is quite challenging. Here, using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the overgrowth mechanisms of Ag on Au nanobipyramids (NBPs) are studied in AgNO3 aqueous solution with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. Au-Ag core-shell NPs are formed via two mechanistic modes: (1) atom deposition during which the Ag atoms are deposited directly onto Au NBPs without the addition of poly(vinyl)pyrrolidone (PVP) and (2) nuclei coalescence during which the Ag nanocrystals (NCs) adsorb onto Au NBPs in the presence of PVP. High-resolution imaging reveals the dynamics of the coalescence process of Ag NCs upon addition of PVP. This study helps us to understand the effect of chemical additives during the evolution of a core seed into core-shell NPs with a well-defined composition and shape. It is useful for synthesizing NPs with greater design flexibility and expanding their various technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Bai
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruining Fu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China. and Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wen Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Zhirui Guo
- Lab Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China. and Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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19
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van der Wal LI, Turner SJ, Zečević J. Developments and advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy for catalysis research. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments and advances in in situ TEM have raised the possibility to study every step during the catalysts' lifecycle. This review discusses the current state, opportunities and challenges of in situ TEM in the realm of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars I. van der Wal
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Savannah J. Turner
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Jovana Zečević
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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20
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Shi F, Gao W, Shan H, Li F, Xiong Y, Peng J, Xiang Q, Chen W, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Deng T, Zhu H, Zhang H, Yang D, Pan X, Wu J. Strain-Induced Corrosion Kinetics at Nanoscale Are Revealed in Liquid: Enabling Control of Corrosion Dynamics of Electrocatalysis. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Imaging the kinetics of anisotropic dissolution of bimetallic core-shell nanocubes using graphene liquid cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3041. [PMID: 32546723 PMCID: PMC7297726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical design of multicomponent nanocrystals requires atomic-level understanding of reaction kinetics. Here, we apply single-particle imaging coupled with atomistic simulation to study reaction pathways and rates of Pd@Au and Cu@Au core-shell nanocubes undergoing oxidative dissolution. Quantitative analysis of etching kinetics using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging reveals that the dissolution mechanism changes from predominantly edge-selective to layer-by-layer removal of Au atoms as the reaction progresses. Dissolution of the Au shell slows down when both metals are exposed, which we attribute to galvanic corrosion protection. Morphological transformations are determined by intrinsic anisotropy due to coordination-number-dependent atom removal rates and extrinsic anisotropy induced by the graphene window. Our work demonstrates that bimetallic core-shell nanocrystals are excellent probes for the local physicochemical conditions inside TEM liquid cells. Furthermore, single-particle TEM imaging and atomistic simulation of reaction trajectories can inform future design strategies for compositionally and architecturally sophisticated nanocrystals. Rational design of multicomponent nanocrystals requires atomic-level understanding of reaction kinetics. Here, the authors apply single-particle liquid-cell electron microscopy imaging coupled with atomistic simulations to understand pathways and rates of bimetallic core-shell nanocubes undergoing oxidative dissolution.
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22
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Aliyah K, Lyu J, Goldmann C, Bizien T, Hamon C, Alloyeau D, Constantin D. Real-Time In Situ Observations Reveal a Double Role for Ascorbic Acid in the Anisotropic Growth of Silver on Gold. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2830-2837. [PMID: 32200632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rational nanoparticle design is one of the main goals of materials science, but it can only be achieved via a thorough understanding of the growth process and of the respective roles of the molecular species involved. We demonstrate that a combination of complementary techniques can yield novel information with respect to their individual contributions. We monitored the growth of long aspect ratio silver rods from gold pentatwinned seeds by three in situ techniques (small-angle X-ray scattering, optical extinction spectroscopy and liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy). Exploiting the difference in reaction speed between the bulk synthesis and the nanoparticle formation in the TEM cell, we show that the anisotropic growth is thermodynamically controlled (rather than kinetically) and that ascorbic acid, widely used for its mild reductive properties, plays a shape-directing role, by stabilizing the {100} facets of the silver cubic lattice, in synergy with the halide ions. This approach can easily be applied to a wide variety of synthesis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinanti Aliyah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jieli Lyu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Claire Goldmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Bizien
- SWING beamline, SOLEIL Synchrotron, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cyrille Hamon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris - CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Doru Constantin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
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23
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Electrochemical area of graphene-supported metal nanoparticles from an atomistic approach. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Pu S, Gong C, Robertson AW. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy and its applications. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191204. [PMID: 32218950 PMCID: PMC7029903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been an essential tool for understanding the structure of materials. Over the past couple of decades, this venerable technique has undergone a number of revolutions, such as the development of aberration correction for atomic level imaging, the realization of cryogenic TEM for imaging biological specimens, and new instrumentation permitting the observation of dynamic systems in situ. Research in the latter has rapidly accelerated in recent years, based on a silicon-chip architecture that permits a versatile array of experiments to be performed under the high vacuum of the TEM. Of particular interest is using these silicon chips to enclose fluids safely inside the TEM, allowing us to observe liquid dynamics at the nanoscale. In situ imaging of liquid phase reactions under TEM can greatly enhance our understanding of fundamental processes in fields from electrochemistry to cell biology. Here, we review how in situ TEM experiments of liquids can be performed, with a particular focus on microchip-encapsulated liquid cell TEM. We will cover the basics of the technique, and its strengths and weaknesses with respect to related in situ TEM methods for characterizing liquid systems. We will show how this technique has provided unique insights into nanomaterial synthesis and manipulation, battery science and biological cells. A discussion on the main challenges of the technique, and potential means to mitigate and overcome them, will also be presented.
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25
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Ahmad N, Bon M, Passerone D, Erni R. Template-Assisted in Situ Synthesis of Ag@Au Bimetallic Nanostructures Employing Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13333-13342. [PMID: 31647643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanostructure synthesis via seed-mediated route is a widely adopted strategy for a plethora of nanocrystal systems. Ag@Au core-shell nanostructures are radiolytically grown in real-time using in situ liquid-cell (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. Here we employ a capping agent, dimethyl-amine (DMA) and a coordinating complex, potassium iodide (KI) in an organic solvent (methanol) in order to (1) slow down the reaction kinetics to observe mechanistic insights into the overgrowth process and (2) shift the growth regime from galvanic-replacement mode to direct synthesis mode resulting in the conventional synthesis of Ag@Au core-shell structures. A theoretical approach based on classical simulations complements our experiments, providing further insight on the growth modes. In particular, we focus on the shape evolution and chemical ordering, as currently there is an insufficient understanding regarding mixed composition phases at interfaces of alloys even with well-known miscibilities. Furthermore, the comparison of theoretical and experimental data reveals that the final morphology of these nanoalloys is not simply a function of crystallinity of the underlying seed structure but instead is readily modified by extrinsic parameters such as additives, capping agent, and modulation of surface energies of exposed crystal surfaces by the encapsulating solvent. The impact of these additional parameters is systematically investigated using an empirical approach in light of ab initio simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Ahmad
- Electron Microscopy Center , Empa , Überlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Marta Bon
- Electron Microscopy Center , Empa , Überlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Daniele Passerone
- nanotech@surfaces , Empa , Überlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center , Empa , Überlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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26
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Sung J, Choi BK, Kim B, Kim BH, Kim J, Lee D, Kim S, Kang K, Hyeon T, Park J. Redox-Sensitive Facet Dependency in Etching of Ceria Nanocrystals Directly Observed by Liquid Cell TEM. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18395-18399. [PMID: 31644272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Defining the redox activity of different surface facets of ceria nanocrystals is important for designing an efficient catalyst. Especially in liquid-phase reactions, where surface interactions are complicated, direct investigation in a native environment is required to understand the facet-dependent redox properties. Using liquid cell TEM, we herein observed the etching of ceria-based nanocrystals under the control of redox-governing factors. Direct nanoscale observation reveals facet-dependent etching kinetics, thus identifying the specific facet ({100} for reduction and {111} for oxidation) that governs the overall etching under different chemical conditions. Under each redox condition, the contribution of the predominant facet increases as the etching reactivity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbaek Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Back Kyu Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joodeok Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Research Institute of Advanced Materials , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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27
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Xiang X, Feng S, Chen J, Feng J, Hou Y, Ruan Y, Weng X, Milcovich G. Gold nanoparticles/electrochemically expanded graphite composite: A bifunctional platform toward glucose sensing and SERS applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Kashin AS, Ananikov VP. Monitoring chemical reactions in liquid media using electron microscopy. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Wang ST, Lin Y, Nielsen MH, Song CY, Thomas MR, Spicer CD, Kröger R, Ercius P, Aloni S, Stevens MM. Shape-controlled synthesis and in situ characterisation of anisotropic Au nanomaterials using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16801-16809. [PMID: 31469380 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind crystal nucleation and growth is a fundamental requirement for the design and production of bespoke nanomaterials with controlled sizes and morphologies. Herein, we select gold (Au) nanoparticles as the model system for our study due to their representative applications in biology, electronics and optoelectronics. We investigate the radiation-induced in situ growth of gold (Au) particles using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) and study the growth kinetics of non-spherical Au structures. Under controlled electron fluence, liquid flow rate and Au3+ ion supply, we show the favoured diffusion-limited growth of multi-twinned nascent Au seed particles into branched structures when using thin liquid cells (100 nm and 250 nm) in LCTEM, whereas faceted structures (e.g., spheres, rods, and prisms) formed when using a 1 μm thick liquid cell. In addition, we observed that anisotropic Au growth could be modulated by Au-binding amyloid fibrils, which we ascribe to their capability to regulate Au3+ ion diffusion and mass transfer in solution. We anticipate that this study will provide new perspectives on the shape-controlled synthesis of anisotropic metallic nanomaterials using LCTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Wang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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30
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Su T, Wang ZL, Wang Z. In Situ Observations of Shell Growth and Oxidative Etching Behaviors of Pd Nanoparticles in Solutions by Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900050. [PMID: 30844138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the redox reaction behaviors of Pd nanoparticles in HAuCl4 solutions can be substantially modified by the introduction of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) agents through systematic liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) investigations. The gradual dissolution of Pd nanoparticles is observed when HAuCl4 solution is pumped into liquid flow cells, the etching characteristics of which are depended on both HAuCl4 concentrations and incident electron doses. In comparison, with the presence of CTAB agents, the dominated phenomenon appears to be the precipitation of Au species and incorporation onto the surface of Pd seeds. It is also observed that the rapid growth of Au on Pd seeds occurs by loading Pd and HAuCl4 solutions into static liquid cells. The resultant Au shells exhibit rather sparse structural configurations and are formed possibly by homogeneous nucleation/coalescence of Au species as well as monomer attachments. The observed Au-shell growth instead of Pd dissolution is attributed to the presence of the residual regents, which may be also responsible for the initially already existing small Au adsorptions at the corner/edge sites of Pd seeds. The study provides a useful reference for the convenient fabrication of complex nanostructures and functional nanomaterials in a controllable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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31
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Wong CK, Martin AD, Floetenmeyer M, Parton RG, Stenzel MH, Thordarson P. Faceted polymersomes: a sphere-to-polyhedron shape transformation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2725-2731. [PMID: 30996990 PMCID: PMC6419931 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of "soft" deformable hollow polymeric nanoparticles with complex non-spherical shapes via block copolymer self-assembly remains a challenge. In this work, we show that a perylene-bearing block copolymer can self-assemble into polymeric membrane sacs (polymersomes) that not only possess uncommonly faceted polyhedral shapes but are also intrinsically fluorescent. Here, we further reveal for the first time an experimental visualization of the entire polymersome faceting process. We uncover how our polymersomes facet through a sphere-to-polyhedron shape transformation pathway that is driven by perylene aggregation confined within a topologically spherical polymersome shell. Finally, we illustrate the importance in understanding this shape transformation process by demonstrating our ability to controllably isolate different intermediate polymersome morphologies. The findings presented herein should provide opportunities for those who utilize non-spherical polymersomes for drug delivery, nanoreactor or templating applications, and those who are interested in the fundamental aspects of polymersome self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Adam D Martin
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Australia
| | - Matthias Floetenmeyer
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia . ;
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , Australia
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32
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Chen G, Guo C, Cheng Y, Lu H, Cui J, Hu W, Jiang R, Jiang N. High Density Static Charges Governed Surface Activation for Long-Range Motion and Subsequent Growth of Au Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030328. [PMID: 30823673 PMCID: PMC6473974 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
How a heavily charged metal nanocrystal, and further a dual-nanocrystals system behavior with continuous electron charging? This refers to the electric dynamics in charged particles as well as the crystal growth for real metal particles, but it is still opening in experimental observations and interpretations. To this end, we performed an in-situ electron-beam irradiation study using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on the Au nanocrystals that freely stand on the nitride boron nanotube (BNNT). Au nanocrystalline particles with sizes of 2–4 nm were prepared by a well-controlled sputtering method to stand on the BNNT surface without chemical bonding interactions. Au nanoparticles presented the surface atomic disorder, diffusion phenomena with continuous electron-beam irradiation, and further, the long-range motion that contains mainly the three stages: charging, activation, and adjacence, which are followed by final crystal growth. Firstly, the growth process undergoes the lattice diffusion and subsequently the surface-dominated diffusion mechanism. These abnormal phenomena and observations, which are fundamentally distinct from classic cases and previous reports, are mainly due to the overcharging of Au nanoparticle that produces a surface activation state in terms of high-energy plasma. This work therefore brings about new observations for both a single and dual-nanocrystals system, as well as new insights in understanding the resulting dynamics behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Changjin Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Yao Cheng
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Huanming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Wanbiao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd., Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
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33
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Hauwiller MR, Ondry JC, Chan CM, Khandekar P, Yu J, Alivisatos AP. Gold Nanocrystal Etching as a Means of Probing the Dynamic Chemical Environment in Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4428-4437. [PMID: 30777753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy has the necessary temporal and spatial resolution to enable the in situ observation of nanoscale dynamics in solution. However, the chemistry of the solution in the liquid cell during imaging is as yet poorly understood due to the generation of a complex mixture of radiolysis products by the electron beam. In this work, the etching trajectories of nanocrystals were used as a probe to determine the effect of the electron beam dose rate and preloaded etchant, FeCl3, on the chemistry of the liquid cell. Initially, illuminating the sample at a low electron beam dose rate generates hydrogen bubbles, providing a reservoir of sacrificial reductant. Increasing the electron beam dose rate leads to a constant etching rate that varies linearly with the electron beam dose rate. Comparing these results with the oxidation potentials of the species in solution, the electron beam likely controls the total concentration of oxidative species in solution and FeCl3 likely controls the relative ratio of oxidative species, independently determining the etching rate and chemical potential of the reaction, respectively. Correlating these liquid cell etching results with the ex situ oxidative etching of gold nanocrystals using FeCl3 provides further insight into the liquid cell chemistry while corroborating the liquid cell dynamics with ex situ synthetic behavior. This understanding of the chemistry in the liquid cell will allow researchers to better control the liquid cell electron microscopy environment, allowing new nanoscale materials science experiments to be conducted systematically in a reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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34
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Bhattarai N, Prozorov T. Direct Observation of Early Stages of Growth of Multilayered DNA-Templated Au-Pd-Au Core-Shell Nanoparticles in Liquid Phase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:19. [PMID: 30863747 PMCID: PMC6399153 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here on direct observation of early stages of formation of multilayered bimetallic Au-Pd core-shell nanocubes and Au-Pd-Au core-shell nanostars in liquid phase using low-dose in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) with the continuous flow fluid cell. The reduction of Pd and formation of Au-Pd core-shell is achieved through the flow of the reducing agent. Initial rapid growth of Pd on Au along <111> direction is followed by a slower rearrangement of Pd shell. We propose the mechanism for the DNA-directed shape transformation of Au-Pd core-shell nanocubes to adopt a nanostar-like morphology in the presence of T30 DNA and discuss the observed nanoparticle motion in the confined volume of the fluid cell. The growth of Au shell over Au-Pd nanocube is initiated at the vertices of the nanocubes, leading to the preferential growth of the {111} facets and resulting in formation of nanostar-like particles. While the core-shell nanostructures formed in a fluid cell in situ under the low-dose imaging conditions closely resemble those obtained in solution syntheses, the reaction kinetics in the fluid cell is affected by the radiolysis of liquid reagents induced by the electron beam, altering the rate-determining reaction steps. We discuss details of the growth processes and propose the reaction mechanism in liquid phase in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Prozorov
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, United States
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35
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Chen D, Zhang RH, Hu Q, Guo YF, Chen SN, Zhou XW, Dai ZX. Preparation of core-shell Cu@PdCo nanocatalysts by one-pot seed co-reduction method for electrooxidation of ethanol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Gao W, Tieu P, Addiego C, Ma Y, Wu J, Pan X. Probing the dynamics of nanoparticle formation from a precursor at atomic resolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau9590. [PMID: 30746469 PMCID: PMC6357698 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Control of reduction kinetics and nucleation processes is key in materials synthesis. However, understanding of the reduction dynamics in the initial stages is limited by the difficulty of imaging chemical reactions at the atomic scale; the chemical precursors are prone to reduction by the electron beams needed to achieve atomic resolution. Here, we study the reduction of a solid-state Pt precursor compound in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope by combining low-dose and in situ imaging. The beam-sensitive Pt precursor, K2PtCl4, is imaged at atomic resolution, enabling determination of individual (K, Pt, Cl) atoms. The transformation to Pt nanoclusters is captured in real time, showing a three-stage reaction including the breaking of the ionic bond, formation of PtCl2, and the reduction of the dual-valent Pt to Pt metal. Deciphering the atomic-scale transformation of chemicals in real time using combined low-dose and in situ imaging brings new possibility to study reaction kinetics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peter Tieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Addiego
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yanling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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37
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Deng L, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang L, Li W, Song M, Tang J, Deng H, Xiao S, Hu W. Intrinsic strain-induced segregation in multiply twinned Cu–Pt icosahedra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4802-4809. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06327c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an atomistic simulation study on the compositional arrangements throughout Cu–Pt icosahedra, with a specific focus on the effects of inherent strain on general segregation trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Xunlin Liu
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Mingke Song
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Huiqiu Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Shifang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Wangyu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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38
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Gao W, Hou Y, Hood ZD, Wang X, More K, Wu R, Xia Y, Pan X, Chi M. Direct in Situ Observation and Analysis of the Formation of Palladium Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7004-7013. [PMID: 30288983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing concave-structured nanoparticles (NP) with high-index surfaces offers a viable method to significantly enhance the catalytic activity of NPs. Current approaches for fabricating concave NPs, however, are limited. Exploring novel synthesis methods requires a thorough understanding of the competing mechanisms that contribute to the evolution of surface structures during NP growth. Here, by tracking the evolution of Pd nanocubes into concave NPs at atomic scale using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, our study reveals that concave-structured Pd NPs can be formed by the cointroduction of surface capping agents and halogen ions. These two chemicals jointly create a new surface energy landscape of Pd NPs, leading to the morphological transformation. In particular, Pd atoms dissociate from the {100} surfaces with the aid of Cl- ions and preferentially redeposit to the corners and edges of the nanocubes when the capping agent polyvinylpyrrolidone is introduced, resulting in the formation of concave Pd nanocubes with distinctive high-index facets. Our work not only demonstrates a potential route for synthesizing NPs with well-defined high-index facets but also reveals the detailed atomic-scale kinetics during their formation, providing insight for future predictive synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary D Hood
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Xue Wang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Karren More
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | | | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | | | - Miaofang Chi
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
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39
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Tan SF, Bisht G, Anand U, Bosman M, Yong XE, Mirsaidov U. In Situ Kinetic and Thermodynamic Growth Control of Au-Pd Core-Shell Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11680-11685. [PMID: 30099870 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One-pot wet-chemical synthesis is a simple way to obtain nanoparticles (NPs) with a well-defined shape and composition. However, achieving good control over NP synthesis would require a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NP formation, something that is challenging to obtain experimentally. Here, we study the formation of gold (Au) core-palladium (Pd) shell NPs under kinetically and thermodynamically controlled reaction conditions using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By controlling the reaction temperature, we demonstrate that it is possible to tune the shape of Au nanorods to Au-Pd arrow-headed structures or to cuboidal core-shell NPs. Our in situ studies show that the reaction temperature can switch the Pd shell growth between the kinetically and thermodynamically dominant regimes. The mechanistic insights reported here reveal how the reaction temperature affects the packing of the capping agents and how the facet selection of depositing shell atoms drives the shell formation under different kinetic conditions, which is useful for synthesizing NPs with greater design flexibility in shape and elemental composition for various technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fen Tan
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557
| | - Geeta Bisht
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557
| | - Utkarsh Anand
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557
| | - Michel Bosman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 138634
| | - Xin Ee Yong
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117551.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117557.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117546.,NUSNNI-NanoCore , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117411
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40
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Zheng L, Zhang X, Bustillo KC, Yao Y, Zhao L, Zhu M, Li W, Zheng H. Growth mechanism of core-shell PtNi-Ni nanoparticles using in situ transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11281-11286. [PMID: 29881854 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the growth, morphology and structure of nanocrystals is fundamental to achieving facet dependent physical and chemical properties. Core-shell PtNi-Ni nanoparticles' evolution was investigated using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A two-stage growth of core-shell PtNi-Ni nanoparticles was observed. The platinum (Pt)-based binary alloy was formed initially by a thermodynamically driven process, then grown by a monomer attachment process, and then the core formed and the process was stopped by depletion of the Pt precursor, and finally the nickel (Ni) shell formed. This growth process gives a way to grow a metallic shell for novel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Handan 056038, China.
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41
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Gilroy KD, Yang X, Xie S, Zhao M, Qin D, Xia Y. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals by Replicating the Surface Atomic Structure on the Seed. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706312. [PMID: 29656471 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the surface structure of metal nanocrystals while maximizing the utilization efficiency of the atoms is a subject of great importance. An emerging strategy that has captured the attention of many research groups involves the conformal deposition of one metal as an ultrathin shell (typically 1-6 atomic layers) onto the surface of a seed made of another metal and covered by a set of well-defined facets. This approach forces the deposited metal to faithfully replicate the surface atomic structure of the seed while at the same time serving to minimize the usage of the deposited metal. Here, the recent progress in this area is discussed and analyzed by focusing on the synthetic and mechanistic requisites necessary for achieving surface atomic replication of precious metals. Other related methods are discussed, including the one-pot synthesis, electrochemical deposition, and skin-layer formation through thermal annealing. To close, some of the synergies that arise when the thickness of the deposited shell is decreased controllably down to a few atomic layers are highlighted, along with how the control of thickness can be used to uncover the optimal physicochemical properties necessary for boosting the performance toward a range of catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Gilroy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xuan Yang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuifen Xie
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dong Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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42
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Shan H, Gao W, Xiong Y, Shi F, Yan Y, Ma Y, Shang W, Tao P, Song C, Deng T, Zhang H, Yang D, Pan X, Wu J. Nanoscale kinetics of asymmetrical corrosion in core-shell nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29520056 PMCID: PMC5843659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing new materials and structure to sustain the corrosion during operation requires better understanding on the corrosion dynamics. Observation on how the corrosion proceeds in atomic scale is thus critical. Here, using a liquid cell, we studied the real-time corrosion process of palladium@platinum (Pd@Pt) core-shell nanocubes via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that multiple etching pathways operatively contribute to the morphology evolution during corrosion, including galvanic etching on non-defected sites with slow kinetics and halogen-induced etching at defected sites at faster rates. Corners are the preferential corrosion sites; both etching pathways are mutually restricted during corrosion. Those insights on the interaction of nanostructures with reactive liquid environments can help better engineer the surface structure to improve the stability of electrocatalysts as well as design a new porous structure that may provide more active sites for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yalin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China.,Hydrogen Energy R&D Department, Chemistry & Physics Center, National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing, 102211, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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43
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McDowell MT, Jungjohann KL, Celano U. Dynamic Nanomaterials Phenomena Investigated with in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Nano Letters Virtual Issue. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:657-659. [PMID: 29444554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T McDowell
- G. W. W. School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Katherine L Jungjohann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratory , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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44
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Dynamics of Transformation from Platinum Icosahedral Nanoparticles to Larger FCC Crystal at Millisecond Time Resolution. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17243. [PMID: 29222511 PMCID: PMC5722898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic motion at grain boundaries is essential to microstructure development, growth and stability of catalysts and other nanostructured materials. However, boundary atomic motion is often too fast to observe in a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) and too slow for ultrafast electron microscopy. Here, we report on the entire transformation process of strained Pt icosahedral nanoparticles (ICNPs) into larger FCC crystals, captured at 2.5 ms time resolution using a fast electron camera. Results show slow diffusive dislocation motion at nm/s inside ICNPs and fast surface transformation at μm/s. By characterizing nanoparticle strain, we show that the fast transformation is driven by inhomogeneous surface stress. And interaction with pre-existing defects led to the slowdown of the transformation front inside the nanoparticles. Particle coalescence, assisted by oxygen-induced surface migration at T ≥ 300 °C, also played a critical role. Thus by studying transformation in the Pt ICNPs at high time and spatial resolution, we obtain critical insights into the transformation mechanisms in strained Pt nanoparticles.
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45
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Peng Y, Jin X, Zheng Y, Han D, Liu K, Jiang L. Direct Imaging of Superwetting Behavior on Solid-Liquid-Vapor Triphase Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28869679 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A solid-liquid-vapor interface dominated by a three-phase contact line usually serves as an active area for interfacial reactions and provides a vital clue to surface behavior. Recently, direct imaging of the triphase interface of superwetting interfaces on the microscale/nanoscale has attracted broad scientific attention for both theoretical research and practical applications, and has gradually become an efficient and intuitive approach to explore the wetting behaviors of various multiphase interfaces. Here, recent progress on characterizing the solid-liquid-vapor triphase interface on the microscale/nanoscale with diverse types of imaging apparatus is summarized. Moreover, the accurate, visible, and quantitative information that can be obtained shows the real interfacial morphology of the wetting behaviors of multiphase interfaces. On the basis of fundamental research, technical innovations in imaging and complicated multiphase interfaces of the superwetting surface are also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xu Jin
- Research Institute of Petroleum, Exploration and Development, Petro China, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kesong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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46
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Ge M, Lu M, Chu Y, Xin H. Anomalous Growth Rate of Ag Nanocrystals Revealed by in situ STEM. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16420. [PMID: 29180693 PMCID: PMC5703889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ microscopy of colloidal nanocrystal growth offers a unique opportunity to acquire direct and straightforward data for assessing classical growth models. Here, we observe the growth trajectories of individual Ag nanoparticles in solution using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. For the first time, we provide experimental evidence of growth rates of Ag nanoparticles in the presence of Pt in solution that are significantly faster than predicted by Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory. We attribute these observed anomalous growth rates to the synergistic effects of the catalytic properties of Pt and the electron beam itself. Transiently reduced Pt atoms serve as active sites for Ag ions to grow, thereby playing a key role in controlling the growth kinetics. Electron beam illumination greatly increases the local concentration of free radicals, thereby strongly influencing particle growth rate and the resulting particle morphology. Through a systematic investigation, we demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing these synergistic effects for controlling the growth rates and particle morphologies at the nanoscale. Our findings not only expand the current scope of crystal growth theory, but may also lead to a broader scientific application of nanocrystal synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ming Lu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yong Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Huolin Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has attracted significant interest in recent years. With nanofabricated liquid cells, it has been possible to image through liquids using TEM with subnanometer resolution, and many previously unseen materials dynamics have been revealed. Liquid cell TEM has been applied to many areas of research, ranging from chemistry to physics, materials science, and biology. So far, topics of study include nanoparticle growth and assembly, electrochemical deposition and lithiation for batteries, tracking and manipulation of nanoparticles, catalysis, and imaging of biological materials. In this article, we first review the development of liquid cell TEM and then highlight progress in various areas of research. In the study of nanoparticle growth, the electron beam can serve both as the illumination source for imaging and as the input energy for reactions. However, many other research topics require the control of electron beam effects to minimize electron beam damage. We discuss efforts to understand electron beam-liquid matter interactions. Finally, we provide a perspective on future challenges and opportunities in liquid cell TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Liao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720; .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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48
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Direct observation of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect during galvanic replacement reactions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1224. [PMID: 29089478 PMCID: PMC5663914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galvanic replacement (GR) is a simple and widely used approach to synthesize hollow nanostructures for applications in catalysis, plasmonics, and biomedical research. The reaction is driven by the difference in electrochemical potential between two metals in a solution. However, transient stages of this reaction are not fully understood. Here, we show using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy that silver (Ag) nanocubes become hollow via the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids inside the nanocubes, as they undergo GR with gold (Au) ions at different temperatures. These direct in situ observations indicate that void formation due to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect occurs in conjunction with GR. Although this mechanism has been suggested before, it has not been verified experimentally until now. These experiments can inform future strategies for deriving such nanostructures by providing insights into the structural transformations as a function of Au ion concentration, oxidation state of Au, and temperature. Hollow nanoparticles can be synthesized by galvanic replacement or the Kirkendall effect, which are generally regarded as two separate processes. Here, the authors use liquid TEM to follow the entire galvanic replacement of Ag nanocubes, finding experimental evidence that the Kirkendall effect is a key intermediate stage during hollowing.
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49
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Yin X, Shi M, Wu J, Pan YT, Gray DL, Bertke JA, Yang H. Quantitative Analysis of Different Formation Modes of Platinum Nanocrystals Controlled by Ligand Chemistry. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6146-6150. [PMID: 28873317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined metal nanocrystals play important roles in various fields, such as catalysis, medicine, and nanotechnology. They are often synthesized through kinetically controlled process in colloidal systems that contain metal precursors and surfactant molecules. The chemical functionality of surfactants as coordinating ligands to metal ions however remains a largely unsolved problem in this process. Understanding the metal-ligand complexation and its effect on formation kinetics at the molecular level is challenging but essential to the synthesis design of colloidal nanocrystals. Herein we report that spontaneous ligand replacement and anion exchange control the form of coordinated Pt-ligand intermediates in the system of platinum acetylacetonate [Pt(acac)2], primary aliphatic amine, and carboxylic acid ligands. The formed intermediates govern the formation mode of Pt nanocrystals, leading to either a pseudo two-step or a one-step mechanism by switching on or off an autocatalytic surface growth. This finding shows the importance of metal-ligand complexation at the prenucleation stage and represents a critical step forward for the designed synthesis of nanocrystal-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Miao Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yung-Tin Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Danielle L Gray
- George L. Clark X-ray Facility, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 505 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- George L. Clark X-ray Facility, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 505 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 206 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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50
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Xiong Y, Ma Y, Li J, Huang J, Yan Y, Zhang H, Wu J, Yang D. Strain-induced Stranski-Krastanov growth of Pd@Pt core-shell hexapods and octapods as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11077-11084. [PMID: 28741632 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02638b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocrystals with a branched shape have received great interest as catalysts due to their unique structures and fascinating properties. However, the conventional synthetic approaches based on the island growth mode often lead to the dendritic nanostructures with inhomogeneous and uncontrolled branches. Here precise control over the number of branches has been realized in the deposition of Pt on Pd seeds through the Stranski-Krastanov growth mechanism. Based on such a growth mode, Pd@Pt core-shell hexapods and octapods have been generated by a seeded growth with Pd octahedra and cubes as the seeds, respectively. We found that Pt atoms are initially deposited on the side faces of Pd seeds through a layer-by-layer epitaxial growth in the presence of oleylamine (OAm), leading to a local strain focused at their corners. These strain-concentrated sites promote the subsequent island growth of Pt atoms at the corners of the Pd seeds, resulting in the Pd@Pt core-shell hexapods or octapods. Both the Pd@Pt core-shell hexapods and octapods exhibit the substantially enhanced catalytic properties in terms of activity and stability towards a methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) relative to the commercial Pt/C. Specifically, the Pd@Pt core-shell hexapods show the highest specific (1.97 mA cm-2) activity and mass activity (0.52 mA μgPt-1) for the MOR, which are 5.8 and 2.6 times higher than those of the commercial Pt/C, respectively. This enhancement can probably be attributed to their unique structures and the synergistic effect between Pt and Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, and Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China.
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