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Arun R, Shruthy R, Preetha R, Sreejit V. Biodegradable nano composite reinforced with cellulose nano fiber from coconut industry waste for replacing synthetic plastic food packaging. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132786. [PMID: 34762882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution due to the usage of non-biodegradable synthetic plastic and agro-waste disposal/burning are major issues nowadays. Hence, in the present study, agro-waste (coconut shells) was selected as raw material to synthesize cellulose nanofibers, and it was incorporated into a biodegradable packaging film to enhance its properties. Coconut shell cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were synthesized by a combination of mechanical (ball milling), chemical (acid hydrolysis), and physical (ultra-sonication) methods with an excellent yield of 41.67 ± 1.07%. After each treatment, the crystallinity index was improved, it was 74.38% for the untreated coconut shell powder, and 98.62% for the CNF obtained after ultra-sonication. After chemical treatments, FTIR analysis was done to confirm the removal of non-cellulosic material. The structure and morphology of the nanofiber were concluded from SEM, AFM, TEM, and the size obtained was up to 29 nm. The cellulose nanofibers were then incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer matrix with the linseed oil and lemon oil. The essential oil improved the antioxidant properties of PVA-CNF film, and free radicle scavenging activity was 31.52 ± 0.08% upon the addition of oils. Moreover, PVA-CNF-oil-based composite film showed good antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Hence, it can be used in the preparation of active packaging in the food industry. Similarly, the mechanical and thermal properties of bio nanocomposite film inferred superior quality than neat PVA film. The optical properties of the developed film were on par with polyethylene film. The film also exhibited excellent biodegradability; 87.34 ± 0.91% degradation was obtained on the 45th day. Another major objective of the study was to provide a hydrophobic nature to PVA-based film. It was improved by incorporating essential oil and coconut shell nanofibers; the contact angle measured was 91.3° ± 0.79°. Hence, the prepared bio nanocomposite film is suggested as an alternative material for non-biodegradable food packaging, thereby reducing plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Arun
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, The College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Shruthy
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, The College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Preetha
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, The College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Valiathan Sreejit
- Department of Food Process Engineering, School of Bioengineering, The College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wound coverage by the linen dressing accelerates ulcer healing. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:827-841. [PMID: 34849131 PMCID: PMC8610069 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic ulcers are the main cause of morbidity and mortality, and the incidence of chronic wounds is expected to increase given that people live longer and that there are civil diseases. Aim Much attention in the treatment of wounds concerns a dressing that involves wound cleansing, bacterial balance, exudate management and local tissue in a wound environment. These important elements of the evaluation led to the development of an interactive dressing based entirely on flax raw materials. Material and methods The complete dressing for wound coverage was prepared from plant (flax) row products: seedcakes, oil, fiber. The content of bioactive compounds (qualitatively and quantitatively) was tested using chromatographic techniques, and their biological activity during tests on fibroblast cell cultures (NHDF). As a final step the clinical trial were performed. Results The dressings, which help control the microenvironment, combining with exudate using hydrophilic fibre, controlling the flow of exudate from the wound to the dressing were generated. They stimulate the activity in the healing cascade and accelerate the healing process by combining lignocellulose fibre with higher amounts of phenolic compounds, sterols, cannabidiol and unsaturated fatty acids simultaneously with the 3-hydroxybutyrate polymer. All constituents of linen dressing are natural, originate from two types of the engineered flax plant. Pre-clinical data reveal a reasonable reduction in wound size in patients with chronic leg ulcers treated with a linen dressing. Conclusions For the first time, a successful application of the innovative interactive linen dressing in the treatment of chronic wounds was noted.
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Zuk M, Szperlik J, Szopa J. Linseed Silesia, Diverse Crops for Diverse Diets. New Solutions to Increase Dietary Lipids in Crop Species. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112675. [PMID: 34828956 PMCID: PMC8623773 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to compare the new variety of oil flax (Silesia) with already cultivated varieties in terms of plant productivity, oil content, fatty acid composition and significant secondary metabolites. The analyzed linseed varieties are characterized by low (Linola), medium (Silesia) and high (Szafir) content of omega-3 fatty acids. Special attention was paid to the quality of the oil and the characteristics that determine its stability (reduction of susceptibility to oxidation). A number of antioxidant compounds of secondary metabolism (simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins) were identified in the linseed oils. All of these compounds can affect lipid oxidation by a mechanism that attenuates initiating radicals such as hydroxyl or forms an oxidizing primary product such as peroxides. Chelation of metal ions may also be involved in lipid oxidation. We propose a mechanism that encompasses all these processes and facilitates understanding of the complex relationships between them. The general thesis is that the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a better metabolic state of flaxseed, and thus with a higher nutritional value. In addition, we find a number of specialized secondary metabolites characteristic of the flax studied, which could be useful for chemotaxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
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Bujok J, Miśta D, Wincewicz E, Króliczewska B, Dzimira S, Żuk M. Atherosclerosis Development and Aortic Contractility in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Supplemented with Two Different Flaxseed Varieties. Foods 2021; 10:534. [PMID: 33806676 PMCID: PMC8001360 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is widely regarded as the main beneficial component of flax for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the effect of the transgenic flaxseed W86-which is rich in ALA-on the lipid profile, atherosclerosis progression, and vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to the parental cultivar Linola with a very low ALA content. Rabbits were fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol, 1% cholesterol and 10% flaxseed W86, or 1% cholesterol and 10% Linola flaxseed. A high-cholesterol diet resulted in an elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the control animals. Aortic sections from rabbits fed Linola had lower deposits of foamy cells than those from rabbits fed W86. A potassium-induced and phenylephrine-induced contractile response was enhanced by a high-cholesterol diet and not influenced by the W86 or Linola flaxseed. Pretreatment of the aortic rings with nitro-L-arginine methyl ester resulted in a concentration-dependent tendency to increase the reaction amplitude in the control and high-cholesterol diet groups but not the flaxseed groups. Linola flaxseed with a low ALA content more effectively reduced the atherosclerosis progression compared with the W86 flaxseed with a high concentration of stable ALA. Aorta contractility studies suggested that flaxseed ameliorated an increased contractility in hypercholesterolemia but had little or no impact on NO synthesis in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bujok
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Edyta Wincewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Bożena Króliczewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
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Were our Ancestors Right in Using Flax Dressings? Research on the Properties of Flax Fibre and Its Usefulness in Wound Healing. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1682317. [PMID: 33299521 PMCID: PMC7707976 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1682317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite the wide range of medical dressings available commercially, there is still a search for better biomaterials for use in the treatment of especially difficult-to-heal wounds. For several years, attention has been paid to the use of substances, compounds, and even whole plants in medicine. Flax is a plant that has been used as a dressing for thousands of years. Therefore, we decided to test flax fibres that had previously been genetically modified as a potential wound dressing. Materials and Methods In this study, two modified flax fibres and their combinations were tested on cell lines (mice fibroblast, normal human dermal fibroblast, normal human epidermal keratinocytes, human dermal microvascular endothelial cell, epidermal carcinoma cancer cells, monocyte cells). In the tests, fibres of the traditional flax (Nike) were used as a control. Several experiments were performed to assess cell proliferation and viability, the number of apoptotic cells, the cell cycle, genotoxicity, the level of free oxygen radicals, and determination of the number of cells after 48 hours of incubation of cell cultures with the tested flax fibres. Results The obtained results confirm the positive influence of flax on the used cell lines. Both traditional fibres (Nike) and genetically modified fibres increased the proliferation of fibroblast cells and keratinocytes, reduced the level of free oxygen radicals, and influenced the repair of DNA damage. At the same time, the tested flax fibres did not have a proproliferative effect on the neoplastic cell line. Interestingly, genetic modifications had a stronger impact on the proliferative activity of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and microvascular endothelium compared to the traditional flax fibre used. Conclusions In this study, the positive properties of the tested flax fibres on cell lines were proved. In the next stage, it is worth carrying out in vivo tests of tested genetically modified flax fibres.
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Liang S, Li X, Ma X, Li A, Wang Y, Reaney MJ, Shim YY. A flaxseed heteropolysaccharide stimulates immune responses and inhibits hepatitis B virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:230-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zuk M, Szperlik J, Hnitecka A, Szopa J. Temporal biosynthesis of flavone constituents in flax growth stages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:234-245. [PMID: 31323536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that chalcone synthase (chs) silencing in flax (Linum usitatisimum) induces a signal transduction cascade that leads to extensive modification of plant metabolism. Result presented in the current study, performed on field grown flax plants - (across the whole vegetation period) demonstrates that, in addition to its role in tannin and lignin biosynthesis, the chs gene also participates in the regulation of flavone biosynthesis during plant growth. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides constitute the flavones, the major group of flavonoids in flax. Alterations in their levels correlate with plant growth, peaking at the flower initiation stage. Suppression of chs gene expression causes significant changes in the ratio of flavone constituents at the early stage of flax growth. A significant correlation between flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) gene expression and accumulation of luteolin glycosides has been found, indicating that flavone biosynthesis during flax growth and development is regulated by temporal expression of this gene. The lack of such a correlation between the flavone synthase (FNS) gene and flavone accumulation in the course of plant growth suggests that the main route of flavone biosynthesis is mediated by eriodictyol. This is the first report indicating the ratio of flavone constituents as a potent marker of flax growth stages and temporal expression of F3'H, the key gene of their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland; Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Hnitecka
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland
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Zhang C, Yao X, Ren H, Wang K, Chang J. Isolation and Characterization of Three Chalcone Synthase Genes in Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis). Biomolecules 2019; 9:E236. [PMID: 31216753 PMCID: PMC6627513 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are a group of important plant secondary metabolites that have been proven to possess remarkable antioxidant activity and to be beneficial for human health. Pecan nuts are an excellent source of dietary phenolics. In recent years, many studies have focused on the separation and biochemical analysis of pecan phenolics, but the molecular mechanisms of phenolic metabolism in pecans have not been fully elucidated, which significantly hinders quality breeding research for this plant. Chalcone synthase (CHS) plays crucial roles in phenolic biosynthesis. In this study, three Carya illinoinensisCHSs (CiCHS1, CiCHS2, and CiCHS3), were isolated and analyzed. CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 present high expression levels in different tissues, and they are also highly expressed at the initial developmental stages of kernels in three pecan genotypes. A correlation analysis was performed between the phenolic content and CHSs expression values during kernel development. The results indicated that the expression variations of CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 are significantly related to changes in total phenolic content. Therefore, CiCHSs play crucial roles in phenolic components synthesis in pecan. We believe that the isolation of CiCHSs is helpful for understanding phenolic metabolism in C. illinoinensis, which will improve quality breeding and resistance breeding studies in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huadong Ren
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Króliczewska B, Miśta D, Ziarnik A, Żuk M, Szopa J, Pecka-Kiełb E, Zawadzki W, Króliczewski J. The effects of seed from Linum usitatissimum cultivar with increased phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in a high cholesterol-fed rabbit. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:76. [PMID: 29631590 PMCID: PMC5891892 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fat is considered one of the most important factors associated with blood lipid metabolism and plays a significant role in the cause and prevention of atherosclerosis that has been widely accepted as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of genetically modified flaxseed (W86) rich in phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis rabbit models compared to parental cultivar Linola. Methods Twenty-Eight White New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 months were randomly divided into four groups, control group, high cholesterol group (10 g/kg), Linola flaxseed group (100 g/kg) and W86 flaxseed group (100 g/kg). The rabbits were fed a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Levels of blood lipids, hematological values, total antioxidative status and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were determined. Moreover, body weight and feed intake were measured after sixth and tenth weeks. After each stage of the experiment atherogenic indexes (non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index of plasma) was calculated. Results The intake of a dyslipidaemic diet negatively influenced lipid profile in rabbits at the 10 weeks of feeding. W86 flaxseed significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG serum levels in cholesterolemic rabbits compared with parental Linola after 10 weeks. Atherogenic indexes decreased over time with a significant difference between the diets and they were the best for W86 flaxseed. Similarly, the experimental addition of W86 significantly decreased atherogenic predictors such as heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio. In rabbits, W86 flaxseed increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidative status compared to Linola. Conclusions Results of the presented study suggest that the addition of W86 flaxseed alleviate serum lipid changes in high cholesterolemic diet-administered rabbits. W86 flaxseed significantly reduced atherogenic indexes, as compared with the Linola and indicate that W86 flaxseed more effectively red CVD risk factors during hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, the presented result suggested that W86 flaxseed can be a part of a heart-healthy and antiatherogenic diet for the human. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0726-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Króliczewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Ziarnik
- Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection, Mickiewicza 24, 59-220, Legnica, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pecka-Kiełb
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zawadzki
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Króliczewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland.
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Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction from Flax Shives and Their Effect on Human Fibroblasts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3526392. [PMID: 29292398 PMCID: PMC5674500 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3526392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the most effective technique for extraction of phenolics present in flax shives and to assess their effect on human fibroblasts. Flax shives are by-products of fibre separation, but they were found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds and thus might have application potential. It was found that the optimal procedure for extraction of phenolics was hydrolysis enhanced by the ultrasound with NaOH for 24 h at 65°C and subsequent extraction with ethyl acetate. The influence of the flax shives extract on fibroblast growth and viability was assessed using the MTT and SRB tests. Moreover, the influence of flax shives extract on the extracellular matrix remodelling process was verified. The 20% increase of the viability was observed upon flax shives extract treatment and the decrease of mRNA collagen genes, an increase of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression, and reduction in levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and suppressor of cytokinin signaling 1 mRNA were observed. Alterations in MCP-1 mRNA levels were dependent on flax shives extract concentration. Thus, we suggested the possible application of flax shives extract in the wound healing process.
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Zuk M, Działo M, Richter D, Dymińska L, Matuła J, Kotecki A, Hanuza J, Szopa J. Chalcone Synthase (CHS) Gene Suppression in Flax Leads to Changes in Wall Synthesis and Sensing Genes, Cell Wall Chemistry and Stem Morphology Parameters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:894. [PMID: 27446124 PMCID: PMC4919909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chalcone synthase (CHS) gene controls the first step in the flavonoid biosynthesis. In flax, CHS down-regulation resulted in tannin accumulation and reduction in lignin synthesis, but plant growth was not affected. This suggests that lignin content and thus cell wall characteristics might be modulated through CHS activity. This study investigated the possibility that CHS affects cell wall sensing as well as polymer content and arrangement. CHS-suppressed and thus lignin-reduced plants showed significant changes in expression of genes involved in both synthesis of components and cell wall sensing. This was accompanied by increased levels of cellulose and hemicellulose. CHS-reduced flax also showed significant changes in morphology and arrangement of the cell wall. The stem tissue layers were enlarged averagely twofold compared to the control, and the number of fiber cells more than doubled. The stem morphology changes were accompanied by reduction of the crystallinity index of the cell wall. CHS silencing induces a signal transduction cascade that leads to modification of plant metabolism in a wide range and thus cell wall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry of Plants, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, WroclawPoland
- Linum Foundation, WroclawPoland
- *Correspondence: Magdalena Zuk,
| | - Magdalena Działo
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry of Plants, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, WroclawPoland
| | - Dorota Richter
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, WroclawPoland
| | - Jan Matuła
- Institute of Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Andrzej Kotecki
- Department of Crop Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, WroclawPoland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, WroclawPoland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry of Plants, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, WroclawPoland
- Linum Foundation, WroclawPoland
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, WroclawPoland
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Emulsions Made of Oils from Seeds of GM Flax Protect V79 Cells against Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7510759. [PMID: 26779302 PMCID: PMC4686677 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7510759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and hydrophilic phenolic compounds are components of flax oil that act as antioxidants. We investigated the impact of flax oil from transgenic flax in the form of emulsions on stressed Chinese hamster pulmonary fibroblasts. We found that the emulsions protect V79 cells against the H2O2 and the effect is dose dependent. They reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and protected genomic DNA against damage. The rate of cell proliferation increased upon treatment with the emulsions at a low concentration, while at a high concentration it decreased significantly, accompanied by increased frequency of apoptotic cell death. Expression analysis of selected genes revealed the upregulatory impact of the emulsions on the histones, acetylases, and deacetylases. Expression of apoptotic, proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory genes was also altered. It is thus suggested that flax oil emulsions might be useful as a basis for biomedical products that actively protect cells against inflammation and degeneration. The beneficial effect on fibroblast resistance to oxidative damage was superior in the emulsion made of oil from transgenic plants which was correlated with the quantity of antioxidants and squalene. The emulsions from transgenic flax are promising candidates for skin protection against oxidative damage.
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Kaplan ME, Simmons ER, Hawkins JC, Ruane LG, Carney JM. Influence of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on the fatty acid profile of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2528-2532. [PMID: 25371353 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soil environment can affect not only the quantity of crops produced but also their nutritional quality. We examined the combined effects of below-ground cadmium (0, 5, and 15 ppm) and mycorrhizal fungi (presence and absence) on the concentration of five major fatty acids within flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). RESULTS Plants grown with mycorrhizal fungi produced seeds that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated (18:1, 18:2 and 18:3), but not saturated (16:0 and 18:0) fatty acids. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds were most pronounced when plant roots were exposed to 15 ppm Cd (i.e. the concentrations of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 increased by 169%, 370% and 150%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The pronounced effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids at 15 ppm Cd may have been due to the presence of elevated levels of Cd within seeds. Our results suggest that, once the concentration of cadmium within seeds reaches a certain threshold, this heavy metal may improve the efficiency of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ellen R Simmons
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Jack C Hawkins
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lauren G Ruane
- Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, US
| | - Jeffrey M Carney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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Flax Fiber Hydrophobic Extract Inhibits Human Skin Cells Inflammation and Causes Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix and Wound Closure Activation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:862391. [PMID: 26347154 PMCID: PMC4539444 DOI: 10.1155/2015/862391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the basis of many diseases, with chronic wounds amongst them, limiting cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Our previous preclinical study of flax fiber applied as a wound dressing and analysis of its components impact on the fibroblast transcriptome suggested flax fiber hydrophobic extract use as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing preparation. The extract contains cannabidiol (CBD), phytosterols, and unsaturated fatty acids, showing great promise in wound healing. In in vitro proliferation and wound closure tests the extract activated cell migration and proliferation. The activity of matrix metalloproteinases in skin cells was increased, suggesting activation of extracellular components remodeling. The expression of cytokines was diminished by the extract in a cannabidiol-dependent manner, but β-sitosterol can act synergistically with CBD in inflammation inhibition. Extracellular matrix related genes were also analyzed, considering their importance in further stages of wound healing. The extract activated skin cell matrix remodeling, but the changes were only partially cannabidiol- and β-sitosterol-dependent. The possible role of fatty acids also present in the extract is suggested. The study shows the hydrophobic flax fiber components as wound healing activators, with anti-inflammatory cannabidiol acting in synergy with sterols, and migration and proliferation promoting agents, some of which still require experimental identification.
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Hasiewicz-Derkacz K, Kulma A, Czuj T, Prescha A, Żuk M, Grajzer M, Łukaszewicz M, Szopa J. Natural phenolics greatly increase flax (Linum usitatissimum) oil stability. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:62. [PMID: 26123633 PMCID: PMC4485345 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed oil is characterized by high content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promoted as a human dietary supplement protecting against atherosclerosis. The disadvantage of the high PUFA content in flax oil is high susceptibility to oxidation, which can result in carcinogenic compound formation. Linola flax cultivar is characterized by high linoleic acid content in comparison to traditional flax cultivars rich in linolenic acid. The changes in fatty acid proportions increase oxidative stability of Linola oil and broaden its use as an edible oil for cooking. However one of investigated transgenic lines has high ALA content making it suitable as omega-3 source. Protection of PUFA oxidation is a critical factor in oil quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of phenylpropanoid contents on the oil properties important during the whole technological process from seed storage to grinding and oil pressing, which may influence health benefits as well as shelf-life, and to establish guidelines for the selection of new cultivars. METHODS The composition of oils was determined by chromatographic (GS-FID and LC-PDA-MS) methods. Antioxidant properties of secondary metabolites were analyzed by DPPH method. The stability of oils was investigated: a) during regular storage by measuring acid value peroxide value p-anisidine value malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and trienes; b) by using accelerated rancidity tests by TBARS reaction; c) by thermoanalytical - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS In one approach, in order to increase oil stability, exogenous substances added are mainly lipid soluble antioxidants from the isoprenoid pathway, such as tocopherol and carotene. The other approach is based on transgenic plant generation that accumulates water soluble compounds. Increased accumulation of phenolic compounds in flax seeds was achieved by three different strategies that modify genes coding for enzymes from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The three types of transgenic flax had different phenylpropanoid profiles detected in oil, highly increasing its stability. CONCLUSIONS We found that hydrophilic phenylpropanoids more than lipophilic isoprenoid compounds determine oil stability however they can work synergistically. Among phenolics the caffeic acid was most effective in increasing oil stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Czuj
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Prescha
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Grajzer
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Linum Foundation, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, The Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363, Wrocław, Poland.
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Boba A, Szopa J. Oligonucleotide treatment causes flax β-glucanase up-regulation via changes in gene-body methylation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:261. [PMID: 25287293 PMCID: PMC4209061 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the challenge for biotechnology is to develop tools for agriculture and industry to provide plants characterized by productivity and quality that will satisfy the growing demand for different kinds of natural products. To meet the challenge, the generation and application of genetically modified plants is justified. However, the strong social resistance to genetically modified organisms and restrictive regulations in European Union countries necessitated the development of a new technology for new plant types generation which uses the knowledge resulting from analysis of genetically modified plants to generate favourably altered plants while omitting the introduction of heterologous genes to their genome. Four-year experiments led to the development of a technology inducing heritable epigenetic gene activation without transgenesis. RESULTS The method comprises the induction of changes in methylation/demethylation of the endogenous gene by the plant's treatment with short oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to the coding region. In vitro cultured plants and F3 generation flax plants overproducing the β-1,3-glucanase gene (EMO-βGlu flax) were characterized by up-regulation of β-glucanase and chitinase genes, decreases in the methylation of CCGG sequences in the β-glucanase gene and in total DNA methylation and, more importantly, reasonable resistance against Fusarium infection. In addition, EMO-βGlu flax obtained by this technology showed similar features as those obtained by genetic engineering. CONCLUSION To our best knowledge, this is the first report on plant gene activation by treatment with oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to the coding region of the gene. Apart from the evident effectiveness, the most important issue is that the EMO method allows generation of favourably altered plants, whose cultivation makes the plant producer independent from the complicated procedure of obtaining an agreement on GMO release into the environment and whose products might be more easily introduced to the global market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
- />Wroclaw Research Center EIT+, Stablowicka 147/149, Wroclaw, 54-066 Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
- />Linum Foundation, Stablowicka 147/149, Wroclaw, 54-066 Poland
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Thambugala D, Cloutier S. Fatty acid composition and desaturase gene expression in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). J Appl Genet 2014; 55:423-32. [PMID: 24871199 PMCID: PMC4185102 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between expression levels of fatty acid desaturase genes during seed development and fatty acid (FA) composition in flax. In the present study, we looked at promoter structural variations of six FA desaturase genes and their relative expression throughout seed development. Computational analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the sad1, sad2, fad2a, fad2b, fad3a and fad3b promoters showed several basic transcriptional elements including CAAT and TATA boxes, and several putative target-binding sites for transcription factors, which have been reported to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, the expression patterns throughout seed development of the six FA desaturase genes were measured in six flax genotypes that differed for FA composition but that carried the same desaturase isoforms. FA composition data were determined by phenotyping the field grown genotypes over four years in two environments. All six genes displayed a bell-shaped pattern of expression peaking at 20 or 24 days after anthesis. Sad2 was the most highly expressed. The expression of all six desaturase genes did not differ significantly between genotypes (P = 0.1400), hence there were no correlations between FA desaturase gene expression and variations in FA composition in relatively low, intermediate and high linolenic acid genotypes expressing identical isoforms for all six desaturases. These results provide further clues towards understanding the genetic factors responsible for FA composition in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushika Thambugala
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:86-94. [PMID: 23298962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835cb4f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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