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Agrawal R, Jurel P, Deshmukh R, Harwansh RK, Garg A, Kumar A, Singh S, Guru A, Kumar A, Kumarasamy V. Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Skin Disorders by Herbal Drugs: Traditional and Nanotechnological Approach. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:869. [PMID: 39065566 PMCID: PMC11279890 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the earliest days, people have been employing herbal treatments extensively around the world. The development of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has made it possible to understand the chemical composition and biological properties of a number of medicinal plant products. Due to certain challenges like large molecular weight and low bioavailability, some components of herbal extracts are not utilized for therapeutic purposes. It has been suggested that herbal medicine and nanotechnology can be combined to enhance the benefits of plant extracts by lowering dosage requirements and adverse effects and increasing therapeutic activity. Using nanotechnology, the active ingredient can be delivered in an adequate concentration and transported to the targeted site of action. Conventional therapy does not fulfill these requirements. This review focuses on different skin diseases and nanotechnology-based herbal medicines that have been utilized to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutvi Agrawal
- Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Priyanka Jurel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Ranjit Kumar Harwansh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.J.); (R.D.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Akash Garg
- Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India; (R.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Research and Development Cell, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad 121003, Haryana, India;
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arun Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Liu L, Wu Y, Yun X, Wang X, Li J, Chen L, Lin F, Wang S, Dong T, Song L. UV-barrier poly(lactic acid) film with light-stabilized Eu complexes as filler. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132529. [PMID: 38777010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The poor UV shielding property of PLA limit it further applications on food packaging. The rare-earth complex Eu(DBM)3phen converts absorbed ultraviolet (UV) light to red light, which inspires the development of new UV shielding materials. However, this complex has low photostability and decomposes easily under UV irradiation. Thus, we prepared a long-lasting rare-earth complex transluminant Eu(DBM)2(BP-2)phen by introducing BP-2 into Eu(DBM)3phen, and blended it with PLA to obtain PLA/Eu(DBM)2(BP-2)phen composite films. The test results showed that the complex could reduce the UV transmittance of PLA films by emitting luminescence and heat. The UV transmittance of the composite film with 0.5 % mass fraction decreased from 87.4 % to 7.7 %, compared to pure PLA films, and remained at 11.6 % after 12 days of UV aging. The film had long-lasting UV shielding performance, good transparency and mechanical properties. Finally, In the storage experiments of flaxseed oil, the P/E25 film effectively retarded the oxidation process of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linze Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010010, China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xueyan Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010010, China
| | - Xinkun Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinlei Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Libin Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tungalag Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010010, China.
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Jordão AC, Dos Santos GS, Teixeira TR, Gluzezak AJP, de Souza Azevedo CB, de Castro Pereira K, Tonani L, Gaspar LR, von Zeska Kress MR, Colepicolo P, Debonsi HM. Assessment of the photoprotective potential and structural characterization of secondary metabolites of Antarctic fungus Arthrinium sp. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:35. [PMID: 38141073 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Interest in Antarctic fungi has grown due to their resilience in harsh environments, suggesting the presence of valuable compounds from its organisms, such as those presenting photoprotective potential, since this environment suffers the most dangerous UV exposure in the world. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the photoprotective potential of compounds from sustainable marine sources, specifically seaweed-derived fungi from Antarctic continent. These studies led to discovery of photoprotective and antioxidant properties of metabolites from Arthrinium sp., an endophytic fungus from Antarctic brown algae Phaeurus antarcticus. From crude extract, fractions A-I were obtained and compounds 1-6 isolated from E and F fractions, namely 3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), (-)-orthosporin (2), norlichexanthone (3), anomalin B (4), anomalin A (5), and agonodepside B (6). Compounds 1, 2, and 6 were not previously reported in Arthrinium. Fraction F demonstrated excellent absorbance in both UVA and UVB regions, while compound 6 exhibited lower UVB absorbance, possibly due to synergistic effects. Fraction F and compound 6 displayed photostability and were non-phototoxic to HaCaT cells. They also exhibited antioxidant activity by reducing intracellular ROS production induced by UVA in keratinocyte monolayers and reconstructed human skin models (resulting in 34.6% and 30.2% fluorescence reduction) and did not show irritation potential in HET-CAM assay. Thus, both are promising candidates for use in sunscreens. It is noted that Fraction F does not require further purification, making it advantageous, although clinical studies are necessary to confirm its potential applicability for sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Jordão
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Dos Santos
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University California San Diego, California, CA, USA
| | - Ana Júlia Pasuch Gluzezak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Bechuate de Souza Azevedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina de Castro Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Tonani
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pio Colepicolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hosana Maria Debonsi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Lu Y, Chow MK, Sun J, Tao D, Jin Q, Ren Y, Wang WX, He Y. Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17110-17122. [PMID: 37851929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively released into aquatic environments, where they undergo complex phototransformation. However, there is little knowledge regarding their transformation products (TPs) and associated endocrine disruption potentials. In the present study, we characterized the chemical and toxicological profiles of TPs for two common OUVFs, oxybenzone (BP3) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), by photooxidation under environmentally relevant conditions. It is hypothesized that TPs of the tested OUVFs will show varied estrogenicity at different reaction times. High-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) identified 17 TPs of 7 m/z for BP-3 and 13 TPs of 8 m/z for EHMC at confidence levels ≤2. Five novel TPs of 2 m/z were reported for the first time with structure-diagnostic MS/MS spectra. Estrogenicity assessment using the MCF-7-luc cell line showed discrepant estrogenic activities exhibited by OUVF-TPs over time. Specifically, BP3-TPs exhibited significantly greater estrogenicity than the parent at several reaction times, whereas EHMC-TPs displayed fluctuating estrogenicity with a declining trend. Correlation analysis coupled with molecular docking simulations further suggested several TPs of BP3 as potential endocrine disruptive compounds. These findings underscore the necessity of considering mixtures during chemical testing and risk assessment and highlight the potentially greater risks associated with post-transformation cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Kwan Chow
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Gholap AD, Sayyad SF, Hatvate NT, Dhumal VV, Pardeshi SR, Chavda VP, Vora LK. Drug Delivery Strategies for Avobenzone: A Case Study of Photostabilization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1008. [PMID: 36986867 PMCID: PMC10059943 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several developments and research methods are ongoing in drug technology and chemistry research to elicit effectiveness regarding the therapeutic activity of drugs along with photoprotection for their molecular integrity. The detrimental effect of UV light induces damaged cells and DNA, which leads to skin cancer and other phototoxic effects. The application of sunscreen shields to the skin is important, along with recommended UV filters. Avobenzone is widely used as a UVA filter for skin photoprotection in sunscreen formulations. However, keto-enol tautomerism propagates photodegradation into it, which further channelizes the phototoxic and photoirradiation effects, further limiting its use. Several approaches have been used to counter these issues, including encapsulation, antioxidants, photostabilizers, and quenchers. To seek the gold standard approach for photoprotection in photosensitive drugs, combinations of strategies have been implemented to identify effective and safe sunscreen agents. The stringent regulatory guidelines for sunscreen formulations, along with the availability of limited FDA-approved UV filters, have led many researchers to develop perfect photostabilization strategies for available photostable UV filters, such as avobenzone. From this perspective, the objective of the current review is to summarize the recent literature on drug delivery strategies implemented for the photostabilization of avobenzone that could be useful to frame industrially oriented potential strategies on a large scale to circumvent all possible photounstable issues of avobenzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D. Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadikali F. Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath T. Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vilas V. Dhumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar R. Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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6
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Kim H, Kim D, An YJ. Microplastics enhance the toxicity and phototoxicity of UV filter avobenzone on Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130627. [PMID: 37056007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and ultraviolet (UV) filters cause pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, regulations on the use and discharge of UV filters in personal care products are lacking. Therefore, the combined toxicity of MPs (virgin polystyrene (PS) spheres; size: 200 nm) and avobenzone (AVO; a UV filter) on Daphnia magna were assessed. The exposure groups were AVO, AVO + UV irradiation for 6 h [AVO (UV)], AVO with MPs (Mix), and AVO with MPs + UV irradiation for 6 h [Mix (UV)]. The daphnids were exposed to these treatments for 48 h and observed for an additional 6 h. Energy reserves of all treated groups increased compared to that of the control group. Growth in the Mix group was inhibited despite a high food uptake, and food uptake and growth inhibition were validated in the Mix (UV) group. Additionally, the food uptake of the AVO (UV) and Mix (UV) groups decreased during the recovery period, possibly owing to a decrease in the normal feeding ability resulting from an increase in abnormality. These results indicate that the combined toxicity of MPs+AVO can be exacerbated under natural conditions; the complex toxicity should be considered when assessing aquatic environment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Evaluation of the skin protective effects of niosomal-entrapped annona squamosa against UVA irradiation. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:2231-2241. [PMID: 36030490 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Annona squamosa is a medicinal plant that has been used in folk medicine since antiquity. The goal of this study is to see how effective Annona squamosa leaf extract (A.S.L.E) or its niosomal-entrapped preparation is at protecting skin from UVA irradiation. The prepared niosomal-entrapped A.S.L.E has been characterized via spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy imaging. Furthermore, the entrapment efficiency and in vitro release of A.S.L.E were determined. In this study, ex vivo and freshly prepared samples from the dorsal region of the rats' skin were used as biological samples, which were divided into five groups: control UVA-unexposed, unprotected UVA-exposed, A.S.L.E-protected UVA-exposed, and niosomal-entrapped A.S.L.E UVA-exposed. UVA irradiation was performed by exposing the skin samples to a UVA-producing lamp for 4 h. Samples from various groups were then examined using FTIR spectroscopy, histopathology, and protein electrophoresis methods. The results showed that A.S.L.E has a skin protective effect against UVA irradiation. The niosomal-entrapped A.S.L.E was more effective than the native plant leaf extract in protecting skin from the damaging effects of UVA. Therefore, the nanotechnologically formulated preparation, niosomal-entrapped A.S.L.E, can be used as an effective photoprotector (sunscreen) against the adverse effects of UVA radiation.
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Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Trifero V, Tomaino E, Marconi C, Del Giudice A, Galantini L, Poponi S, Ruggieri A, Saladino R. Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Photoprotective Carriers for Sunscreen Filters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37070-37077. [PMID: 36312404 PMCID: PMC9608391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen filters may be degraded after prolonged UV exposure with loss of their shielding property and generation of harmful radical species. They are contained in cosmetic formulations in high concentrations, so the improvement of photostability is of relevance for safety concerns. We report here that lignin nanoparticles are sustainable carriers and photostabilizers of two common UV chemical filters, namely, avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. These compounds have been encapsulated by nanoprecipitation into kraft lignin nanoparticles using eco-certified dimethyl isosorbide as a primary solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. After the encapsulation, both compounds significantly prolonged the half-life stability against UV irradiation. The stabilizing properties of lignin nanoparticles were further improved by coencapsulation of avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate with hydroxytyrosol, a natural phenol with antioxidant activity recovered from olive oil wastes and characterized by skin regenerative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Trifero
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudia Marconi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Poponi
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruggieri
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
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9
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Sharma RR, Deep A, Abdullah ST. Herbal products as skincare therapeutic agents against ultraviolet radiation-induced skin disorders. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100500. [PMID: 34973886 PMCID: PMC8814387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the pharmacological aspects of listed herbal skincare products used for the treatment of various disorders caused due to ultraviolet radiation. The pharmacological aspects include safety and efficacy validation as per regulatory guidelines following internationally accepted scientific principles for their development of skincare products. Herbal products have always been used traditionally for the treatment of various skin ailments and have become more prevalent because of their safety and high efficacy benefits. The incorporation of synthetic molecules and chemical substances in the different medicinal and pharmaceutical formulations is the leading cause of the dermal toxicity. Therefore, the developments of herbal skincare products containing scientifically validated herbal ingredients have better acceptance, respect, and belief in the society. The listed herbal products in this review can help take forward the commercial development of skincare products for therapeutic as well as beauty care purposes from such plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Rai Sharma
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Sheikh Tasduq Abdullah
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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10
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Holt EL, Rodrigues NDN, Cebrián J, Stavros VG. Determining the photostability of avobenzone in sunscreen formulation models using ultrafast spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24439-24448. [PMID: 34694312 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone is an ultraviolet (UV) filter that is often included in sunscreen formulations despite its lack of photostability. Its inclusion is necessary due to few existing alternatives for photoprotection in the UVA region (320-400 nm). To better understand and predict the photostability of avobenzone, ultrafast transient electronic absorption spectroscopy (TEAS) has been used to study the effects of solvent (including emollients), concentration and skin surface temperature on its excited-state relaxation mechanism, following photoexcitation with UVA radiation (∼350 nm). Subtle differences between the excited-state lifetimes were found between the systems, but the TEAS spectral features were qualitatively the same for all solution and temperature combinations. Alongside TEAS measurements, UV filter/emollient blends containing avobenzone were irradiated using simulated solar light and their degradation tracked using steady-state UV-visible spectroscopy. Sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) assessments were also carried out on representative oil phases (higher concentration blends), which could be used to formulate oil-in-water sunscreens. It was found that there was an apparent concentration dependence on the long-term photoprotective efficacy of these mixtures, which could be linked to the ultrafast photodynamics by the presence of a ground-state bleach offset. This combination of techniques shows potential for correlating long-term behaviours (minutes to hours) of avobenzone with its ultrafast photophysics (femtoseconds to nanoseconds), bridging the gap between fundamental photophysics/photochemistry and commercial sunscreen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natércia D N Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,Lubrizol Life Science Beauty, Calle Isaac Peral, 17 Pol. Ind. Camí Ral, 08850 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Cebrián
- Lubrizol Life Science Beauty, Calle Isaac Peral, 17 Pol. Ind. Camí Ral, 08850 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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11
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Moi S, Hosamani B, Kumar K, Gunaga S, Raghothama S, Gowd KH. Photochemical studies of new synthetic derivatives of avobenzone under sunlight using UV-spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Methoxy-Monobenzoylmethane Protects Human Skin against UV-Induced Damage by Conversion to Avobenzone and Radical Scavenging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206141. [PMID: 34684722 PMCID: PMC8537076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avobenzone, one of the most commonly used UV filters in topical sunscreens, is susceptible to photodegradation with a consequential reduction of its UV absorbing properties. This loss of function may lead to skin irritation, photodermatosis, and photoallergic reactions caused by photodegradation byproducts. In this work, we aim to address this issue with a substance named methoxy-monobenzoylmethane (MeO-MBM), which is neither a UVB nor a UVA filter, but which converts to avobenzone, a known and approved UVA filter, under mainly UVB light irradiation. The antioxidant and intracellular radical formation properties of MeO-MBM were compared to the ones of avobenzone. The UV irradiation of MeO-MBM led to an increase in UV absorption primarily in the UVA range after conversion, both in vitro and in vivo. HPTLC and UHPLC studies illustrate the conversion of MeO-MBM to avobenzone in vitro after irradiation at 250 kJ/m2, reaching a conversion rate of 48.8%. A stable molecular antioxidant activity was observed, since 100-µM MeO-MBM was measured to be 11.2% in the DPPH assay, with a decrease to 9.7% after irradiation. In comparison, the molecular antioxidant activity of 100-µM avobenzone was determined to be 0.8%. In keratinocytes, MeO-MBM reduces the intracellular ROS by 90% and avobenzone by 75% with tBHP as the inducer and by 53% and 57%, respectively, when induced by pyocyanin, indicating the redox scavenging capacity of both these molecules. These results indicate that MeO-MBM functions initially as an antioxidant material and as a photoantioxidant during its conversion process to avobenzone. This research provides insight into the development of active ingredients for topical applications with dynamic functionalities. Using this approach, we demonstrate the possibility to extend the UV protection offered to skin cells while combating cellular stress in parallel.
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13
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Ginzburg AL, Blackburn RS, Santillan C, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Hutchison JE. Zinc oxide-induced changes to sunscreen ingredient efficacy and toxicity under UV irradiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1273-1285. [PMID: 34647278 PMCID: PMC8550398 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreen safety and efficacy is generally evaluated based upon the properties of the individual chemicals in a formulation. However, the photostability of sunscreens has been shown to be highly dependent on the mixture of chemicals present. To better understand how sunscreen formulation influences stability, and to establish a foundation for probing the influence of zinc oxide additives, we formulated five different small-molecule based ultraviolet-filter (UV-filter) mixtures with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 15. These mixtures contained active ingredients approved in either the United States or European Union and were designed to represent formulations of actual products on the market. We evaluated the photostability and toxicity of these mixtures in the absence and presence of zinc oxide after UV exposure for two hours. Changes in UV absorbance were minimal for all five small-molecule-based mixtures without zinc oxide. The presence of either micro- or nano-sized zinc oxide caused significant small-molecule photodegradation and the degraded mixtures exhibited higher levels of toxicity in embryonic zebrafish assays. This study suggests that caution must be taken when formulating sunscreens containing both zinc oxide and small-molecule UV-filters to avoid unintended consequences during use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora L Ginzburg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Richard S Blackburn
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Claudia Santillan
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - James E Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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14
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da Silva ACP, Santos BAMC, Castro HC, Rodrigues CR. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Toxicological effects on marine biota and human concerns. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:73-86. [PMID: 34101210 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) (CAS number: 5466-77-3) and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) (CAS number: 70356-09-1) are important sunscreens. However, frequent application of large amounts of these compounds may reflect serious environmental impact, once it enters the environment through indirect release via wastewater treatment or immediate release during water activities. In this article, we reviewed the toxicological effects of EHMC and BMDM on aquatic ecosystems and the human consequences. According to the literature, EHMC and BMDM have been detected in water samples and sediments worldwide. Consequently, these compounds are also present in several marine organisms like fish, invertebrates, coral reefs, marine mammals, and other species, due to its bioaccumulation potential. Studies show that these chemicals are capable of damaging the aquatic beings in different ways. Further, bioaccumulation studies have shown that EHMC biomagnifies through trophic levels, which makes human seafood consumption a concern because the higher position in the trophic chain, the more elevate levels of ultraviolet (UV) filters are detected, and it is established that EHMC present adverse effects on the human organism. In contrast, there are no studies on the BMDM bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential. Different strategies can be adopted to avoid the damage caused by sunscreens in the environment and human organism. Two of them include the use of natural photoprotectors, such as polyphenols, in association with UV filters in sunscreens and the development of new and safer UV filters. Overall, this review shows the importance of studying the impacts of sunscreens in nature and developing safer sunscreens and formulations to safeguard marine fauna, ecosystems, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C P da Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional (LaPFarSC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca A M C Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional (LaPFarSC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena C Castro
- Laboratório de Antibióticos, Bioquímica, Ensino e Modelagem Molecular (LABiEMol), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR-3D (ModMolQSAR), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos (DEFARMED), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Oh JJ, Kim JY, Son SH, Jung WJ, Kim DH, Seo JW, Kim GH. Fungal melanin as a biocompatible broad-spectrum sunscreen with high antioxidant activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19682-19689. [PMID: 35479243 PMCID: PMC9033651 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is considered a bio-inspired dermo-cosmetic component due to its high UV absorption and antioxidant activity. Among various melanin sources, fungal melanin is a promising candidate for sunscreen because of its sustainability and scalability; however, quantitative assessment of its function has not yet been sufficiently explored. In this study, melanin samples derived from Amorphotheca resinae were prepared, followed by the evaluation of their sunscreen performance, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. Melanin-blended cream was prepared by blending a melanin suspension and a pure cream. The cream showed an in vitro sun protection factor value of 2.5 when the pigment content was 5%. The cream showed a critical wavelength of approximately 388 nm and a UVA/UVB ratio of more than 0.81, satisfying the broad-spectrum sunscreen requirement. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays indicated that fungal melanin had antioxidant activity similar to ascorbic acid but higher than reduced glutathione. Fungal melanin had no statistically significant cytotoxicity to human keratinocyte cell lines until 72 h of exposure, even at a concentration of 4 mg mL-1. Consequently, melanin pigment can be used as a biocompatible broad-spectrum sunscreen with high antioxidant activity and as a practical alternative in dermo-cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Joo Oh
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Jee Young Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Won-Jo Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University Sejong 30019 Korea
| | - Da Hee Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Jin-Woo Seo
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
| | - Gyu-Hyeok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea +82 2 3290 9753 +82 2 3290 3014
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16
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Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:189-244. [PMID: 33721254 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens have now been around for decades to mitigate the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation which, although essential for the existence of life, is a recognized prime carcinogen. Accordingly, have suncreams achieved their intended purposes towards protection against sunburns, skin photo-ageing and the like? Most importantly, however, have they provided the expected protection against skin cancers that current sunscreen products claim to do? In the last two decades, there have been tens, if not hundreds of studies on sunscreens with respect to skin protection against UVB (280‒320 nm)-traditionally sunscreens with rather low sun protection factors (SPF) were intended to protect against this type of radiation-and UVA (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of the last two decades have focused on protection against the more skin-penetrating UVA radiation. This non-exhaustive article reviews some of the important facets of what is currently known about sunscreens with regard (i) to the physical UV filters titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and the mostly photo-unstable chemical UVB/UVA filters (e.g., octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO), among others), (ii) to novel chemical sunscreen agents, (iii) to means that minimize the breakdown of chemical filters and improve their stability when exposed to UV sunlight, (iv) to SPF factors, and (v) to a short discussion on non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Importantly, throughout the article we allude to the safety aspects of sunscreens and at the end ask the question: do active ingredients in sunscreen products pose a risk to human health, and what else can be done to enhance protection? Significant loss of skin protection from two well-known commercial suncreams when exposed to simulated UV sunlight. Cream I: titanium dioxide, ethylhexyl triazone, avobenzone, and octinoxate; Cream II: octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate.
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17
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Song J, Chen S, Zhao X, Cheng J, Ma Y, Ren S, Li S. Simple, green, ultrasound-assisted preparation of novel core-shell microcapsules from octyl methoxycinnamate and oligomeric proanthocyanidins for UV-stable sunscreen. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6374-6382. [PMID: 35423144 PMCID: PMC8694810 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Without sunscreens, UV rays in sunlight cause skin damage, ranging from dark spots and premature aging to skin cancer. Present sunscreens, however, are readily photodegraded, producing highly reactive radicals that can damage cells. To address this problem, we have now used ultrasound to prepare core-shell microcapsules, which offer improved protection against UV light and improved UV stability. The composite microcapsules have oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), which are amphiphilic plant-derived secondary metabolites, as the shell and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), which is a UVB absorber, as the core. The polyphenolic flavonoid structure of OPCs improves the UV stability of OMC and thus avoids the skin damage caused by OMC photodegradation products. In the microcapsules, π-π stacking interactions between OPCs and OMC molecules enhance the ability of OMC to absorb UV radiation and extend the absorption range from the UVB region (280-320 nm) to include the UVA and UVC regions (200-400 nm). The composite microcapsules were shown to be stable on storage and to be non-irritant to human skin. The ultrasound-assisted preparation of OMC/OPCs composite microcapsules is simple, efficient and green and provides a feasible strategy for the development of novel, more effective, sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Junbo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
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18
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Carve M, Nugegoda D, Allinson G, Shimeta J. A systematic review and ecological risk assessment for organic ultraviolet filters in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115894. [PMID: 33120145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are used in a wide range of manufactured products including personal care (e.g. sunscreens) and plastic items. This review summarizes the available data regarding the toxic effects of OUVFs on marine and freshwater organisms and generates the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values necessary for assessing ecological risk. Through a systematic search of the literature, 89 studies were identified and ecotoxicological data extracted. Collectively, these studies described toxicity testing with 39 OUVF from 10 structural classes, with derivatives of benzophenones (49%) and camphors (16%) most studied. There was a bias towards selecting freshwater species (61%), and evaluating single OUVF effects (87%) rather than OUVF mixtures. Short-term (acute) experimentation (58%) was marginally more common than long-term (chronic) testing (42%). Reproductive, developmental, genetic, and neurological toxicity were the most commonly identified effects in aquatic organism, and were associated with molecular interactions with steroid receptors, DNA, or the production of reactive oxygen species. Species sensitivity distribution and/or assessment factors were used to calculate PNECs for 22 OUVFs and the risk quotients for 12 OUVFs. When using maximum concentrations, high risk was observed for six OUVFs in marine environments (4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, octocrylene, padimate-O, benzophenone-1, and oxybenzone, ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate), and for four OUVFs in freshwater environments (ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, avobenzone and oxybenzone). When using median concentrations, a risk to marine environments was observed for oxybenzone. The results of this review underline that there is limited knowledge of the pathological effects of OUVFs and their metabolites in aquatic environments, and this inhibits the development of informed water-quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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19
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Paiva JP, Diniz RR, Leitão AC, Cabral LM, Fortunato RS, Santos BAMC, de Pádula M. Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:707-723. [PMID: 33064037 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1826899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sunlight provides several benefits, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in the development of various skin damages such as erythema, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Despite cells having endogenous defense systems, damaged DNA may not be efficiently repaired at chronic exposure. In this sense, it is necessary to use artificial defense strategies such as sunscreen formulations. UV filters should scatter, reflect, or absorb solar UV radiation in order to prevent direct or indirect DNA lesions. However, the safety of UV filters is a matter of concern due to several controversies reported in literature, such as endocrine alterations, allergies, increased oxidative stress, phototoxic events, among others. Despite these controversies, the way in which sunscreens are tested is essential to ensure safety. Sunscreen regulation includes mandatory test for phototoxicity, but photogenotoxicity testing is not recommended as a part of the standard photosafety testing program. Although available photobiological tests are still the first approach to assess photosafety, they are limited. Some existing tests do not always provide reliable results, mainly due to limitations regarding the nature of the assessed phototoxic effect, cell UV sensitivity, and the irradiation protocols. These aspects bring queries regarding the safety of sunscreen wide use and suggest the demand for the development of robust and efficient in vitro screening tests to overcome the existing limitations. In this way, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has stood out as a promising model to fill the gaps in photobiology and to complete the mandatory tests enabling a more extensive and robust photosafety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Paiva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiane R Diniz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Leitão
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular (Radmol), Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca A M C Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento Farmacêutico e Simulação Computacional (LaPFarSC), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Pádula
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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de Araújo Padilha CE, da Costa Nogueira C, Oliveira Filho MA, de Santana Souza DF, de Oliveira JA, dos Santos ES. Valorization of cashew apple bagasse using acetic acid pretreatment: Production of cellulosic ethanol and lignin for their use as sunscreen ingredients. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Lebedev AT, Bavcon Kralj M, Polyakova OV, Detenchuk EA, Pokryshkin SA, Trebše P. Identification of avobenzone by-products formed by various disinfectants in different types of swimming pool waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105495. [PMID: 32120142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of sunscreens and other cosmetics containing UV filters causes human and environmental burden. Avobenzone is a widely used UV filter. In its pure form it is known to undergo several transformations including photo-isomerisation, photodegradation, and halogenation. Over 60 disinfection by-products were identified as transformation products of avobenzone in different disinfection reactions of chlorination and bromination in fresh and seawater. Two occasional samples of swimming pool water demonstrated the presence of some of these by-products at noticeable levels as judged by GC-MS peak areas. Although the toxicity of the majority of these products remain unknown, chlorinated phenols and acetophenones are known to be rather toxic. Aquatic bromination of avobenzone resulted in the identification of 33 disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many of them contain bromine in the molecular structure. Addition of copper salt slightly decreases conversion rate simultaneously increasing the levels of major brominated products. Photostability of 3 commercial sunscreen products (solar protection factor 30) containing avobenzone was studied under different experimental conditions including UVA/UVB, UVC photostimulation and chlorination. The commercial sunscreen products have completely different enhancing and inhibitory effect on avobenzone degradation under UVC light. The complex composition of commercial products caused also a protective shield in case of chlorinated solutions of commercial formulations exposed to chlorine and UVA/UVB light at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Lebedev
- Chemistry Department, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Russian Federation; Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation.
| | - Mojca Bavcon Kralj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga V Polyakova
- Chemistry Department, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Detenchuk
- Chemistry Department, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Pokryshkin
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, nab. Severnoy Dviny 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Li Q, Qiu J, Liu H, Chen X. A luminescent lyotropic liquid crystal with UV irradiation induced photochromism. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1170-1178. [PMID: 31934710 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02366f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multicolored photoluminescence induced by UV irradiation in soft materials has invaluable potential in display and detection applications. Here, an ionic liquid (ethylammonium nitrate, EAN)-mediated luminescent lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) has been fabricated, where an europium complex with two ligands (Eu(DBM)3BQ, DBM = dibenzoylmethane and BQ = 2,2'-biquinoline) was doped. The obtained LLC exhibited enhanced fluorescence intensity and lifetime compared to those of Eu(DBM)3BQ in EAN solution. Interestingly, the luminescent LLC color from the initial red emission of the complex was changed gradually to green when the UV exposure was extended. Though the DBM ligand displayed the typical photo-degradation, the emission intensity of BQ increased drastically. A mechanism based on an UV-induced trans-to-cis isomerization of BQ was proposed to explain such an unusual luminescence phenomenon. Both the experimental and computational results indicated an intra ligand charge transfer (ILCT) accompanied with the BQ isomerization under continuous UV irradiation, which resulted in the enhanced green light emission. The results obtained here are referable for better understanding the interplay between weak interactions and modulation of novel lanthanide-based photochromism systems under UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrun Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China.
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23
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Wang WH, Liang HT, Yang-Wang YT, Shih CJ. Synthesis of hierarchically mesoporous silica with encapsulated avobenzone as a UV protection filter. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15846-15852. [PMID: 35493675 PMCID: PMC9052382 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01837f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, hierarchically mesoporous silica (HMS) with properties such as high specific surface area, high photostability, and no cellular toxicity was synthesized. The synthesized silica can be considered as an excellent carrier candidate material. Through the use of nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis, the shape of the hysteresis loop implied the presence of mesoporous structures in the HMS powder. In addition, the encapsulation efficiency was more than 90%. These results showed that avobenzone could be encapsulated into the HMS powder because of its high specific surface area and pore volume. Additionally, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-visible (Vis) spectrophotometry were used to prove that the hierarchically mesoporous silica was able to effectively encapsulate avobenzone. In addition, the new synthetic sunscreen kept its excellent UVA absorption properties after being encapsulated. This study provides a preparing method for mesoporous silica to effectively encapsulate with avobenzone.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery
- Changhua Christian Hospital
- Changhua
- Taiwan
- School of Medicine
| | - Hsin-Tung Liang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science
- College of Pharmacy
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Yang-Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science
- College of Pharmacy
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jen Shih
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science
- College of Pharmacy
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
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24
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Sharma A, Kumar A, Li C, Sharma RK, Swihart MT. Microencapsulated UV filter@ZIF-8 based sunscreens for broad spectrum UV protection. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34254-34260. [PMID: 35519040 PMCID: PMC9056713 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of organic UV filters in ZIF-8 nanoparticles produces a safer, more stable, and more effective sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- India
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo (SUNY)
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo (SUNY)
- USA
| | - Changning Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo (SUNY)
- USA
| | | | - Mark T. Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo (SUNY)
- USA
- RENEW Institute
- University at Buffalo (SUNY)
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25
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Duarte J, Almeida I, Costa M, Da Silva E, Faria J, Sousa Lobo J, Costa P, Scalia S. Alginate microparticles as carriers for the UV filter 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐methoxycinnamate: Influence on photostability. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:585-593. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Duarte
- Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Drug Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313Porto Portugal
| | - I.F. Almeida
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE MedTech‐Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313Porto Portugal
| | - M. Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Drug Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313Porto Portugal
| | - E.S. Da Silva
- Faculty of Engineering Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE–LCM) University of Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
| | - J.L. Faria
- Faculty of Engineering Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE–LCM) University of Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
| | - J.M. Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE MedTech‐Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313Porto Portugal
| | - P.C. Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE MedTech‐Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Department of Drug Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 2284050‐313Porto Portugal
| | - S. Scalia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of Ferrara via Luigi Borsari46‐44121Ferrara Italy
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been demonstrated to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and relative symptoms of prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders (sunburn, skin aging, and immunosuppression) through their ability to absorb, reflect, and scatter UV. Many commercial products have recently been manufactured from not only usual organic and inorganic UV filters, but also hybrid and botanical ingredients using typical formulations (emulsion, gel, aerosol, and stick). Particularly, these products have been supplemented with several preeminent properties to protect against the negative effects of not only UVB, but also UVA. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable products to improve sun protection. as well as to avoid the side effects of sunscreen.
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27
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Holt EL, Stavros VG. Applications of ultrafast spectroscopy to sunscreen development, from first principles to complex mixtures. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2019.1663062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Holt
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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28
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Berkey C, Oguchi N, Miyazawa K, Dauskardt R. Role of sunscreen formulation and photostability to protect the biomechanical barrier function of skin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100657. [PMID: 31211250 PMCID: PMC6562193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of sunscreen formulations on the barrier properties of human skin are often overlooked leading to formulations with components whose effects on barrier mechanical integrity are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the relevance of carrier selection and sunscreen photostability when designing sunscreen formulations to protect the biomechanical barrier properties of human stratum corneum (SC) from solar ultraviolet (UV) damage. Biomechanical properties of SC samples were assayed after accelerated UVB damage through measurements of the SC's mechanical stress profile and corneocyte cohesion. A narrowband UVB (305-315 nm) lamp was used to expose SC samples to 5, 30, 125, and 265 J cm-2 in order to magnify damage to the mechanical properties of the tissue and characterize the UV degradation dose response such that effects from smaller UV dosages can be extrapolated. Stresses in the SC decreased when treated with sunscreen components, highlighting their effect on the skin prior to UV exposure. Stresses increased with UVB exposure and in specimens treated with different sunscreens stresses varied dramatically at high UVB dosages. Specimens treated with sunscreen components without UVB exposure exhibited altered corneocyte cohesion. Both sunscreens studied prevented alteration of corneocyte cohesion by low UVB dosages, but differences in protection were observed at higher UVB dosages indicating UV degradation of one sunscreen. These results indicate the protection of individual sunscreen components vary over a range of UVB dosages, and components can even cause alteration of the biomechanical barrier properties of human SC before UV exposure. Therefore, detailed characterization of sunscreen formulation components is required to design robust protection from UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA
| | - Nozomi Oguchi
- Shiseido Co., Ltd, Advanced Technology Research Group, Global Innovation Center, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazawa
- Shiseido Co., Ltd, Advanced Technology Research Group, Global Innovation Center, 2-2-1, Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA
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29
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Ludriksone L, Tittelbach J, Schliemann S, Goetze S, Elsner P. [When sunscreens do not help: allergic contact dermatitis to UV filters]. Hautarzt 2019; 69:941-944. [PMID: 29881890 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters may cause allergic and more frequently photoallergic contact dermatitis. Therefore, a photopach test should always be performed in case of a suspected contact sensitivity to UV filters. We report a case of a 65-year-old woman with a recurrent erythema of the face and décolleté after sun exposure despite application of a sunscreen. The (photo)patch test revealed a contact sensitivity to the UV filter butyl-methoxybenzoylmethane. Treatment with a topical glucocorticoid and avoidance of the particular UV filter led to a rapid improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ludriksone
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland.
| | - J Tittelbach
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Schliemann
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - S Goetze
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
| | - P Elsner
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Deutschland
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30
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Zhang H, Liu X, Fu S, Chen Y. Fabrication of Light-Colored Lignin Microspheres for Developing Natural Sunscreens with Favorable UV Absorbability and Staining Resistance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Shiyu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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31
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Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Piska K, Żelaszczyk D, Koczurkiewicz P, Słoczyńska K, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Krupa A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Żesławska E, Nitek W, Żmudzki P, Marona H, Pękala E. Discovery of Novel UV-Filters with Favorable Safety Profiles in the 5-Arylideneimidazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives Group. Molecules 2019; 24:E2321. [PMID: 31238526 PMCID: PMC6630718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective protection from the harmful effects of UV radiation may be achieved by using sunscreens containing organic or inorganic UV filters. The number of currently available UV filters is limited and some of the allowed molecules possess limitations such as systemic absorption, endocrine disruption properties, contact and photocontact allergy induction, and low photostability. In the search for new organic UV filters we designed and synthesized a series consisting of 5-benzylidene and 5-(3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) derivatives. The photoprotective activity of the tested compounds was confirmed in methanol solutions and macrogol formulations. The most promising compounds possessed similar UV protection parameter values as selected commercially available UV filters. The compound diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-((E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (4g) was characterized as an especially efficient UVA photoprotective agent with a UVA PF of 6.83 ± 0.05 and favorable photostability. Diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (3b) was the most promising UVB-filter, with a SPFin vitro of 3.07 ± 0.04 and very good solubility and photostability. The main photodegradation products were geometric isomers of the parent compounds. These compounds were also shown to be non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on three types of human skin cells and possess no estrogenic activity, according to the results of a MCF-7 breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
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32
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Li SX, Li MF, Bian J, Wu XF, Peng F, Ma MG. Preparation of organic acid lignin submicrometer particle as a natural broad-spectrum photo-protection agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:836-843. [PMID: 30926494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Valorization of lignin by-product is an urgent issue in the context of biorefinery. Lignin is a natural anti-UV active ingredient with great potential applications. In this study, a natural broad-spectrum photo-protection agent was prepared using lignin from organic acid extraction process. The submicrometer particles were prepared by dialysis lignin recovered from the pretreatments with organic acid extraction processes (formic acid, formic acid/hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid/hydrogen peroxide/HCl) and they served as active ingredients in sunblock formulation. The structures of the lignin submicrometer particles were characterized by multiple spectroscopies. The submicrometer particles from organic acid lignin showed high capacities to enhance the sun protection factor values of lotion by 2.80-3.53 at the dosage of 5%, and the lotions containing lignin submicrometer particles had good UV-blocking properties. In addition, the UVA/UVB values (i.e., the ratio of absorbance at UVA to that at UVB) were in the range of 0.69-0.72 for the organic acid lignin submicrometer particles, indicating that they exhibited superior properties. The results indicated that the lignin submicrometer-based lotions with excellent antioxidant and UV protection capacities offered a natural source for sunblock cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Guo Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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33
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Duffy DJ, Martindale MQ. Perspectives on the expansion of human precision oncology and genomic approaches to sea turtle fibropapillomatosis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:54. [PMID: 30775456 PMCID: PMC6367449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent Communications Biology research article revealed the genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis tumors. Fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating tumorous disease afflicting populations of green sea turtles globally. While a virus is involved in the development of this disease, it is increasingly understood that the key trigger is linked to anthropogenic disturbances of the environment. The specific environmental co-trigger(s) has yet to be functionally confirmed. Here we outline the next steps required to advance our understanding of this enigmatic disease, to enable us to more effectively clinically combat it and to ultimately tackle its environmental co-trigger to halt and hopefully reverse the spread of fibropapillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Duffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Mark Q. Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
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34
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Yuan L, Li S, Huo D, Zhou W, Wang X, Bai D, Hu J. Studies on the preparation and photostability of avobenzone and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Govindu PCV, Hosamani B, Moi S, Venkatachalam D, Asha S, John VN, Sandeep V, Gowd KH. Glutathione as a photo-stabilizer of avobenzone: an evaluation under glass-filtered sunlight using UV-spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:198-207. [PMID: 30421772 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone is the most widely used UVA filter in sunscreen lotion and it is prone to degradation in the presence of sunlight/UV radiation. To overcome the photo-instability of avobenzone, various photostabilizers have been used as additives, including antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and ubiquinone. In the present study, the well known antioxidant, glutathione, was evaluated for protecting avobenzone from photodegradation in the presence of glass-filtered sunlight. The features of glutathione as a skin whitener and a radical scavenger in cells have prompted the assessment of the photostabilzing activity of glutathione on avobenzone. Glutathione significantly attenuated the glass-filtered sunlight-induced degradation of avobenzone at equimolar or higher ratios of glutathione and avobenzone. Mutational studies have been undertaken to investigate the role of the thiol group and the isopeptide bond of glutathione on its photoprotection activity towards avobenzone. The thiol group of glutathione plays a vital role in exhibiting the photoprotection activity, which was further supported by the studies on photodegradation of avobonzone in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. The dual role of glutathione as a skin whitening agent and a photostabilizer of avobenzone may be useful for the development of multipurpose cosmetic lotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchada Ch V Govindu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Basavaprabhu Hosamani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Smriti Moi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dhananjeyan Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sabreddy Asha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
| | - Varun N John
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sandeep
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Konkallu Hanumae Gowd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi-585367, Karnataka, India.
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36
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Qiu X, Li Y, Qian Y, Wang J, Zhu S. Long-Acting and Safe Sunscreens with Ultrahigh Sun Protection Factor via Natural Lignin Encapsulation and Synergy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1276-1285. [PMID: 34996231 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 47L, Canada
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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37
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Hahn U, Maisonhaute E, Nierengarten J. Twisted N‐Doped Nano‐Graphenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10635-10639. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA—UMR 7042)Ecole Européenne de ChimiePolymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean‐François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA—UMR 7042)Ecole Européenne de ChimiePolymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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38
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Hahn U, Maisonhaute E, Nierengarten J. Twisted N‐Doped Nano‐Graphenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA—UMR 7042)Ecole Européenne de ChimiePolymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean‐François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA—UMR 7042)Ecole Européenne de ChimiePolymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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39
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Absorption and Photo-Stability of Substituted Dibenzoylmethanes and Chalcones as UVA Filters. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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40
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Kawakami CM, Máximo LNC, Fontanezi BB, da Silva RS, Gaspar LR. Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) as additive to the UV filter avobenzone in cosmetic sunscreen formulations - Evaluation of the photochemical behavior and photostabilizing effect. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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Liu Z, Qie R, Li W, Hong N, Li Y, Li C, Wang R, Shi Y, Guo X, Jia X. Preparation of avermectin microcapsules with anti-photodegradation and slow-release by the assembly of lignin derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03795j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strategy for affording stability and the slow-release of avermectin based on self-assembly of lignin derivatives is described.
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42
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Chaudhuri RK, Ollengo MA, Singh P, Martincigh BS. 3‐(3,4,5‐Trimethoxybenzylidene)‐2,4‐pentanedione: Design of a novel photostabilizer with
in vivo
SPF boosting properties and its use in developing broad‐spectrum sunscreen formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:25-35. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. A. Ollengo
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - P. Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - B. S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
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43
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Wang C, Zuo S, Liu W, Yao C, Li X, Li Z. Preparation of rutile TiO2@avobenzone composites for the further enhancement of sunscreen performance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23282e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that organic avobenzone and inorganic TiO2 are applied to shield UVA and UVB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
| | - Shixiang Zuo
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
| | - Chao Yao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology
| | - Xiazhang Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Applied Technology
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
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44
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Mejía-Giraldo JC, Henao-Zuluaga K, Gallardo C, Atehortúa L, Puertas-Mejía MA. NovelIn VitroAntioxidant and Photoprotection Capacity of Plants from High Altitude Ecosystems of Colombia. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:150-7. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Mejía-Giraldo
- Research Group on Functional Compounds; Institute of Chemistry; University of Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Kelly Henao-Zuluaga
- Research Group on Functional Compounds; Institute of Chemistry; University of Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Cecilia Gallardo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Lucia Atehortúa
- Biotechnology Group; University of Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Miguel A. Puertas-Mejía
- Research Group on Functional Compounds; Institute of Chemistry; University of Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
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45
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Jung CY, Yao W, Park JM, Hyun IH, Seong DH, Jaung JY. Synthesis of A3B zinc tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine covalently functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Kawakami CM, Gaspar LR. Mangiferin and naringenin affect the photostability and phototoxicity of sunscreens containing avobenzone. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Afonso S, Horita K, Sousa e Silva J, Almeida I, Amaral M, Lobão P, Costa P, Miranda MS, Esteves da Silva JC, Sousa Lobo J. Photodegradation of avobenzone: Stabilization effect of antioxidants. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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49
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Stiefel C, Schwack W, Nguyen YTH. Photostability of Cosmetic UV Filters on Mammalian Skin Under UV Exposure. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:84-91. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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50
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Noverges B, Medio-Simón M, Asensio G. Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki Carbonylative Reaction of α-Halomethyl Oxime Ethers: A Regioselective Route to Unsymmetrical 1,3-Oxyiminoketones. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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